This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species. The inference is based on the homology mapping in Ensembl Compara. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation. More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on the Ensembl Compara system see also: Gene orthology/paralogy prediction method.
Cloning and molecular analysis of the human citrate synthase gene
A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena
1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phospho-L-serine
Constitutive activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 by mutations responsible for the lethal skeletal dysplasia thanatophoric dysplasia type I
Isolation and properties of lung 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase from pregnant rabbits
Enzyme-substrate intermediate formation at lysine 329 of human deoxyhypusine synthase
7,8-dihydro-7-hydroxy-8S-glutathionylbenzo[a]pyrene [ChEBI:34479]
Cloning, chromosomal mapping, and expression of a novel human secretory phospholipase A2
Cloning and expression of a human ATP-citrate lyase cDNA
(9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE1C1 in human cardiac myocytes
GABA(A) receptor trafficking and its role in the dynamic modulation of neuronal inhibition
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123852.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142078
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132491.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2160481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162935
Comparison of messenger RNA distribution for 60 proteins in fat cells vs the nonfat cells of human omental adipose tissue
Post-transcriptional Silencing By Small RNAs
Cyclin A- and cyclin E-Cdk complexes shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Dicer is essential for mouse development
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90799.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125729.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162580
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22655.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=744227
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23102.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=744234
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23127.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23247.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=744229
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22710.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=735698
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22968.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=741437
The ERBB4/HER4 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates gene expression by functioning as a STAT5A nuclear chaperone
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150029
Human Na+ -coupled citrate transporter: primary structure, genomic organization, and transport function
Identification of human PMP34 as a peroxisomal ATP transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158471
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7132.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150041
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90920.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=741440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150038
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86638.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2105012
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116559.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130411.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1606845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167935
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117033.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162619
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167460.1
Mutations in COX15 produce a defect in the mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway, causing early-onset fatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145117.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175723
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2104997
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122540.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605637
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116807.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2104995
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123830.1
TRESK background K(+) channel is inhibited by phosphorylation via two distinct pathways
Multiple forms of an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase form signaling complexes with Shc and Grb2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162940
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26323.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162941
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138361.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4153.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=893615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174979
Wnt family proteins are secreted and associated with the cell surface
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129510.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150023
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7820.2
PMP70, the 70-kDa peroxisomal membrane protein: a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174370
Regulation and function of IKK and IKK-related kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142079
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129401.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142086
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3219.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29398
FUNCTION Arm and Abl proteins function cooperatively at adherens junctions in both the CNS and epidermis; critical for embryonic epithelial morphogenesis regulating cell shape changes and cell migration. Plays a critical role in transducing embryonic midline repulsive cues; may regulate cytoskeletal dynamics underlying a growth cone's response to midline cues. The ability of pCC/MP2 axons to correctly interpret midline repulsive cues and stay on the ipsilateral side is dependent on the strength of both Slit/robo and Abl-dependent signaling pathways.CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Arm and ena colocalize with Abl at adherens junctions throughout development.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed both maternally and zygotically.DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE Both loss- and gain-of-function mutants exhibit neurons within the pCC/MP2 pathway that incorrectly project across the midline. Loss of Abl disrupts cell migration and cell shape changes during dorsal closure.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. ABL subfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 1 protein kinase domain.SIMILARITY Contains 1 SH2 domain.SIMILARITY Contains 1 SH3 domain.
Pellino proteins are more than scaffold proteins in TLR/IL-1R signalling: a role as novel RING E3-ubiquitin-ligases
Metabolic activation-related CD147-CD98 complex
The translational inhibitor 4E-BP is an effector of PI(3)K/Akt signalling and cell growth in Drosophila.
The functional human dihydrofolate reductase gene
TGF-beta induces assembly of a Smad2-Smurf2 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets SnoN for degradation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170913
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133769.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128303.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175885
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147413.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170964
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143706.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170965
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145182.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172248
Structural and functional characterisation of human sulfotransferases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2077524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2077416
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121799.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172430
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121428.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130340.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175877
FUNCTION A short-range repellent, controlling axon crossing of the midline and a long-range chemorepellent, controlling mesoderm migration and patterning away from the midline. May interact with extracellular matrix molecules. Repulsive ligand for the guidance receptor roundabout (robo) and prevents inappropriate midline crossing by Robo-expressing axons.SUBUNIT Interacts with robo.TISSUE SPECIFICITY In embryos, highest expression occurs around the midline glia and low expression is observed around CNS axons lateral to the midline. Expression can be seen on the commissural axons traversing the glial cells but it is absent from the cell bodies of these neurons.MISCELLANEOUS Flies lacking sli exhibit disruption of the developing midline cells and the commissural axon pathways.SIMILARITY Contains 1 CTCK (C-terminal cystine knot-like) domain.SIMILARITY Contains 7 EGF-like domains.SIMILARITY Contains 1 laminin G-like domain.SIMILARITY Contains 19 LRR (leucine-rich) repeats.SIMILARITY Contains 4 LRRCT domains.SIMILARITY Contains 4 LRRNT domains.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172259
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137874.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172269
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126681.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172264
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137800.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172267
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128911.5
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ybr004c and its human homologue are required for addition of the second mannose during glycosylphosphatidylinositol precursor assembly
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170991
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147329.5
p130 and p107 use a conserved domain to inhibit cellular cyclin-dependent kinase activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146711
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170986
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142323.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170988
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134207.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155843.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172425
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152805.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170995
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127605.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2495.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152843.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175858
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132703.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175146
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128167.5
Purification and characterization of the human gamma-secretase complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142644
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33652.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71112
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5605.1
Crystal structures of human glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase with and without an alternate substrate: structural bases of dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162931
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5376.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2160487
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124243.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76213
Characterization of the human mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase
Defect in synaptic vesicle precursor transport and neuronal cell death in KIF1A motor protein-deficient mice
Crystal structure of human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
Cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid bioactivation. Molecular and functional properties of the arachidonate monooxygenase
The human LSm1-7 proteins colocalize with the mRNA-degrading enzymes Dcp1/2 and Xrnl in distinct cytoplasmic foci
Studies on prophospholipase A2 and its enzyme from human pancreatic juice. Catalytic properties and sequence of the N-terminal region
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135977.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170981
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134741.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154811
Isolation and characterization of the human pyruvate kinase M gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154789
SLC7A5:SLC3A2 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production
MST, a physiological caspase substrate, highly sensitizes apoptosis both upstream and downstream of caspase activation
Regulation of PKC-? function by phosphorylation in T cell receptor signaling
FUNCTION Isoform neural may associate with CadN and participate in the transmission of developmental information. Can associate with alpha-catenin. Isoform cytoplasmic accumulates through wg signaling; arm function in wg signal transduction is required early in development for determination of neuroblast fate. Arm and Abl proteins function cooperatively at adherens junctions in both the CNS and epidermis.SUBUNIT Interacts with Mer and Moe at the adherens junction.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Isoform cytoplasmic is predominant before germ band retraction, after retraction and, during larval stages, it is found in high levels in specific cells along the CNS midline. Isoform neural is first seen after germ band retraction in the axon tracts of the CNS, also present in axons during larval stages and accumulates in the motor neurons of the segmental and intersegmental nerves as they exit the CNS. Both isoforms accumulate in the PNS.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Present at all stages, but reached the highest levels during early to mid-embryogenesis.PTM Phosphorylated on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues. Level of phosphorylation varies both during embryonic development and from embryonic tissue to tissue. Sgg is required for phosphorylation and wg signal negatively regulates arm phosphorylation. Hypophosphorylated form of arm increases in steady-state levels.SIMILARITY Belongs to the beta-catenin family.SIMILARITY Contains 13 ARM repeats.
Formation of molecular species of mitochondrial cardiolipin. 1. A novel transacylation mechanism to shuttle fatty acids between sn-1 and sn-2 positions of multiple phospholipid species
Von Willebrand factor: looking back and looking forward
Smurf1 interacts with transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor through Smad7 and induces receptor degradation
Repulsive axon guidance: Abelson and Enabled play opposing roles downstream of the roundabout receptor
Assembly of the RAD50-MRE11-NBS1 complex at DNA double-strand breaks
The PTEN-regulating microRNA miR-26a is amplified in high-grade glioma and facilitates gliomagenesis in vivo
The product of the MLD gene is a member of the membrane fatty acid desaturase family: overexpression of MLD inhibits EGF receptor biosynthesis
RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways
International Union of Pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin)
International Union of Pharmacology nomenclature of adrenoceptors
Purification and characterization of human Syk produced using a baculovirus expression system
Antigen processing and presentation: TAPping into ABC transporters
Tendon hypertrophy is associated with increased hydroxylation of nonhelical lysine residues at two specific cross-linking sites in type I collagen
Oxysterol-binding protein and vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein are required for sterol-dependent activation of the ceramide transport protein
A histone deacetylase corepressor complex regulates the Notch signal transduction pathway
Active site and loop 4 movements within human glycolate oxidase: implications for substrate specificity and drug design
Characterization of the human gene (TBXAS1) encoding thromboxane synthase
Unblocking of NMDA receptor, glutamate binding and activation
Beta-arrestin-mediated activation of MAPK by inverse agonists reveals distinct active conformations for G protein-coupled receptors
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans
Role of second messengers in netrin-1 signaling
Identification of a human mitochondrial ABC transporter, the functional orthologue of yeast Atm1p
Gene amplification profiling of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas by DNA array CGH
EVH1/WH1 domains of VASP and WASP proteins belong to a large family including Ran-binding domains of the RanBP1 family
SLC11 family of H+-coupled metal-ion transporters NRAMP1 and DMT1
Vertebrates have conserved capping protein alpha isoforms with specific expression patterns
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143088
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155114.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175896
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154254.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172646
Non-erythroid Rh glycoproteins: a putative new family of mammalian ammonium transporters
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151674.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142790
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3050.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111745
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3495.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142733
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151106.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143087
Gene amplifications associated with the development of hormone-resistant prostate cancer
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153231.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151618.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172647
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152057.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142678
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150517.1
Subunit-specific surface mobility of differentially labeled AMPA receptor subunits
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17944.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154754
Purification and partial characterization of aldehyde dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes.
The unfolded protein response: a pathway that links insulin demand with beta-cell failure and diabetes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154801
A direct role for sterol regulatory element binding protein in activation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154817
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157453.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=266033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89727.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15596.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=266010
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153955.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154765
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153219.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175894
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151442.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142739
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150802.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156935.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154529
Crystal structure of human cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reveals a new GTP-binding site
Accurate cleavage and polyadenylation of exogenous RNA substrate.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172641
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157952.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142662
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152366.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142835
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151653.1
Specific armadillo repeat sequences facilitate ?-catenin nuclear transport in live cells via direct binding to nucleoporins Nup62, Nup153, and RanBP2/Nup358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=140356
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3333.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175893
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154390.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172635
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156046.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113601
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2882.1
Alcohol dehydrogenases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and related enzymes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172639
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150696.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113564
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2334.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154595.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142780
Purification and properties of human cytosolic folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase and organization, localization, and differential splicing of its gene
TIRAP/Mal, TRIF and TRAM. Differential utilization of these TIR
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152342.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151064.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175897
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152572.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152638.3
Toll-like receptor 3: a link between toll-like receptor, interferon and viruses
Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1
Smurf1 regulates the inhibitory activity of Smad7 by targeting Smad7 to the plasma membrane
Passenger-strand cleavage facilitates assembly of siRNA into Ago2-containing RNAi enzyme complexes
Coenzyme Q biosynthesis: Coq6 is required for the C5-hydroxylation reaction and substrate analogs rescue Coq6 deficiency
Identification and expression of a cDNA for human hydroxypyruvate/glyoxylate reductase
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-20-Hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid
Execution of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: what defines a substrate?
Purification of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase delta from calf thymus: partial characterization of physical properties.
The heterodimeric amino acid transporter 4F2hc/y+LAT2 mediates arginine efflux in exchange with glutamine
Evolution, structure, and activation mechanism of family 3/C G-protein-coupled receptors
Structures, enzymatic properties, and expression of novel human and mouse secretory phospholipase A(2)s
H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemia
Interchain disulfide bonds in procollagen are located in a large nontriple-helical COOH-terminal domain
Human Myt1 is a cell cycle-regulated kinase that inhibits Cdc2 but not Cdk2 activity
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of human vesicular glutamate transporter 3
Hierarchical organization of guidance receptors: silencing of netrin attraction by slit through a Robo/DCC receptor complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159128
The role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in genetic diseases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159159
Human placental 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5----4-ene-isomerase: purification from mitochondria and kinetic profiles, biophysical characterization of the purified mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159151
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156227.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428182
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20257.1
Dock180 and ELMO1 proteins cooperate to promote evolutionarily conserved Rac-dependent cell migration
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20160.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428163
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90694.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142792
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150932.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151174.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161753
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159446.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172642
PPA2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156015.3
PPA1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175895
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148694.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175091
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis
Rho-associated kinase ROCK activates LIM-kinase 1 by phosphorylation at threonine 508 within the activation loop
The mechanism of PAK activation. Autophosphorylation events in both regulatory and kinase domains control activity
Cellular regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Plexin-B1 directly interacts with PDZ-RhoGEF/LARG to regulate RhoA and growth cone morphology
Raf and akt mediate distinct aspects of sensory axon growth
Molecular mechanisms and regulation of insulin exocytosis as a paradigm of endocrine secretion
The gap junction cellular internet: connexin hemichannels enter the signalling limelight
Mutations and polymorphisms in the human argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) gene
Mutations in MCT1 cDNA in patients with symptomatic deficiency in lactate transport
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
Homologous DNA pairing by human recombination factors Rad51 and Rad54
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175082
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141607.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175840
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147558.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=211579
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119727.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121509.1
Morquio's syndrome: deficiency of a chondroitin sulfate N-acetylhexosamine sulfate sulfatase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046064
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121476.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172309
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139424.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122430.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046062
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122294.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123653.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172311
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130170.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046047
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124358.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123619.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172340
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121859.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147340.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124098.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142767.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2066766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046063
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124018.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172313
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121841.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133227.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137062.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175886
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127297.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172312
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123939.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175888
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132748.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046050
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123419.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2046055
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126599.5
GEF what? Dock180 and related proteins help Rac to polarize cells in new ways
Phosphorylase kinase: the complexity of its regulation is reflected in the complexity of its structure
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153576.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172576
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24606.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879535
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15800.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175887
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137028.5
Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated phagocytosis is a mechanism of entry into macrophages
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15804.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265287
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150596.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2239524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172581
The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172592
Galpha 12 activates Rho GTPase through tyrosine-phosphorylated leukemia-associated RhoGEF
A partial deficiency of interleukin-7R alpha is sufficient to abrogate T-cell development and cause severe combined immunodeficiency
4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid
TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome
Coordinating TLR-activated signaling pathways in cells of the immune system
Upf1 senses 3'UTR length to potentiate mRNA decay
Structure of human thymidylate synthase suggests advantages of chemotherapy with noncompetitive inhibitors
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of overexpressed FGFR2
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of FGFR3 mutants
Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters
The human REV1 gene codes for a DNA template-dependent dCMP transferase.
Enzymic synthesis and breakdown of a pyrimidine, orotic acid. I. Dihydro-orotic dehydrogenase
Enzymic conversion of phosphorylase a to phosphorylase b
Enzymes of fatty acid metabolism. II. Properties of crystalline crotonase.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4:a007864
Co-crystal structure of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1a at 2.3 A resolution
Phospho(S221,S363,S380,T573)- ribosomal S6 kinase
Phospho(S363,S380,T573)- ribosomal S6 kinase
Phospho(S363,S380,T573)-ribosomal S6 kinase
PDK1 regulates growth through Akt and S6K in Drosophila.
Ghost homologue of G-protein Gamma subunits
Ca/calmodulin activated Adenylate Cyclase
Kv3 subunits of voltage gated potassium channels
Kv12 subunit of voltage gated potassium channels
Voltage gated potassium channel subunits Kv1-12
Tyrosine 766 in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 is required for FGF-stimulation of phospholipase C, phospholipase D, phospholipase A(2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase and cytoskeletal reorganisation in porcine aortic endothelial cells
Localization of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) to pseudopodia, membrane ruffles, and phagocytic cups in activated human neutrophils
The roles of anabolic and catabolic reactions in the synthesis and recycling of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 67:79-83
Translational silencing of ceruloplasmin requires the essential elements of mRNA circularization: poly(A) tail, poly(A)-binding protein, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G
Human L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase: sequence, expression and evidence for a phosphoenzyme intermediate
elongating pre-mRNA Pol III oligonucleotide
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of FGFR2 mutants
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of FGFR1 fusion mutants
DNA with RNA Polymerase III Type 3 Open Promoter
DNA with RNA Polymerase III Type 2 Open Promoter
Mutations in ATP2C1, encoding a calcium pump, cause Hailey-Hailey disease
released pre-mRNA Pol III oligonucleotide
DNA with RNA Polymerase III Type 1 Open Promoter
DNA with RNA Polymerase III Type 1 Closed Promoter
DNA with RNA Polymerase III Type 2 Closed Promoter
DNA with RNA Polymerase III Type 3 Closed Promoter
Polymerase III gene DNA with transcription bubble (single-stranded region)
elongating pre-mRNA Pol III transcript plus 1 nucleotide
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate
Kv7 subunits of voltage gated potassium channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172598
On the mechanism of dehydrogenation of fatty acyl derivatives of coenzyme A. II. The electron-transferring flavoprotein.
Polymerase III gene DNA with a termination site
Elongating transcript in processive Pol II mediated elongation
DNA containing Pol II promoter with transcript with 2 or 3 nucleotides
template DNA:4-9 nucleotide transcript hybrid
template DNA with first transcript dinucleotide, opened to +8 position
Open DNA -10 to +2 containing RNA Polymerase II promoter
damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid
DNA containing RNA Polymerase II promoter
template DNA opened from -10 to +2, with first nucleotide base-paired at 5'-end
Template DNA hybrid with phosphodiester-PPi intermediate
template DNA:3 nucleotide transcript hybrid
template DNA:9 nucleotide transcript hybrid
template DNA:4 nucleotide transcript hybrid
template DNA:11 nucleotide transcript hybrid
Elongating transcript prior to separation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151444.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142799
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152334.1
Human gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors are differentially expressed and regulate inwardly rectifying K+ channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161597
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151184.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142721
Nuclear import of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2, a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip)-containing transcription factor, occurs through the direct interaction of importin beta with HLH-Zip
beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Interaction between citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase. Substrate channeling of oxaloacetate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172612
Chromosomal localization and genomic organization of the human retinal rod Na-Ca+K exchanger
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172608
Anion exchanger 1 in human kidney and oncocytoma differs from erythroid AE1 in its NH2 terminus
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24396.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172600
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154361.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154724
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154503.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879629
IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 is critical for latent membrane protein 1-induced p65/RelA serine 536 phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation
Heparan sulfate N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155544.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150968.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142752
(9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151260.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150622.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142710
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157951.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265281
Reversible EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142797
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151932.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172578
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156231.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150975.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154823
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3201.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17747.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29426
Activation of the small GTPases, rac and cdc42, after ligation of the platelet PAR-1 receptor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=266056
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15722.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172631
The role of transient receptor potential cation channels in Ca2+ signaling
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2:a003962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30138
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156147.3
Irreversible TKI inhibitor afatinib generic inhibits EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2)
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of overexpressed FGFR1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172628
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138592.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146325
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161562
Reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib generic inhibits EGFR and VEGFR
The crystal structure of the minus-end-directed microtubule motor protein ncd reveals variable dimer conformations
Reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib EGFR specific
Reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib EGFR specific
Reversible anti-EGFRplus tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib generic inhibits EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2)
Irreversible anti-EGFRplus tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor WZ4002 EGFR specific
Irreversible TKI inhibitor canertinib generic pan-ERBB
Irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor HKI-272 generic inhibits EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2)
Irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor pelitinib EGFR specific
Irreversible EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3060.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4569.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=32879
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80060.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154829
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154826
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17252.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=266013
High-throughput tissue microarray analysis of 3p25 (RAF1) and 8p12 (FGFR1) copy number alterations in urinary bladder cancer
Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease-linked mutations inhibit thiamine transport via hTHTR2: biotin is not a substrate for hTHTR2
The Xenopus Xmus101 protein is required for the recruitment of Cdc45 to origins of DNA replication.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=266074
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15889.2
The remarkable structural and functional organization of the eukaryotic pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes.
Cloning and characterization of a second human CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
Integrin-linked kinase is localized to cell-matrix focal adhesions but not cell-cell adhesion sites and the focal adhesion localization of integrin-linked kinase is regulated by the PINCH-binding ANK repeats
N-glycan antennae elongation in the medial/trans-Golgi
Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNAs encoding a human Na+-nucleoside cotransporter (hCNT1)
Megakaryocyte development and platelet production
NMD: multitasking between mRNA surveillance and modulation of gene expression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168457
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168455
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168353
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122466.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175843
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137274.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=392417
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139721.5
Evaluation of the "scanning model" for initiation of protein synthesis in eucaryotes.
Characterization of human UMP/CMP kinase and its phosphorylation of D- and L-form deoxycytidine analogue monophosphates.
Control of vertebrate multiciliogenesis by miR-449 through direct repression of the Delta/Notch pathway
Human xylosyltransferase I: functional and biochemical characterization of cysteine residues required for enzymic activity
adenosine diphosphoribosyl (ADP-ribosyl) modified residue
Chaperonins: The hunt for the Group II mechanism
Calcium/calmodulin kinase IV pathway is involved in the transcriptional regulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene promoter in neuronal cells
The Pellino family: IRAK E3 ligases with emerging roles in innate immune signalling
phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5- bisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168371
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138959.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142788.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168543
Regulation of nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase
Caspase activation of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 3 (Mst3). Nuclear translocation and induction of apoptosis
Activation of Kainate Receptors upon glutamate binding
guanosine 5'-(3-(alpha-D-mannopyranosyl) dihydrogen diphosphate)
Genetic analysis of chromosome pairing, recombination, and cell cycle control during first meiotic prophase in mammals
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168555
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147075.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168412
The yeast ALG11 gene specifies addition of the terminal alpha 1,2-Man to the Man5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol N-glycosylation intermediate formed on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168413
Activation of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease). Oligomerization and direct interaction with histone H1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168556
Metabolism of highly unsaturated n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145733.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168373
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138985.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168550
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139065.5
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
3'-End processing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168590
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128407.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168593
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_12881.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=202247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168606
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168607
Crystal structures that suggest late development of genetic code components for differentiating aromatic side chains
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168601
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122314.1
COQ6 mutations in human patients produce nephrotic syndrome with sensorineural deafness
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1604565
Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168380
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121667.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168629
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144879.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806276
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143108.5
Acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase: cloning of the human cDNA and resolution of the molecular basis in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2
Molecular basis for genistein-induced inhibition of Kir2.3 currents
FGFR4 Gly388Arg polymorphism and prognosis of breast and colorectal cancer
Atg9a controls dsDNA-driven dynamic translocation of STING and the innate immune response
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:20842-6
Negative regulation of the growth-promoting transcription factor E2F-1 by a stably bound cyclin A-dependent protein kinase
Quantitating protein synthesis, degradation, and endogenous antigen processing
Crystallographic and kinetic studies of human mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase: the importance of potassium and chloride ions for its structure and function
The opsins of the vertebrate retina: insights from structural, biochemical, and evolutionary studies
Crystal structure of the heterodimeric bZIP transcription factor c-Fos-c-Jun bound to DNA
Purification and properties of beta-hydroxyisobutyric dehydrogenase
Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase
Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2
Synaptotagmin activates membrane fusion through a Ca2+-dependent trans interaction with phospholipids
The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor of immune danger signals
mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
Molecular basis of hereditary fructose intolerance: mutations and polymorphisms in the human aldolase B gene
mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
(ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-2) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
(ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-2) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-6) (ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
Mutations in the cone photoreceptor G-protein alpha-subunit gene GNAT2 in patients with achromatopsia
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806259
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128946.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168643
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134200.5
(S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168415
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124222.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137198.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168422
(S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
(S)-alpha-amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168468
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168651
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132605.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168382
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131155.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137304.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168554
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143044.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145181.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124533.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806200
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129378.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168634
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124477.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806205
(S)-alpha-amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130169.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122144.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168622
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128132.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806240
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123499.1
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with small conductance
Activation of Ca2+ activated Potassium channels with Intermeidtance conductance
Activation of Potassium transport channels
All three IkappaB isoforms and most Rel family members are stably associated with the IkappaB kinase 1/2 complex
Activation of voltage gated Potassium channels
A novel positive feedback loop mediated by the docking protein Gab1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling
Formation of NR-MED1 Coactivator Complex
Phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 form a complex with SMAD4
Phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 linker regions by CDK8 or CDK9
The SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex transfers to the nucleus
Activation of Ca permeable AMPA receptors
Ca impermeable AMPA receptor ligand binding
Activation of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Membrane depolarization upon activation of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Ca permeable AMPA receptor ligand binding
2GABRA:2GABRB:GABRG:GABA transports extracellular Cl- to cytosol
Phosphorylation of CREB by ribosomal protein S6 kinase
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicle
Acetylcholine synaptic vesicle docking and priming
loading of Serotonin in synaptic vesicles
glutamine + H2O => glutamate + NH4+ [GLS]
Glutamate synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806195
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125114.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168579
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141442.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168488
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128746.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175841
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146836.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168435
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133386.5
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to extrasynaptic sites
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to synapse
5-hydroxyindole acetaldehyde to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid
glutamate + NH4+ + ATP => glutamine + ADP + orthophosphate [GLUL]
Endocytosis of Ca impermeable AMPA receptors
Loading of GABA into clathrin sculpted GABA transport vesicle lumen
Conversion of GABA to Succinate Semialdehyde
Conversion of succinate semialdehyde to succinate
GABA loaded synaptic vesicle Docking and Priming
GAT1-3 mediate Na+/Cl- dependent GABA transport
SLC7A11-mediated exchange of extracellular cysteine and cytosolic glutamate
SLC7A10-mediated uptake of small neutral amino acids
SLC7A7 (y+LAT1)-mediated exchange of extracellular leucine for cytosolic arginine
SLC7A6 (y+LAT2)-mediated exchange of extracellular leucine for cytosolic arginine
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141001.5
Formation of the PINCH-ILK-parvin complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168478
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122302.1
Noradrenalin synaptic vesicle docking and priming
Loading of dopamine into synaptic veiscles
Association of phospho-L13a with GAIT element of Ceruloplasmin mRNA
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131856.5
Dissociation of L13a from the 60s ribosomal subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168433
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125583.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806212
Ribosomal scanning and start codon recognition
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168427
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128480.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168552
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140922.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806180
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122226.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123880.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806199
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145516.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168624
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134967.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168535
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene [ChEBI:34718]
Hydroxylation of (X-Pro-Gly)n by protocollagen proline hydroxylase. Effect of chain length, helical conformation and amino acid sequence in the substrate
SLC6A14-mediated uptake of basic and neutral amino acids and of beta-alanine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806198
SLC7A8-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125283.1
SLC7A5-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806289
SLC7A2, isoform B (CAT-2B)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A2, isoform A (CAT-2A)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC7A1 (CAT-1)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
SLC6A19-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806238
Neurotrophins and their receptors: a convergence point for many signalling pathways
SLC7A3 (CAT-3)-mediated uptake of cationic amino acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168653
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125493.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175844
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127908.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131492.5
L1 and NCAM adhesion molecules as signaling coreceptors in neuronal migration and process outgrowth
A critical review of the origin and control of adrenal androgens
Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 11:229-48
Uptake of Oxygen and Release of Carbon Dioxide by Erythrocytes
The human ABCG4 gene is regulated by oxysterols and retinoids in monocyte-derived macrophages
Iron-sulfur proteins in health and disease
Accumulation of cyclin B1 requires E2F and cyclin-A-dependent rearrangement of the anaphase-promoting complex
Isozymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in man and other mammals.
The control of glycogen metabolism in the liver
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164962
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154080.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164957
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140517.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164958
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136977.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164953
Pre-NOTCH Processing in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164918
Characterization of the omega class of glutathione transferases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175636
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144568.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165356
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98777.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165355
Folding of carboxyl domain and assembly of procollagen I
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157876
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142459.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165224
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127968.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165242
Interleukin-7 signaling in human B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and murine BAF3 cells involves activation of STAT1 and STAT5 mediated via the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175637
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147676.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157865
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142313.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164058
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159495.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165257
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132875.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165337
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154202.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164061
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128968.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165393
Sensorineural deafness and seizures in mice lacking vesicular glutamate transporter 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160769
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153333.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165792
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157496.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165794
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in vertebrate erythrocytes: an evolutionary change in the role of membrane transport
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175710
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137141.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143784.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129423.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175713
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165268
A proposed nomenclature system for the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165270
The role for endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes mellitus
Signaling through PI3Kgamma: a common platform for leukocyte, platelet and cardiovascular stress sensing
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165354
Topological journey of parasite-derived antigens for presentation by MHC class I molecules
Relative CO2/NH3 selectivities of AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AmtB, and RhAG
MAML1, a human homologue of Drosophila mastermind, is a transcriptional co-activator for NOTCH receptors
Early signaling pathways activated by c-Kit in hematopoietic cells
Human skeletal-muscle aldolase: N-terminal sequence analysis of CNBr- and o-iodosobenzoic acid-cleavage fragments
NGF induces sustained activation of p38, a member of the MAPK family (Morooka T, Nishida E, 1998). Both p38 and the ERKs appear to be involved in neurite outgrowth and differentiation caused by NGF in PC12 cells. As a matter of fact, PC12 cell differentiation appears to involve activation of both ERK/MAPK and p38. Both ERK/MAPK and p38 pathways contribute to the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB and the activation of immediate-early genes (Xing J, 1998). p38 activation by NGF may occur by at least two mechanisms, involving SRC or MEK kinases.
ARMS (Ankyrin-Rich Membrane Spanning/Kidins 220) is a 220kD tetraspanning adaptor protein which becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated by active Trk receptors. ARMS is another adaptor protein which is involved in the activation of Rap1 and the subsequent prolonged activation of the MAPK cascade.
After NGF binding, activated Trk receptors provide multiple docking sites for adaptor proteins and enzymes. Two docking proteins, the Ankyrin-Rich Membrane Spanning protein (ARMS/Kidins220) and Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (Frs2), target signaling molecules in response to NGF stimulation and link receptor activation with the MAP kinase (also called the Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase cascade, ERK) cascade, an essential process for growth factor-induced cell proliferation and differentiation. A feature of NGF signaling is the sustained activation of the MAPK cascade. This is achieved by the small G protein, Rap1 which binds to and activates B-Raf, an activator of the MAPK cascade. Rap1 is a member of the Ras family of G proteins and like all G proteins, Rap1 is in an inactive state when bound to GDP and is active when bound to GTP. A specific GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) called C3G can activate Rap1 by exchanging GDP for GTP.
Neurotrophins utilize multiple pathways to activate ERKs (ERK1 and ERK2), a subgroup of the large MAP kinase (MAPK) family, from the plasma membrane. The major signalling pathways to ERKs are via RAS, ocurring from caveolae in the plasma membrane or from clathrin-coated vesicles, and via RAP1, taking place in early endosomes. Whereas RAS activation by NGF is transient, RAP1 activation by NGF is sustained for hours.
The activation of phosphlipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) and subsequent mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores are essential for neurotrophin secretion. PLC-gamma is activated through the phosphorylation by TrkA receptor kinase and this form hydrolyses PIP2 to generate inositol tris-phosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 promotes the release of Ca2+ from internal stores and this results in activation of enzymes such as protein kinase C and Ca2+ calmodulin-regulated protein kinases.
Signalling through Shc adaptor proteins appears to be identical for both NGF and EGF. It leads to a fast, but transient, MAPK/ERK activation, which is insufficient to explain the prolonged activation of MAPK found in NGF-treated cells.
RIT and RIN are two small guanine nucleotide binding proteins that share more than 50% sequence identity with RAS, including highly conserved core effector domains. Unlike RAS, the C termini of RIT and RIN lack a typical prenylation motif (CAAX, XXCC, or CXC) required for the association of RAS proteins with the plasma membrane. RIT is expressed in all tissues, whereas RIN is neuron-specific. They have similar signalling properties and are activated by NGF through unknown exchange factors. They signal to ERKs and p38 MAP kinase. They mainly lead to p38 activation via the BRAF-MEK kinase cascade.
Rap1 binds to B-RAF; as a consequence, B-RAF is recruited to endosomes. The binding event of Rap1 to B-RAF is thought to be very similar to the binding of RAS to RAF-1. In neuronal cells that express B-Raf, NGF induced activation of Rap1 promotes a sustained activation of ERKs and is required for the induction of electrical excitability and a subset of neuron-specific genes. As regards morphological differentiation (e. g. neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells), things are more complex. The transient activation of ERKs via RAS is not sufficient for neurite outgrowth in the absence of additional signals. On the contrary, constitutive activation of Rap1 is sufficient to trigger neurite outgrowth, but it is not necessary for this response. Clearly, morphological differentiation of PC12 cells involves the activation of multiple pathways by NGF. Rap1 activates B-Raf, but inhibits RAF-1. Consequently, Rap1 could have two opposing functions: to limit ERK activation in B-RAF-negative cells and to increase ERK activation in B-Raf-positive cells.
The adaptor protein Frs2 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2) can mediate the prolonged activation of the MAPK (ERK) cascade.
Several guanine exchange factors (GEFs) for the Rho family of GTPases contain PH domains that bind to PIP3. RhoA protein activation is a mechanism whereby PI3K acts independently of AKT.
Crystal structures of human GAR Tfase at low and high pH and with substrate beta-GAR
PIKKing on PKB: regulation of PKB activity by phosphorylation
Cloning, in vitro expression, and tissue distribution of a human prostaglandin transporter cDNA(hPGT)
Identification of a novel aquaporin, AQP12, expressed in pancreatic acinar cells
Presentation of antigens by MHC class II molecules: getting the most out of them
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161085
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147499.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161087
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142339.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160711
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140410.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175709
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129531.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175708
Interactions between plexin-A2, plexin-A4, and semaphorin 6A control lamina-restricted projection of hippocampal mossy fibers
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160723
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160727
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160719
Physiological functions of the pentose phosphate pathway
Cytoplasmic domain mutations of the L1 cell adhesion molecule reduce L1-ankyrin interactions
Compartmentalization of aquaporins in the human intestine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161082
Activation of the FGF receptor underlies neurite outgrowth stimulated by L1, N-CAM, and N-cadherin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175680
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104348.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160994
In the endoplasmic reticulum, NOTCH receptor precursors are fucosylated on conserved serine and threonine residues in their EGF repeats. The consensus fucosylation site sequence is C2-X(4-5)-S/T-C3, where C2 and C3 are the second and third cysteine residue within the EGF repeat, and X(4-5) is four to five amino acid residues of any type. Only those fucosylation sites that are conserved between human, mouse and rat NOTCH isoforms are annotated. Two additional potential fucosylation sites exist in human NOTCH1, on threonine 194 and threonine 1321, but since they are not conserved between all three species, they are not shown. Fucosylation is performed by the endoplasmic reticulum resident O-fucosyl transferase (POFUT1). Fucosylation by POFUT1 is considered to be essential for NOTCH folding/processing and production of a fully functional receptor. In addition to Notch fucosylation, Drosophila Pofut1 (o-fut1) acts as a Notch chaperone, playing an important role in Notch trafficking (Okajima et al. 2005). The chaperone role of POFUT1 may not be conserved in mammals (Stahl et al. 2008).
The TGF-beta/BMP pathway incorporates several signaling pathways that share most, but not all, components of a central signal transduction engine. The general signaling scheme is rather simple: upon binding of a ligand, an activated plasma membrane receptor complex is formed, which passes on the signal towards the nucleus through a phosphorylated receptor SMAD (R-SMAD). In the nucleus, the activated R-SMAD promotes transcription in complex with a closely related helper molecule termed Co-SMAD (SMAD4). However, this simple linear pathway expands into a network when various regulatory components and mechanisms are taken into account. The signaling pathway includes a great variety of different TGF-beta/BMP superfamily ligands and receptors, several types of the R-SMADs, and functionally critical negative feedback loops. The R-SMAD:Co-SMAD complex can interact with a great number of transcriptional co-activators/co-repressors to regulate positively or negatively effector genes, so that the interpretation of a signal depends on the cell-type and cross talk with other signaling pathways such as Notch, MAPK and Wnt. The pathway plays a number of different biological roles in the control of embryonic and adult cell proliferation and differentiation, and it is implicated in a great number of human diseases. TGF beta (TGFB1) is secreted as a homodimer, and as such it binds to TGF beta receptor II (TGFBR2), inducing its dimerization. Binding of TGF beta enables TGFBR2 to form a stable hetero-tetrameric complex with TGF beta receptor I homodimer (TGFBR1). TGFBR2 acts as a serine/threonine kinase and phosphorylates serine and threonine residues within the short GS domain (glycine-serine rich domain) of TGFBR1. The phosphorylated heterotetrameric TGF beta receptor complex (TGFBR) internalizes into clathrin coated endocytic vesicles where it associates with the endosomal membrane protein SARA. SARA facilitates the recruitment of cytosolic SMAD2 and SMAD3, which act as R-SMADs for TGF beta receptor complex. TGFBR1 phosphorylates recruited SMAD2 and SMAD3, inducing a conformational change that promotes formation of R-SMAD trimers and dissociation of R-SMADs from the TGF beta receptor complex. In the cytosol, phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 associate with SMAD4 (known as Co-SMAD), forming a heterotrimer which is more stable than the R-SMAD homotrimers. R-SMAD:Co-SMAD heterotrimer translocates to the nucleus where it directly binds DNA and, in cooperation with other transcription factors, regulates expression of genes involved in cell differentiation, in a context-dependent manner. The intracellular level of SMAD2 and SMAD3 is regulated by SMURF ubiquitin ligases, which target R-SMADs for degradation. In addition, nuclear R-SMAD:Co-SMAD heterotrimer stimulates transcription of inhibitory SMADs (I-SMADs), forming a negative feedback loop. I-SMADs bind the phosphorylated TGF beta receptor complexes on caveolin coated vesicles, derived from the lipid rafts, and recruit SMURF ubiquitin ligases to TGF beta receptors, leading to ubiquitination and degradation of TGFBR1. Nuclear R-SMAD:Co-SMAD heterotrimers are targets of nuclear ubiquitin ligases which ubiquitinate SMAD2/3 and SMAD4, causing heterotrimer dissociation, translocation of ubiquitinated SMADs to the cytosol and their proteasome-mediated degradation. For a recent review of TGF-beta receptor signaling, please refer to Kang et al. 2009.
Binding of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1, i.e. TGFB1) to TGF beta receptor type 2 (TGFBR2) activates TGF beta receptor signaling cascade. TGFB1 is posttranslationally processed by furin (Dubois et al. 1995) to form a homodimer and secreted to the extracellular space as part of the large latent complex (LLC). After the LLC disassembles in the extracellular space, dimeric TGFB1 becomes capable of binding to TGFBR2 (Annes et al. 2003, Keski Oja et al. 2004). Formation of TGFB1:TGFBR2 complex creates a binding pocket for TGF-beta receptor type-1 (TGFBR1) and TGFBR1 is recruited to the complex by binding to both TGFB1 and TGFBR2. This results in an active heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex that consists of TGFB1 homodimer bound to two heterodimers of TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 (Wrana et al. 1992, Moustakas et al. 1993, Franzen et al. 1993). TGF-beta signaling can also occur through a single heterodimer of TGFBR1 and TGFBR2, although with decreased efficiency (Huang et al. 2011). TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 interact through their extracellular domains, which brings their cytoplasmic domains together. Ligand binding to extracellular receptor domains is cooperative, but no conformational change is seen from crystal structures of either TGFB1- or TGFB3-bound heterotetrameric receptor complexes (Groppe et al. 2008, Radaev et al. 2010). Activation of TGFBR1 by TGFBR2 in the absence of ligand is prevented by FKBP1A (FKBP12), a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. FKBP1A forms a complex with inactive TGFBR1 and dissociates from it only after TGFBR1 is recruited by TGFB1-bound TGFBR2 (Chen et al. 1997). Both TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 are receptor serine/threonine kinases. Formation of the hetero-tetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex (TGFBR) in response to TGFB1 binding induces receptor rotation, so that TGFBR2 and TGFBR1 cytoplasmic kinase domains face each other in a catalytically favourable configuration. TGFBR2 trans-phosphorylates serine residues at the conserved Gly-Ser-rich juxtapositioned domain (GS domain) of TGFBR1 (Wrana et al. 1994, Souchelnytskyi et al. 1996), activating TGFBR1. In addition to phosphorylation, TGFBR1 may also be sumoylated in response to TGF-beta stimulation. Sumoylation enhances TGFBR1 kinase activity (Kang et al. 2008). The activated TGFBR complex is internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis into early endosomes. With the assistance of SARA, an early endosome membrane protein, phosphorylated TGFBR1 within TGFBR complex recruits SMAD2 and/or SMAD3 , i.e. R-SMADs (Tsukazaki et al. 1998). TGFBR1 phosphorylates recruited SMAD2/3 on two C-terminal serine residues (Souchelnytskyi et al. 2001). The phosphorylation changes the conformation of SMAD2/3 MH2 domain, promoting dissociation of SMAD2/3 from SARA and TGFBR1 (Souchelnytskyi et al. 1997, Macias-Silva et al. 1996, Nakao et al. 1997) and formation of SMAD2/3 trimers (Chacko et al. 2004). The phosphorylated C-terminal tail of SMAD2/3 has high affinity for SMAD4 (Co-SMAD), inducing formation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers, composed of two phosphorylated R-SMADs (SMAD2 and/or SMAD3) and SMAD4 (Co-SMAD). SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers are energetically favored over R-SMAD trimers (Nakao et al. 1997, Qin et al. 2001, Kawabata et al. 1998, Chacko et al. 2004). SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers translocate to the nucleus where they act as transcriptional regulators.
TGF-beta receptor signaling is downregulated by proteasome and lysosome-mediated degradation of ubiquitinated TGFBR1, SMAD2 and SMAD3, as well as by dephosphorylation of TGFBR1, SMAD2 and SMAD3. In the nucleus, SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex stimulates transcription of SMAD7, an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD). SMAD7 binds phosphorylated TGFBR1 and competes with the binding of SMAD2 and SMAD3 (Hayashi et al. 1997, Nakao et al. 1997). Binding of SMAD7 to TGBR1 can be stabilized by STRAP, a protein that simultaneously binds SMAD7 and TGFBR1 (Datta et al. 2000). BAMBI simultaneously binds SMAD7 and activated TGFBR1, leading to downregulation of TGF-beta receptor complex signaling (Onichtchouk et al. 1999, Yan et al. 2009). In addition to competing with SMAD2/3 binding to TGFBR1, SMAD7 recruits protein phosphatase PP1 to phosphorylated TGFBR1, by binding to the PP1 regulatory subunit PPP1R15A (GADD34). PP1 dephosphorylates TGFBR1, preventing the activation of SMAD2/3 and propagation of TGF-beta signal (Shi et al. 2004). SMAD7 associates with several ubiquitin ligases, SMURF1 (Ebisawa et al. 2001, Suzuki et al. 2002, Tajima et al. 2003, Chong et al. 2010), SMURF2 (Kavsak et al. 2000, Ogunjimi et al. 2005), and NEDD4L (Kuratomi et al. 2005), and recruits them to phosphorylated TGFBR1 within TGFBR complex. SMURF1, SMURF2 and NEDD4L ubiquitinate TGFBR1 (and SMAD7), targeting TGFBR complex for proteasome and lysosome-dependent degradation (Ebisawa et al. 2001, Kavsak et al. 2000, Kuratomi et al. 2005). The ubiquitination of TGFBR1 can be reversed by deubiquitinating enzymes, UCHL5 (UCH37) and USP15, which may be recruited to ubiquitinated TGFBR1 by SMAD7 (Wicks et al. 2005, Eichhorn et al. 2012). Basal levels of SMAD2 and SMAD3 are maintained by SMURF2 and STUB1 ubiquitin ligases. SMURF2 is able to bind and ubiquitinate SMAD2, leading to SMAD2 degradation (Zhang et al. 2001), but this has been questioned by a recent study of Smurf2 knockout mice (Tang et al. 2011). STUB1 (CHIP) binds and ubiquitinates SMAD3, leading to SMAD3 degradation (Li et al. 2004, Xin et al. 2005). PMEPA1 can bind and sequester unphosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3, preventing their activation in response to TGF-beta signaling. In addition, PMEPA1 can bind and sequester phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3, preventing formation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer complexes (Watanabe et al. 2010). A protein phosphatase MTMR4, residing in the membrane of early endosomes, can dephosphorylate activated SMAD2 and SMAD3, preventing formation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complexes (Yu et al. 2010).
MTMR4 protein phosphatase dephosphorylates SMAD2 and SMAD3, preventing formation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers and inhibiting transmission of TGF-beta signal to the nucleus (Yu et al. 2010).
A protein phosphatase MTMR4, residing in the early endosome membrane, binds phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 (Yu et al. 2010).
SMAD3, ubiquitinated by STUB1 (CHIP), is degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner. STUB1-mediated downregulation of SMAD3 level happens in the absence of TGF-beta stimulation. STUB1 may therefore keep the basal level of SMAD3 low in the absence of TGF-beta signaling (Li et al. 2004, Xin et al. 2005).
STUB1 (CHIP) ubiquitinates SMAD3 in the absence of TGF-beta stimulation (Li et al. 2004, Xin et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161014
PKC-beta controls I kappa B kinase lipid raft recruitment and activation in response to BCR signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161010
Structure-function relationships in dihydrolipoamide acyltransferases.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161030
E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 mediates ubiquitination of ERBB4 JM-A CYT-1 intracellular domain s80 (ERBB4jmAcyt1s80) produced by ERBB4 cleavage. This induces degradation of ERBB4jmAcyt1s80, and decreases the amount of ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 that reaches the nucleus.
WW-domain binding motifs in the C-tail of ERBB4 play an important role in the downregulation of ERBB4 receptor signaling, enabling the interaction of intact ERBB4, ERBB4 m80 and ERBB4 s80 with NEDD4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases WWP1 and ITCH. The interaction of WWP1 and ITCH with intact ERBB4 is independent of receptor activation and autophosphorylation. Binding of WWP1 and ITCH ubiquitin ligases leads to ubiquitination of ERBB4 and its cleavage products, and subsequent degradation through both proteasomal and lysosomal routes (Omerovic et al. 2007, Feng et al. 2009). In addition, the s80 cleavage product of ERBB4 JM-A CYT-1 isoform is the target of NEDD4 ubiquitin ligase. NEDD4 binds ERBB4 JM-A CYT-1 s80 (ERBB4jmAcyt1s80) through its PIK3R1 interaction site and mediates ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 ubiquitination, thereby decreasing the amount of ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 that reaches the nucleus (Zeng et al. 2009).
Upon binding to ERBB4 or its cleavage products m80 and s80, NEDD4 family ligases WWP1 and ITCH ubiquitinate intact and cleaved ERBB4 and target it for degradation.
E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 binds intracellular domain of ERBB4 isoform JM-A CYT1 (ERBB4jmAcyt1s80) produced by ERBB4 cleavage.
Besides signaling as a transmembrane receptor, ligand activated homodimers of ERBB4 JM-A isoforms (ERBB4 JM-A CYT1 and ERBB4 JM-A CYT2) undergo proteolytic cleavage by ADAM17 (TACE) in the juxtamembrane region, resulting in shedding of the extracellular domain and formation of an 80 kDa membrane bound ERBB4 fragment known as ERBB4 m80 (Rio et al. 2000, Cheng et al. 2003). ERBB4 m80 undergoes further proteolytic cleavage, mediated by the gamma-secretase complex, which releases the soluble 80 kDa ERBB4 intracellular domain, known as ERBB4 s80 or E4ICD, into the cytosol (Ni et al. 2001). ERBB4 s80 is able to translocate to the nucleus, promote nuclear translocation of various transcription factors, and act as a transcription co-factor. In neuronal precursors, ERBB4 s80 binds the complex of TAB and NCOR1, helps to move the complex into the nucleus, and is a co-factor of TAB:NCOR1-mediated inhibition of expression of astrocyte differentiation genes GFAP and S100B (Sardi et al. 2006). In mammary cells, ERBB4 s80 recruits STAT5A transcription factor in the cytosol, shuttles it to the nucleus, and acts as the STAT5A co-factor in binding to and promoting transcription from the beta-casein (CSN2) promoter, and may be involved in the regulation of other lactation-related genes (Williams et al. 2004, Muraoka-Cook et al. 2008). ERBB4 s80 was also shown to bind activated estrogen receptor in the nucleus and act as its transcriptional co-factor in promoting transcription of some estrogen-regulated genes, such as progesterone receptor gene NR3C3 and CXCL12 i.e. SDF1 (Zhu et al. 2006). The C-tail of ERBB4 possesses several WW-domain binding motifs (three in CYT1 isoform and two in CYT2 isoform), which enable interaction of ERBB4 with WW-domain containing proteins. ERBB4 s80, through WW-domain binding motifs, interacts with YAP1 transcription factor, a known proto-oncogene, and may be a co-regulator of YAP1-mediated transcription (Komuro et al. 2003, Omerovic et al. 2004). The tumor suppressor WWOX, another WW-domain containing protein, competes with YAP1 in binding to ERBB4 s80 and prevents translocation of ERBB4 s80 to the nucleus (Aqeilan et al. 2005). ERBB4 s80 is also able to translocate to the mitochondrial matrix, presumably when its nuclear translocation is inhibited. Once in the mitochondrion, the BH3 domain of ERBB4, characteristic of BCL2 family members, may enable it to act as a pro-apoptotic factor (Naresh et al. 2006).
Intact ERBB4 isoforms and their membrane bound and cytosolic cleavage products, m80 and s80, bind NEDD4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases WWP1 and ITCH through WW-binding motifs in the C-tail. This interaction is independent of ligand binding and ERBB4 phosphorylation. CYT1 isoforms of ERBB4 have three WW-binding motifs: PY1, PY2 and PY3. PY2 motif is unique to CYT1 isoforms and overlaps with the PIK3R1 binding site. CYT2 isoform of ERBB4 has two WW-binding motifs: PY1 and PY3. While both CYT1 and CYT2 isoforms of ERBB4 all bind WWP1, CYT1 intracellular domain exhibits higher affinity for WWP1. Based on co-immunoprecipitation experiments in which individual WW-binding motifs of ERBB4 were mutated, Feng et al. established that PY2 had the highest affinity for WWP1, followed by PY3, while PY1 showed the lowest affinity.
Cytosolic ERBB4s80 is able to translocate to mitochondria where its BH3 domain, characteristic of BCL2 family members, may enable it to act as a pro-apoptotic factor.
The human genome includes approximately 70 genes that are predicted to encode Rho-specific GTPase Activating Proteins (RhoGAPs). As in the case of GEFs, some RhoGAPs are believed to be highly specific, whereas others are more promiscuous with respect to their target GTPases. Increasing evidence suggests that GAPs are also regulated by external cues in addition to being signal terminators leading to Rho GTPase inactivation. These proteins play important role in many Rho mediated signaling pathways. Some known GAPs include p190 A, cdGAP, ARAP3, MgcRacGAP, Chimaerin, Nadrin, TCGAP, DLC 1, 2, ArhGAP6, Myosin IXA. These and other GAPs have been implicated in many processes, such as exocytosis, endocytosis, cytokinesis, cell differentiation, migration, neuronal morphogenesis, angiogenesis and tumor suppression. Detailed annotations of the biological role of GAPs in Rho mediated signaling will be available in future releases.
ERBB4, also known as HER4, belongs to the ERBB family of receptors, which also includes ERBB1 (EGFR i.e. HER1), ERBB2 (HER2 i.e. NEU) and ERBB3 (HER3). Similar to EGFR, ERBB4 has an extracellular ligand binding domain, a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain which contains an active tyrosine kinase and a C-tail with multiple phosphorylation sites. At least three and possibly four splicing isoforms of ERBB4 exist that differ in their C-tail and/or the extracellular juxtamembrane regions: ERBB4 JM-A CYT1, ERBB4 JM-A CYT2 and ERBB4 JM-B CYT1 (the existence of ERBB4 JM-B CYT2 has not been confirmed). ERBB4 becomes activated by binding one of its seven ligands, three of which, HB-EGF, epiregulin EPR and betacellulin BTC, are EGF-like (Elenius et al. 1997, Riese et al. 1998), while four, NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4, belong to the neuregulin family (Tzahar et al. 1994, Carraway et al. 1997, Zhang et al. 1997, Hayes et al. 2007). Upon ligand binding, ERBB4 forms homodimers (Sweeney et al. 2000) or it heterodimerizes with ERBB2 (Li et al. 2007). Dimers of ERBB4 undergo trans-autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues in the C-tail (Cohen et al. 1996, Kaushansky et al. 2008, Hazan et al. 1990, Li et al. 2007), triggering downstream signaling cascades. The pathway Signaling by ERBB4 only shows signaling by ERBB4 homodimers. Signaling by heterodimers of ERBB4 and ERBB2 is shown in the pathway Signaling by ERBB2. Ligand-stimulated ERBB4 is also able to form heterodimers with ligand-stimulated EGFR (Cohen et al. 1996) and ligand-stimulated ERBB3 (Riese et al. 1995). Dimers of ERBB4 with EGFR and dimers of ERBB4 with ERBB3 were demonstrated in mouse cell lines in which human ERBB4 and EGFR or ERBB3 were exogenously expressed. These heterodimers undergo trans-autophosphorylation, but their downstream signaling and physiological significance have not been studied. All splicing isoforms of ERBB4 possess two tyrosine residues in the C-tail that serve as docking sites for SHC1 (Kaushansky et al. 2008, Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Cohen et al. 1996). Once bound to ERBB4, SHC1 becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the tyrosine kinase activity of ERBB4, which enables it to recruit the complex of GRB2 and SOS1, resulting in the guanyl-nucleotide exchange on RAS and activation of RAF and MAP kinase cascade (Kainulainen et al. 2000). The CYT1 isoforms of ERBB4 also possess a C-tail tyrosine residue that, upon trans-autophosphorylation, serves as a docking site for the p85 alpha subunit of PI3K (Kaushansky et al. 2008, Cohen et al. 1996), leading to assembly of an active PI3K complex that converts PIP2 to PIP3 and activates AKT signaling (Kainulainen et al. 2000). Besides signaling as a transmembrane receptor, ligand activated homodimers of ERBB4 JM-A isoforms (ERBB4 JM-A CYT1 and ERBB4 JM-A CYT2) undergo proteolytic cleavage by ADAM17 (TACE) in the juxtamembrane region, resulting in shedding of the extracellular domain and formation of an 80 kDa membrane bound ERBB4 fragment known as ERBB4 m80 (Rio et al. 2000, Cheng et al. 2003). ERBB4 m80 undergoes further proteolytic cleavage, mediated by the gamma-secretase complex, which releases the soluble 80 kDa ERBB4 intracellular domain, known as ERBB4 s80 or E4ICD, into the cytosol (Ni et al. 2001). ERBB4 s80 is able to translocate to the nucleus, promote nuclear translocation of various transcription factors, and act as a transcription co-factor. In neuronal precursors, ERBB4 s80 binds the complex of TAB and NCOR1, helps to move the complex into the nucleus, and is a co-factor of TAB:NCOR1-mediated inhibition of expression of astrocyte differentiation genes GFAP and S100B (Sardi et al. 2006). In mammary cells, ERBB4 s80 recruits STAT5A transcription factor in the cytosol, shuttles it to the nucleus, and acts as the STAT5A co-factor in binding to and promoting transcription from the beta-casein (CSN2) promoter, and may be involved in the regulation of other lactation-related genes (Williams et al. 2004, Muraoka-Cook et al. 2008). ERBB4 s80 was also shown to bind activated estrogen receptor in the nucleus and act as its transcriptional co-factor in promoting transcription of some estrogen-regulated genes, such as progesterone receptor gene NR3C3 and CXCL12 i.e. SDF1 (Zhu et al. 2006). The C-tail of ERBB4 possesses several WW-domain binding motifs (three in CYT1 isoform and two in CYT2 isoform), which enable interaction of ERBB4 with WW-domain containing proteins. ERBB4 s80, through WW-domain binding motifs, interacts with YAP1 transcription factor, a known proto-oncogene, and may be a co-regulator of YAP1-mediated transcription (Komuro et al. 2003, Omerovic et al. 2004). The tumor suppressor WWOX, another WW-domain containing protein, competes with YAP1 in binding to ERBB4 s80 and prevents translocation of ERBB4 s80 to the nucleus (Aqeilan et al. 2005). ERBB4 s80 is also able to translocate to the mitochondrial matrix, presumably when its nuclear translocation is inhibited. Once in the mitochondrion, the BH3 domain of ERBB4, characteristic of BCL2 family members, may enable it to act as a pro-apoptotic factor (Naresh et al. 2006). Activation of ERBB4 in breast cancer cell lines leads to JNK-dependent increase in BRCA1 mRNA level and mitotic cell cycle delay, but the exact mechanism has not been elucidated (Muraoka-Cook et al. 2006). WW-domain binding motifs in the C-tail of ERBB4 play an important role in the downregulation of ERBB4 receptor signaling, enabling the interaction of intact ERBB4, ERBB4 m80 and ERBB4 s80 with NEDD4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases WWP1 and ITCH. The interaction of WWP1 and ITCH with intact ERBB4 is independent of receptor activation and autophosphorylation. Binding of WWP1 and ITCH ubiquitin ligases leads to ubiquitination of ERBB4 and its cleavage products, and subsequent degradation through both proteasomal and lysosomal routes (Omerovic et al. 2007, Feng et al. 2009). In addition, the s80 cleavage product of ERBB4 JM-A CYT-1 isoform is the target of NEDD4 ubiquitin ligase. NEDD4 binds ERBB4 JM-A CYT-1 s80 (ERBB4jmAcyt1s80) through its PIK3R1 interaction site and mediates ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 ubiquitination, thereby decreasing the amount of ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 that reaches the nucleus (Zeng et al. 2009).
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate GTPases by enhancing the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. Much evidence points to GEFs being critical mediators of Rho GTPase activation (Schmidt and Hall, 2002). Many GEFs are known to be highly specific for a particular GTPase, e.g. Fgd1/Cdc42 and p115RhoGEF/Rho (Hart et al., 1996, Zheng et al., 1996). Others have a broader spectrum and activate several GTPases, e.g. Vav1 for Rac, Rho, and Cdc42 (Hart et al, 1994).
The soluble intracellular domain of ERBB4 s80 (E4ICD) is able to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus.
ERBB4s80 (E4ICD) binds cytosolic TAB2:NCOR1 complex through direct interaction with TAB2.
ERBB4s80 (E4ICD) bound to cytosolic TAB2:NCOR1 complex mediates the translocation of this complex to the nucleus.
WWOX binds to ERBB4s80 through WW-domain binding motifs in the C-tail of ERBB4. Formation of ERBB4s80:WWOX complex competes with the formation of ERBB4:YAP1 complex and prevents translocation of ERBB4s80 to the nucleus. Feng et al. established that WWOX binds with the same affinity to s80CYT1 and s80CYT2, and identified PY3 as the most important WW-domain binding motif for WWOX binding.
The CYT1 isoforms of ERBB4 possess a C-tail tyrosine residue that, upon trans-autophosphorylation, serves as a docking site for the p85 alpha subunit of PI3K - PIK3R1 (Kaushansky et al. 2008, Cohen et al. 1996). Binding of PIK3R1 to CYT1 isoforms of ERBB4 is followed by recruitment of the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA), leading to assembly of an active PI3K complex that converts PIP2 to PIP3 and activates AKT signaling (Kainulainen et al. 2000).
After ERBB4 is cleaved by ADAM17, gamma-secretase complex performs additional cleavage in the transmembrane region of the m80 ERBB4 fragment, releasing the soluble ERBB4 intracellular domain of 80 kDa, known as s80 or E4ICD.
ERBB4s80 interacts with a co-transcriptional activator YAP1 through its WW-domain binding motifs in the C-tail. Feng et al. established that the PY2 motif, present in CYT1 isoforms of ERBB4 only, has the highest affinity for YAP1 binding. PY1 and PY3 motifs, shared between CYT1 and CYT2 isoforms, have lower binding affinity for YAP1, with PY1 motif being the least important for YAP1 interaction.
Upon formation of ERBB4s80:YAP1 complex in the cytosol, the complex translocates to the nucleus, where it may act as a regulator of transcription.
ERBB4s80 binds STAT5A through STAT5A SH2 domain. This interaction likely depends on STAT5A activation induced by prolactin and mediated by JAK2. Heterodimers of prolactin receptor (PRLR) and JAK2 are activated by prolactin binding, resulting in STAT5 recruitment and phosphorylation, and subsequent formation of phosphorylated STAT5 homodimers. There is evidence that ERBB4 may be part of the PRLR:JAK2 complex and that it may be activated by JAK2-mediated phosphorylation, in the absence of ERBB4 growth factors (Muraoka-Cook et al. 2008).
Formation of cytosolic complex of ERBB4s80 and STAT5A promotes translocation of STAT5A to the nucleus, with ERBB4s80 acting as a nuclear chaperone of STAT5A.
STUB1 (CHIP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, binds SMAD3 irrespective of TGF-beta stimulation (Li et al. 2004, Xin et al. 2005).
Ubiquitinated SMAD2 undergoes proteasome-dependent degradation. Therefore, SMURF2 decreases the level of SMAD2 in the cell, irrespective of TGF-beta signaling, and may regulate the competence of a cell to respond to TGF-beta signaling (Zhang et al. 2001). These findings are contradicted by a recent study of Smurf2 knockout mice, where Smad2 protein levels were found to be unaltered in the absence of Smurf2 (Tang et al. 2011).
SMAD7 binds to SMURF1 in the nucleus (Ebisawa et al. 2001, Tajima et al. 2003). SMURF1 domains WW1 and WW2, highly similar to WW2 and WW3 domains of SMURF2, are involved in SMAD7 binding. SMURF1 has two splicing isoforms. The shorter splicing isoform of SMURF1 has an inter-WW domain linker of the same length as the WW2-WW3 domain linker of SMURF2. The longer isoform of SMURF1 has a longer WW1-WW2 domain linker, resulting in decreased affinity of the longer SMURF1 isoform for SMAD7 (Chong et al. 2010). This is based on experiments with recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant human SMURF1.
SMAD7:SMURF1 complex binds to XPO1 (CRM1) through a nuclear export signal (NES) located in the C-terminus of SMURF1 (Tajima et al. 2003). Recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant human SMURF1 were used in this study.
SMURF2, an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, binds to SMAD7 in the nucleus. WW2 and WW3 domains of SMURF2 are both required for binding PY motif (PPXY sequence) of SMAD7. Endogenous human SMAD7 and SMURF2 were shown to form a complex in human U4A/Jak1 cells, derived from a sarcoma cell line 2fTGH. The interaction was studied in more detail by expressing tagged recombinant human SMURF2 and mouse Smad7 in human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 (Kavsak et al. 2000, Ogunjimi et al. 2005).
After forming a complex in the nucleus, SMAD7:SMURF2 traffics to the cytosol (Kavsak et al. 2000). This was inferred from experiments that used a recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant human SMURF2.
Binding of NEDD4L promotes translocation of SMAD7 to the cytosol (Kuratomi et al. 2005). This is based on experiments using recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant human NEDD4L.
SMURF2 binds SMAD2 irrespective of TGF-beta signaling (Zhang et al. 2001).
After SMAD7:SMURF1 complex binds to XPO1 (CRM1) through the nuclear export signal (NES) in the C-terminus of SMURF1, XPO1 enables transport of SMAD7:SMURF1 to the cytosol (Suzuki et al. 2002, Tajima et al. 2003). A recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant human SMURF1 were used in these experiments.
NEDD4L ubiquitin ligase, structurally similar to SMURF ubiquitin ligases, binds SMAD7 (Kuratomi et al. 2005). This was inferred from experiments that used recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant human NEDD4L.
SMAD2 is polyubiquitinated by SMURF2 and targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation.
Involvement of Rac/Cdc42/PAK pathway in cytoskeletal rearrangements
The TGF-beta/BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) pathway incorporates several signalling pathways that share most, but not all, components of a central signal transduction engine. The general signalling scheme is rather simple: upon binding of a ligand, an activated plasma membrane receptor complex is formed, which passes on the signal towards the nucleus through a phosphorylated receptor-activated SMAD (r-SMAD). In the nucleus, the activated r-SMAD promotes transcription in a complex with a closely-related helper molecule termed the Co-SMAD. However, this simple linear pathway expands into a network when various regulatory components and mechanisms are taken into account. The signalling pathway includes a great variety of different TGF-beta/BMP superfamily ligands and receptors, several types of the r-SMAD, and functionally critical negative feedback loops. The r-SMAD/Co-SMAD can interact with a great number of transcriptional co-activators/co-repressors to regulate positively or negatively effector genes, so that the interpretation of a signal depends on the cell-type and cross talk with other signalling pathways such as Notch, MAPK and Wnt. The pathway plays a number of different biological roles in the control of embryonic and adult cell proliferation and differentiation, and it is implicated in a great number of human diseases.
GDP dissociation inhibitors or GDIs confer an additional but important layer of Rho GTPase regulation along with GEFs and GAPs. GDIs mainly inhibit the dissociation of bound guanine nucleotide (usually GDP) from their partner GTPases. So far, three human GDIs with proven biological functions have been found: RhoGDI/GDIalpha/GDI1, hematopoietic cell selective Ly/D4GDI/GDIbeta/GDI2, and Rho GDIgamma/GDI3 (DerMardirossian and Bokoch, 2005). Three specific biochemical functions of GDIs have been established: inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from Rho proteins, maintaining the GTPases in an inactive form, and preventing GTPase activation by GEFs (Olofsson, 1999). Detailed annotations of GDIs will be available in future releases.
GDIs sequester the inactive GTPases, preventing the dissociation of GDP and interactions with regulatory and effector molecules. They maintain Rho GTPases as soluble cytosolic proteins by forming high affinity complexes. In these complexes, the geranylgeranyl membrane targeting moiety present at the C terminus of the Rho GTPases is shielded from the solvent by its insertion into the hydrophobic pocket formed by the immunoglobulin like beta sandwich of the GDI (DerMardirossian and Bokoch, 2005). Rho proteins, when released from the sequestering cytosolic GDIs, insert into the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane with their isoprenylated C termini. The membrane bound GEFs activate these free RhoGTPases and thereby trigger the downstream signaling events via respective effector proteins on the membrane (Robbe et al., 2003). Detailed annotation of the activities of farnesyltransferase / geranylgeranyltransferases on prenylation of Rho GTPases thereby enabling their subsequent localization to plasma membrane will be available in future releases.
The cycling of Rho GTPases is tightly controlled by three classes of protein. These are (1) guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors or GDIs, which maintain Rho proteins in an inactive state in the cytoplasm, (2) guanine nucleotide exchange factors or GEFs, which destabilize the interaction between Rho proteins and their bound nucleotide, the net result of which is the exchange of bound GDP for the more abundant GTP, and (3) GTPase Activating Proteins or GAPs, which stimulate the low intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity of Rho family members, thus promoting their inactivation. GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs are themselves subject to tight regulation, and the overall level of Rho activity reflects the balance of their activities. In their active GTP-bound state, Rho family members have the ability to interact with a large variety of so-called effector proteins. By changing the subcellular localization of effectors, by altering their enzymatic properties, or by directing the formation of specific effector complexes, members of the Rho family mediate their various effects. This Rho GTPase cycle is diagrammed in the figure below. External or internal cues promote the release of Rho GTPases from the inhibitory complex (1) which allows them to associate with the plasma membrane (2) where they are activated by GEFs (3) and can signal to effector proteins. Then, GAPs inactivate the GTPases by accelerating the intrinsic GTPase activity, leading to the GDP bound form (4). Once again, the GDI molecules stabilize the inactive GDP bound form in the cytoplasm, waiting for further instructions (5). (Figure and text from Tcherkezian and Lamarche Vane, 2007).
The Rho family of small guanine nucleotide binding proteins is one of five generally recognized branches of the Ras superfamily. Like most Ras superfamily members, typical Rho proteins function as binary switches controlling a variety of biological processes. They perform this function by cycling between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformations. Mammalian Rho GTPases include RhoA, RhoB and RhoC (Rho proteins), Rac1 3 (Rac proteins), Cdc42, TC10, TCL, Wrch1, Chp/Wrch2, RhoD and RhoG, to name some. The family also includes RhoH and Rnd1-3, which lack GTPase activity and are predicted to exist in a constitutively active state. Members of the Rho family have been identified in all eukaryotes. Including the atypical RHOBTB1-3 and RHOT1-2 proteins, 24 Rho family members have been identified in mammals (Jaffe and Hall, 2005; Bernards, 2005; Ridley, 2006). Among Rho GTPases, RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 have been most extensively studied. These proteins are best known for their ability to induce dynamic rearrangements of the plasma membrane-associated actin cytoskeleton (Aspenstrom et al, 2004; Murphy et al, 1999; Govek et al, 2005). Beyond this function, Rho GTPases also regulate actomyosin contractility and microtubule dynamics. Rho mediated effects on transcription and membrane trafficking are believed to be secondary to these functions. At the more macroscopic level, Rho GTPases have been implicated in many important cell biological processes, including cell growth control, cytokinesis, cell motility, cell cell and cell extracellular matrix adhesion, cell transformation and invasion, and development (Govek et al., 2005). The illustration below lists Rho GTPase effectors implicated in actin and microtubule dynamics (courtesy: Govek et al., 2005, Genes and Development, CSHL Press). Detailed annotations of various biological processes regulated by Rho GTPases will be available in future releases.
BMP receptors, unlike TGF-beta receptors are known to form hetero-oligomeric complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum and are transported as oligomers to the plasma membrane where they bind ligand. However, evidence for ligand-induced heteromeric BMP receptor complexes on the cell surface has also been published, leading to a model where both pre-formed and ligand-induced receptor oligomers are encountered on the plasma membrane. Based on the latter, a theory has been formulated that suggests that the signaling outcome from pre-formed and ligand-induced BMP receptor complexes is different. The mechanism that might explain this theory must involve different ways of internalization and trafficking of the BMP receptor complexes.
The mature dimeric BMP2 binds with high affinity to its signalling receptor, the type II receptor serine/threonine kinase. The type II receptor is known to form dimeric complexes even in the absence of BMP2.
Formation of the hetero-tetrameric BMP2:receptor complex induces receptor rotation, so that their cytoplasmic kinase domains face each other in a catalytically favourable configuration. The constitutively active type II receptor kinase (which auto-phosphorylates in the absence of ligand), trans-phosphorylates specific serine residues at the conserved Gly-Ser-rich juxtapositioned domain of the type I receptor. It is not known if exactly 8 ATPs are required for the phosphorylation of type I receptor, there could be more or less than this number.
Smad6 and Smad7, the two I-Smads, bind directly to the BMP type I receptors and recruit the ubiquitin ligase Smurf1. This reaction leads to competitive inhibition of R-Smad binding to the type I receptor and activating phosphorylation by the receptor, and also leads to BMP receptor ubiquitination and degradation.
Activated type I receptor kinase directly phosphorylates two of the C-terminal serine residues of SMAD2 or SMAD3. Binding of these R-SMADs to the L45 loop of the type I receptor is critical for this event.
I-SMADs reside in the nucleus presumably to be sequestered from the BMP2:receptor complex and thus avoid inappropriate silencing of the signalling pathway. Upon activation of the signalling pathway, I-SMADs exit the nucleus and are recruited to the signalling BMP2:receptor complex. I-SMADs directly bind to the so-called L45 loop of the type I receptor, the site of binding of R-SMADs. Thus, I-SMADs competitively inhibit the activation/phosphorylation of R-SMADs.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160959
Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) is a potent stimulator of growth and motility of connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells as well as other cells such as capillary endothelial cells and neurons.The PDGF family of growth factors is composed of four different polypeptide chains encoded by four different genes. The classical PDGF chains, PDGF-A and PDGF-B, and more recently discovered PDGF-C and PDGF-D. The four PDGF chains assemble into disulphide-bonded dimers via homo- or heterodimerization, and five different dimeric isoforms have been described so far; PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC and PDGF-DD. It is notable that no heterodimers involving PDGF-C and PDGF-D chains have been described. PDGF exerts its effects by binding to, and activating, two protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) receptors, alpha and beta. These receptors dimerize and undergo autophosphorylation. The phosphorylation sites then attract downstream effectors to transduct the signal into the cell.
The role of autophosphorylation sites on PDGF receptors are to provide docking sites for downstream signal transduction molecules which contain SH2 domains. The SH2 domain is a conserved motif of around 100 amino acids that can bind a phosphorylated tyrosine residue. These downstream molecules are activated upon binding to, or phosphorylated by, the receptor kinases intrinsic to PDGF receptors. Some of the dowstream molecules are themselves enzymes, such as phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K), phospholipase C (PLC-gamma), the Src family of tyrosine kinases, the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, and a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Ras. Others such as Grb2 are adaptor molecules which link the receptor with downstream catalytic molecules.
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) play pivotal roles in survival, differentiation, and plasticity of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. They are produced, and secreted in minute amounts, by a variety of tissues. They signal through two types of receptors: TRK tyrosine kinase receptors (TRKA, TRKB, TRKC), which specifically interact with the different neurotrophins, and p75NTR, which interacts with all neurotrophins. TRK receptors are reported in a variety of tissues in addition to neurons. p75NTRs are also widespread. Neurotrophins and their receptors are synthesized as several different splice variants, which differ in terms of their biological activities. The nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first growth factor to be identified and has served as a model for studying the mechanisms of action of neurotrophins and growth factors. The mechanisms by which NGF generates diverse cellular responses have been studied extensively in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. When exposed to NGF, PC12 cells exit the cell cycle and differentiate into sympathetic neuron-like cells. Current data show that signalling by the other neurotrophins is similar to NGF signalling.
Trk receptors signal from the plasma membrane and from intracellular membranes, particularly from early endosomes. Signalling from the plasma membrane is fast but transient; signalling from endosomes is slower but long lasting. Signalling from the plasma membrane is annotated here. TRK signalling leads to proliferation in some cell types and neuronal differentiation in others. Proliferation is the likely outcome of short term signalling, as observed following stimulation of EGFR (EGF receptor). Long term signalling via TRK receptors, instead, was clearly shown to be required for neuronal differentiation in response to neurotrophins.
An important function of the kinase cascade triggered by neurotrophins is to induce the phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors in the nucleus to initiate new programs of gene expression. Transcription factors directly activated by neurotrophin signalling are responsible for induction of immediate-early genes, many of which are transcription factors. These in turn are involved in the induction of delayed-early genes.
Nerve growth factor (NGF) activates multiple signalling pathways that mediate the phosphorylation of CREB at the critical regulatory site, serine 133. CREB phosphorylation at serine 133 is a crucial event in neurotrophin signalling, being mediated by ERK/RSK, ERK/MSK1 and p38/MAPKAPK2 pathways. Several kinases, such as MSK1, RSK1/2/3 (MAPKAPK1A/B/C), and MAPKAPK2, are able to directly phosphorylate CREB at S133. MSK1 is also able to activate ATF (Cyclic-AMP-dependent transcription factor). However, the NGF-induced CREB phosphorylation appears to correlate better with activation of MSK1 rather than RSK1/2/3, or MAPKAPK2. In retrograde signalling, activation of CREB occurs within 20 minutes after neurotrophin stimulation of distal axons.
p38 MAPK activation leads to CREB Serine 133 phosphorylation through the activation of MAPKAP kinase 2 or the closely related MAPKAP kinase 3.
CREB is phosphorylated at Serine 133 by RSK1/2/3.
Cyclic-AMP-dependent transcription factor 1 (ATF1) can be phosphorylated at Serine 63 by MSK1, thus activating it.
MSK1 is required for the mitogen-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB).
Over 10 dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) active an MAP kinases are known. Among them, some possess good ERK docking sites and so are more specific for the ERKS (DUSP 3, 4, 6, 7), others are more specific for p38MAPK (DUSP1 and 10), while others do not seem to discriminate. It is noteworthy that transcription of DUSP genes is induced by growth factor signaling itself, so that these phosphatases provide feedback attenuation of signaling. Moreover, differential activation of DUSPs by different stimuli is thought to contribute to pathway specificity.
ERKs are inactivated by the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The PP2A holoenzyme is a heterotrimer that consists of a core dimer, composed of a scaffold (A) and a catalytic (C) subunit that associates with a variety of regulatory (B) subunits. The B subunits have been divided into gene families named B (or PR55), B0 (or B56 or PR61) and B00 (or PR72). Each family comprises several members. B56 family members of PP2A in particular, increase ERK dephosphorylation, without affecting its activation by MEK. Induction of PP2A is involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway, in which it provides a feedback control, as well as in a broad range of other cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation and control of the cell cycle.This diversity of functions is conferred by a diversity of regulatory subunits, the combination of which can give rise to over 50 different forms of PP2A. For example, five distinct mammalian genes encode members of the B56 family, called B56a, b, g, d and e, generating at least eight isoforms. Whether a specific holoenzyme dephosphorylates ERK and whether this activity is controlled during mitogenic stimulation is unknown.
ERK/MAPK kinases have a number of targets within the nucleus, usually transcription factors or other kinases. The best known targets, ELK1, ETS1, ATF2, MITF, MAPKAPK2, MSK1, RSK1/2/3 and MEF2 are annotated here.
MAP Kinases are inactivated by a family of protein named MAP Kinase Phosphatases (MKPs). They act through dephosphorylation of threonine and/or tyrosine residues within the signature sequence -pTXpY- located in the activation loop of MAP kinases (pT=phosphothreonine and pY=phosphotyrosine). MKPs are divided into three major categories depending on their preference for dephosphorylating; tyrosine, serine/threonine and both the tyrosine and threonine (dual specificity phoshatases or DUSPs). The tyrosine-specific MKPs include PTP-SL, STEP and HePTP, serine/threonine-specific MKPs are PP2A and PP2C, and many DUSPs acting on MAPKs are known. Activated MAP kinases trigger activation of transcription of MKP genes. Therefore, MKPs provide a negative feedback regulatory mechanism on MAPK signaling, by inactivating MAPKs via dephosphorylation, in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Some MKPs are more specific for ERKs, others for JNK or p38MAPK.
MSK1 (Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is localised in the nucleus. It contains two protein kinase domains in a single polypeptide. It can be activated 5-fold by ERK1/2 through phosphorylation at four key residues.
Neurotrophin-TRK complexes can be internalized and enter signalling vesicles, which travel retrogradely over long distances from distal nerve terminals to neuronal cell bodies. Such retrograde signalling by neurotrophin-TRK complexes regulates survival, synaptogenesis and maintenance of proper neural connectivity. The neurotrophin-TRK complex may use three distinct internalization pathways. Although Clathrin-mediated endocytosys appears to be the major internalization route, it is controversial whether it also represents the dominant pathway for retrograde transport and signalling. Pyncher-mediated endocytosis might be more relevant in this regard. Moreover, also caveolin-mediated endocytosis may play a role in NGF-TrkA internalization. Retrograde transport of TRKs is microtubule-dependent: TRKs remain activated and bound to neurotrophins during retrograde transport. The current view is reflected in the signalling endosome model. It is a specialized vesicle containing ligand (NGF, BDNF) bound to its activated TRK receptor, together with activated downstream signalling proteins, transported by motor proteins (dyneins) from nerve terminals to remote cell bodies, where the receptors trigger signalling cascades.
The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK1-4) comprise a family of serine/threonine kinases that lie at the terminus of the ERK pathway. RSK family members are unusual among serine/threonine kinases in that they contain two distinct kinase domains, both of which are catalytically functional . The C-terminal kinase domain is believed to be involved in autophosphorylation, a critical step in RSK activation, whereas the N-terminal kinase domain, which is homologous to members of the AGC superfamily of kinases, is responsible for the phosphorylation of all known exogenous substrates of RSK. RSKs can be activated by the ERKs (ERK1, 2, 5) in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, they both have cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates, and they are able to move from nucleus to cytoplasm. Efficient RSK activation by ERKs requires its interaction through a docking site located near the RSK C terminus. The mechanism of RSK activation has been studied mainly with regard to ERK1 and ERK2. RSK activation leads to the phosphorylation of four essential residues Ser239, Ser381, Ser398, and Thr590, and two additional sites, Thr377 and Ser749 (the amino acid numbering refers to RSK1). ERK is thought to play at least two roles in RSK1 activation. First, activated ERK phosphorylates RSK1 on Thr590, and possibly on Thr377 and Ser381, and second, ERK brings RSK1 into close proximity to membrane-associated kinases that may phosphorylate RSK1 on Ser381 and Ser398. Moreover, RSKs and ERK1/2 form a complex that transiently dissociates upon growth factor signalling. Complex dissociation requires phosphorylation of RSK1 serine 749, a growth factor regulated phosphorylation site located near the ERK docking site. Serine 749 is phosphorylated by the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK1 itself. ERK1/2 docking to RSK2 and RSK3 is also regulated in a similar way. The length of RSK activation following growth factor stimulation depends on the duration of the RSK/ERK complex, which, in turn, differs among the different RSK isoforms. RSK1 and RSK2 readily dissociate from ERK1/2 following growth factor stimulation stimulation, but RSK3 remains associated with active ERK1/2 longer, and also remains active longer than RSK1 and RSK2.
MSK1 (Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is localised in the nucleus. It contains two protein kinase domains in a single polypeptide. It can be activated 5-fold by p38MAPK through phosphorylation at four key residues.
Of the internalized NGF:TRK complexes, many undergo recycling and/or proteolysis. Only a small fraction is retrogradely transported. Vesicles containing neurotrophin, activated receptors and downstream kinases are transported through axons by the action of dynein, which produces a force towards the end of microtubules.
PI3K/AKT signalling is a major regulator of neuron survival. It blocks cell death by both impinging on the cytoplasmic cell death machinery and by regulating the expression of genes involved in cell death and survival. In addition, it may also use metabolic pathways to regulate cell survival.The PI3K/AKT pathway also affects axon diameter and branching (Marcus et al, 2002) and regulates small G proteins like RhoA (Vanhaesebroeck, B and Waterman, MD, 1999), which control the behaviour of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, through its connection with the TOR pathway, it promotes translation of a subset of mRNAs.
Complementation analysis in PtdInsP kinase-deficient yeast mutants demonstrates that Schizosaccharomyces pombe and murine Fab1p homologues are phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinases
Defective copper-induced trafficking and localization of the Menkes protein in patients with mild and copper-treated classical Menkes disease
ERBB2, also known as HER2 or NEU, is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) belonging to the EGFR family. ERBB2 possesses an extracellular domain that does not bind any known ligand, contrary to other EGFR family members, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain consisting of an active kinase and a C-tail with multiple tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Inactive ERBB2 is associated with a chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and its co-chaperone CDC37 (Xu et al. 2001, Citri et al. 2004, Xu et al. 2005). In addition, ERBB2 is associated with ERBB2IP (also known as ERBIN or LAP2), a protein responsible for proper localization of ERBB2. In epithelial cells, ERBB2IP restricts expression of ERBB2 to basolateral plasma membrane regions (Borg et al. 2000). ERBB2 becomes activated by forming a heterodimer with another ligand-activated EGFR family member, either EGFR, ERBB3 or ERBB4, which is accompanied by dissociation of chaperoning proteins HSP90 and CDC37 (Citri et al. 2004), as well as ERBB2IP (Borg et al. 2000) from ERBB2. ERBB2 heterodimers function to promote cell proliferation, cell survival and differentiation, depending on the cellular context. ERBB2 can also be activated by homodimerization when it is overexpressed, in cancer for example. In cells expressing both ERBB2 and EGFR, EGF stimulation of EGFR leads to formation of both ERBB2:EGFR heterodimers (Wada et al. 1990, Karunagaran et al. 1996) and EGFR homodimers. Heterodimers of ERBB2 and EGFR trans-autophosphorylate on twelve tyrosine residues, six in the C-tail of EGFR and six in the C-tail of ERBB2 - Y1023, Y1139, Y1196, Y1221, Y1222 and Y1248 (Margolis et al. 1989, Hazan et al. 1990,Walton et al. 1990, Helin et al. 1991, Ricci et al. 1995, Pinkas-Kramarski 1996). Phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the C-tail of EGFR and ERBB2 serve as docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Three key signaling pathways activated by ERBB2:EGFR heterodimers are RAF/MAP kinase cascade, PI3K-induced AKT signaling, and signaling by phospholipase C gamma (PLCG1). Downregulation of EGFR signaling is mediated by ubiquitin ligase CBL, and is shown under Signaling by EGFR. In cells expressing ERBB2 and ERBB3, ERBB3 activated by neuregulin NRG1 or NRG2 binding (Tzahar et al. 1994) forms a heterodimer with ERBB2 (Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Citri et al. 2004). ERBB3 is the only EGFR family member with no kinase activity, and can only function in heterodimers, with ERBB2 being its preferred heterodimerization partner. After heterodimerization, ERBB2 phosphorylates ten tyrosine residues in the C-tail of ERBB3, Y1054, Y1197, Y1199, Y1222, Y1224, Y1260, Y1262, Y1276, Y1289 and Y1328 (Prigent et al. 1994, Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Vijapurkar et al. 2003, Li et al. 2007) that subsequently serve as docking sites for downstream signaling molecules, resulting in activation of PI3K-induced AKT signaling and RAF/MAP kinase cascade. Signaling by ERBB3 is downregulated by the action of RNF41 ubiquitin ligase, also known as NRDP1. In cells expressing ERBB2 and ERBB4, ligand stimulated ERBB4 can either homodimerize or form heterodimers with ERBB2 (Li et al. 2007), resulting in trans-autophosphorylation of ERBB2 and ERBB4 on C-tail tyrosine residues that will subsequently serve as docking sites for downstream signaling molecules, leading to activation of RAF/MAP kinase cascade and, in the case of ERBB4 CYT1 isoforms, PI3K-induced AKT signaling (Hazan et al. 1990, Cohen et al. 1996, Li et al. 2007, Kaushansky et al. 2008). Signaling by ERBB4 is downregulated by the action of WWP1 and ITCH ubiquitin ligases, and is shown under Signaling by ERBB4.
E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin-5 (CUL5) is recruited to the ERBB2 site at the plasma membrane and ubiquitinates ERBB2 in an HSP90-dependent way, targeting it for degradation. Ubiquitination of ERBB2 by CUL5 appears to be independent of CUL5 adaptor proteins ElonginB and ElonginC.
E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP (STUB1) mediates ERBB2 ubiquitination by associating with the ERBB2 indirectly, through the chaperone protein HSP90. CHIP (STUB1) ubiquitinates both ERBB2 and HSP90, leading to their proteasome-dependent degradation. Ubiquitination of ERBB2 by CHIP (STUB1) is independent of ERBB2 activation.
Level of plasma membrane ERBB3 is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF41 (also known as NRDP1), which binds and ubiquitinates both inactive and activated ERBB3, targeting it for degradation (Cao et al. 2007). RNF41 is subject to self-ubiquitination which keeps its levels low when ERBB3 is not stimulated, and preserves ERBB3 expression on the cell surface (Qiu et al. 2002). Self-ubiquitination of RNF41 is reversible, through the action of ubiquitin protease USP8, an enzyme stabilized by AKT-mediated phosphorylation. Therefore, activation of AKT by ERBB2:ERBB3 signaling leads to phosphorylation of USP8 (Cao et al. 2007), which increases level of RNF41 through deubiquitination, and results in degradation of activated ERBB3 (Cao et al. 2007) - a negative feedback loop of ERBB3 signaling. Downregulation of EGFR and ERBB4 signaling is explained in pathways Signaling by EGFR and Signaling by ERBB4.
Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification
An islet amyloid peptide is derived from an 89-amino acid precursor by proteolytic processing
All splicing isoforms of ERBB4 possess two tyrosine residues in the C-tail that serve as docking sites for SHC1 (Kaushansky et al. 2008, Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Cohen et al. 1996). Once bound to ERBB4, SHC1 becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the tyrosine kinase activity of ERBB4, which enables it to recruit the complex of GRB2 and SOS1, resulting in the guanyl-nucleotide exchange on RAS and activation of RAF and MAP kinase cascade (Kainulainen et al. 2000).
RNF41 is able to self-ubiquitinate, which keeps its levels low when ERBB3 is unstimulated.
RNF41 ubiquitinates activated ERBB3, thereby downregulating ERBB3-mediated signaling. This reaction is part of a negative feedback loop in ERBB2:ERBB3 signaling.
Phosphorylated USP8 deubiquitinates RNF41 and increases RNF41 level in the cell.
Ubiquitinated RNF41 binds deubiquitinating enzyme USP8, previously activated by phosphorylation on threonine residue T945.
Activated AKT phosphorylates USP8, thereby stabilizing it and allowing it to deubiquitinate NRDP1, which results in increased NRDP1 level and downregulation of ERBB3. This represents a negative feedback loop in ERBB3-mediated signaling.
Association of alternative complement pathway components with human blood platelets: secretion and localization of factor D and beta 1H Globulin
ERBB2:EGFR and ERBB2:ERBB4 can directly recruit GRB2:SOS1 complex through phosphorylated C-tail tyrosines of EGFR (Y1068 and Y1086) and ERBB2 (Y1139) that serve as docking sites for GRB2 (Xie et al. 1995, Sepp-Lorenzino et al. 1996), which, again, results in SOS1-mediated guanyl-nucleotide exchange on RAS and activation of RAF and MAP kinases (Janes et al. 1994, Sepp-Lorenzino et al. 1996).
All ERBB2 heterodimers, ERBB2:EGFR, ERBB2:ERBB3 and ERBB2:ERBB4, are able to activate RAF/MAP kinase cascade by recruiting SHC1 (Pinkas-Kramarski et al. 1996, Sepp-Lorenzino et al. 1996) to phosphorylated C-tail tyrosine residues in either EGFR (Y1148 and Y1173), ERBB2 (Y1196, Y1221, Y1222 and Y1248), ERBB3 (Y1328) or ERBB4 (Y1188 and Y1242 in JM-A CYT1 isoform, Y1178 and Y1232 in JM-B CYT1 isoform, Y1172 and Y1226 in JM-A CYT2 isoform). SHC1 recruitment is followed by phosphorylation (Segatto et al. 1993, Soler et al. 1994), and the phosphorylated SHC1 recruits GRB2:SOS1 complex (Xie et al. 1995), which leads to SOS1-mediated guanyl-nucleotide exchange on RAS (Xie et al. 1995) and downstream activation of RAF and MAP kinases.
Activation of PLCG1 signaling is observed only in the presence of ERBB2:EGFR heterodimers, with PLCG1 binding to phosphorylated tyrosine Y992 and Y1173 in the C-tail of EGFR (Chattopadhyay et al. 1999), and potentially Y1023 in the C-tail of ERBB2 (Fazioli et al. 1991, Cohen et al. 1996).
ERBB2:ERBB3 and ERBB2:ERBB4cyt1 heterodimers activate PI3K signaling by direct binding of PI3K regulatory subunit p85 (Yang et al. 2007, Cohen et al. 1996, Kaushansky et al. 2008) to phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the C-tail of ERBB3 (Y1054, Y1197, Y1222, Y1224, Y1276 and Y1289) and ERBB4 CYT1 isoforms (Y1056 in JM-A CYT1 isoform and Y1046 in JM-B CYT1 isoform). Regulatory subunit p85 subsequently recruits catalytic subunit p110 of PI3K, resulting in the formation of active PI3K, conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, and PIP3-mediated activation of AKT signaling (Junttila et al. 2009, Kainulainen et al. 2000). Heterodimers of ERBB2 and EGFR recruit PI3K indirectly, through GRB2:GAB1 complex (Jackson et al. 2004), which again leads to PIP3-mediated activation of AKT signaling.
RNF41 ubiquitinates unstimulated ERBB3, targeting it for degradation and regulating ERBB3 level in the cell.
RNF41 ubiquitin ligase is able to bind unstimulated ERBB3.
SCF induced proliferation is negatively regulated by various proteins including SHP1, PKC, CBL, SOCS1, SOCS6 and LNK.
Protein kinase C (PKC) alpha phosphorylates and regulates the activity of several receptor tyrosine kinases including KIT. PKC alpha is involved in a negative feedback loop regulating SCF induced proliferation by phosphorylating and inhibiting the kinase activity of KIT (Blume-Jensen et al. 1994, 1995). PKC alpha phosphorylates KIT on S741 and S746 of the kinase insert (Blume-Jensen et al. 1995). This serine phosphorylation inhibits KIT kinase activity and reduces the capacity of multiple SH2 containing signaling components to associate with KIT (Linnekin 1999).
Once bound to ERBB2 heterodimers, SHC1 is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the tyrosine kinase activity of either ERBB2 or its heterodimerization partners EGFR and ERBB4.
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a growth factor with membrane bound and soluble forms. It is expressed by fibroblasts and endothelial cells throughout the body, promoting proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation of hematopoetic progenitors, melanocytes and germ cells.(Linnekin 1999, Rönnstrand 2004, Lennartsson and Rönnstrand 2006). The receptor for SCF is KIT, a tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) closely related to the receptors for platelet derived growth factor receptor, colony stimulating factor 1 (Linnekin 1999) and Flt3 (Rosnet et al. 1991). Four isoforms of c-Kit have been identified in humans. Alternative splicing results in isoforms of KIT differing in the presence or absence of four residues (GNNK) in the extracellular region. This occurs due to the use of an alternate 5' splice donor site. These GNNK+ and GNNK- variants are co-expressed in most tissues; the GNNK- form predominates and was more strongly tyrosine-phosphorylated and more rapidly internalized (Rönnstrand 2004). There are also splice variants that arise from alternative usage of splice acceptor site resulting in the presence or absence of a serine residue (Crosier et al., 1993). Finally, there is an alternative shorter transcript of KIT expressed in postmeiotic germ cells in the testis which encodes a truncated KIT consisting only of the second part of the kinase domain and thus lackig the extracellular and transmembrane domains as well as the first part of the kinase domain (Rossi et al. 1991). Binding of SCF homodimers to KIT results in KIT homodimerization followed by activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. KIT stimulation activates a wide array of signalling pathways including MAPK, PI3K and JAK/STAT (Reber et al. 2006, Rönnstrand 2004). Defects of KIT in humans are associated with different genetic diseases and also in several types of cancers like mast cell leukaemia, germ cell tumours, certain subtypes of malignant melanoma and gastrointestinal tumours.
Editing-defective tRNA synthetase causes protein misfolding and neurodegeneration
Yeast kinesin-8 depolymerizes microtubules in a length-dependent manner
Primary structure of a human trifunctional enzyme. Isolation of a cDNA encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase.
STIM1 carboxyl-terminus activates native SOC, I(crac) and TRPC1 channels
The cAMP signalling pathway activates CREB through PKA, p38 and MSK1 in NIH 3T3 cells
Prolactin-derived amyloid in the aging pituitary gland
Protease-activated receptors in hemostasis, thrombosis and vascular biology
Intracellular localization of Toll-like receptor 9 prevents recognition of self DNA but facilitates access to viral DNA
GPVI and integrin alphaIIb beta3 signaling in platelets
NF-kappaB functions in the nervous system: from development to disease
Assembly of high order G alpha q-effector complexes with RGS proteins
Uptake of Carbon Dioxide and Release of Oxygen by Erythrocytes
Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane
Step-size analyses of the mitochondrial Hsp70 import motor reveal the Brownian ratchet in operation
The 5'HS2 of the globin locus control region enhances transcription through the interaction of a multimeric complex binding at two functionally distinct NF-E2 binding sites
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170771
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135346.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140363.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1839035
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125075.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164288
Insulin degradation: mechanisms, products, and significance.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164271
SLC16A10-mediated uptake of aromatic amino acids
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164274
Cytochrome P450s and cholesterol homeostasis
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [mitochondrial]
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic]
Sulfate is exported to the cytosol in exchange for dicarboxylate
malate [mitochondrial matrix] + orthophosphate [cytosol] <=> malate [cytosol] + orthophosphate [mitochondrial matrix]
Proton-coupled di- and tri-peptide cotransport
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170762
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137949.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175766
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127607.5
Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164203
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164202
Structural basis of hereditary coproporphyria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164348
7alpha,26-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one [ChEBI:48778]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164346
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164345
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164343
Evolutionary conservation and adaptation in the mechanism that regulates SREBP action: what a long, strange tRIP it's been
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164225
LKB1 is the upstream kinase in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164240
Determination and comparison of specific activity of the HIF-prolyl hydroxylases
Cloning and characterization of mouse lung-type acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1). Expression in alveolar type II cells and possible involvement in surfactant production
Structure-function analysis of liver-type (GLUT2) and brain-type (GLUT3) glucose transporters: expression of chimeric transporters in Xenopus oocytes suggests an important role for putative transmembrane helix 7 in determining substrate selectivity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164342
ATM mediated phosphorylation of repair proteins
Type II phosphoinositide 5-phosphatases have unique sensitivities towards fatty acid composition and head group phosphorylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164340
Role of Stargardt-3 macular dystrophy protein (ELOVL4) in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids
Binding to Rab3A-interacting molecule RIM regulates the presynaptic recruitment of Munc13-1 and ubMunc13-2
Assignment of the gene for human arylsulfatase B, ARSB, to chromosome region 5p11----5qter
Activation of the pre-replicative complex
Structure of Rev-erbalpha bound to N-CoR reveals a unique mechanism of nuclear receptor-co-repressor interaction
Temporal and spatial regulation of the phosphatidate phosphatases lipin 1 and 2
Formation of transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER) repair complex
Chaperonin-mediated folding of vertebrate actin-related protein and gamma-tubulin
Kynurenine formamidase: determination of primary structure and modeling-based prediction of tertiary structure and catalytic triad.
Human mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VB. cDNA cloning, mRNA expression, subcellular localization, and mapping to chromosome x
Role of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in regulating the activity and localization of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1
Structural and functional evolution of the L1 family: are four adhesion molecules better than one?
Beta glucuronidase deficiency: report of clinical, radiologic, and biochemical features of a new mucopolysaccharidosis
Cutting edge: Role of Toll-like receptor 9 in CpG DNA-induced activation of human cells
The precise sequence of FGF receptor autophosphorylation is kinetically driven and is disrupted by oncogenic mutations
Human plasma epidermal growth factor/beta-urogastrone is associated with blood platelets
Sialyltransferase ST3Gal-IV operates as a dominant modifier of hemostasis by concealing asialoglycoprotein receptor ligands
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164984
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118487.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164171
Mutations in the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene (HPD) in patients with tyrosinemia type III
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164988
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138367.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164990
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126704.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164991
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116254.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165346
Mammalian GW182 contains multiple Argonaute-binding sites and functions in microRNA-mediated translational repression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164993
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117904.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164995
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117106.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1227677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164999
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117258.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1220577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165000
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117634.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165006
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117074.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165005
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117861.1
Cloning, tissue distribution, and functional analysis of the human Na+/N+ exchanger isoform, NHE3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165011
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131544.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165345
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1227674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165010
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116651.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216524
Biochemical analysis of the intrinsic Mcm4-Mcm6-mcm7 DNA helicase activity.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216525
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116764.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216523
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116892.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165338
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117456.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117902.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1169429
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117245.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117277.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1216521
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117604.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1176053
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117607.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1217514
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153941.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1173285
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117275.1
Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1217511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165334
Identification, expression, and characterization of a cDNA encoding human endoplasmic reticulum mannosidase I, the enzyme that catalyzes the first mannose trimming step in mammalian Asn-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis
Specificity of the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase-eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF5A) interaction: identification of amino acid residues of the enzyme required for binding of its substrate, deoxyhypusine-containing eIF5A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1217507
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116852.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1217505
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117645.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1217510
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117054.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116266.1
The molecular basis of human 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1217506
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141035.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165415
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139383.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134929.5
Blocking of FGFR signaling inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation through downregulation of D-type cyclins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165764
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157361.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165762
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155207.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165760
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152615.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165761
Structural basis for induced formation of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2
The Hippo-YAP pathway in organ size control and tumorigenesis: an updated version
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and their connections to disease
Human phosphoglycerate kinase. I. Crystallization and characterization of normal enzyme
Characterization of human carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle
Crystal structures of recombinant human dihydrofolate reductase complexed with folate and 5-deazafolate
A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study of CO2/HCO-3 exchange catalyzed by human carbonic anhydrase I
Identification of chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase as chondroitin synthase-3 involved in chondroitin polymerization: chondroitin polymerization is achieved by multiple enzyme complexes consisting of chondroitin synthase family members
Purification, molecular cloning, and sequencing of phospholipase C-beta 4
The 40-kDa subunit of DNA fragmentation factor induces DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis
Transport of the SLBP Dependant Mature mRNA
Complementation cloning of S2P, a gene encoding a putative metalloprotease required for intramembrane cleavage of SREBPs
Implications of the structure of human uridine phosphorylase 1 on the development of novel inhibitors for improving the therapeutic window of fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy
Sulfation of iodothyronines by human sulfotransferase 1C1 (SULT1C1)*
ChEBI:11805 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate
Mutations and polymorphisms in GUSB gene in mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly Syndrome)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172151
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140972.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175857
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141772.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172201
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132876.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170865
Mutations in the gene encoding the 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome at the AGS1 locus
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170844
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134600.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169670
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132051.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123740.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169765
Interleukin-7 can induce the activation of Jak 1, Jak 3 and STAT 5 proteins in murine T cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157489
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158393.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157490
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153539.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157485
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157268.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158789.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128040.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147553
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139545.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97035.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157418
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159551.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147549
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143885.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147552
Determinants for activation of the atypical AGC kinase Greatwall during M phase entry
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=140648
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134373.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171636
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2442.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=33625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170789
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3927.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=114519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170790
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20468.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170795
The repertoire of solute carriers of family 6: identification of new human and rodent genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170794
CHIP mediates degradation of Smad proteins and potentially regulates Smad-induced transcription
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157139
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147395.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171643
Cleavage of the star strand facilitates assembly of some microRNAs into Ago2-containing silencing complexes in mammals
Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171647
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134704.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170775
ABCA3 gene mutations in newborns with fatal surfactant deficiency
Salt wasting and deafness resulting from mutations in two chloride channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171652
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129018.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157375
Secretion of Wnt ligands requires Evi, a conserved transmembrane protein
Wntless, a conserved membrane protein dedicated to the secretion of Wnt proteins from signaling cells
Two novel rat liver membrane proteins that bind advanced glycosylation endproducts: relationship to macrophage receptor for glucose-modified proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157368
Sequence of the human iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) gene
Regulation of Hsp90 client proteins by a Cullin5-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase
AGPAT6 is a novel microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
Human frataxin is an allosteric switch that activates the Fe-S cluster biosynthetic complex
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol
Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units
Crystal structure of human kynurenine aminotransferase I
Functional characterization of human sphingosine kinase-1
Identification, cloning, expression, and purification of three novel human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 family members possessing triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol transacylase activities
Elongation factor 1 beta gamma from Artemia. Purification and properties of its subunits.
The binding of a transcription factor to deletion mutants of a 5S ribosomal RNA gene
Poly(I-C)-induced Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated activation of NFkappa B and MAP kinase is through an interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-independent pathway employing the signaling components TLR3-TRAF6-TAK1-TAB2-PKR
Phospholipases D1 and D2 coordinately regulate macrophage phagocytosis
A frequent kinase domain mutation that changes the interaction between PI3Kalpha and the membrane
Characterization of human UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. CYS-276 is required for the second of two successive oxidations
The LZT proteins; the LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2045079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2038921
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124230.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127638.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157365
Rich, a rho GTPase-activating protein domain-containing protein involved in signaling by Cdc42 and Rac1
X-linked Cornelia de Lange syndrome owing to SMC1L1 mutations
Bacterial expression and characterization of a cDNA for human liver estrogen sulfotransferase
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Rat epsilon -N-Trimethyllysine Hydroxylase, the First Enzyme of Carnitine Biosynthesis.
StAR protein and the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis
Analysis of the DXD motifs in human xylosyltransferase I required for enzyme activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157400
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122264.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2038925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2054052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157392
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121922.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023387
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122103.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157389
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29399.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89410.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123720.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174969
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104940.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174968
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125554.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142213
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123778.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175874
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128985.5
Cis-interactions between Notch and Delta generate mutually exclusive signalling states
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157410
Identification of mutations in the alpha-L-iduronidase gene (IDUA) that cause Hurler and Scheie syndromes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157402
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122192.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2038886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157401
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123261.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023389
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2038919
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123273.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169637
Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169656
The characterization of gene mutations for human glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency associated with chronic hemolytic anemia
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169616
Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha is a signal for its degradation but not dissociation from NF-kappa B
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77175.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169613
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99114.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169610
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175571
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2447.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=31633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142205
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133724.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142210
From structure to disease: the evolving tale of aquaporin biology
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175579
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30884.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175580
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103502.9
Differential signal transduction of alternatively spliced FGFR2 variants expressed in human mammary epithelial cells
Signal transduction by immunoglobulin is mediated through Ig alpha and Ig beta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169719
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169723
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169739
Loss of signaling through the G protein, Gz, results in abnormal platelet activation and altered responses to psychoactive drugs
Systematic kinetic analysis of mitotic dis- and reassembly of the nuclear pore in living cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143108
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144550.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=380593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169673
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17511.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169682
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169688
Aquaporin-1, nothing but a water channel
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169694
A novel disorder caused by defective biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides due to glucosidase I deficiency
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169712
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169709
Regulation of cell growth-dependent expression of mammalian CDC6 gene by the cell cycle transcription factor E2F.
Differential expression of aquaporin 7 in adipose tissue of lean and obese high fat consumers
Characterization of unique binding kinetics of follistatin and activin or inhibin in serum
Identification and characterization of human cardiolipin synthase
Purification of human platelet-derived growth factor
Human placental sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT2): molecular cloning and transport function
Aquaporins: translating bench research to human disease
Multiple isozymes of heparan sulfate/heparin GlcNAc N-deacetylase/GlcN N-sulfotransferase. Structure and activity of the fourth member, NDST4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130294.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175686
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127360.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175683
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130238.5
Netrin-1/neogenin interaction stabilizes multipotent progenitor cap cells during mammary gland morphogenesis
Glycosylation-induced conformational modification positively regulates receptor-receptor association: a study with an aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII/DeltaEGFR) expressed in cancer cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159849
Heterodimerization is required for the formation of a functional GABA(B) receptor
G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 regulates thrombin-activated signaling in endothelial cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170927
The biology of activin: recent advances in structure, regulation and function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170919
The mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation system
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger from human and chicken retinal cone photoreceptors
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129760.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171236
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138675.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172239
Functional characterization of human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoform 8: cloning, tissue distribution, gene structure, and enzymatic activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170893
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139016.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172223
Signalling via integrins: implications for cell survival and anticancer strategies
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170896
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138924.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172215
The inhibitory anti-FGFR3 antibody, PRO-001, is cytotoxic to t(4;14) multiple myeloma cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170948
Heterozygous mutations in TREX1 cause familial chilblain lupus and dominant Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170952
Dual regulation of the anaphase promoting complex in human cells by cyclin A-Cdk2 and cyclin A-Cdk1 complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159867
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137351.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160035
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144783.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175687
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157442.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160029
Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160031
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142274.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175682
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154341.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175883
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137546.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175884
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140475.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172344
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147581.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123879.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172343
Human and murine serine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase--cloning, expression and characterization of the key enzyme in sphingolipid synthesis
Structures of lung cancer-derived EGFR mutants and inhibitor complexes: mechanism of activation and insights into differential inhibitor sensitivity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171246
Regulation of actin filament assembly by Arp2/3 complex and formins
Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 36:451-77
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171268
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129928.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159839
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5903.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29358
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3850.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159833
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159829
Fat and beyond: the diverse biology of PPARgamma
FGFR1 emerges as a potential therapeutic target for lobular breast carcinomas
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159835
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159836
Structural and mechanistic aspects of flavoproteins: electron transfer through the nitric oxide synthase flavoprotein domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147274
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147261
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125864.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147270
Human cytomegalovirus induces the interferon response via the DNA sensor ZBP1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159798
Kiz-1, a protein with LIM zinc finger and kinase domains, is expressed mainly in neurons
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30389
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3751.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131559.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158293.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175684
Ether lipid biosynthesis: alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase protein deficiency leads to reduced dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase activities
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159795
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142214.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175685
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129049.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147037
Absorption of chlorophyll phytol in normal man and in patients with Refsum's disease
p53-Independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint
Frequent activating mutations of FGFR3 in human bladder and cervix carcinomas
TRIP: a novel double stranded RNA binding protein which interacts with the leucine rich repeat of flightless I
From cell-ECM interactions to tissue engineering
Identification of the alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene, the human ortholog of the yeast LYS5 gene
Formation of the ternary complex, and subsequently, the 43S complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172173
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123364.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2029965
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140173.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170821
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2067712
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172174
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136671.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170806
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143295.5
Hot-spot mutations in p110alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pI3K): differential interactions with the regulatory subunit p85 and with RAS
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170816
Molecular cloning and characterization of a human multisubstrate specific nucleotide-sugar transporter homologous to Drosophila fringe connection
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172435
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130446.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175882
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132205.5
Calcium signalling in lymphocyte activation and disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170837
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132586.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023393
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122266.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2077403
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124314.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170835
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170833
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170829
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase products contain diphosphate and triphosphate groups
Cloning and functional characterization of the human 5-HT2B serotonin receptor
Note: the coordinates are copied over from Homo sapiens.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155500
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138175.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172231
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132269.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170867
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142057.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155511
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140665.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170878
Failure of highly purified lysyl hydroxylase to hydroxylate lysyl residues in the non-helical regions of collagen
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170880
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory chain
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory chain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172189
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125228.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136134.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172195
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146229.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170854
Movement through Slits: cellular migration via the Slit family
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B
Phosphodiesterase 1B, calcium/calmodulin-dependent
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172207
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146801.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172203
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172202
Phosphodiesterase 1A, calcium/calmodulin-dependent
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2077408
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131078.5
A cytoplasmic chaperonin that catalyzes beta-actin folding
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory chain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170863
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory chain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170864
cAMP-dependent protein kinase, alpha-catalytic subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170862
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94302.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175629
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101914.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157151
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80272.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157154
Functional analysis of alternatively spliced transcripts of the human histidine decarboxylase gene and its expression in human tissues and basophilic leukemia cells
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30871.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159618
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33394.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175617
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102403.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175616
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32936.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157903
Modulation of Kit/stem cell factor receptor-induced signaling by protein kinase C
Endoplasmic reticulum stress induction of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 involves ATF4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95119.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5631.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157156
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100575.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157905
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108289.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=74112
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5668.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=74016
Comparative analysis of gene regulation by the transcription factor PPARalpha between mouse and human
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157148
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101885.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=196180
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20984.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146759
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137993.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=139836
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2541.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113572
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3646.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157160
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of iNOS expression in human chondrocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175679
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104447.9
Expression of isoforms of the human receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit in leukemic cell lines and acute myeloid leukemia
Crystallization and properties of human liver ornithine aminotransferase
Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes)
High mobility group proteins stimulate DNA cleavage by apoptotic endonuclease DFF40/CAD due to HMG-box interactions with DNA
Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase PTEN
PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase
PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 2
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene
Nephrin strands contribute to a porous slit diaphragm scaffold as revealed by electron tomography
Structural and biochemical properties of cloned and expressed human and rat steroid 5 alpha-reductases
HDAC8 mutations in Cornelia de Lange syndrome affect the cohesin acetylation cycle
Interferons: signaling, antiviral and viral evasion
Function of Delta4 gene and its effects on 32D cell differentiation
Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate
The docking protein Gab1 is the primary mediator of EGF-stimulated activation of the PI-3K/Akt cell survival pathway
Hypoxia requires notch signaling to maintain the undifferentiated cell state
BRCA1 interacts with acetyl-CoA carboxylase through its tandem of BRCT domains
beta-Ureidopropionase deficiency: an inborn error of pyrimidine degradation associated with neurological abnormalities
L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria: identification of a mutant gene C14orf160, localized on chromosome 14q22.1
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2c long
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 precursor
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2c short
Retrovirally mediated complementation of the glyB phenotype. Cloning of a human gene encoding the carrier for entry of folates into mitochondria.
Wnts need a p(assport)24 to leave the ER
FUNCTION Has a ligand-stimulated tyrosine-protein kinase activity. Required for cell survival. Regulates body size and organ size by altering cell number and cell size in a cell-autonomous manner. Involved in the development of the embryonic nervous system, and is necessary for axon guidance and targeting in the visual system. Also plays a role in life-span determination.CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate.ENZYME REGULATION Autophosphorylation activates the kinase activity.SUBUNIT Tetramer of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains linked by disulfide bonds. The alpha chains contribute to the formation of the ligand-binding domain, while the beta chains carry the kinase domain. When autophosphorylated, the beta-subunit binds the SH2 and SH3 domains of the adapter protein Dock. The beta subunit also binds and tyrosine phosphorylates the insulin receptor substrate Chico.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Widely distributed throughout the embryo. Expressed at high levels in the embryonic nervous system. Larval expression is limited to the nervous system and all imaginal disks. Expressed at high levels in the adult nervous system and ovaries.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed throughout development. Embryonic expression is most prominent 8 to 12 hours after egg laying.PTM The 280 kDa proreceptor is proteolytically processed to form a 120 kDa alpha subunit and a 170 kDa beta subunit. The beta subunit undergoes cell-specific cleavage to generate a 90 kDa beta subunit and a free 60 kDa C-terminal subunit. Both the 90 kDa and the 170 kDa beta subunits can assemble with the alpha subunits to form mature receptors.PTM Autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to exogenous insulin.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Insulin receptor subfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 2 fibronectin type-III domains.SIMILARITY Contains 1 protein kinase domain.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166145
p24 proteins are required for secretion of Wnt ligands
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166124
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134524.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175774
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129596.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175800
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134159.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175775
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140820.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166134
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129433.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166287
Physiology and pathophysiology of vascular signaling controlled by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase [corrected]
cis-Delta(9,12)-octadecadienoyl-coenzyme A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166192
The renal plumbing system: aquaporin water channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166181
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131947.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166176
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142779.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140908.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166180
The solution structure of the guanine nucleotide exchange domain of human elongation factor 1beta reveals a striking resemblance to that of EF-Ts from Escherichia coli
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166166
Important role of cathepsin S in generating peptides for TAP-independent MHC class I crosspresentation in vivo
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166172
Muscle glycogenosis with low phosphorylase kinase activity: mutations in PHKA1, PHKG1 or six other candidate genes explain only a minority of cases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175801
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129083.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135196.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166161
Strong natural pausing by RNA polymerase II within 10 bases of transcription start may result in repeated slippage and reextension of the nascent RNA.
Mammalian Orc1 protein is selectively released from chromatin and ubiquitinated during the S-to-M transition in the cell division cycle.
Essential role for IKK? in production of type 1 interferons by plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166207
Molecular cloning of genomic DNA and chromosomal assignment of the gene for human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the enzyme for catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166198
Modulation of microRNA expression in human T-cell development: targeting of NOTCH3 by miR-150
TAZ: a novel transcriptional co-activator regulated by interactions with 14-3-3 and PDZ domain proteins
Nuclear factor 1 (NF1) affects accurate termination and multiple-round transcription by human RNA polymerase III.
p53RDL1 regulates p53-dependent apoptosis
Proteoglycans and Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans
The spliceosome deposits multiple proteins 20-24 nucleotides upstream of mRNA exon-exon junctions
Point mutations in the aromatic/arginine region in aquaporin 1 allow passage of urea, glycerol, ammonia, and protons
Cloning of human lysyl hydroxylase: complete cDNA-derived amino acid sequence and assignment of the gene (PLOD) to chromosome 1p36.3----p36.2
Amyloid beta-protein: monomer structure and early aggregation states of Abeta42 and its Pro19 alloform
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C
Cloning and expression of a human choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
GluR3 flip and flop: differences in channel opening kinetics
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (EC 2.7.1.-) (MAP kinase kinase 2) (MAPKK 2) (ERK activator kinase 2) (MAPK/ERK kinase 2) (MEK2)
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (EC 2.7.1.-) (MAP kinase kinase 1) (MAPKK 1) (ERK activator kinase 1) (MAPK/ERK kinase 1) (MEK1)
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (EC 2.7.1.-) (Extracellular signal- regulated kinase 1) (ERK-1) (Insulin-stimulated MAP2 kinase) (MAP kinase 1) (MAPK 1) (p44-ERK1) (ERT2) (p44-MAPK) (Microtubule- associated protein-2 kinase)
Microtubule- associated protein-2 kinase
The mechanism of adenosine to inosine conversion by the double-stranded RNA unwinding/modifying activity: a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory beta subunit
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory alpha subunit
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit, beta isoform (EC 2.7.1.137) (PI3-kinase p110 subunit beta) (PtdIns-3-kinase p110) (PI3K) (PI3Kbeta)
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit, beta isoform
3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1
Stress-activated map kinase interacting protein 1
Target of rapamycin complex 2 subunit MAPKAP1
Calmodulin-kinases: modulators of neuronal development and plasticity
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase alpha subunit
Genomic structure and promoter analysis of the human alpha1, 6-fucosyltransferase gene (FUT8)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166225
Phospho-Forkhead box transcription factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166240
Different human TFIIIB activities direct RNA polymerase III transcription from TATA-containing and TATA-less promoters
Mammalian wax biosynthesis. I. Identification of two fatty acyl-Coenzyme A reductases with different substrate specificities and tissue distributions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155367
Single eubacterial origin of eukaryotic sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, a mitochondrial enzyme conserved from the early evolution of eukaryotes during anoxic and sulfidic times
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155375
Constitutive and inducible expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166245
Mutations in GLUT2, the gene for the liver-type glucose transporter, in patients with Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
Studies on the subunit structure and molecular size of the human alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes determined by the different loci, ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166278
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166274
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166273
Three-dimensional structure of the bifunctional protein PCD/DCoH, a cytoplasmic enzyme interacting with transcription factor HNF1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166297
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166291
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166282
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134825.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135945.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175803
Two period homologs: circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei
Phosphorylation of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine by cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase of human lymphoid cells
Diabetes-associated sustained activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB
Sanfilippo disease type D: deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase required for heparan sulfate degradation
PHLPP: a phosphatase that directly dephosphorylates Akt, promotes apoptosis, and suppresses tumor growth
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
Correlation between subunit interactions and enzymatic activity of phosphorylase a. Method for determining equilibrium constants from initial rate measurements
ITCH, recruited to NOTCH1 indirectly through association with NUMB, ubiquitinates NOTCH1 and targets it for degradation.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3
Differential expression of exons 1a and 1c in mRNAs for sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human and mouse organs and cultured cells
After NOTCH1 coactivator complex is assembled on a NOTCH-target promoter, MAML (mastermind-like) recruits CDK8 in complex with cyclin C (CDK:CCNC) (Fryer et al. 2004).
NICD1 PEST domain mutants are expected to stimulate MYC transcription in a similar manner to wild-type NICD1.
NICD1 binds to the MYC promoter and stimulates MYC transcription (Palomero et al. 2006).
NICD1 PEST domain mutants are expected to stimulate transcription of HEY genes (HEY1, HEY2 and HEYL) in a similar manner to wild-type NICD1.
RBPJ binding sites in the promoters of HEY1, HEY2 and HEYL genes are conserved between humans and mice (Maier and Gessler 2000), and expression of human NICD1 was directly shown to activate transcription from human HEY2 and HEYL promoters (Arnett et al. 2010). Based on the evolutionary conservation of RBPJ sites and the existing findings from human and mouse studies, NOTCH1 is expected to directly stimulate transcription of HEY1, HEY2 and HEYL (Fischer et al. 2004, Leimeister et al. 2000).
The HES1 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus during morphogenesis of the pancreas. HES1 transcription requires the activity of the RBPJ transcription factor and the NOTCH1 intracellular domain, probably as a complex (Aster et al. 1997). These events and interactions have not been studied directly in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
Mature NOTCH1 heterodimer on the cell surface is activated by one of its ligands: DLL1 (Cordle et al. 2008, Jarriault et al. 1998), DLL4 (Benedito et al. 2009), JAG1 (Li et al. 1998, Benedito et al. 2009) or JAG2 (Luo et al. 1997, Shimizu et al. 2000), expressed in trans on a neighboring cell. Thus, a ligand-expressing cell is a signal-sending cell, while the NOTCH1 expressing cell is a signal-receiving cell. If NOTCH1 has undergone Fringe modification in the Golgi, it is preferentially activated by Delta ligands (Yang et al. 2005), DLL1 and DLL4. Upon binding to NOTCH1 on a neighboring cell, NOTCH ligands are ubiquitinated by Mindbomb (MIB1 and MIB2) and/or Neuralized (NEURL and NEURL1B) E3 ubiquitin ligases and endocytosed (Koo et al. 2007, Koo et al. 2005, Itoh et al. 2003, Lai et al. 2001, Koutelou et al. 2008, Song et al. 2006). Endocytosis of ubiquitinated ligands is thought to mechanically stretch the bound NOTCH1 receptor, exposing a cleavage site S2 that is recognized by ADAM10 and/or ADAM17 metalloprotease (van Tetering et al. 2009, Brou et al. 2000, Hartmann et al. 2002, Pan et al. 1997). S2 cleavage of NOTCH1 produces the NEXT1 fragment which is further cleaved at an S3 cleavage site by the gamma-secretase complex, resulting in release of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD1) into the cytosol (de Strooper et al. 1999, Schroeter et al. 1998, Huppert et al. 2000). NICD1 produced by activation of NOTCH1 in response to in trans presented Delta and Jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription regulator. NOTCH1 signaling can also be activated by ligands other than DLL1, DLL4, JAG1 and JAG2. CNTN1 (Contactin-1), transiently expressed during central and peripheral nervous system development, activates NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 in trans, promoting oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination (Hu et al. 2003). DNER (Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor) is a transmembrane protein specifically expressed in dendrites and cell bodies of postmitotic neurons. Activation of NOTCH1 by DNER in trans may play an important role in development of the central nervous system by influencing differentiation of astrocytes (Eiraku et al. 2005). Activation of NOTCH1 by both CNTN1 and DNER is Deltex (DTX)-dependent and results in gamma-secretase mediated release of NICD1. Three members of the Deltex protein family: DTX1, DTX2 and DTX4 possess a domain involved in binding cdc10/ankyrin repeats of NOTCH. DTX proteins are considered as positive regulators of NOTCH signaling, although the exact mechanism has not been elucidated (Matsuno et al. 1998, Kishi et al. 2001).In addition, DTX can mediate downregulation of NOTCH signaling by recruiting non-visual beta-arrestins to NOTCH (Mukherjee et al. 2005), thereby trigerring NOTCH ubiquitination. DTX proteins are negatively regulated by ITCH (AIP4) ubiquitin ligase (Chastagner et al. 2006). NOTCH1 signaling in the signal-receiving cell can be turned off in cis by expression of NOTCH ligands DLL/JAG (Cordle et al. 2008, Sprinzak et al. 2010), as well as DLK1 (Baladron et al. 2005, Bray et al. 2008). Formation of NOTCH1:ligand complexes in cis prevents interaction of NOTCH1 with ligands expressed in trans, resulting in the inhibition of NOTCH signaling. In the signal-sending cell, NOTCH signaling can be negatively regulated by the protein NUMB, which is asymmetrically distributed during cell division (Rhyu et al. 1994). NUMB recruits ITCH ubiquitin ligase to NOTCH1 and promotes sorting of NOTCH1 through late endosomes for degradation (McGill et al. 2009, Chastagner et al. 2008).
NICD1 PEST domain mutants are expected to stimulate HES1 transcription in a similar manner to wild-type NICD1 (Jarriault et al. 1995).
NOTCH1 coactivator complex binds the promoter of HES1 gene and directly stimulates HES1 transcription. HES1 belongs to the bHLH family of transcription factors.
Regulation of the cytosolic DNA-sensing system in innate immunity: a current view
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1
Genetic studies in Drosophila have identified Numb as an inhibitor of Notch signaling during development of the peripheral and central nervous systems as well as muscle cell differentiation. Both Drosophila and mammalian Numb are asymmetrically localized in dividing precursor cells, ensuring that cells adopt distinct cell fates through suppression of Notch signaling in one daughter cell (Rhyu et al. 1994). NUMB recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH (AIP4) to NOTCH1 and promotes sorting of NOTCH1 through late endosomes for degradation (McGill et al. 2009).
ITCH ubiquitinates DTX, targeting it for degradation.
Genetic studies in Drosophila identified deltex as a positive regulator of Notch signaling, while the Drosophila homologue of ITCH (AIP4) was identified as a negative regulator of Notch signaling and named suppressor of deltex. ITCH and DTX1 interact and form a complex, as determined by co-immunoprecipitaion experiments in human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 in which tagged recombinant human DTX1 and ITCH were expressed. It is not known whether this complex involves other proteins, but its formation is NOTCH-independent. Both DTX1 and ITCH are ubiquitin ligases. DTX1 is a RING-type ubiquitin ligase, while ITCH is a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase. The ubiquitin ligase activity of either protein is not needed for the formation of the DTX1:ITCH complex, and the inactive ITCH mutant co-immunoprecipitates more DTX1 than the wild-type ITCH, implicating the ubiquitin ligase activity of ITCH in DTX1 degradation.
Deltex (DTX) protein family in mammals includes four proteins: DTX1, DTX2, DTX3 and DTX4. Human DTX1 interacts with cdc10/ankyrin repeats of the intracellular domain of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2, similar to the interaction of Drosophila deltex and notch proteins (Matsuno et al. 1998). Studies on mouse deltex proteins showed that the N-terminal region of Dtx1, homologous to the Drosophila deltex domain I, is necessary and sufficient to bind the ankyrin repeats of Notch. Besides Dtx1, this Notch-interacting region is conserved in Dtx2 and Dtx4. Dtx3 lacks most of the N-terminal sequence homologous to Drosophila deltex domain I and cannot bind ankyrin repeats of mouse Notch1, while Dtx1, Dtx2 and Dtx4 bind to it strongly. Dtx3 also has a different class of RING finger domain than the other three deltex proteins (Kishi et al. 2001). While deltex colocalizes with Notch at the plasma membrane and in the cytosol, there is no colocalization between NICD and deltex in the nucleus, suggesting that DTX does not mediate NOTCH signaling by direct interaction with nuclear NICD (Matsuno et al. 1998). Recent studies in Drosophila indicate that Deltex, acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, may activate ligand independent Notch proteolysis and signaling by shunting Notch into an endocytic pathway that involves HOPS and AP-3 complexes (Wiklin et al. 2008).
NEXT1 fragment of NOTCH1 is further cleaved at S3 by the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) containing gamma-secretase complex, which releases the intracellular domain NICD1 into the cytosol (Schroeter et al. 1998, De Strooper et al. 1999, Huppert et al. 2000, Fortini et al. 2002). PIN1, a prolyl isomerase, was recently found to bind phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of NOTCH1 and potentiate NEXT1 cleavage by gamma-secretase. This generates a positive loop in NOTCH1 signaling since PIN1 is a transcriptional target of NICD1 (Rustighi et al. 2009).
Ligand binding induces a conformational change in NOTCH1, probably through mechanical stretching of NOTCH1 triggered by endocytosis of the ligand attached to the receptor. This conformational change exposes the S2 site in the extracellular region of NOTCH1 and results in cleavage of NOTCH1 by ADAM10 metalloprotease, the mammalian homolog of Kuzbanian (Pan and Rubin, 1997), generating the membrane-anchored NOTCH1 fragment NEXT1.This model is supported by the crystal structure of human NOTCH2 negative regulatory region, showing that NOTCH adopts an autoinhibited conformation where extensive interdomain interactions within the negative regulatory region bury S2. A substantial conformational movement, triggered by ligand binding in trans, is needed to expose S2 (Gordon et al. 2007). After S2 cleavage, the extracellular NOTCH1 portion remains attached to the ligand presented on the plasma membrane of a neighboring cell. ADAM17 is able to perform cleavage at the S2 site in vitro (Brou et al. 2000), but ADAM10 was shown to be necessary in studies done on mouse cell lines deficient in different ADAM enzymes (van Tetering et al. 2009). Adam10 knockout mice die at embryonic day 9.5 with multiple defects in the developing central nervous system, somites and cardiovascular system and exhibit decreased expression of the Notch target Hes5 in the neural tube (Hartmann et al. 2002).
NOTCH1 is activated by JAG2 ligand expressed on a neighboring cell. When the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12 expressing exogenous human NOTCH1 is grown with NIH3T3 cells expressing exogenous human JAG2, myogenic differentiation is inhibited and a NOTCH1 polypeptide that corresponds to the NOTCH intracellular domain appears (Luo et al. 1997).
NOTCH1 is activated by JAG1 ligand expressed on a neighboring cell. Based on mouse studies, activation of NOTCH1 by JAG1 may be important in angiogenesis (Benedito et al. 2009). In addition, human JAG1 was shown to inhibit granulocytic differentiation of 32D mouse myeloid progenitors expressing Notch1 (Li et al. 1998).
NOTCH1 is activated by DLL4 ligand expressed on a neighboring cell. The interaction of NOTCH1 and DLL4 is enhanced when NOTCH1 is glycosylated by fringe-enzymes. Based on mouse studies, activation of NOTCH1 by DLL4 may be important in angiogenesis (Benedito et al. 2009). DLL4 may also be involved in T-cell development. Mouse Dll4 is expressed on thymic epithelial cells and its interaction with Notch1 expressed on hematopoietic progenitors is necessary for T-cell lineage commitment (Koch et al. 2008, Hozumi et al. 2008).
The NOTCH1 receptor is activated by binding Delta-like 1 ligand (DLL1), presented on the plasma membrane of a neighboring cell (Jarriault et al. 1998). EGF repeat 12 (EGF12) in the extracellular domain of NOTCH1 appears to be particularly important for interaction of NOTCH1 with DLL1 (Cordle et al. 2008). The affinity of NOTCH1 for DLL1 is increased when NOTCH1 is glycosylated by fringe enzymes (Yang et al 2005).
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1
Identification and expression of a cDNA for human glycolate oxidase
NOTCH undergoes final posttranslational processing in the Golgi apparatus (Lardelli et al. 1994, Blaumueller et al. 1997, Weinmaster et al. 1991, Weinmaster et al. 1992, Uyttendaele et al. 1996). Movement of NOTCH precursors from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi is controlled by SEL1L protein, a homolog of C. elegans sel-1. SEL1L localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and prevents translocation of misfolded proteins, therefore serving as a quality control check (Li et al. 2010, Sundaram et al. 1993, Francisco et al. 2010). Similarly, C. elegans sel-9 and its mammalian homolog TMED2 are Golgi membrane proteins that participate in quality control of proteins transported from Golgi to the plasma membrane. Translocation of a mutant C. elegans NOTCH homolog lin-12 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane is negatively regulated by sel-9 (Wen et al. 1999). A GTPase RAB6 positively controls NOTCH trafficking through Golgi (Purcell et al. 1999). Processing of mammalian NOTCH precursors in the Golgi typically involves the cleavage by FURIN convertase. Pre-NOTCH is a ~300 kDa protein, and cleavage by FURIN produces two fragments with approximate sizes of 110 kDa and 180 kDa. The 110 kDa fragment contains the transmembrane and intracellular domains of NOTCH and is known as NTM or NTMICD. The 189 kDa fragment contains NOTCH extracellular sequence and is known as NEC or NECD. The NTM and NEC fragments heterodimerize (Blaumueller et al. 1997, Logeat et al. 1998, Chan et al. 1998) and are held together by disulfide bonds and calcium ions (Rand et al. 2000, Gordon et al. 2009). An optional step in Pre-NOTCH processing in the Golgi is modification by fringe enzymes. Fringe enzymes are glycosyl transferases that initiate elongation of O-linked fucose on fucosylated peptides by addition of a beta 1,3 N-acetylglucosaminyl group, resulting in formation of disaccharide chains on NOTCH EGF repeats (GlcNAc-bet1,3-fucitol). Three fringe enzymes are known in mammals: LFNG (lunatic fringe), MFNG (manic fringe) and RFNG (radical fringe). LFNG shows the highest catalytic activity in modifying NOTCH (Bruckner et al. 2000, Moloney et al. 2000). Fringe-created disaccharide chains on NOTCH EGF repeats are further extended by B4GALT1 (beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1), which adds galactose to the N-acetylglucosaminyl group, resulting in formation of trisaccharide Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc-beta1,3-fucitol chains (Moloney et al. 2000, Chen et al. 2001). Formation of trisaccharide chains is the minimum requirement for fringe-mediated modulation of NOTCH signaling, although fringe-modified NOTCH expressed on the cell surface predominantly contains tetrasaccharide chains on EGF repeats. The tetrasaccharide chains are formed by sialyltransferase(s) that add sialic acid to galactose, resulting in formation of Sia-alpha2,3-Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc-beta1,3-fucitol (Moloney et al. 2000). Three known Golgi membrane sialyltransferases could be performing this function: ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4 and ST3GAL6 (Harduin-Lepers et al. 2001). The modification of NOTCH by fringe enzymes modulates NOTCH-signaling by increasing the affinity of NOTCH receptors for delta-like ligands, DLL1 and DLL4, while decreasing affinity for jagged ligands, JAG1 and JAG2.
Fringe-modified NOTCH functions at the plasma membrane. The transport of fringe-modified NOTCH to the plasma membrane from Golgi has not been studied directly, but is assumed to share properties of transport of mature NOTCH receptors that are not modified by fringe.
In humans and other mammals the NOTCH gene family has four members, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4, encoded on four different chromosomes. Their transcription is developmentally regulated and tissue specific, but very little information exists on molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. Translation of NOTCH mRNAs is negatively regulated by a number of recently discovered microRNAs (Li et al. 2009, Pang et al.2010, Ji et al. 2009, Kong et al. 2010, Marcet et al. 2011, Ghisi et al. 2011, Song et al. 2009, Hashimoto et al. 2010, Costa et al. 2009). The nascent forms of NOTCH precursors, Pre-NOTCH1, Pre-NOTCH2, Pre-NOTCH3 and Pre-NOTCH4, undergo extensive posttranslational modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to become functional. In the endoplasmic reticulum, conserved serine and threonine residues in the EGF repeats of NOTCH extracellular domain are fucosylated and glucosylated by POFUT1 and POGLUT1, respectively (Yao et al. 2011, Stahl et al. 2008, Wang et al. 2001, Shao et al. 2003, Acar et al. 2008, Fernandez Valdivia et al. 2011). In the Golgi apparatus, fucose groups attached to NOTCH EGF repeats can be elongated by additional glycosylation steps initiated by fringe enzymes (Bruckner et al. 2000, Moloney et al. 2000, Cohen et al. 1997, Johnston et al. 1997, Chen et al. 2001). Fringe-mediated modification modulates NOTCH signaling but is not an obligatory step in Pre-NOTCH processing. Typically, processing of Pre-NOTCH in the Golgi involves cleavage by FURIN convertase (Blaumueller et al. 1997, Logeat et al. 1998, Gordon et al. 2009, Rand et al. 2000, Chan et al. 1998). The cleavage of NOTCH results in formation of mature NOTCH heterodimers that consist of NOTCH extracellular domain (NEC i.e. NECD) and NOTCH transmembrane and intracellular domain (NTM i.e. NTMICD). NOTCH heterodimers translocate to the cell surface where they function in cell to cell signaling.
Molecular genetics of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA and IIIB: Diagnostic, clinical, and biological implications
In addition to fucosylation of NOTCH receptor precursors, glucosylation represents another crucial NOTCH processing reaction, required for full receptor function. Endoplasmic reticulum O-glucosyl transferase, POGLUT1, adds a glucosyl group to conserved serine residues within the EGF repeats of NOTCH. The consensus sequence of POGLUT1 glucosylation sites is C1-X-S-X-P-C2, where C1 and C2 are the first and second cysteine residue in the EGF repeat, respectively, while X represents any amino acid. Only those glucosylation sites that are conserved between human, mouse and rat isoforms are shown. In human NOTCH1, the consensus glucosylation site on serine at position 951 was not annotated since it is not conserved in rat NOTCH1. In human NOTCH4, glucosylation at serine 398 was not annotated because this site is not conserved in rat, and glucosylation at serine 936 was not annotated because this site is not conserved in mouse. Glucosylation of NOTCH4 serine 773 was not annotated because a proline at position 775 is not conserved in either mouse or rat.
The NOTCH receptor is synthesized as a precursor polypeptide (approx. 300 kDa) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The mature NOTCH receptor is produced by proteolytic cleavage to form a heterodimer. The enzyme responsible is a furin-like convertase which cleaves the full-length precursor into a transmembrane fragment (NTM) of approximate size 110 kDa and an extracellular fragment (NEC) of approximate size 180 kDa. The mature NOTCH receptor is reassembled as a heterodimer (Blaumueller et al. 1997, Logeat et al. 1998). Both disulfide bonds and calcium-mediated ionic interactions stabilize the heterodimer (Rand et al. 2000, Gordon et al. 2009). This process takes place in the trans-Golgi network . Mammalian NOTCH is predominantly presented as a heterodimer on the cell surface. Although FURIN-mediated cleavage is evolutionarily conserved, it may not be mandatory for Drosophila Notch function (Kidd et al. 2002).
In the endoplasmic reticulum, glycosyl transferases modify NOTCH precursors by glycosylating conserved serine and threonine residues in EGF repeats of NOTCH. O-fucosyl transferase POFUT1 fucosylates NOTCH serine and threonine residues that conform to the consensus sequence C2-X(4-5)-S/T-C3, where C2 and C3 are the second and third cysteine residue within the EGF repeat, and X(4-5) is four to five amino acid residues of any type (Yao et al. 2011, Stahl et al. 2008, Wang et al. 2001, Shao et al. 2003). O-glucosyl transferase POGLUT1, mammalian homolog of the Drosophila enzyme Rumi, adds a glucosyl group to conserved serine residues within the EGF repeats of NOTCH. The consensus sequence for POGLUT1-mediated glucosylation is C1-X-S-X-P-C2, where C1 and C2 are the first and second cysteine residue in the EGF repeat, respectively, while X represents any amino acid (Acar et al. 2008, Fernandez-Valdivia et al. 2011). Both fucosylation and glucosylation of NOTCH receptor precursors are essential for functionality.
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GALT1) is a Golgi membrane enzyme responsible for galactosylation of N-acetylglucosaminyl group added by fringe enzymes to O-linked fucosyl residues on NOTCH. This results in formation of trisaccharide chains on NOTCH (Gal-beta1,4-GlcNAc-beta1,3-fucitol), and is a necessary step for fringe-mediated modulation of NOTCH signaling.
The Fringe family of glycosyl transferases in mammals includes LFNG (lunatic fringe), MFNG (manic fringe) and RFNG (radical fringe). Fringe enzymes function in the Golgi apparatus where they initiate the elongation of O linked fucose on fucosylated peptides by the addition of a beta 1,3 N acetylglucosaminyl group (Moloney et al. 2000). Fringe enzymes (LFNG, MNFG and RFNG) elongate conserved O fucosyl residues conjugated to EGF repeats of NOTCH, resulting in formation of disaccharide chains on NOTCH (GlcNAc beta1,3 fucitol). Fringe enzymes modulate NOTCH activity (Cohen et al. 1997, Johnston et al. 1997) by decreasing the affinity of NOTCH extracellular domain for JAG ligands (Brückner et al. 2000). In developing mouse thymocytes, Lfng enhances Notch1 activation by Dll4, resulting in prolonged Notch1 signaling that promotes self-renewal of TCR-beta-expressing progenitors (Yuan et al. 2011). Since the exact preference, if any, of fringe enzymes for NOTCH O fucose sites is not known, the extension of an O fucosyl residue at an unknown position is shown.
Structure of the dual enzyme Ire1 reveals the basis for catalysis and regulation in nonconventional RNA splicing
Mature NOTCH translocates from the Golgi to plasma membrane. In Caenorhabditis elegans, a Golgi membrane protein sel-9, a homolog of mammalian TMED2, acts as a quality controller and prevents misfolded lin-12, a NOTCH homolog, to reach the cell surface.
Cleavage of fringe-modified NOTCH by FURIN has not been examined directly, but since mature, plasma membrane-anchored NOTCH receptors are typically cleaved by FURIN (Blaumueller et al. 1997) and fringe-modified NOTCH functions at the cell surface (Moloney et al. 2000), it is expected that fringe-modified NOTCH is processed by FURIN cleavage. The exact order of fringe-mediated glycosylation and FURIN cleavage has not been experimentally established, but since FURIN localizes to the trans-Golgi network -TGN (Teuchert et al. 1999), while fringe has not been associated with TGN, it is likely that modification of NOTCH by fringe enzymes precedes FURIN-mediated cleavage.
Cloning, characterization and chromosomal assignment of NBC4, a new member of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter family
Glucagon-like peptide-1: regulation of insulin secretion and therapeutic potential
The 5-HT4 receptor (Van den Wyngaert I et al, 1997) is located in the alimentary tract, bladder, heart and adrenal gland as well as the central nervous system (CNS). It modulates the release of various neurotransmitters. Multiple transcripts encode proteins with distinct C-terminal sequences, but the full-length nature of some transcript variants has not been determined (Blondel O et al, 1998). The 5-HT6 receptor (Kohen R et al, 1996) is primarily expressed in the brain and is involved in glutamatergic and cholinergic neuronal activity. The 5-HT7 receptor (Stam NJ et al, 1997) plays a role in vasculature smooth muscle relaxation and in the GI tract. It is involved in thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, and sleep. All these receptor types mediate their actions by coupling to the G protein alpha-s subtype, which increases cellular cAMP levels (Baker LP et al, 1998; Zhang JY et al, 2003).
The 5-HT-2 receptors mediate many of the central and peripheral physiologic functions of serotonin. There are three subtypes; 2A (Stam NJ et al, 1992), 2B (Kursar JD et al, 1994; Schmuck K et al, 1994) and 2C (Stam NJ et al, 1994). The actions of these receptors are mediated by coupling with the G protein alpha-q/11 subtype which activates phospholipase C, increasing cellular levels of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) (Lucaites VL et al, 1996).
The class A (rhodopsin-like) GPCRs that bind to classical biogenic amine ligands are annotated here. The amines involved (acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and histamine) can all act as neurotransmitters in humans. The so-called 'trace amines', used when referring to p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, tryptamine and octopamine, can also bind to recently-discovered GPCRs.
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays an important role as a modulator of anger, aggression, body temperature, mood, sleep, sexuality, appetite, metabolism, as well as stimulating vomiting. Several classes of drugs target the 5-HT system including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antiemetics and antimigraine drugs. The activity of 5-HT is modulated by 5-HT receptors, made up of seven families (5-HT1-7). All but 5-HT3 (ligand-gated ion channel) are GPCRs and these receptors bind different G proteins resulting in differing outcomes (Hoyer D et al, 1994; Kitson SL, 2007).
5-HT1 receptors, once bound to serotonin (5-HT), act on the CNS where they induce neuronal and presynaptic inhibition and behavioural effects. In humans, there are five subtypes of the 5-HT1 receptor, designated 1A-1F (there is no 1C type) (Stam NJ et al, 1992; Hamblin MW et al, 1992; Weinshank RL et al, 1992; Zgombick JM et al, 1992; Adham N et al, 1993). 5-HT5A is expressed in human brain (Rees S et al, 1994) and has an inhibitory effect like 5-HT1 receptors. Both these subtypes mediate their actions by coupling with the G protein alpha-i/o subtype (Lin SL et al, 2002; Francken BJ et al, 1998), inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity and thus decreasing celular cAMP levels.
The highly conserved Wnt signaling proteins play critical roles in guiding pattern formation, cell fate decision, and morphogenetic movement during animal development. They bind to the Frizzled (FZD) family of seven-pass transmembrane proteins and initiate at least three different intracellular signaling pathways. Historically they were considered to be family B GPCRs but more recent phylogenetic classifications put them into a class of their own (e.g. Schioth & Fredriksson 2005). FZD members have been demonstrated to signal via Gi/o (Slusarski et al. 1997) but this is not considered to be the primary signaling mechanism for these receptors (Hsieh 2004). Instead they signal through the canonical/beta-catenin pathway, the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. The canonical/beta-catenin pathway requires a co-receptor protein known as LDL5 or LDL6 (Tamai et al. 2000). Most Wnt signaling has been attributed to the activation of FZD receptors but there is evidence of FZD-independent signaling (Mikels & Nusse 2006). Much Wnt research has used indirect evidence to infer the involvement of FZD receptors (e.g. Gazit et al. 1999) but there is some direct evidence of Wnt-FZD binding (Hsieh et al. 1999; Mikels & Nusse 2006).
Melanopsin (Opsin-4) (Provencio I et al, 2000) is a member of the opsin family encoded by the OPN4 gene. It is found in specialized photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflex, and other non-visual responses to light. Melanopsin is expressed only in the retina and there, only in 1-2% of the ganglion cells. The effects of melanopsin are mediated by coupling to Gq/11 proteins which results in increased intracellular calcium levels (Qiu X et al, 2005).
Opsins are light-sensitive, 35-55 kDa membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors of the retinylidene protein family found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade (Terakita A, 2005; Nickle B and Robinson PR, 2007). Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in image-forming (Hankins MW et al, 2008; Kumbalasiri T and Provencio I, 2005). Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G protein transducin, encoded by GNAT genes, is one of the transducers of a visual impulse that performs the coupling between rhodopsin and cGMP-phosphodiesterase. Defects in GNAT1 are the cause of congenital stationary night blindness autosomal dominant type 3, also known as congenital stationary night blindness Nougaret type. Congenital stationary night blindness is a non-progressive retinal disorder characterized by impaired night vision (Dryja TP et al, 1996). Defects in GNAT2 are the cause of achromatopsia type 4 (ACHM4). Achromatopsia is an autosomal recessively inherited visual disorder that is present from birth and that features the absence of color discrimination (Kohl S et al, 2002).
Rhodopsin-like receptors (class A/1) are the largest group of GPCRs and are the best studied group from a functional and structural point of view. They show great diversity at the sequence level and thus, can be subdivided into 19 subfamilies (Subfamily A1-19) based on a phylogenetic analysis (Joost P and Methner A, 2002). They represent members which include hormone, light and neurotransmitter receptors and encompass a wide range of functions including many autocrine, paracrine and endocrine processes.
Smoothened (Smo) is usually classified with family B GPCRs based on homology. There are indications that it can signal via G-proteins Gi and G12/13 (Ruiz-Gomez, 2007) but this role is poorly understood. It's better characterised physiological role is as the transducer of hedgehog (HH) signaling. In this capacity Smo is not acting as a receptor, but as part of a signaling cascade. The Hedgehog(HH)/Smo signalling pathway was identified as a key component of Drosophila development and subsequently found to be conserved in all meatazoans. Most of the functions attributed to Smo are associated with development such as digit patterning in the chick limb bud and leftâright asymmetry of vertebrate embryos. In addition, Smo appears to be involved in homeostasis; deregulated Smo signaling is implicated in tumorogenesis (Ruiz-Gomez, 2007). The ligand of the 12 transmembrane-domain receptor Patched (Ptc) is Hedgehog(HH) but in the absence of HH, Ptc binds Smo (Stone et al. 1996) which consequently becomes internalised into endosomes, where it associates with Costal-2 (Cos2), and lysosomes, where it is degraded. This 'inactivates' Smo by preventing the formation of an active Smo signaling complex at the plasma membrane. Internalised Smo:Cos2 forms a complex with protein kinase A (PKA), casein kinase I (CKI) glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and Cucurbitus interruptus (Ci), a transcriptional regulator, enabling phosphorylation of Ci and subsequent processing to a transcriptional repressor form (CiR). When HH binds to Ptc, it does not bind Smo, allowing Smo to undergo a conformational change, exposing a new surface in its cytoplasmic tail. This causes PKA, CKI and GSK3 to dissociate from Smo:Cos2 complexes, so that Ci is no longer phosphorylated or processed to CiR. Accumulating Smo is phosphorylated instead and assumes a third conformational state. Phosphorylated Smo trafficks to the plasma membrane (Denef et al. 2000) and assembles into a signalling complex that promotes the phosphorylation of Fused (Fu) and Cos2. Phosphorylated Cos2 dissociates from membranes and recruits Fu to Sufu (Suppressor of Fused), which produces the activated form of Ci (CiA), probably through phosphorylation of Sufu (Hooper & Scott, 2005).
The M1 receptor (Peralta EG et al, 1987) is found in exocrine glands and the CNS. It mediates slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve. The M3 receptor (Peralta EG et al, 1987) is found in smooth muscle of the blood vessels and in the lungs. M3 mediates vascular relaxation (by activating vascular endothelial cells causing increased NO synthesis) and lung constriction (by coupling to Gq protein causing increased intracellular calcium). The location of the M5 receptor is not well known but thought to be in the CNS. All of these three receptors couple with Gq/11 protein which use the upregulation of phospholipase C and therefore inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a signaling mechanism (Bräuner-Osborne H and Brann MR, 1996).
M2 muscarinic receptors (Peralta EG et al, 1987) are located in the heart, where they act to slow the heart rate down to normal sinus rhythm after stimulatory actions of the sympathetic nervous system. This is achieved by slowing the speed of depolarization. M4 muscarinic receptors are expressed in the CNS (Peralta EG et al, 1987). Both receptors act via Gi proteins, causing a decrease in cAMP in the cell and generally leading to inhibitory-type effects (Bräuner-Osborne H and Brann MR, 1996).
The Notch Signaling Pathway (NSP) is a highly conserved pathway for cell-cell communication. NSP is involved in the regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and specification. For example, it is utilised by continually renewing adult tissues such as blood, skin, and gut epithelium not only to maintain stem cells in a proliferative, pluripotent, and undifferentiated state but also to direct the cellular progeny to adopt different developmental cell fates. Analogously, it is used during embryonic development to create fine-grained patterns of differentiated cells, notably during neurogenesis where the NSP controls patches such as that of the vertebrate inner ear where individual hair cells are surrounded by supporting cells. This process is known as lateral inhibition: a molecular mechanism whereby individual cells within a field are stochastically selected to adopt particular cell fates and the NSP inhibits their direct neighbours from doing the same. The NSP has been adopted by several other biological systems for binary cell fate choice. In addition, the NSP is also used during vertebrate segmentation to divide the growing embryo into regular blocks called somites which eventually form the vertebrae. The core of this process relies on regular pulses of Notch signaling generated from a molecular oscillator in the presomatic mesoderm. The Notch receptor is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as a single polypeptide precursor. Newly synthesized Notch receptor is proteolytically cleaved in the trans-golgi network, creating a heterodimeric mature receptor comprising of non-covalently associated extracellular and transmembrane subunits. This assembly travels to the cell surface ready to interact with specific ligands. Following ligand activation and further proteolytic cleavage, an intracellular domain is released and translocates to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression.
Similar to NOTCH1, NOTCH4 is activated by delta-like and jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) expressed in trans on a neighboring cell. The activation triggers cleavage of NOTCH4, first by ADAM10 at the S2 cleavage site, then by gamma-secretase at the S3 cleavage site, resulting in the release of the intracellular domain of NOTCH4, NICD4, into the cytosol. NICD4 subsequently traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcriptional regulator.
Dopamine receptors 2 (Grandy DK et al, 1989), 3 (Giros B et al, 1990) and 4 (Van Tol HH et al, 1991) are members of the D2-like dopamine receptor family. Once activated, these receptors couple with the G protein alpha-i subtype which directly inhibits cAMP formation by inhibition of the enzyme adeylate cyclase.
Dopamine receptors play vital roles in processes such as the control of learning, motivation, fine motor control and modulation of neuroendocrine signaling (Giralt JA and Greengard P, 2004). Abnormalities in dopamine receptor signaling may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Dopamine receptors are prominent in the CNS and the neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for these receptors. In humans, there are five distinct types of dopamine receptor, D1-D5. They are subdivided into two families; D1-like family (D1 and D5) which couple with the G protein alpha-s and are excitatory and D2-like family (D2,D3 and D4) which couple with the G protein alpha-i and are inhibitory (Kebabian JW and Calne DB, 1979).
The pancreatic beta cell contains Alpha2A and Alpha2C Adrenergic Receptors. These are G-protein coupled receptors that can bind either adrenaline or noradrenaline.
The adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors) are targets for the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These receptors are widespread in the body and binding of catecholamines produces a sympathetic response ('flight-or-fight response') resulting in increased heart rate, pupil dilation and energy mobilization amongst other responses. There are three major types of adrenoceptor, alpha1, alpha2 and beta. Each type is thought to have three subtypes; alpha1 (1A,1B,1D), alpha2 (2A,2B,2C) and beta (1,2,3) (Bylund DB et al, 1994).
Muscarinic acetylcholine (mAChRs) receptors were so named because they are more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine (Ishii M and Kurachi Y, 2006). Their counterparts are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), ion channels receptors that are also important in the autonomic nervous system. Many drugs can manipulate these two distinct receptors by acting as selective agonists or antagonists. mAChRs bind to the bioamine acetylcholine, have a widespread tissue distribution and are involved in the control of numerous central and peripheral physiological responses, particularly voluntary muscle contraction. They are also major targets for drugs in human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and schizophrenia. This family of G-protein coupled receptors consists of five members designated M1-M5 and are sub-divided into two groups based on their primary coupling to G proteins. M2 and M4 receptors couple to Gi/o proteins and M1, M3 and M5 receptors couple to Gq/11 proteins (Caulfield MP and Birdsall NJ, 1998).
Alpha-2 adrenoceptors couple with G protein alpha-i subtype which decreases adenylyl cyclase activity, thus reducing cAMP intracellular levels resulting in smooth muscle contraction. There are three alpha-2 subtypes in humans; 2A (Kobilka BK et al, 1987), 2B (Weinshank RL et al, 1990) and 2C (Hirasawa A et al, 1993).
NEXT2 fragment of NOTCH2 is further cleaved at the S3 site by the gamma-secretase complex, which releases the intracellular domain NICD2 into the cytosol (Saxena et al. 2001, De Strooper et al. 1999, Schroeter et al. 1998, Fortini 2002).
NOTCH2 is activated by binding Delta-like and Jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) expressed in trans on neighboring cells (Shimizu et al. 1999, Shimizu et al. 2000, Hicks et al. 2000, Ji et al. 2004). In trans ligand-receptor binding is followed by ADAM10 mediated (Gibb et al. 2010, Shimizu et al. 2000) and gamma secretase complex mediated cleavage of NOTCH2 (Saxena et al. 2001, De Strooper et al. 1999), resulting in the release of the intracellular domain of NOTCH2, NICD2, into the cytosol. NICD2 traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcriptional regulator. For a recent review of the cannonical NOTCH signaling, please refer to Kopan and Ilagan 2009, D'Souza et al. 2010, Kovall and Blacklow 2010. CNTN1 (contactin 1), a protein involved in oligodendrocyte maturation (Hu et al. 2003) and MDK (midkine) (Huang et al. 2008, Gungor et al. 2011), which plays an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, can also bind NOTCH2 and activate NOTCH2 signaling. In the nucleus, NICD2 forms a complex with RBPJ (CBF1, CSL) and MAML (mastermind). The NICD2:RBPJ:MAML complex activates transcription from RBPJ binding promoter elements (RBEs) (Wu et al. 2000). NOTCH2 coactivator complexes directly stimulate transcription of HES1 and HES5 genes (Shimizu et al. 2002), both of which are known NOTCH1 targets. NOTCH2 but not NOTCH1 coactivator complexes, stimulate FCER2 transcription. Overexpression of FCER2 (CD23A) is a hallmark of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and correlates with the malfunction of apoptosis, which is thought be an underlying mechanism of B-CLL development (Hubmann et al. 2002). NOTCH2 coactivator complexes together with CREBP1 and EP300 stimulate transcription of GZMB (granzyme B), which is important for the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells (Maekawa et al. 2008). NOTCH2 gene expression is differentially regulated during human B-cell development, with NOTCH2 transcripts appearing at late developmental stages (Bertrand et al. 2000). NOTCH2 mutations are a rare cause of Alagille syndrome (AGS). AGS is a dominant congenital multisystem disorder characterized mainly by hepatic bile duct abnormalities. Craniofacial, heart and kidney abnormalities are also frequently observed in the Alagille spectrum (Alagille et al. 1975). AGS is predominantly caused by mutations in JAG1, a NOTCH2 ligand (Oda et al. 1997, Li et al. 1997), but it can also be caused by mutations in NOTCH2 (McDaniell et al. 2006). Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe and progressive bone loss, is caused by NOTCH2 mutations that result in premature C-terminal NOTCH2 truncation, probably leading to increased NOTCH2 signaling (Simpson et al. 2011, Isidor et al. 2011, Majewski et al. 2011).
Similar to NOTCH1, NOTCH2 is activated by Delta-like and Jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) expressed in trans on a neighboring cell (Shimizu et al. 1999, Shimizu et al. 2000, Hicks et al. 2000, Ji et al. 2004). The activation triggers cleavage of NOTCH2, first by ADAM10 at the S2 cleavage site (Gibb et al. 2010, Shimizu et al. 2000), then by gamma-secretase at the S3 cleavage site (Saxena et al. 2001, De Strooper et al. 1999), resulting in the release of the intracellular domain of NOTCH2, NICD2, into the cytosol. NICD2 subsequently traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription regulator. While DLL and JAG ligands are well established, canonical NOTCH2 ligands, there is limited evidence that NOTCH2, similar to NOTCH1, can be activated by CNTN1 (contactin 1), a protein involved in oligodendrocyte maturation (Hu et al. 2003). MDK (midkine), which plays an important role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, can also activate NOTCH2 signaling and is able to bind to the extracellular domain of NOTCH2, but the exact mechanism of MDK-induced NOTCH2 activation has not been elucidated (Huang et al. 2008, Gungor et al. 2011).
The NOTCH3 receptor is activated by binding a Delta-like (DLL) or Jagged (JAG) ligand presented on the plasma membrane of a neighbouring cell.
Ligand binding induces a conformational change in the NOTCH3, probably through mechanical pulling of NOTCH3 triggered by endocytosis of receptor-attached ligand. This conformational change exposes the S2 site in the extracellular region of NOTCH3 and results in cleavage of NOTCH3 by ADAM10 metalloprotease, generating the membrane-anchored NOTCH3 fragment NEXT3. The extracellular NOTCH3 portion remains attached to the ligand presented on the plasma membrane of a neighboring cell.
NEXT3 fragment of NOTCH3 is further cleaved at the S3 site by the gamma-secretase complex, which relases the intracellular domain NICD3 into the cytosol.
Similar to NOTCH1, NOTCH3 is activated by delta-like and jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) expressed in trans on a neighboring cell. The activation triggers cleavage of NOTCH3, first by ADAM10 at the S2 cleavage site, then by gamma-secretase at the S3 cleavage site, resulting in the release of the intracellular domain of NOTCH3, NICD3, into the cytosol. NICD3 subsequently traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcriptional regulator.
The NOTCH4 receptor is activated by binding a Delta-like (DLL) or Jagged (JAG) ligand presented on the plasma membrane of a neighbouring cell.
Ligand binding induces a conformational change in the NOTCH4, probably through mechanical pulling of NOTCH4 triggered by endocytosis of receptor-attached ligand. This conformational change exposes the S2 site in the extracellular region of NOTCH4 and results in cleavage of NOTCH4 by ADAM10 metalloprotease, generating the membrane-anchored NOTCH4 fragment NEXT4. The extracellular NOTCH4 portion remains attached to the ligand presented on the plasma membrane of a neighboring cell.
NEXT4 fragment of NOTCH4 is further cleaved at the S3 site by the gamma-secretase complex, which relases the intracellular domain NICD4 into the cytosol.
Homologues of p-S1108,S1148,S1192-EIF4G1
Once bound to FBXW7, phosphorylated NICD1 is ubiquitinated, which leads to degradation of NICD1 and downregulation of NOTCH1 signaling. FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH1 depend on the C-terminally located PEST domain of NOTCH1 (Fryer et al. 2004, Oberg et al. 2001, Wu et al. 2001). The PEST domain in NOTCH1 and the substrate binding WD40 domain in FBXW7 are frequent targets of mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia - T-ALL (Welcker and Clurman 2008).
The E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7, a homologue of C. elegans sel-10, binds phosphorylated NOTCH1 intracellular domain, p-NICD1 (Oberg et al. 2001, Fryer et al. 2004, Wu et al. 2001). FBXW7 is a substrate recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that also contains SKP1, CUL1 and RBX1. FBXW7 has three transcriptional isoforms, known as FBXW7 alpha, FBXW7 beta and FBXWT gamma. While FBXW7 beta is cytosolic, FBXW7 alpha and gamma are nuclear, with FBXW7 gamma localizing to the nucleolus. FBXW7 alpha is the most abundant isoform and the one directly shown to interact with NICD1 (Welcker and Clurman 2008).
NOTCH1 functions as both a transmembrane receptor presented on the cell surface and as a transcriptional regulator in the nucleus. NOTCH1 receptor presented on the plasma membrane is activated by a membrane bound ligand expressed in trans on the surface of a neighboring cell. In trans, ligand binding triggers proteolytic cleavage of NOTCH1 and results in release of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain, NICD1, into the cytosol. NICD1 translocates to the nucleus where it associates with RBPJ (also known as CSL or CBF) and mastermind-like (MAML) proteins (MAML1, MAML2, MAML3 or MAMLD1) to form NOTCH1 coactivator complex. NOTCH1 coactivator complex activates transcription of genes that possess RBPJ binding sites in their promoters.
DLL1, expressed on the surface of a neighboring cell, binds NOTCH2 and activates NOTCH2-mediated intracellular signaling (Shimizu et al. 2000). Modification of NOTCH2 extracellular domain by fringe enzymes enhances NOTCH2 activation by DLL1 (Hicks et al. 2000). Activation of NOTCH2 signaling by DLL1 may regulate regeneration and proliferation of renal tubules during acute kidney injury (Kobayashi et al. 2008).
When the oxygen supply is low, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) accumulates in the nucleus where it binds and prolongs the half-life of NICD1, resulting in increased NICD1-mediated transcription and consequent inhibition of cellular differentiation.
NICD1 produced by activation of NOTCH1 in response to Delta and Jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) presented in trans, traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription regulator. In the nucleus, NICD1 displaces the NCOR corepressor complex from RBPJ (CSL). When bound to the co-repressor complex that includes NCOR proteins (NCOR1 and NCOR2) and HDAC histone deacetylases, RBPJ (CSL) represses transcription of NOTCH target genes (Kao et al. 1998, Zhou et al. 2000, Perissi et al. 2004, Perissi et al. 2008). Once the co-repressor complex is displaced, NICD1 recruits MAML (mastermind-like) to RBPJ, while MAML recruits histone acetyltransferases EP300 (p300) and PCAF, resulting in formation of the NOTCH coactivator complex that activates transcription from NOTCH regulatory elements. The minimal functional NOTCH coactivator complex that activates transcription from NOTCH regulatory elements is a heterotrimer composed of NICD, MAML and RBPJ (Fryer et al. 2002, Wallberg et al. 2002, Nam et al. 2006). NOTCH1 coactivator complex is known to activate transcription of HES1 (Jarriault et al. 1995), HES5 (Arnett et al. 2010), HEY genes (Fischer et al. 2004, Leimeister et al. 2000, Maier et al. 2000, Arnett et al. 2010) and MYC (Palomero et al. 2006) and likely regulates transcription of many other genes (Wang et al. 2011). NOTCH1 coactivator complex on any specific regulatory element may involve additional transcriptional regulatory proteins. HES1 binds TLE proteins, forming an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional corepressor involved in regulation of neurogenesis, segmentation and sex determination (Grbavec et al. 1996, Fisher et al. 1996, Paroush et al. 1994). After NOTCH1 coactivator complex is assembled on a NOTCH-responsive promoter, MAML (mastermind-like) recruits CDK8 in complex with cyclin C, triggering phosphorylation of conserved serine residues in TAD and PEST domains of NICD1 by CDK8. Phosphorylated NICD1 is recognized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 which ubiquitinates NICD1, leading to degradation of NICD1 and downregulation of NOTCH1 signaling. FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH1 depend on C-terminally located PEST domain sequences in NOTCH1 (Fryer et al. 2004, Oberg et al. 2001, Wu et al. 2001). The PEST domain of NOTCH1 and the substrate binding WD40 domain of FBXW7 are frequent targets of mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia - T-ALL (Welcker and Clurman 2008). NICD1, which normally has a short half-life, can be stabilized by binding to the hypoxia-inducable factor 1-alpha (HIF1A) which accumulates in the nucleus when oxygen levels are low. This results in HIF1A-induced inhibition of cellular differentiation that is NOTCH-dependent (Gustafsson et al. 2005).
DLL4, expressed on a neighboring cell, binds NOTCH2 receptor and activates NOTCH2 intracellular signaling. The study used recombinant NOTCH2 and DLL4, exogenously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The species origin of NOTCH2 and DLL4 is not specified in the manuscript by Ji et al. 2004. The impact of fringe-mediated modification of NOTCH2 on activation by DLL4 has not been examined.
Ligand binding induces a conformational change in NOTCH2, through mechanical pulling of NOTCH triggered by endocytosis of the receptor-attached ligand (Meloty-Kapella et al. 2012). This conformational change exposes the S2 site in the extracellular region of NOTCH2 and results in cleavage of NOTCH2 by ADAM10 metalloprotease (Gibb et al. 2010), generating the membrane-anchored NOTCH2 fragment NEXT2 (Shimizu et al. 2000). The extracellular NOTCH2 portion remains attached to the ligand presented on the plasma membrane of a neighboring cell.
JAG1, expressed on a neighboring cell, binds NOTCH2 and activates intracellular NOTCH2 signaling (Shimizu et al. 1999, Shimizu et al. 2000). In contrast to NOTCH1, where fringe-mediated modification reduces the affinity of JAG1 for NOTCH1, it seems that fringe-mediated modification of NOTCH2 extracellular domain enhances activation of NOTCH2 signaling by JAG1 (Hicks et al. 2000). JAG1-NOTCH2 signaling axis is affected in Alagille syndrome (AGS), a dominant congenital disorder characterized by hepatic bile duct abnormalities, as well as craniofacial, heart and kidney defects (Alagille et al. 1975, Habib et al. 1987). AGS is predominantly caused by mutations in JAG1 (Oda et al. 1997, Li et al. 1997) and less frequently by mutations in NOTCH2 (McDaniell et al. 2006). JAG1 and NOTCH2 are expressed in kidney glomeruli and JAG1-NOTH2 signaling plays an important role in kidney development, as shown in mice mutant for JAG1 or NOTCH2 or both (McCright et al. 2001, McCright et al. 2002).
JAG2, expressed on a neighboring cell, binds NOTCH2 and activates intracellular NOTCH2 signaling (Shimizu et al. 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155728
Characterization of type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoforms reveals association of the enzymes with endosomal vesicular compartments
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155747
The G12/13 family is probably the least well characterized subtype, partly because G12/13 coupling is difficult to determine when compared with the other subtypes which predominantly rely on assay technologies that measure intracellular calcium. The G12/13 family are best known for their involvement in the processes of cell proliferation and morphology, such as stress fiber and focal adhesion formation. Interactions with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) are thought to mediate many of these processes. (Buhl et al.1995, Sugimoto et al. 2003). Activation of Rho or the regulation of events through Rho is often taken as evidence of G12/13 signaling. Receptors that are coupled with G12/13 invariably couple with one or more other G protein subtypes, usually Gq.
When a ligand activates a G protein-coupled receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor (a change in shape) that allows the receptor to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), stimulating the exchange of GDP for GTP on the G alpha subunit. In the traditional view of heterotrimeric protein activation, this exchange triggers the dissociation of the now active G alpha subunit from the beta:gamma dimer, initiating downstream signalling events. The G alpha subunit has intrinsic GTPase activity and will eventually hydrolyze the attached GTP to GDP, allowing reassociation with G beta:gamma. Additional GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) stimulate the GTPase activity of G alpha, leading to more rapid termination of the transduced signal. In some cases the downstream effector may have GAP activity, helping to deactivate the pathway. This is the case for phospholipase C beta, which possesses GAP activity within its C-terminal region.
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinases (ROCKs) are primarily known as downstream effectors of Rho, but they can also be activated by arachidonic acid, which binds to the pleckstrin homology domain, releasing an autoinhibitory loop within ROCK allowing catalytic activity. Multiple targets of ROCK contribute to the stabilization of actin filaments and the generation of actin-myosin contractile force.
Leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG) serves as a G alpha responsive RhoGEF for G alpha 12, 13 and possibly G alpha q. G alpha 12 activity appears to depend on LARG tyrosine phosphorylation by Tec-family kinases (Suzuki et al. 2003) or FAK (Chikumi et al. 2002). The involvement of LARG may be specific to particular receptor signalling pathways; RNAi-mediated knockdown of LARG specifically inhibited thrombin signaling via PAR1 but not LPA receptors (Wang et al 2004).
LARG binds plexin-B1, a transmembrane receptor for the semaphorin Sema4D. Binding of Sema4D to plexin-B1 stimulates RhoA activation.
The classic signalling route for G alpha (q) is activation of phospholipase C beta thereby triggering phosphoinositide hydrolysis, calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation. This provides a path to calcium-regulated kinases and phosphatases, GEFs, MAP kinase cassettes and other proteins that mediate cellular responses ranging from granule secretion, integrin activation, and aggregation in platelets. Gq participates in many other signalling events including direct interaction with RhoGEFs that stimulate RhoA activity and inhibition of PI3K. Both in vitro and in vivo, the G-protein Gq seems to be the predominant mediator of the activation of platelets.
p115-RhoGEF is a potent GTPase activating protein (GAP) for both G alpha 12 and G alpha 13 subunits. More importantly, the interaction between activated G alpha 13 (but not G alpha 12) triggers p115-RhoGEF activity. While this pathway may important in vivo, in prostate-derived PC-3 cells RNAi mediated knockdown of p115-RhoGEF levels had no effect on the response to thrombin (PMID: 15143072).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155746
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'GTP', and 1 molecule of 'Deactivated RAC1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Activated RAC1', and 1 molecule of 'GDP' are present. This reaction is mediated by the 'guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity' of 'Activated 115Rho GEF'.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155735
Hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phospholipase C (PLC) produces diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3). Both are potent second messengers. IP3 diffuses into the cytosol, but as DAG is a hydrophobic lipid it remains within the plasma membrane. IP3 stimulates the release of calcium ions from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, while DAG activates the conventional and unconventional protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, facilitating the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. The effects of DAG are mimicked by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. DAG is also a precursor for the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and an activator of a subfamily of TRP-C (Transient Receptor Potential Canonical) cation channels 3, 6, and 7.
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are intracellular lipid kinases that use ATP to phosphorylate diacylglycerol (DAG)., generating phosphatidic acid (PA). This lowers membrane DAG levels, regulating signalling proteins that require DAG for membrane association such as Protein Kinase C. PA is a signalling molecule that regulates Raf-1 and PKC zeta, and a substrate for the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositol.
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important source of arachidonic acid, a signalling molecule and the precursor of the prostaglandins. In human platelet almost all the DAG produced from phosphatidylinositol degradation contains arachidonate (Takamura et al. 1987). DAG is hydrolysed by DAG lipase to 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) which is further hydrolysed by monoacylglycerol lipase. 2-AG is an agonist of cannabinoid receptor 1.
GRKs are serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate GPCRs leading to receptor desensitization. GRK5 appears to be the predominant regulator of PAR1 desensitization in endothelial cells.
The Trio family of RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) are directly activated by G alpha (q), possibly within a Gq:Trio:RhoA signalling complex, thereby linking Gq to RhoA-mediated processes such as cell migration, proliferation, and contraction. Like most other RhoGEFs, they have a tandem motif consisting of a Dbl homology (DH) and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Trio and Duet have a number of other domains including an immunoglobin domains that may be involved in interacting with Rho, but the considerably smaller GEFT (p63RhoGEF) does not have any identifiable additional domains yet appears to be sufficient to mediate the activation of RhoA by G alpha (q). The structure represented by GEFT is proposed to represent the core of an ancient signal transduction pathway.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155705
The heterotrimeric G protein Gz, is a member of the Gi family. Unlike other Gi family members it lacks an ADP ribosylation site cysteine four residues from the carboxyl terminus and is thus pertussis toxin-insensitive. It inhibits adenylyl cyclase types I, V and VI. G alpha (z) interacts with the Rap1 GTPase activating protein (Rap1GAP) to attenuate Rap1 signaling. Like all G-proteins Gz has an intrinsic GTPase activity, but this activity tends to be lower for the pertussis toxin insensitive G-proteins, most strikingly so for Gz, whose kcat value for GTP hydrolysis is 200-fold lower than those of Gs or Gi (Grazziano et al. 1989). Gz knockout mice have disrupted platelet aggregation at physiological concentrations of epinephrine and responses to several neuroactive drugs are altered (Yang et al. 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155704
Activation of the novel Protein Kinase C (nPKC) isoforms (delta, epsilon, eta and theta) requires binding to the membrane lipid diacylglycerol (DAG). nPKC activation is sensitive to DAG concentration.
Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) hydrolyzes diacylglycerol (DAG) at the sn-1 position, producing 2-monoacylglycerols, including 2-arachidonlyglycerol (2-AG) and free fatty acid. This reaction was first characterised for the release of arachidonate from membrane phospholipids in platelets, but is also involved in the spatial and temporal regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. DAGL exhibits strong selectivity for diacylglycerols over phospholipids, monoacylglycerols, triacylglycerols and fatty acid amides, and prefers the acyl group at sn-1 position to that at sn-2.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155706
The active form of G protein alpha subunit q (Gq-alpha) was found to activate phospholipase C beta-1 (PLC-beta1), in investigations using bovine membranes. Subsequently, all 4 human isoforms have been shown to be activated by Gq, though activation of PLCbeta-4 is limited. In recombinant assays, several activated rat G alpha q family members were found to stimulate human PLC-beta isoforms with the same rank order of decreasing potency. PLC-beta1 stimulation was slightly more than for PLC-beta3; PLC-beta3 stimulation was 10-fold greater than for beta-2. PLC-beta2 is expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells. PLC-beta acts directly on Gq to accelerate hydrolysis of bound GTP, thus PLC-betas are GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). The crystal structure of the C-terminal region from Turkey PLC-beta, revealed a novel fold composed almost entirely of three long helices forming a coiled-coil that dimerizes along its long axis in an antiparallel orientation. The extent of the dimer interface and gel exclusion chromatography data suggest that PLC-betas are functionally dimeric.
Phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes are a group of related proteins that cleave the polar head group from inositol phospholipids, typically in response to signals from cell surface receptors. They hydrolyze the highly phosphorylated lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) generating two products: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), a universal calcium-mobilizing second messenger, and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C. PLC-beta isoforms are regulated by heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. PLC-beta 1 and 3 are widely expressed, with the highest concentrations found in (differing) specific regions of the brain. PLC-beta 2 is expressed at highest levels in cells of hematopoeitic origin; it is involved in leukocyte signaling and host defense. PLC-beta 4 is highly concentrated in cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells, the median geniculate body, whose axons terminate in the auditory cortex, and the lateral geniculate nucleus, where most retinal axons terminate in a visuotopic representation of each half of the visual field.
PPARgamma activation induces the expression of the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein gene in human monocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174971
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89785.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155700
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a large family of enzymes that regulate signal transduction by the second messenger molecules cAMP and cGMP. Some PDEs are cAMP selective (PDE4, 7 and 8), some cGMP selective (PDE5, 6 and 9) while others can hydrolyse cAMP and cGMP (PDE1, 2, 3, 10 and 11). PDEs are important as drug targets: Sildenafil (Viagra) is an inhibitor of PDE5; Cilostazol (Pletal) inhibits PDE3, increasing the flexibility of erythrocytes.
The classical signalling mechanism for G alpha (i) is inhibition of the cAMP dependent pathway through inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Decreased production of cAMP from ATP results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
The general function of the G alpha (s) subunit (Gs) is to activate adenylate cyclase, which in turn produces cAMP, leading to the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (often referred to collectively as Protein Kinase A). The signal from the ligand-stimulated GPCR is amplified because the receptor can activate several Gs heterotrimers before it is inactivated.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155719
This family is known as Family B (secretin-receptor family, family 2) G-protein-coupled receptors. Family B GPCRs include secretin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptides and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors; all of which activate adenylyl cyclase and the phosphatidyl-inositol-calcium pathway (Harmar AJ, 2001).
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Pin JP et al, 1995; Conn PJ and Pin JP, 1997). Metabotropic glutamate receptors are characterized by a large N-terminal extracellular domain of approximately 560 amino acids which possesses the glutamate binding domain and confers selectivity for agonists. There are eight mGluRs, 1-8 (Desai MA et al, 1995; Flor PJ et al, 1995; Emile L. et al, 1996; Flor PJ et al, 1995b; Minakami R et al, 1994; Laurie DJ et al, 1997; Wu S et al, 1998 respectively). They can be subdivided into 'groups' according to their sequence homology, signal transduction mechanisms and pharmacological properties. Group I contains mGluR1 and 5; Group II contains mGluR2 and 3; Group III contains mGluR4,6,7 and 8 (Nakanishi S, 1992). Group I receptors activate PLC downstream via coupling to Gq/11. Groups II and III inhibit adenylyl cyclase via coupling to Gi. Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind to glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155717
The class C G-protein-coupled receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors that include the metabotropic glutamate receptors and several additional receptors (Bräuner-Osborne H et al, 2007). Family C GPCRs have a large extracellular N-terminus which binds the orthosteric (endogenous) ligand. The shape of this domain is often likened to a clam. Several allosteric ligands to these receptors have been identified and these bind within the seven transmembrane region.
There are more than 800 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs) in the human genome, making it the largest receptor superfamily. GPCRs are also the largest class of drug targets, involved in virtually all physiological processes (Frederiksson 2003). GPCRs are receptors for a diverse range of ligands from large proteins to photons (Kristiansen et al. 2004) and have an equal diversity of ligand-binding mechanisms (Gether et al. 2002). Classical GPCR signaling involves signal transduction via heterotrimeric G-proteins, however many G-protein independent mechanisms have been reported.
G(s)-alpha:GTP binds to inactive adenylate cyclase, causing a conformational transition in adenylate cyclase exposing the catalytic site and activating it.
The activation of adenylyl (adenylate) cyclase (AC) results in the production of adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate i.e. cyclic AMP. Humans have 9 genes encoding membrane-associated AC and one encoding a soluble AC. Two of the classes of heterotrimeric G-proteins are named according to their effect on AC; Gs stimulates all membrane-bound ACs (the s in Gs denotes AC stimulatory); the Gi class inhibits some AC isoforms, particularly 5 and 6. Beta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins can also regulate AC. Ca2+/Calmodulin activates some AC isoforms (1, 8 and 3) but is inhibitory to others (5 and 6).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155713
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166326
New insights into the diversity and function of neuronal immunoglobulin superfamily molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166322
Hedgehog induces opposite changes in turnover and subcellular localization of patched and smoothened
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166332
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126910.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175777
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135299.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175805
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138356.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175806
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142896.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127952.5
Fractionation and properties of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166310
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133260.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175807
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138187.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166342
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140109.5
Structural basis for activation of G-protein-coupled receptors
Leber congenital amaurosis: genes, proteins and disease mechanisms
Kinetic properties and substrate specificities of two recombinant human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-IV isozymes
The biochemistry and physiology of nucleotides
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154206
Receptor-dependent RhoA activation in G12/G13-deficient cells: genetic evidence for an involvement of Gq/G11
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155762
Role of syndecan-1 in leukocyte-endothelial interactions in the ocular vasculature
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43:1135-41
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155749
NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155756
RAC-beta serine/threonine protein kinase
Dynamic binding of PKA regulatory subunit RI alpha
Phosphatidylinositides generated by PI3K recruit phosphatidylinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) and AKT (also known as protein kinase B) to the membrane, through their PH (pleckstrin-homology) domains. The binding of PIP3 to the PH domain of AKT is the rate-limiting step in AKT activation. In mammals there are three AKT isoforms (AKT1-3) encoded by three separate genes. The three isoforms share a high degree of amino acid identity and have indistinguishable substrate specificity in vitro. However, isoform-preferred substrates in vivo cannot be ruled out. The relative expression of the three isoforms differs in different mammalian tissues: AKT1 is the predominant isoform in the majority of tissues, AKT2 is the predominant isoform in insulin-responsive tissues, and AKT3 is the predominant isoform in brain and testes. All 3 isoforms are expressed in human and mouse platelets (Yin et al. 2008; O'Brien et al. 2008). Note: all data in the pathway refer to AKT1, which is the most studied.
PI3K gamma (PI3KG) is a heterodimer consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory p101 or p84 subunit. PI3KG is most highly expressed in neutrophils, where the p101 form predominates (approximately 95%). G beta:gamma recruits PI3KG to the plasma membrane, both activating PI3KG and providing access to its substrate PIP2, which is converted to PIP3.
Slow intrisinc GTPase activity results in an inactivation of the alpha-i subunit by hydrolyzing GTP to GDP.
Receptor activated heterotrimeric G proteins consist of the Galpha and the tightly associated Gbeta-gamma subunits. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, it stabilises a conformation with an high affinity for the G-protein bound to GDP. GDP is then exchanged for GTP on the Galpha subunit. This exchange triggers the dissociation of the Galpha subunit from the Gbeta-gamma dimer and the receptor. Galpha-GTP and Gbeta-gamma, can then modulate different signalling cascades and effector proteins, while the receptor is able to activate another G protein, resulting in an amplification cascade. The Galpha subunit will eventually hydrolyze the attached GTP to GDP by its inherent enzymatic activity, allowing it to reassociate with Gbeta-gamma and start a new cycle.
The classical role of the G-protein beta/gamma dimer was believed to be the inactivation of the alpha subunit, Gbeta/gamma was viewed as a negative regulator of Galpha signalling. It is now known that Gbeta/gamma subunits can directly modulate many effectors, including some also regulated by G alpha.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are classically defined as the receptor, G-protein and downstream effectors, the alpha subunit of the G-protein being the primary signaling molecule. However, it has become clear that this greatly oversimplifies the complexities of GPCR signaling (see Gurevich & Gurevich, 2008). The beta:gamma G-protein dimer is also involved in downstream signaling (Smrcka, 2008), and some receptors form part of metastable complexes of receptor and accessory proteins such as the arrestins. GPCRs are involved in many diverse signaling events (Kristiansen 2004), using a variety of pathways that include modulation of adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK.
PLC-beta1 is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Gq-alpha, exchanging GTP for GDP and releasing the alpha subunit to cycle back to the membrane and reassociate with the beta-gamma subunits. Between itself and the receptor, they regulate the amplitude of the PLC signal and the rates of signal initiation and termination.
Calcium, as the ion Ca2+, is essential in many biological processes. The majority of Ca2+ in many organisms is bound to phosphates which form skeletal structures and also buffer Ca2+ levels in extracellular fluids (typically 1 millimolar). Intracellular free Ca2+, by contrast, is 10,000 times lower than the outside of the cell (typically 10 micromolar). This concentration gradient is used to import Ca2+ into cells where it acts as a second messenger.
The phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes is both diverse and complex. The isoforms beta, gamma and delta (each have subtypes) make up the members of this family. One type, PLC-beta1, hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 mobilizes intracellular calcium stores while DAG activates protein kinase C isoforms which are involved in regulatory functions.
The evolutionarily conserved region of the U snRNA export mediator PHAX is a novel RNA-binding domain that is essential for U snRNA export
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by degradation of messenger RNAs
Cloning and expression of a human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 alpha: enhanced coupling on co-transfection with a glutamate transporter
Diacylglycerol, produced by PLC beta-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis in G alpha (q) signalling, remains in the plasma membrane and binds Protein Kinase C alpha (PKC-alpha), causing PKC-alpha to translocate from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. PKC-alpha is thereby activated and phosphorylates target proteins.
Opioids are chemical substances similar to opiates, the active substances found in opium (morphine, codeine etc.). Opioid action is mediated by the receptors for endogenous opioids; peptides such as the enkephalins, the endorphins or the dynorphins. Opioids possess powerful analgesic and sedative effects, and are widely used as pain-killers. Their main side-effect is the rapid establishment of a strong addiction. Opioids receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). There are four classes of receptors: mu (MOR), kappa (KOR) and delta (DOR), and the nociceptin receptor (NOP).
Gastrin is a hormone whose main function is to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric mucosa, which results in gastrin formation inhibition. This hormone also acts as a mitogenic factor for gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Gastrin has two biologically active peptide forms, G34 and G17.Gastrin gene expression is upregulated in both a number of pre-malignant conditions and in established cancer through a variety of mechanisms. Depending on the tissue where it is expressed and the level of expression, differential processing of the polypeptide product leads to the production of different biologically active peptides. In turn, acting through the classical gastrin cholecystokinin B receptor CCK-BR, its isoforms and alternative receptors, these peptides trigger signalling pathways which influence the expression of downstream genes that affect cell survival, angiogenesis and invasion (Wank 1995, de Weerth et al. 1999, Grabowska & Watson 2007)
Gastrin, through the action of diacylglycerol produced from downstream G alpha (q) events, transactivates EGFR via a PKC-mediated pathway by activation of MMP3 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 3) which allows formation of mature HBEGF (heparin-binding epidermal growth factor) by cleaving pro-HBEGF. Mature HBEGF is then free to bind the EGFR, resulting in EGFR activation (Dufresne et al. 2006, Liebmann 2011).
All WNT ligands are predicted to be highly glycosylated. By similarity with WNT ligands in mouse, human WNTs are believed to undergo N-linked glycosylation at multiple asparagine residues and this glycosylation is critical for their secretion (Smolich et al, 1993; Willert et al, 2003, Komekado et al, 2006; Kurayoshi et al, 2007). The mechanism of N-linked glycosylation is not shown here. For a more detailed description, please refer to pathway "Asparagine N-linked glycosylation".
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; 7TM receptors; seven transmembrane domain receptors; heptahelical receptors; G protein-linked receptors [GPLR]) are the largest family of transmembrane receptors in humans, accounting for more than 1% of the protein-coding capacity of the human genome. All known GPCRs share a common architecture of seven membrane-spanning helices connected by intra- and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops contain two highly-conserved cysteine residues that form disulphide bonds to stabilize the structure of the receptor. They recognize diverse messengers such as light, odorants, small molecules, hormones and neurotransmitters. Most GPCRs act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors; activated by ligand binding, they promote GDP-GTP exchange on associated heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. There are two models for GPCR-G Protein interactions: 1) ligand-GPCR binding first, then binding to G Proteins; 2) "Pre-coupling" of GPCRs and G Proteins before ligand binding (review Oldham WM and Hamm HE, 2008). These in turn activate effector enzymes or ion channels. GPCRs are involved in a range of physiological roles which include the visual sense, smell, behavioural regulation, functions of the autonomic nervous system and regulation of the immune system and inflammation. GPCRs are divided into 6 classes based on sequence homology and functional similarity; the main mammalian families are classes A/1-C/3; Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like) Class B/2 (Secretin receptor family) Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromones) Class D/4 (fungal mating pheromone receptors) Class E/5 (cAMP receptors) Class F/6 (Frizzled/Smoothened) Here, those Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like) receptors that bind peptide ligands have been annotated. The binding events mediated by other classes of receptors, as well as the downstream events triggered by receptor-ligand interactions will be annotated in future releases of Reactome.
This black box event represents the non-WNT-specific ER-to-Golgi trafficking step of protein secretion (reviewed in Dancourt and Barlowe, 2010; Lippincott Schwatz et al, 2000; for more details, please refer to the pathway "ER to Golgi transport"). Two recent screens in Drosophila have identified members of the p24 family as WNT-specific regulators of ER-to-Golgi transport, although the details have not been elucidated (Port et al, 2011; Buechling et al, 2011; reviewed in Strating and Martens, 2009). Depletion of the Drosophila p24 protein Opossum causes accumulation of WNT ligand in the ER, suggesting a role for Opm in ER-to-Golgi transport of WNTs. WNT-dependent reporter activity was reduced in HEK293 cells that were depleted for the human p24 homologue TMED5, supporting a conserved role for these proteins in WNT signaling (Buechling et al, 2011; reviewed in Palmer et al, 2012).
All WNT proteins except Drosophila WntD are lipid modified. Lipid modifications contribute to the hydrophobicity and poor solubility of all known WNT ligands with the exception of Drosophila WntD. Acylation is required for their secretion from the cell and their ability to bind to FRZ receptors (reviewed in MacDonald et al, 2009; Takada et al, 2006; Janda et al, 2012; Herr and Basler, 2012; Ching et al, 2008). Although an initial study suggested that conserved Cys77 in mouse Wnt3a was palmitoylated (Willert et al, 2003), further work showed that mutation of this residue had minimal effect on WNT secretion (Komekado et al, 2007). In contrast, addition of palmitoleic acid to mWnt3a Ser209 is essential for WNT secretion, and mutant S209A is largely retained in the ER (Takada et al, 2006; Galli and Burrus, 2011). This serine residue is conserved at this position in all known WNTs with the exception of Drosophila WntD (Ching et al, 2008; Herr and Basler, 2012). A recent crystal structure of Xenopus WNT8 in complex with a Frizzled cysteine-rich-domain shows a single lipid modification on the conserved serine residue, while the conserved cysteine participates in a disulphide bond (Janda et al, 2012). In addition to being required for secretion, the lipid at S209 also makes direct contact with a groove in the Frizzled receptor and is thus essential for binding (Janda et al, 2012). Porcupine is a conserved multi-pass transmembrane ER protein that has an O-acyl-transferase domain (van den Heuvel et al, 1993; Kadowaki et al, 1996; Hofmann, 2000). First identified in Drosophila, Porcupine is a WNT-specific modulator that is required for Wingless processing and secretion (Kadowaki et al, 1996). In porcn-deficient cells, Wg and WNT3A have decreased palmitoylation at S209 and accumulate in the ER (Takada et al, 2006), and mutations in PORCN eliminate all WNT signalling and cause embryonic lethality in mice (Barrott et al, 2011; Biechele et al, 2011). Recent studies show that PORCN is required for activity of all human WNT ligands (Proffitt et al, 2012; Najdi et al, 2012).
WLS accompanies WNT through the secretory pathway to the cell surface, where the ligand is released into the extracellular space (Bänziger et al, 2006; Bartscherer et al, 2006; Goodman et al, 2006).
Wntless (WLS) (Evi/Sprinter/GPR177) is a conserved transmembrane protein that is required for the secretion of WNT ligands from the cell (Bänzinger et al, 2006; Bartscherer et al, 2006; Goodman et al, 2006). Notably, WLS is not required for the secretion of Hedgehog, another acylated signaling molecule, and wls-mutants phenocopy wg/wnt mutants (Bänziger et al, 2006; Bartscherer et al, 2006; Goodman et al, 2006), supporting the notion that WLS is a dedicated WNT pathway member. WLS binds directly to WNT ligands in the Golgi in a WNT-acylation dependent manner, as the interaction is abrogated by mutation of either PORCN or the conserved Ser209 residue (Coombs et al, 2010; Herr and Basler, 2012). WLS is thought to contain a lipocalin-family fold (Coombs et al, 2010), a lipid-interacting domain, which may play a role in binding to the lipid adduct on WNT.
Frequent and focal FGFR1 amplification associates with therapeutically tractable FGFR1 dependency in squamous cell lung cancer
Once activated, adenylate cyclase utilizes one molecule of ATP to synthesize one molecule of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate.
G alpha-olf:GTP binds to inactive adenylate cyclase, causing a conformational transition in adenylate cyclase exposing the catalytic site and activating it.
The phospholipase C (PLC) family of enzymes is both diverse and complex. The isoforms beta, gamma and delta (each have subtypes) make up the members of this family. PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 mobilizes intracellular calcium stores while DAG activates protein kinase C isoforms which are involved in regulatory functions.
When dissociated Galpha-GTP and Gbeta-gamma can activate or inhibit different signalling cascades and effector proteins. The precise pathways depends on the identity of the alpha and beta/gamma subtypes.
Stimulatory G proteins activate adenylate cyclase, which drives the conversion of cAMP from ATP and in turn activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase and subsequent kinase pathways.
Once the intrinsic GTPase hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, Galpha-olf dissociates from adenylate cyclase, allowing it to re-associate with G-beta-gamma and starting a new cycle.
G proteins can deactivate themselves via their intrinsic GTPase activity, which hydrolyzes GTP to GDP. Effectors such as adenylate cyclase can increase the G protein GTPase rate, acting like GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs).
Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32), was identified as a major target for dopamine and protein kinase A (PKA) in striatum. Recent advances now indicate that regulation DARPP-32 phosphorylation provides a mechanism for integrating information arriving at dopaminoceptive neurons, in multiple brain regions, via a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and steroid hormones. Activation of PKA or PKG stimulates DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr34, converting DARPP-32 into a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). DARPP-32 is also phosphorylated at Thr75 by Cdk5, converting DARPP-32 into an inhibitor of PKA. Thus, DARPP-32 has the unique property of being a dual-function protein, acting either as an inhibitor of PP-1 or of PKA.
The phosphorylation of the phosphodiesterase increases its activity, forming a negative feedback loop of the cAMP signal.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171074
Beta-catenin is then phosphorylated at Ser33. Phosphorylated S37 and S33 together with neighboring residues constitute the recognition motif for beta-TrCP.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82876.9
Degradation of beta-catenin is initiated following amino-terminal serine/threonine phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of B-catenin at S45 by CK1 alpha primes the subsequent sequential GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation at Thr41, Ser37 and Ser33 (Amit et al., 2002 ; Lui et al., 2002).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175576
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105126.9
Homologues of p-T250,T255,T385,S437-MKNK1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155771
The beta-catenin destruction complex plays a key role in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt signaling, this complex controls the levels of cytoplamic beta-catenin. Beta-catenin associates with and is phosphorylated by the destruction complex. Phosphorylated beta-catenin is recognized and ubiquitinated by the SCF-beta TrCP ubiquitin ligase complex and is subsequently degraded by the proteasome (reviewed in Kimelman and Xu, 2006).
Ubiquitinated beta-catenin is degraded by the proteasome.
The serine/threonine kinase STK3 (MST2) catalyzes its own autophosphorylation as well as the phosphorylation of SAV1. These two reactions are annotated here as a single concerted process that takes place in a tetrameric complex containing two STK3 (MST2) subunits and two SAV1 subunits, based on the observations that STK3 (MST2) can catalyze both phosphorylation reactions in vitro, as well as the observations that each protein dimerizes and that STK3 (MST2) and SAV1 associate to form a complex. The order in which the various components associate, the stoichiometry of the complex ultimately formed, and the point(s) in this association process at which phosphoryltion occurs have not been established in vitro or in vivo, however (Callus et al. 2006; Praskova et al. 2004).
WNT signaling pathways control a wide range of developmental and adult process in metozoans including cell proliferation, cell fate decisions, cell polarity and stem cell maintenance (reviewed in Saito-Diaz et al, 2013; MacDonald et al, 2009). The pathway is named for the WNT ligands, a large family of secreted cysteine-rich glycoproteins. At least 19 WNT members have been identified in humans and mice with distinct expression patterns during development (reviewed in Willert and Nusse, 2012). These ligands can activate at least three different downstream signaling cascades depending on which receptors they engage. In the so-called 'canonical' WNT signaling pathway, WNT ligands bind one of the 10 human Frizzled (FZD) receptors in conjunction with the LRP5/6 co-receptors to activate a transcriptional cascade that controls processes such as cell fate, proliferation and self-renenwal of stem cells. Engagement of the FZD-LRP receptor by WNT ligand results in the stabilization and translocation of cytosolic beta-catenin to the nucleus where it is a co-activator for LEF (lymphoid enhancer-binding factor)- and TCF (T cell factor) -dependent transcription. In the absence of WNT ligand, cytosolic beta-catenin is phosphorylated by a degradation complex consisting of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), casein kinase 1 (CK1), Axin and Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome (reviewed in Saito-Diaz et al, 2013; Kimmelman and Xu, 2006). In addition to the beta-catenin-dependent transcriptional response, WNT signaling can also activate distinct non-transcriptional pathways that regulate cell migration and polarity. These beta-catenin-independent 'non-canonical' pathways signal through Frizzled receptors independently of LRP5/6, or occur through the tyrosine kinase receptors ROR and RYK (reviewed in Veeman et al, 2003; James et al, 2009). Non-canonical WNT pathways are best studied in Drosophila where the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway controls the orientation of wing hairs and eye facets, but are also involved in processes such as convergent extension, neural tube closure, inner ear development and hair orientation in vertebrates and mammals(reviewed in Seifert and Mlodzik, 2007; Simons and Mlodzik, 2008). In the PCP pathway, binding of WNT ligand to the FZD receptor leads to activation of small Rho GTPases and JNK, which regulate the cytoskeleton and coordinate cell migration and polarity (reviewed in Lai et al, 2009; Schlessinger et al, 2009). In some cases, a FZD-WNT interaction increases intracellular calcium concentration and activates CaMK II and PKC; this WNT calcium pathway promotes cell migration and inhibits the canonical beta-catenin dependent transcriptional pathway (reviewed in Kuhl et al, 2000; Kohn and Moon, 2005; Rao et al 2010). Binding of WNT to ROR or RYK receptors also regulates cell migration, apparently through activation of JNK or SRC kinases, respectively, however the details of these pathways remain to be worked out (reviewed in Minami et al, 2010). Although the WNT signaling pathways were originally viewed as discrete, linear pathways controlled by defined subsets of 'canonical' or 'non-canonical' ligands and receptors, the emerging evidence is challenging this notion. Instead, the specificity and the downstream response appear to depend on the particular cellular context and vary with species, tissue and stage of development (reviewed in van Amerongen and Nusse, 2009; Rao et al, 2010).
The phosphorylation of the 20 aa repeats in APC results in an increase in affinity for beta-catenin (Ha et al., 2004, Xing et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2006). The binding site of phospho -(20 aa) APC on beta-catenin overlaps the binding site of Axin on beta catenin. In addition, phosphorylated APC prevents the association of Axin with beta-catenin (Ha et al., 2004, Xing et al., 2004). In this model, phosphorylated APC may compete with Axin for beta-catenin binding, resulting in dissociation of the Axin:beta-catenin interaction in the destruction complex (see Kimelman and Xu 2006).
APC is phosphorylated on the 20 aa repeats by CK1 and potentially GSK-3. This significantly increases the binding affinity of the APC 20 aa repeats for beta-catenin, causing one of them to bind b-catenin in the same region as beta-catenin binds Axin, thus displacing beta-catenin from Axin ( Step 5 above) (Reviewed in Kimelman, 2006).
Beta-catenin is ubiquitinated by the SCF-B-TrCP1 complex.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171075
B-TrCP associates with phosphorylated beta-catenin through the B-TrCP WD40 repeat region. Currently, it is unclear whether the ubiquitin ligase binds beta-catenin after it leaves the complex. It is equally possible that it binds beta-catenin while beta-catenin is still bound to Axin.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171076
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs)--a family of adapter proteins that regulates life and death
Molecular characterization and expression of heparan-sulfate 6-sulfotransferase. Complete cDNA cloning in human and partial cloning in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Cloning of the human glycine transporter type 1: molecular and pharmacological characterization of novel isoform variants and chromosomal localization of the gene in the human and mouse genomes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171077
Sulfation of iodothyronines by recombinant human liver steroid sulfotransferases
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132965.5
Vacuolar acidification is required but not sufficient for the release of WNT ligands from WLS at the cell surface. V-ATPase inhibitors cause the accumulation of WLS-WNT complexes both within the cell and at the plasma membrane (Coombs et al, 2010). Once in the extracellular space, the lipid-modified WNT ligand must be shielded to allow the morphogen to diffuse away from the plasma membrane. Possible mechanisms include interaction with HSPGs, exosomes, multimerization or incorporation into lipoprotein particles (reviewed in Eaton, 2006; Port and Basler, 2010).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171079
Following CKI-mediated phosphorylation at Ser45, beta-catenin is phosphorylated by GSK3 at Thr41.
CK1a binds to Axin and phosphorylates beta-catenin at Ser45 priming GSK3 mediated phosphorylation at the more N-terminal residues (Amit et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002; Yanagawa et al., 2002).
Beta-catenin associates with the destruction complex through an interaction with Axin and or APC. This association may also involve interactions with the 15 aa repeats in APC (Spink et al., 2001) or the third APC 20aa repeat and its N-terminal flanking residues (Ha et al., 2004, Xing et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2006).
19 WNT proteins have been identified in human cells. The WNTs are members of a conserved metazoan family of secreted morphogens that activate several signaling pathways in the responding cell: the canonical (beta-catenin) WNT signaling cascade and several non-canonical pathways, including the planar cell polarity (PCP), the regulation of intracellular calcium signaling and activation of JNK kinases. WNT proteins exist in a gradient outside the secreting cell and are able to act over both short and long ranges to promote proliferation, changes in cell migration and polarity and tissue homeostasis, among others (reviewed in Saito-Diaz et al, 2012; Willert and Nusse, 2012). The WNTs are ~40kDa proteins with 23 conserved cysteine residues in the N-terminal that may form intramolecular disulphide bonds. They also contain an N-terminal signal sequence and a number of N-linked glycosylation sites (Janda et al, 2012). In addition to being glycosylated, WNTs are also lipid-modified in the endoplasmic reticulum by a WNT-specific O-acyl-transferase, Porcupine (PORCN), contributing to their characteristic hydrophobicity. PORCN-dependent palmitoylation is required for the secretion of WNT as well as its signaling activity, as either depletion of PORCN or mutation of the conserved serine acylation site results in the intracellular accumulation of WNT ligand (Takada et al, 2006; Barrott et al, 2011; Biechele et al, 2011; reviewed in Willert and Nusse, 2012). Secretion of WNT requires a number of other dedicated factors including the sorting receptor Wntless (WLS) (also knownas Evi, Sprinter, and GPR177), which binds WNT and escorts it to the cell surface (Bänziger et al, 2006; Bartscherer et al, 2006; Goodman et al, 2006). A WNT-specific retromer containing SNX3 is subsequently required for the recycling of WLS back to the Golgi (reviewed in Herr et al, 2012; Johannes and Wunder, 2011). Once at the cell surface, WNT makes extensive contacts with components of the extracellular matrix such as heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and may be bound by any of a number of regulatory proteins, including WIFs and SFRPs. The diffusion of the WNT ligand may be aided by its packing either into WNT multimers, exosomes or onto lipoprotein particles to shield the hydrophobic lipid adducts from the aqueous extracellular environment (Gross et al, 2012; Luga et al, 2012, Korkut et al, 2009; reviewed in Willert and Nusse, 2012).
Although the role of retromer in delivering WLS back to the Golgi is reasonably well established (reviewed in Johannes and Wunder, 2011; Willert and Nusse, 2012), the details of how the complex is disassembled at the TGN remain to be determined.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172182
Retromer is believed to escort WLS from the early endosome back to the Golgi for subsequent rounds of WNT secretion (reviewed in Johannes and Wunder, 2011; Willert and Nusse, 2012 ).
Retromer is a conserved multi-protein complex that is required for retrograde transport of transmembrane proteins. It was initially characterized in yeast as a pentameric complex required for the recycling of the transmembrane receptor VPS10 to the trans-Golgi, and was subsequently shown to be conserved in flies, worms and humans. In humans, retromer consists of a cargo-recognition subcomplex made up of VPS35, VPS26 and VPS29 and a membrane-targeting subcomplex containing a heterodimer of SNX proteins (SNX1 or 2 paired with SNX5 or 6). The SNX proteins contain a BAR domain that is believed to promote membrane curvature, and SNX-BAR proteins are thought to aid in the formation of endosomal membrane tubules into which cargo is loaded (reviewed in Pfeffer, 2001; Seaman, 2012). Retromer is required for the recycling of WLS to the Golgi to allow further rounds of WNT-ligand delivery to the plasma membrane (Coudreuse et al 2006; Belenkaya et al 2008; Port et al, 2008). In the absence of essential retromer component VPS35 or VPS26, WLS is diverted to the MVB and degraded, and WNT ligand accumulates inside the cell; overexpression of WLS is sufficient to rescue the vps35 defect in WNT signaling (Belenkaya et al, 2006; Franch-Marro et al, 2008). WLS and retromer colocalize on endosomal structures and WLS and VPS35 co-precipitate in pull down studies (Belenkaya et al, 2006; Port et al, 2008; Franch-Marro et al, 2008). Several recent studies have suggested that WLS recycling depends on a WNT-specific retromer in which the SNX-BAR proteins of the classic complex are replaced by SNX3 (Zhang et al, 2011; Harterink et al, 2011; reviewed in Johannes and Wunder, 2011). Unlike SNX1/2/5/6, SNX3 does not contain a BAR domain, and WLS is suggested to accumulate in endocytic vesicles rather than in the tubular structures of the 'classic' retromer (Harterink et al, 2011; Zhang et al, 2011). SNX3 is recruited from the cytosol to the early endosome through the interaction of its PX domain with PIP3 in the membrane. Mutation of critical residues in the PX domain abolish the interaction with PIP3 and ablate endsomal recruitment of SNX3 (Xu et al, 2001; Zhang at al, 2011; Harterink et al, 2011). SNX3 has been shown to co-immunoprecipitate with VPS35 and VPS26, and some studies have also shown a direct interaction between SNX3 and WLS (Zhang et al, 2011; Harterink et al, 2011).
WLS endocytosis is a clathrin-dependent process. In Drosophila cells, internalization of WLS has been shown to depend on clathrin, AP-2, dynamin, Rab5 and HRS (Belenkaya et al, 2006; Port et al, 2008), while in HeLa cells, WLS colocalizes with endogenous AP-2, and depletion of AP-2 increases WLS levels at the cell surface (Yang et al, 2008). A recent study identified a conserved YEGL endocytosis motif in the third intracellular loop of WLS that is required for its clathrin- and dynamin-dependent internalization (Gasnereau et al, 2011).
Phospho-(Ser45, Thr41) beta-catenin is phosphorylated by GSK3 at Ser37.
In its unphosphorylated state, the YAP1 transcriptional coactivator moves freely into the nucleus. Phosphorylated YAP1, in contrast, is sequestered in the cytosol (Hao et al. 2008).
Phosphoylated MOB1A proteins are able to associate with LATS proteins (Praskova et al. 2008).
Cytosolic phospho-LATS2, complexed with MOB1, catalyzes the phosphorylation of YAP on serine residue 127 (and possibly other serine residues) (Zhao et al. 2007). This reaction is positively regulated by the angiomotin proteins AMOT (130 kd form), AMOTL1, and AMOTL2, which may function by physically bridging LATS2 and YAP (Paramasivam et al. 2011; Zhao et al. 2011).
Cytosolic phospho-LATS1, complexed with MOB1, catalyzes the phosphorylation of YAP on five serine residues (Hao et al. 2008).
YWHAB (14-3-3 beta/alpha) binds phosphorylated YAP1 proteins, sequestering them in the cytosol. Structural studies indicate that the active form of YWHAB (14-3-3 beta/alpha) is a homodimer (Yang et al. 2006); the stoichiometry of its complex with YAP1 is unknown and has been annotated arbitrarily here to involve one YAP1 molecule and a YWHAB (14-3-3 beta/alpha) dimer. While YAP1 can be phosphorylated on several serine residues, phosphorylation of serine-127 appears to be critical for YWHAB(14-3-3 beta/alpha) binding (Zhao et al. 2007).
In its unphosphorylated state, the WWTR1 (TAZ) transcriptional coactivator moves freely into the nucleus. Phosphorylated WWTR1 (TAZ), in contrast, is sequestered in the cytosol (Lei et al. 2008).
Cytosolic phospho-LATS1, complexed with MOB1, catalyzes the phosphorylation of WWTR1 (TAZ) on serine residue 89. This activity of human LATS1 protein has not been demonstrated experimentally but is inferred from the activity of human paralogue LATS2 and of mouse homologue LATS1 (Varelas et al. 2010).
Cytosolic phospho-LATS2, complexed with MOB1, catalyzes the phosphorylation of WWTR1 (TAZ) on serine residue 89 (Lei et al. 2008). This reaction is positively regulated by the angiomotin proteins AMOT (130 kd form), AMOTL1, and AMOTL2, which may function by physically bridging LATS2 and YAP (Zhao et al. 2011).
YWHAE (14-3-3 epsilon) binds phosphorylated WWTR1 (TAZ), sequestering it in the cytosol. Structural studies indicate that the active form of YWHAE (14-3-3 epsilon) is a homodimer (Yang et al. 2006); the stoichiometry of its complex with WWTR1 (TAZ) is unknown and has been annotated arbitrarily here to involve one WWTR1 (TAZ) molecule and a YWHAE(14-3-3 epsilon) dimer. Phosphorylation of serine residue 127 of WWTR1 (TAZ) appears to be critical for YWHAE (14-3-3 epsilon) binding (Kanai et al. 2000; Lei et al. 2008).
Human Hippo signaling is a network of reactions that regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis, centered on a three-step kinase cascade. The cascade was discovered by analysis of Drosophila mutations that lead to tissue overgrowth, and human homologues of its components have since been identified and characterized at a molecular level. Data from studies of mice carrying knockout mutant alleles of the genes as well as from studies of somatic mutations in these genes in human tumors are consistent with the conclusion that in mammals, as in flies, the Hippo cascade is required for normal regulation of cell proliferation and defects in the pathway are associated with cell overgrowth and tumorigenesis (Oh and Irvine 2010; Pan 2010; Zhao et al. 2010). This group of reactions is also notable for its abundance of protein:protein interactions mediated by WW domains and PPxY sequence motifs (Sudol and Harvey 2010). There are two human homologues of each of the three Drosophila kinases, whose functions are well conserved: expression of human proteins rescues fly mutants. The two members of each pair of human homologues have biochemically indistinguishable functions. Autophosphorylated STK3 (MST2) and STK4 (MST1) (homologues of Drosophila Hippo) catalyze the phosphorylation and activation of LATS1 and LATS2 (homologues of Drosophila Warts) and of the accessory proteins MOB1A and MOB1B (homologues of Drosophila Mats). LATS1 and LATS2 in turn catalyze the phosphorylation of the transcriptional co-activators YAP1 and WWTR1 (TAZ) (homologues of Drosophila Yorkie). In their unphosphorylated states, YAP1 and WWTR1 freely enter the nucleus and function as transcriptional co-activators. In their phosphorylated states, however, YAP1 and WWTR1 are instead bound by 14-3-3 proteins, YWHAB and YWHAE respectively, and sequestered in the cytosol. Several accessory proteins are required for the three-step kinase cascade to function. STK3 (MST2) and STK4 (MST1) each form a complex with SAV1 (homologue of Drosophila Salvador), and LATS1 and LATS2 form complexes with MOB1A and MOB1B (homologues of Drosophila Mats). In Drosophila a complex of three proteins, Kibra, Expanded, and Merlin, can trigger the Hippo cascade. A human homologue of Kibra, WWC1, has been identified and indirect evidence suggests that it can regulate the human Hippo pathway (Xiao et al. 2011). A molecular mechanism for this interaction has not yet been worked out and the molecular steps that trigger the Hippo kinase cascade in humans are unknown. Four additional processes related to human Hippo signaling, although incompletely characterized, have been described in sufficient detail to allow their annotation. All are of physiological interest as they are likely to be parts of mechanisms by which Hippo signaling is modulated or functionally linked to other signaling processes. First, the caspase 3 protease cleaves STK3 (MST2) and STK4 (MST1), releasing inhibitory carboxyterminal domains in each case, leading to increased kinase activity and YAP1 / TAZ phosphorylation (Lee et al. 2001). Second, cytosolic AMOT (angiomotin) proteins can bind YAP1 and WWTR1 (TAZ) in their unphosphorylated states, a process that may provide a Hippo-independent mechanism to down-regulate the activities of these proteins (Chan et al. 2011). Third, WWTR1 (TAZ) and YAP1 bind ZO-1 and 2 proteins (Remue et al. 2010; Oka et al. 2010). Fourth, phosphorylated WWTR1 (TAZ) binds and sequesters DVL2, providing a molecular link between Hippo and Wnt signaling (Varelas et al. 2010).
Cytosolic LATS1 and LATS2 are phosphorylated by phospho-STK3 (p-MST2). LATS proteins are known to form complexes with MOB1 proteins and this reaction is annotated with LATS:MOB1 complexes as its substrate. Likewise, phosphorylated (active) STK3 (p-MST2) and SAV1 are known to form a complex and that complex is annotated as the catalyst of this reaction. Serine-909 and threonine-1097 have been identified as LATS1 residues phosphorylated by STK4 kinase (MST1); STK3 (MST2) is inferred to act similarly. The target residues of LATS2 have not been identified experimentally but are inferred to be serine-871 and threonine-1041 based on sequence similarity (Chan et al. 2005).
Cytosolic KIBRA (WWC1) binds LATS proteins. The stoichiometry of the resulting complex is unlnown. The interaction of KIBRA with LATS directly or indirectly stimulates the phosphorylation of the latter proteins, so this interaction may promote LATS activation and, ultimately, YAP1 and TAZ sequestration in vivo (Xiao et al. 2011).
The serine/threonine kinase STK4 (MST1) catalyzes its own autophosphorylation as well as the phosphorylation of SAV1. These two reactions are annotated here as a single concerted process that takes place in a tetrameric complex containing two STK4 (MST1) subunits and two SAV1 subunits, based on the observations that STK4 (MST1) can catalyze both phosphorylation reactions in vitro, as well as the observations that each protein dimerizes and that STK4 (MST1) and SAV1 associate to form a complex. The order in which the various components associate, the stoichiometry of the complex ultimately formed, and the point(s) in this association process at which phosphoryltion occurs have not been established in vitro or in vivo, however (Callus et al. 2006; Creasy et al. 1996; Praskova et al. 2004).
Identification of covalently bound amino-terminal myristic acid in endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Cytosolic LATS1 and LATS2 are phosphorylated by phospho-STK4(MST1)/N (Graves et al. 1998; Lee et al. 2001). LATS proteins are known to form complexes with MOB1 proteins and this reaction is annotated with LATS:MOB1 complexes as its substrate. Serine-909 and threonine-1097 have been identified as LATS1 residues phosphorylated by STK4 (MST1) kinase. The target residues of LATS2 have not been identified experiemntally but are inferred to be serine-871 and threonine-1041 based on sequence similarity.
Cytosolic MOB1A and MOB1B are phosphorylated by phospho-STK3 (p-MST2). Phosphorylated (active) STK3 (p-MST2) and SAV1 are known to form a complex and that complex is annotated as the catalyst of this reaction. Threonine residues 12 and 35 have been experimentally identifed as the targets of MOB1A phosphorylation; the homologous residues of MOB1B are inferred likewise to be targets (Praskova et al. 2008).
Cytosolic LATS1 and LATS2 are phosphorylated by phospho-STK3 (MST2)/N (Lee et al. 2001). LATS proteins are known to form complexes with MOB1 proteins and this reaction is annotated with LATS:MOB1 complexes as its substrate. Serine-909 and threonine-1097 have been identified as LATS1 residues phosphorylated by STK4 (MST1) kinase; STK3(MST2)/N is inferred to act similarly. The target residues of LATS2 have not been identified experimentally but are inferred to be serine-871 and threonine-1041 based on sequence similarity.
Cytosolic LATS1 and LATS2 are phosphorylated by phospho-STK4 (p-MST1). LATS proteins are known to form complexes with MOB1 proteins and this reaction is annotated with LATS:MOB1 complexes as its substrate. Likewise, phosphorylated (active) STK4 (p-MST1) and SAV1 are known to form a complex and that complex is annotated as the catalyst of this reaction. Serine-909 and threonine-1097 have been identified as LATS1 residues phosphorylated by STK4 (MST1) kinase. The target residues of LATS2 have not been identified experimentally but are inferred to be serine-871 and threonine-1041 based on sequence similarity (Chan et al. 2005).
Cytosolic MOB1A and MOB1B are phosphorylated by phospho-STK4(MST1)/N (Graves et al. 1998; Lee et al. 2001). Threonine residues 12 and 35 have been experimentally identifed as the targets of MOB1A phosphorylation; the homologous residues of MOB1B are inferred likewise to be targets.
Cytosolic MOB1A and MOB1B are phosphorylated by phospho-STK3(MST2)/N (Lee et al. 2001). Threonine residues 12 and 35 have been experimentally identifed as the targets of MOB1A phosphorylation; the homologous residues of MOB1B are inferred likewise to be targets.
Cytosolic MOB1A and MOB1B are phosphorylated by phospho-STK4 (p-MST1). Phosphorylated (active) STK4 (p-MST1) and SAV1 are known to form a complex and that complex is annotated as the catalyst of this reaction. Threonine residues 12 and 35 have been experimentally identifed as the targets of MOB1A phosphorylation; the homologous residues of MOB1B are inferred likewise to be targets (Praskova et al. 2008).
As inferred from mouse, upon binding Activin AB (INHBA:INHBB) or Activin B (INHBB:INHBB), the type II component of the activin receptor (ACVR2A or ACVR2B) phosphorylates the type I component ACVR1C (ALK7) at multiple serine and threonine residues within the GS domain.
Upon binding Activin A (INHBA:INHBA), Activin AB (INHBA:INHBB), or Activin B (INHBB:INHBB), the type II component of the activin receptor (ACVR2A or ACVR2B) phosphorylates the type I component ACVR1B (ALK4) at multiple serine and threonine residues within the GS domain (Attisano et al. 1996, Willis et al. 1996, Willis and Mathews 1997, Zhou et al. 2000).
Two molecules of FSTL3 bind an Activin dimer (Sidis et al. 2002, Stamler et al. 2008). FSTL3 has been experimentally shown to bind Activin A and Activin B (Schneyer et al. 2003). Binding of FSTL3 to Activin AB is inferred. A portion of FSTL3 is also located in the nucleus (Tortoriello et al. 2001), however FSTL3:Activin complexes have not been demonstrated in the nucleus.
Activin receptors containing the type II receptors ACVR2A/B (ActRIIA, ActRIIB) and the type I receptors ACVR1B/C (ALK4, ALK7) signal through SMAD2 and SMAD3. The phosphorylated type I receptor (ACVR1B/C) phosphorylates SMAD2 or SMAD3. Homodimers or heterodimers of SMAD2 and SMAD3 bind the co-Smad SMAD4 and the ternary complex (SMAD2/3:SMAD2/3:SMAD4) enters the nucleus and activates expression of target genes.
As inferred from mouse, Activin binds the Activin receptor composed of a type II receptor (ACVR2A/B) and a type I receptor, in this case ACVR1C (ALK7). It is unclear if the type II receptor and the type I receptor are associated before binding Activin, Activin AB (INHBA:INHBB) and Activin B (INHBB:INHBB), but not Activin A (INHBA:INHBA) can bind and signal via an activin receptor containing the ACVR1C (ALK7) type I receptor.
Activin binds the Activin receptor composed of a type II receptor (ACVR2A/B) and a type I receptor, in this case ACVR1B (ALK4) (Attisano et al. 1996, Zhou et al. 2000). Activin appears to interact initially with the type II receptor component (Attisano et al. 1996). It is unclear if the type II and type I receptors are associated before binding Activin. Any of Activin A (INHBA:INHBA), Activin AB (INHBA:INHBB), and Activin B (INHBB:INHBB) can bind and signal via an activin receptor containing the ACVR1B (ALK4) type I receptor.
Import of palmitoyl-CoA into the mitochondrial matrix
Two molecules of Follistatin (FST) bind an Activin dimer in serum or follicular fluid (Schneyer et al. 1992, Krummen et al. 1993, Schneyer et al. 1994, Thompson et al. 2005). FST has been experimentally shown to bind Activin A and Activin B (Schneyer et al. 2003). Binding of FST to Activin AB is inferred.
Both Follistatin (FST) and Follistatin-like-3 (FSTL3) irreversibly bind Activin dimers and prevent Activin from interacting with its receptor (reviewed in Schneyer et al. 2004 ,Xia and Schneyer 2009). Though functionally similar in vitro, FST and FSTL3 do not function identically in vivo. Mice lacking FST die shortly after birth due to defects in muscle and bone (Matzuk et al. 1995); mice lacking FSTL3 are viable but have altered glucose metabolism (Mukherjee et al. 2007).
Activin was initially discovered as an activator of follicle stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland. It has since been shown to be an important participant in the differentiation of embryonic cells into mesodermal and endodermal layers. Activin binds the Activin receptor and triggers downstream events: phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 followed by activation of gene expression (reviewed in Attisano et al. 1996, Willis et al. 1996, Chen et al. 2006, Hinck 2012). Activins are dimers comprising activin A (INHBA:INHBA), activin AB (INHBA:INHBB), and activin B (INHBB:INHBB). Activin first binds the type II receptor (ACVR2A, ACVR2B) and this complex then interacts with the type I receptor (ACVR1B, ACVR1C) (Attisano et al. 1996). The type II receptor phosphorylates the type I receptor and then the phosphorylated type I receptor phosphorylates SMAD2 and SMAD3. Dimers of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 bind SMAD4 and the resulting ternary complex enters the nucleus and activates target genes.
Part of retinol ester hydrolase activity in the small intestine is associated with the brush border membrane but the protein having it is not identified. It is thought to be phospholipase B (Rigtrup et al. 1994).
At the sites of vascular injury bioactive molecules such as thrombin, ADP, collagen, fibrinogen and thrombospondin are generated, secreted or exposed. These stimuli activate platelets, converting the major platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3 from a resting state to an active conformation, in a process termed integrin priming or âinside-out signallingâ. Integrin activation refers to the change required to enhance ligand-binding activity. The activated alphaIIbbeta3 interacts with the fibrinogen and links platelets together in an aggregate to form a platelet plug. AlphaIIbbeta3 bound to fibrin generates more intracellular signals (outside-in signalling), causing further platelet activation and platelet-plug retraction. In the resting state the alpha and beta tails are close together. This interaction keeps the membrane proximal regions in a bent conformation that maintains alphaIIbbeta3 in a low affinity state. Integrin alphaIIbbeta3 is released from its inactive state by interaction with the protein talin. Talin interacts with the beta3 cytoplasmic domain and disrupts the salt bridge between the alpha and beta chains. This separation in the cytoplasmic regions triggers the conformational change in the extracellular domain that increases its affinity to fibrinogen. Much of talin exists in an inactive cytosolic pool, and the Rap1 interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) is implicated in talin activation and translocation to beta3 integrin cytoplasmic domain.
In a mechanism that is presumed to be analagous to signaling of SHC downstream of the insulin and TrkA receptors, SHC becomes phosphorylated and dissociates from the integrin alphaIIb beta3 complex.
Talin is one of the major cytoskeletal proteins involved in integrin activation and linking the resulting focal adhesion (FA) with cytoskeleton. Talin comprises an N-ter head region and a flexible rod domain. The head region has the FERM domain (subdivided into F1, F2 and F3 subdomains), which has the binding sites for beta integrin cytoplasmic regions and actin binding sites close to the C-terminal rod domain. Talin exists in closed inactive conformation, where the head region interacts with the rod domain masking the integrin binding sites. At the plasma membrane the RIAM bound to active Rap1 recruits talin to form the integrin activation complex. This interaction exposes the integrin-binding site in talin F3 domain leading to integrin activation.
Upon the production of activated Rap1A at the plasma membrane, RIAM interacts with Rap1A-GTP with its N-ter RA domain, and with its C-ter PH domain it interacts with PIP2.
Signals from agonist receptors (such as GPVI) trigger the production of PIP3, DAG, cAMP and elevated Ca++ levels. This leads to the activation and translocation of active Rap1-GTP to the plasma membrane. Rap-GEFs stimulate the replacement of GDP for GTP, activating Rap1. Several Rap1 GEFs have been identified enabling Rap1 to respond to diverse stimuli. CalDAG-GEFs activate Rap1 in response to calcium and DAG, downstream of Phospholipase C. EPAC (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP) GEFs are activated by binding cAMP.
Binding of IGF1 (IGF-I) or IGF2 (IGF-II) to the extracellular alpha peptides of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) triggers the activation of two major signaling pathways: the SOS-RAS-RAF-MAPK (ERK) pathway and the PI3K-PKB (AKT) pathway (recently reviewed in Pavelic et al. 2007, Chitnis et al. 2008, Maki et al. 2010, Parella et al. 2010, Annunziata et al. 2011, Siddle et al. 2012, Holzenberger 2012).
The phosphorylated type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor phosphorylates IR1, IRS2, IRS4 and possibly other IRS/DOK family members (reviewed in Pavelic et al. 2007, Chitnis et al. 2008, Maki et al. 2010, Parrella et al. 2010, Siddle et al. 2012). The phosphorylated IRS proteins serve as scaffolds that bind the effector molecules PI3K and GRB2:SOS. PI3K then activates PKB (AKT) signaling while GRB2:SOS activates RAS-RAF-MAPK signaling.
After autophosphorylation the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) binds and phosphorylates scaffold proteins, IRS1/2/4 and SHC1, which in turn bind effectors possessing enzymatic activity (recently reviewed in Pavelic et al. 2007, Chitnis et al. 2008, Maki et al. 2010, Parrella et al. 2010, and Siddle et al. 2012). IRS1/2/4 can bind both PI3K (via the p85 subunit of PI3K) and the GRB2:SOS complex. PI3K activates PKB (AKT, AKT1) signaling. GRB:SOS stimulates RAS to exchange GDP for GTP leading to activation of RAF and MAPK.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a network of macro-molecules that underlies all epithelia and endothelia and that surrounds all connective tissue cells. This matrix provides the mechanical strength and also influences the behavior and differentiation state of cells in contact with it. The ECM are diverse in composition, but they generally comprise a mixture of fibrillar proteins, polysaccharides synthesized, secreted and organized by neighboring cells. Collagens, fibronectin, and laminins are the principal components involved in cell matrix interactions; other components, such as vitronectin, thrombospondin, and osteopontin, although less abundant, are also important adhesive molecules. Integrins are the receptors that mediate cell adhesion to ECM. Integrins consists of one alpha and one beta subunit forming a noncovalently bound heterodimer. 18 alpha and 8 beta subunits have been identified in humans that combine to form 24 different receptors. The integrin dimers can be broadly divided into three families consisting of the beta1, beta2/beta7, and beta3/alphaV integrins. beta1 associates with 12 alpha-subunits and can be further divided into RGD-, collagen-, or laminin binding and the related alpha4/alpha9 integrins that recognise both matrix and vascular ligands. beta2/beta7 integrins are restricted to leukocytes and mediate cell-cell rather than cell-matrix interactions, although some recognize fibrinogen. The beta3/alphaV family members are all RGD receptors and comprise aIIbb3, an important receptor on platelets, and the remaining b-subunits, which all associate with alphaV. It is the collagen receptors and leukocyte-specific integrins that contain alpha A-domains.
Phosphorylated IGF1R binds and phosphorylates SHC1 (reviewed in Pavelic et al. 2007, Chitnis et al. 2008, Maki et al. 2010, Parrella et al. 2010, Siddle et al. 2012). Phosphorylated SHC then binds GRB:SOS, which activates RAS-RAF-MAPK signaling.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149513
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149532
Once all-trans-retinol (atROL) enters the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and before esterification takes place, atROL binds to cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (RBP1) (Folli et al. 2001). The resultant complex (RBP1:atROL) serves as a substrate for lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), the main enzyme responsible for the esterification of atROL.
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) must be taken up, either as carotenes from plants, or as retinyl esters from animal food. The most prominent carotenes are alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthine, and especially beta-carotene. After uptake they are mostly broken down to retinal. Retinyl esters are hydrolysed like other fats. In enterocytes, retinoids bind to retinol-binding protein (RBP). Transport from enterocytes to the liver happens via chylomicrons (Harrison & Hussain 2001, Harrison 2005).
All-trans-retinol esters (atREs) serve as substrates for retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65), located in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE65 hydrolyses atREs to 11-cis-retinol (11cROL), thus performing an isomerase activity as well as hydrolysis. RPE65 is membrane-bound, this being dependent on the palmitylation of the residue Cys-112 (Takahashi et al. 2009). RPE65 normally undergoes a light-dependent translocation to become more concentrated in the central region of RPE cells. This translocation requires Unconventional myosin-VIIa (MYO7A or USH1B) (Lopes et al. 2011).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149640
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109951.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149642
In enterocytes, the dominant retinol-binding protein is RBP2 (CRBPII) which is abundant and binds retinol faster than the cell membrane. So, even though lipophilic retinol can easily enter the cell membrane of bowel enterocytes, it is collected by the abundancy of RBP2 into the enterocyte cytosol where it is further processed (Inagami & Ong 1997).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149648
As long as vitamin A is needed, beta-carotene-monooxygenase (BCMO1) catalyses the cleavage of carotenes, resulting mainly in retinal (Fierce et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149647
In enterocytes, all-trans-retinal (atRAL) binds to RBP2 (CRBPII) for stabilisation, metabolism and transport (Fierce et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149646
RDH11 is the best-characterised enzyme that reduces all-trans-retinal (atRAL) to all-trans-retinol (atROL). In addition, several aldo-keto reductase (AKR) enzymes from subfamilies 1B and 1C also show all-trans-retinal (atRAL) reductase activity. AKR1B10 shows high reductase activity towards atRAL (Gallego et al. 2007, Ruiz et al. 2009) whereas AKR1C1, 1C3 and 1C4 all show much lower reductase activity towards arRAL (Ruiz et al. 2011).
All-trans-retinol (atROL) binds to cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (RBP1) (Folli et al. 2001). RBP1 is thought to be required for intracellular transport of atROL in the liver.
When the body is in a retinoid-sufficient state, all-trans-retinol (atROL) is transferred to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) for storage. The transfer was established in rat experiments (Blomhoff et al. 1982, Blomhoff et al. 1984). The mechanism of transport is as yet unknown.
All-trans-retinol (atROL) is stored in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in its esterified form. Before esterification takes place, atROL binds to cellular retinol-binding protein 1 (RBP1) (Folli et al. 2001). The resultant complex (RBP1:atROL) serves as a substrate for lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), the main enzyme responsible for the esterification of atROL. It is thought the binding of RBP1 serves to translocate atROL to the endoplasmic reticulum where LRAT is located.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99661.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149656
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149655
Critical role for Ebf1 and Ebf2 in the adipogenic transcriptional cascade
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149657
Concerted action of two cation filters in the aquaporin water channel
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172779
A yeast chromosomal origin of DNA replication defined by multiple functional elements.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172333
Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129336.5
Communication between the synapse and the nucleus in neuronal development, plasticity, and disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171082
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146433.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172335
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127935.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149520
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149522
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142608.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149526
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Overview
The myeloma-associated oncogene fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is transforming in hematopoietic cells
Magnesium transporters: properties, regulation and structure
Two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: why?
Functional expansion of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and their interacting factors: new perspectives on housekeepers
Lysosomal disorders: from storage to cellular damage
Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)
Bile salt transporters: molecular characterization, function, and regulation
Proteomic and functional analysis of Argonaute-containing mRNA-protein complexes in human cells
The visual pigment (rhodopsin in rods) consists of an 11-cis-retinal (11cRAL) chromophore covalently attached to a GPCR opsin family member via a Schiff base linkage. Upon photon absorption, 11cRAL isomerizes to all trans retinal (atRAL), changing the conformation of opsin to a form that can activate the regulatory G protein transducin (Gt). The alpha subunit of Gt activates phosphodiesterase which hydrolyses cGMP to 5'-GMP. A high level of cGMP keeps cGMP-gated cation channels open, so lower cGMP levels close these channels and hyperpolarize the cell. The hyperpolarization spreads passively to the synapse located at the opposite end of the rod, where it subsequently closes voltage-gated calcium channels. Vesicular release of the neurotransmitter glutamate subsides as the intracellular calcium levels drop. This diminution of neurotransmitter release relays the light signal to postsynaptic neurons. The events below describe activation, inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade in rods (Burns & Pugh 2010, Korenbrot 2012, Smith 2010).
Once cGMP concentration is restored to "dark" levels, it binds cooperatively to the cGMP-gated cation channel (CNG channel), inducing opening through a conformational change in the channel (open status designated as cGMP:CNG channel here) (Chen et al 1993, Dhallan et al. 1992).
To terminate the single photon response and restore the system to its basal state, the three activated intermediates in phototransduction, rhodopsin (MII), transducin alpha subunit with GTP bound (GNAT1-GTP) and phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) all need to be efficiently deactivated. In addition, the cGMP concentrations must be restored to support reopening of the CNG channels. This section describes the inactivation and recovery events of the activated intermediates involved in phototransduction (Burns & Pugh 2010, Korenbrot 2012).
The activity of guanylyl cyclases is regulated by Ca2+-binding, guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs). This regulation is the most important negative feedback mechanism triggered by Ca2+ in light. There are three GCAPs in humans; GUCA1A (Subbaraya et al. 1994), GUCA1B (Surguchov et al. 1997) and GUCA1C (Haeseleer et al. 1999). In darkness, when intracellular Ca2+ is relatively high, GCAPs suppress guanylate cyclase activity. But the light-induced fall in Ca2+ prompts Ca2+ to dissociate from GCAPs and be replaced by Mg2+, allowing the GCAPs to stimulate guanylate cyclase activity by an order of magnitude. Different GCAPs have different affinities for Ca2+. Defects in GCAP1 give rise to cone dystrophy and Lebers congenital amaurosis (https://sph.uth.edu/retnet/).
The basal, "dark" levels of cGMP are restored as part of the recovery of light response by membrane guanylyl cyclases (GUCYs). Two variants, GUCY2D (Shyjan et al. 1992) and GUCY2F (Lowe et al. 1995), mediate the synthesis of cGMP from GTP. Unlike other membrane guanylyl cyclases, the rod types are not receptors for extracellular substances. Instead, GUCYs are regulated intracellularly by guanylyl cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs), this regulation being the most important negative feedback mechanism triggered by Ca2+ in light. There are three GCAPs in humans; GUCA1A, GUCA1B and GUCA1C (Subbaraya et al. 1994, Surguchov et al. 1997, Haeseleer et al. 1999). GCAPs are Ca2+ binding proteins. When Ca2+ concentration is high (in the "dark" condition), GCAPs bind Ca2+ and inhibit GUCYs. Conversely, when Ca2+ concentration is low (as in a light response), GCAPs release Ca2+ and bind Mg2+ in its place. With Mg2+ bound, GCAPs stimulate GUCY activity by an order of magnitude. This negative feedback operates rapidly to limit the amplitude and duration of the single photon response and to dampen the effects of spontaneous PDE activations. Mutations in GUCYD can give rise to Leber's congenital amaurosis or to cone-rod dystrophy (https://sph.uth.edu/retnet/).
As cGMP is hydrolysed during the activation phase of phototransduction, its intracellular concentration decreases leading to the closure of CNG channel (the closed status is designated as CNG channel) (Dhallan et al. 1992, Chen et al. 1993). Channel closure reduces the inward flux of sodium and calcium (also known as the 'dark current') resulting in cell hyperpolarisation. Cooperative binding of cGMP to the CNG channel confers additional amplification to the phototransduction cascade (Pugh & Lamb 1993, Yau & Baylor 1989).
The photoreceptor cascade starts with light isomerization of 11-cis-retinal (11cRAL) of rhodopsin (RHO) to all-trans-retinal (atRAL), inducing a conformational change in RHO to the active, metarhodopsin II (MII) state. MII activates the G protein transducin (Gt) that in turn activates phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6). Consequently, there is a fall in the intracellular concentration of cGMP that closes cGMP-dependent cation channels (CNG channels) and hyperpolarizes the rod. This has the effect of reducing or stopping glutamate release from synaptic vesicles thus signalling to the surrounding cells how many photons were absorbed (Burns & Pugh 2010, Korenbrot 2012, Pugh & Lamb 1993).
The cGMP-gated (CNG) channels are heterotetramers of three alpha subunits (CNGA1) and one beta subunit (CNGB1). Although the subunits bear structural similarities to voltage-gated potassium channels, the rod channel is only weakly voltage sensitive (Chen et al. 1993). Opening occurs with cGMP bound and rarely occurs in the absence of cGMP (hence the closed state is designated as CNG channel and the open status is designated as cGMP:CNG channel). In darkness, cGMP concentration is relatively high and cGMP-gated cation (CNG) channels are open to allow the influx of cations into the rod outer segment. The inward current is composed mainly of Na+ ions, with lesser contributions from Ca2+ ions and Mg2+ ions (Dhallan et al. 1992). The channel is outwardly rectifying so that over physiological membrane potentials, the inward current is proportional to the number of channels open and is nearly independent of voltage. Mutations in the CNG channel subunits can cause a recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa (https://sph.uth.edu/retnet/).
Intracellular Ca2+ is extruded from the outer segment by a Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger (NCKX1 encoded by SLC24A1) (Tucker et al. 1998). Operation of the exchanger is electrogenic; 4 Na+ enter and 1 K+ exits for every Ca2+ removed for a net movement of 1 positive charge inward per duty cycle. In bright light, when all of the CNG channels are closed, the exchanger continues to remove Ca2+, reducing intracellular Ca2+ by an order of magnitude. Mutations in SLC24A1 can give rise to recessive congenital stationary night blindness (Riazuddin et al. 2010).
The retinoid cycle (also referred to as the visual cycle) is the process by which the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal (11cRAL) is released from light-activated opsins in the form all-trans-retinal and isomerized back to its 11-cis isomer ready for another photoisomerization reaction. This process involves oxidation, reduction and isomerization reactions and take place in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor segments of the eye (von Lintig 2012, Blomhoff & Blomhoff 2006, von Lintig et al. 2010, D'Ambrosio et al. 2011). This section describes the retinoid cycle in rods during dark/twilight conditions.
Protein sorting receptors in the early secretory pathway
The NPAS2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. Transcription of NPAS2 is enhanced by the RORA:Coactivator complex and repressed by the REV-ERBA:Corepressor complex.
BMAL1 (ARNTL), CLOCK, and NPAS2 are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. In humans BMAL1 has been demonstrated to form a heterodimer with CLOCK. In mouse, BMAL1 can form a heterodimer with either CLOCK or NPAS2. By analogy with other basic helix-loop-helix proteins the basic domain binds DNA, in this case the E-box motif, and the helix-loop-helix domains interact to form the heterodimer. BMAL1 and CLOCK/NPAS2 are codependently phosphorylated by unknown kinases after dimerization. The phosphorylation enhances transactivation activity and is inhibited by PER:CRY complexes. Both CLOCK and NPAS2 are expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and act redundantly there. The tissue distributions of CLOCK and NPAS2 do not entirely overlap, however. For example, NPAS2 but not CLOCK is found in forebrain.
In mouse, BMAL1, CLOCK, and NPAS2 are phosphorylated by unknown kinases. The phosphorylation is dependent on the heterodimerization of BMAL1 with CLOCK or NPAS2. Phosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 is a much stronger transactivator of gene expression than is unphosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2.
The DBP gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. As inferred from mouse, BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimers bind E-boxes in the DBP promoter and activate transcription of DBP.
Translocation after synthesis of a four-nucleotide RNA commits RNA polymerase II to promoter escape.
Visual phototransduction is the process by which photon absorption by visual pigment molecules in photoreceptor cells is converted to an electrical cellular response. The events in this process are photochemical, biochemical and electrophysiological and are highly conserved across many species. This process occurs in two types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods and cones. Each type consists of two parts, the outer segment which detects a photon signal and the inner segment which contains the necessary machinery for cell metabolism. Each type of cell functions differently. Rods are very light sensitive but their flash response is slow so they work best in twilight conditions but are not good at detecting objects moving quickly. Cones are less light-sensitive and have a fast flash response so they work best in daylight conditions and are better at detecting fast moving objects than rods. The visual pigment consists of a chromophore (11-cis-retinal, 11cRAL, A1) covalently attached to a GPCR opsin family member. The linkage is via a Schiff base forming retinylidene protein. Upon photon absorption, 11cRAL isomerises to all-trans retinal (atRAL), changing the conformation of opsin to an activated form which can activate the regulatory G protein transducin (Gt). The alpha subunit of Gt activates phosphodiesterase which hydrolyses cGMP to 5'-GMP. As high level of cGMP keep cGMP-gated sodium channels open, the lowering of cGMP levels closes these channels which causes hyperpolarization of the cell and subsequently, closure of voltage-gated calcium channels. As calcium levels drop, the level of the neurotransmitter glutamate also drops causing depolarization of the cell. This effectively relays the light signal to postsynaptic neurons as electrical signal (Burns & Pugh 2010, Korenbrot 2012, Pugh & Lamb 1993). 11cRAL cannot be synthesised in vertebrates. Vitamin A from many dietary sources is the precursor for 11cRAL. It is taken from food in the form of esters such as retinyl acetate or palmitate or one of four caretenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin). Retinoids are transported from the gut to be stored in liver, until required by target organs such as the eye (Harrison & Hussain 2001, Harrison 2005). In the eye, in the form 11cRAL, it is used in the retinoid (visual) cycle to initiate phototransduction and for visual pigment regeneration to ready the photoreceptor for the next phototransduction event (von Lintig 2012, Blomhoff & Blomhoff 2006, von Lintig et al. 2010, D'Ambrosio et al. 2011, Wang & Kefalov 2011, Kefalov 2012, Wolf 2004).
Signal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such as hormones and growth factors, or reacting to other types of stimuli, such as light. Stimulation of transmembrane receptors leads to their conformational change which propagates the signal to the intracellular environment by activating downstream signaling cascades. Depending on the cellular context, this may impact cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. On the organism level, signal transduction regulates overall growth and behavior. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) transmit extracellular signals by phosphorylating their protein partners on conserved tyrosine residues. Some of the best studied RTKs are EGFR (reviewed in Avraham and Yarden, 2011), FGFR (reviewed in Eswarakumar et al, 2005), insulin receptor (reviewed in Saltiel and Kahn, 2001), NGF (reviewed in Reichardt, 2006), PDGF (reviewed in Andrae et al, 2008) and VEGF (reviewed in Xie et al, 2004). RTKs frequently activate downstream signaling through RAF/MAP kinases (reviewed in McKay and Morrison, 2007 and Wellbrock et al 2004), AKT (reviewed in Manning and Cantley, 2007) and PLC- gamma (reviewed in Patterson et al), which ultimately results in changes in gene expression and cellular metabolism. Receptor serine/threonine kinases of the TGF-beta family, such as TGF-beta receptors (reviewed in Kang et al. 2009) and BMP receptors (reviewed in Miyazono et al. 2009), transmit extracellular signals by phosphorylating regulatory SMAD proteins on conserved serine and threonine residues. This leads to formation of complexes of regulatory SMADs and SMAD4, which translocate to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors. WNT receptors transmit their signal through beta-catenin. In the absence of ligand, beta-catenin is constitutively degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. WNT receptor stimulation releases beta-catenin from the destruction complex, allowing it to translocate to the nucleus where it acts as a transcriptional regulator (reviewed in MacDonald et al, 2009 and Angers and Moon, 2009). WNT receptors were originally classified as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although they are structurally related, GPCRs primarily transmit their signals through G-proteins, which are trimers of alpha, beta and gamma subunits. When a GPCR is activated, it acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, catalyzing GDP to GTP exchange on the G-alpha subunit of the G protein and its dissociation from the gamma-beta heterodimer. The G-alpha subunit regulates the activity of adenylate cyclase, while the gamma-beta heterodimer can activate AKT and PLC signaling (reviewed in Rosenbaum et al. 2009, Oldham and Hamm 2008, Ritter and Hall 2009). NOTCH receptors are activated by transmembrane ligands expressed on neighboring cells, which results in cleavage of NOTCH receptor and release of its intracellular domain. NOTCH intracellular domain translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor (reviewed in Kopan and Ilagan, 2009). Integrins are activated by extracellular matrix components, such as fibronectin and collagen, leading to conformational change and clustering of integrins on the cell surface. This results in activation of integrin-linked kinase and other cytosolic kinases and, in co-operation with RTK signaling, regulates survival, proliferation and cell shape and adhesion (reviewed in Hehlgans et al, 2007) . Besides inducing changes in gene expression and cellular metabolism, extracellular signals that trigger the activation of Rho GTP-ases can trigger changes in the organization of cytoskeleton, thereby regulating cell polarity and cell-cell junctions (reviewed in Citi et al, 2011).
Transcription by RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III and transcription from mitochondrial promoters.
Processing of mRNA encompasses the capping of mRNA, processing of mRNAs with and without introns, and also modification of mRNA, as in mRNA editing.
The BMAL1 (ARNTL) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. The ROR-alpha transcription factor binds the RORE element of the BMAL1 (ARNTL) promoter and activates transcription of the BMAL1 gene. The REV-ERBA transcription factor binds the same RORE element and represses transcription of the BMAL1 gene.
The CLOCK gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. Transcription of CLOCK is repressed by REV-ERBA.
Beta-TrCP1 is an F-box type component of a particular SKP/CUL/F-Box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Beta-TrCP1 interacts specifically with phosphorylated PER proteins and directs their polyubiquitination.
The ELOVL3 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
REV-ERBA binds DNA elements very similar to those bound by the transcription activator RORA. RORAREV-ERBA bound to DNA and heme recruits the corepressors NCoR and HDAC3 to repress transcription. Thus REV-ERBA and RORA appear to compete to repress or activate genes, repectively.
The PAI-1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. The PAI-1 gene shows circadian expression due to direct transcriptional activation by the BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer and the BMAL2(CLIF, ARNTL2):CLOCK heterodimer.
The PERIOD-1 (PER1) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. The promoter of the PER1 gene contains E-boxes which are bound by the BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer (and probably also the BMAL1:NPAS2 heterodimer). The BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer activates transcription of PER1.
The spindle checkpoint: structural insights into dynamic signalling
The NOCTURNIN gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. The NOCTURNIN gene shows circadian expression because the BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer binds an E-box element in the NOCTURNIN promoter and activates transcription.
As inferred from mouse, BMAL1:CLOCK and BMAL1:NPAS2 heterodimers bind to sequence elements (E boxes) in the promoters of target genes and enhance transcription (Gekakis et al. 1998, reviewed in Munoz and Baler 2003).
NR1D1 (REV-ERBA) binds heme. The REV-ERBA:heme complex is then able to recruit the corepressors NCoR and HDAC3. Corepressors do not bind REV-ERBA in the absence of heme.
The PERIOD-2 (PER2) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. The promoter of the PER2 gene contains an E-box which binds the BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer (and probably also the BMAL1:NPAS2 heterodimer). The BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer activates transcription of PER2.
The NR1D1 (REV-ERBA) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. In mouse the Rev-erba gene shows circadian expression due to transactivation by the BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer. REV-ERBA binds the promoter of its own gene and represses its own expression (Adelmont et al. 1996).
Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated by MAPK and SAPK2/p38, and may mediate activation of CREB
FGFR3-related dwarfism and cell signaling
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4
Active breakpoint cluster region-related protein
Characterization of human PLD2 and the analysis of PLD isoform splice variants
T cell receptor (TCR) interacting molecule (TRIM), a novel disulfide-linked dimer associated with the TCR-CD3-zeta complex, recruits intracellular signaling proteins to the plasma membrane
Cloning and characterization of the human phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-beta 1 (PLC beta 1)
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-dependent Golgi unlinking occurs in G2 phase and promotes the G2/M cell cycle transition
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 9
Triple functional domain protein ecNumber2.7.11.1/ecNumber
Beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids by human fibroblasts: evidence for a novel long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase.
Neurotransmitter Receptor Binding And Downstream Transmission In The Postsynaptic Cell
Munc18-1 binds directly to the neuronal SNARE complex
T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 2
TSC2 is phosphorylated and inhibited by Akt and suppresses mTOR signalling
Akt regulates growth by directly phosphorylating Tsc2
(IscS-IscU)2 complex structures provide insights into Fe2S2 biogenesis and transfer
Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of cDNA encoding human trehalase
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
UNC5H1 induces apoptosis via its juxtamembrane region through an interaction with NRAGE
Blockage of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors suppresses migration and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells
Cell cycling through Cdc25A: transducer of cytokine proliferative signals
Polyamines: metabolism and implications in human diseases
Translocation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides across the ER membrane requires Rft1 protein
MHC II and the endocytic pathway: regulation by invariant chain
Roles of replication fork-interacting and Chk1-activating domains from Claspin in a DNA replication checkpoint response
Genetics of childhood disorders: LII. Learning and memory, part 5: human cognitive disorders and the ras/ERK/CREB pathway
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:873-6
FUNCTION Involved in axon outgrowth and myoblast fusion. Plays a role in regulating dorsal closure during embryogenesis.SUBUNIT Interacts with Sra-1. Interacts (via REM 1 repeats) with Pkn (via N-terminus).SIMILARITY Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rho family.
Induction of photosensitivity by heterologous expression of melanopsin
RNA editing by base deamination: more enzymes, more targets, new mysteries.
A GRASP55-rab2 effector complex linking Golgi structure to membrane traffic
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and athero-sclerosis
Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 5:513-23
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 1 AGC-kinase C-terminal domain.
Enzymatic synthesis and properties of 5-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
Mechanisms of type-I- and type-II-interferon-mediated signalling
The role of PACT in the RNA silencing pathway
Identification and molecular characterization of acyl-CoA synthetase in human erythrocytes and erythroid precursors
The LDL receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: mutational analysis of a membrane protein
TAZ promotes cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is inhibited by the hippo pathway
Diacylglycerol, when simplicity becomes complex
Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR1
New insights into the regulation of T cells by gamma(c) family cytokines
B cell lymphoma 10 is essential for FcepsilonR-mediated degranulation and IL-6 production in mast cells
Isoleucylation properties of native human mitochondrial tRNAIle and tRNAIle transcripts. Implications for cardiomyopathy-related point mutations (4269, 4317) in the tRNAIle gene
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124809.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168057
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159889.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175836
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137164.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22899.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175724
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132832.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=742361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169988
Structure and physiologic function of the low-density lipoprotein receptor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170013
Membrane Ig cross-linking regulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in B lymphocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170006
Structure of a high-resolution crystal form of human triosephosphate isomerase: improvement of crystals using the gel-tube method
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 61:346-9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170009
Significance of the N-terminal histidine-rich region for the function of the human toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain
Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170054
Control of cell number by Drosophila FOXO: downstream and feedback regulation of the insulin receptor pathway.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170040
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform
A single enzyme catalyzes both platelet-activating factor production and membrane biogenesis of inflammatory cells. Cloning and characterization of acetyl-CoA:LYSO-PAF acetyltransferase
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 6 ecNumber3.1.3.16/ecNumber ecNumber3.1.3.48/ecNumber
Cyclic-AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1
Activation domains from both monomers contribute to transcriptional stimulation by sterol regulatory element-binding protein dimers
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165104
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (EC 2.7.1.-) (Extracellular signal- regulated kinase 2) (ERK-2) (Mitogen-activated protein kinase 2) (MAP kinase 2) (MAPK 2) (p42-MAPK) (ERT1)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142744.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165113
Stable binding of ATF6 to BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response
Plasma membrane adapto AP-2 17 kDa protein
Adaptor protein complex AP-2 subunit sigma
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165100
Cell cycle regulation of CDK2 activity by phosphorylation of Thr160 and Tyr15
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165065
Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase: characterization, molecular cloning, and evidence for two isoforms
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165062
Characterization of the human prolyl 4-hydroxylases that modify the hypoxia-inducible factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165078
The biology of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165044
Cross-talk between the endocytic pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum in cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165055
Targeting of nitric oxide synthase to endothelial cell caveolae via palmitoylation: implications for nitric oxide signaling
Error-prone DNA polymerases: novel structures and the benefits of infidelity.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165021
Concerted evolution of human amylase genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165035
NMD: RNA biology meets human genetic medicine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166038
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29683.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166041
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153348.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175772
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146780.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137442.5
Structural biology of shared cytokine receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175618
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91125.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175642
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30606.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175643
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29710.10
Proline to arginine mutations in FGF receptors 1 and 3 result in Pfeiffer and Muenke craniosynostosis syndromes through enhancement of FGF binding affinity
Structure/function relationships responsible for coenzyme specificity and the isomerase activity of human type 1 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase
Mutational analysis of the hormone-sensitive lipase translocation reaction in adipocytes
Three enzymatic activities catalyze the oxidation of sulfide to thiosulfate in mammalian and invertebrate mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170205
Nephrin and CD2AP associate with phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase and stimulate AKT-dependent signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170244
Mutations in the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT10 alter angiogenesis and cause arterial tortuosity syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170231
Mitotic checkpoint proteins HsMAD1 and HsMAD2 are associated with nuclear pore complexes in interphase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170222
NOD-like receptors: role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170060
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142278.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170189
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170056
The gamma-secretase complex: machinery for intramembrane proteolysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170203
Phosphorylation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) regulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase docking and RSK activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170088
Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) large adaptins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170062
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141633.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170076
Cloning of the human MCCA and MCCB genes and mutations therein reveal the molecular cause of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA: carboxylase deficiency.
Mutations in PMM2, a phosphomannomutase gene on chromosome 16p13, in carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein type I syndrome (Jaeken syndrome)
Structure, function, and formation of biological iron-sulfur clusters
NOD-LRR proteins: role in host-microbial interactions and inflammatory disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170116
RNA Polymerase III Abortive And Retractive Initiation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170112
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1889970
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123437.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170240
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132181.5
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 16
Complete amino acid sequence of human phosphoglycerate kinase. Cyanogen bromide peptides and complete amino acid sequence.
Regulation of Commissural axon pathfinding by Slit and Robo
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166086
Crystal structure of Homo sapiens protein LOC79017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166093
Isolation and characterization of a hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase from rat kidney mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166112
Ectopic expression of Cdc25A accelerates the G(1)/S transition and leads to premature activation of cyclin E- and cyclin A-dependent kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140801.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175799
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127650.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166043
The proto-oncogene product c-Cbl becomes tyrosine phosphorylated by stimulation with GM-CSF or Epo and constitutively binds to the SH3 domain of Grb2/Ash in human hematopoietic cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166084
Localization of a thrombin-binding site on human platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib determined by a monoclonal antibody
Class IA PI3K is a heterodimer of a p85 regulatory subunit (encoded by PIK3R1, PIK3R2 or PIK3R3) and a p110 catalytic subunit (encoded by PIK3CA, PIK3CB or PIK3CD). In the absence of activating signals, the regulatory subunit stabilizes the catalytic subunit while inhibiting its activity. The complex becomes activated when extracellular signals stimulate the phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane receptors or receptor-associated proteins. The p85 regulatory subunit binds phosphorylated motifs of activator proteins, which induces a conformational change that relieves p85-mediated inhibition of the p110 catalytic subunit and enables PI3K to phosphorylate PIP2 to form PIP3. The phosphoinositide kinase activity of PI3K is opposed by the phosphoinositide phosphatase activity of PTEN. PIP3 acts as a messenger that recruits PDPK1 (PDK1) and AKT (AKT1, AKT2 or AKT3) to the plasma membrane. PDPK1 also possesses a low affinity for PIP2, so small amounts of PDPK1 are always present at the membrane. Binding of AKT to PIP3 induces a conformational change that enables TORC2 complex to phosphorylate AKT at a conserved serine residue (S473 in AKT1). Phosphorylation at the serine residue enables AKT to bind to PDPK1 and exposes a conserved threonine residue (T308) that is phosphorylated by PDPK1. AKT phosphorylated at both serine and threonine residues dissociates from the plasma membrane and acts as a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates a number of cytosolic and nuclear targets involved in regulation of cell metabolism, survival and gene expression. For a recent review, please refer to Manning and Cantley, 2007. Signaling by PI3K/AKT is frequently constitutively activated in cancer. This activation can be via gain-of-function mutations in PI3KCA (encoding catalytic subunit p110alpha), PIK3R1 (encoding regulatory subunit p85alpha) and AKT1. The PI3K/AKT pathway can also be constitutively activated by loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN. Gain-of-function mutations activate PI3K signaling by diverse mechanisms. Mutations affecting the helical domain of PIK3CA and mutations affecting nSH2 and iSH2 domains of PIK3R1 impair inhibitory interactions between these two subunits while preserving their association. Mutations in the catalytic domain of PIK3CA enable the kinase to achieve an active conformation. PI3K complexes with gain-of-function mutations therefore produce PIP3 and activate downstream AKT in the absence of growth factors (Huang et al. 2007, Zhao et al. 2005, Miled et al. 2007, Horn et al. 2008, Sun et al. 2010, Jaiswal et al. 2009, Zhao and Vogt 2010, Urick et al. 2011). While AKT1 gene copy number, expression level and phosphorylation are often increased in cancer, only one low frequency point mutation has been repeatedly reported in cancer and functionally studied. This mutation represents a substitution of a glutamic acid residue with lysine at position 17 of AKT1, and acts by enabling AKT1 to bind PIP2. PIP2-bound AKT1 is phosphorylated by TORC2 complex and by PDPK1 that is always present at the plasma membrane, due to low affinity for PIP2. Therefore, E17K substitution abrogates the need for PI3K in AKT1 activation (Carpten et al. 2007, Landgraf et al. 2008). Loss-of-function mutations affecting the phosphatase domain of PTEN are frequently found in sporadic cancers (Kong et al. 1997, Lee et al. 1999, Han et al. 2000), as well as in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes (PHTS) (Marsh et al. 1998). PTEN can also be inactivated by gene deletion or epigenetic silencing, or indirectly by overexpression of microRNAs that target PTEN mRNA (Huse et al. 2009). Cells with deficient PTEN function have increased levels of PIP3, and therefore increased AKT activity. For a recent review, please refer to Hollander et al. 2011. Because of their clear involvement in human cancers, PI3K and AKT are targets of considerable interest in the development of small molecule inhibitors. Although none of the currently available inhibitors display preference for mutant variants of PIK3CA or AKT, several inhibitors targeting the wild-type kinases are undergoing clinical trials. These include dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, class I PI3K inhibitors, pan-PI3K inhibitors, and pan-AKT inhibitors. While none have yet been approved for clinical use, these agents show promise for future therapeutics. In addition, isoform-specific PI3K and AKT inhibitors are currently being developed, and may provide more specific treatments along with reduced side-effects. For a recent review, please refer to Liu et al. 2009.
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) mutant, which results from fusion of NOTCH1 intron 24 with the promoter of T-cell receptor TCRB, lacks extracellular EGF repeats involved in ligand binding and is not able to bind to JAG2 (Ellisen et al. 1991).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168504
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) translocation mutant is susceptible to ADAM10/17-mediated cleavage in the absence of ligand binding (Ellisen et al. 1991).
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) mutant is expressed in a small subset of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients. This mutant protein results from a translocation that joins a portion of intron 24 of the NOTCH1 gene to the promoter sequence of T-cell receptor beta (TCRB), leading to overexpression of a truncated NOTCH1 protein in T-cells and their precursors. The truncated NOTCH1 contains amino acids 1580 to 2555 of the wild-type NOTCH1, lacking almost the entire extracellular domain, including EGF and LIN12 repeats (Ellisen et al. 1991). As EGF repeats are needed for NOTCH1 interaction with its ligands (DLL1, DLL4, JAG1, JAG2), the mutant NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) does not bind a ligand. The constitutive activity of NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) is based on its constitutive proteolytic processing into NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD1) by ADAM10/17 protease and gamma-secretase complex, as proteolytic cleavage sites are exposed in the absence of ligand binding in the mutant protein. Constitutively produced NICD1 accumulates in the nucleus, leading to aberrant activation of NOTCH1 target genes which play important roles in the development of T lymphocytes (Washburn et al. 1997. Radtke et al. 1999, Maillard et al. 2004, Sambandam et al. 2005, Tan et al. 2005). Infection of bone marrow cells with recombinant retroviruses that code for truncated NOTCH1 that resembles t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) resulted in T-ALL-like illness in a portion of mice that received the infected bone-marrow transplant, with all tumors overexpressing truncated forms of NOTCH1 (Pear et al. 1996).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168503
Human NOTCH1 was cloned as a chromosome 9 gene, translocated to the T-cell beta receptor (TCBR) promoter on chromosome 7 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (Ellisen et al. 1991). The translocated gene was found to be homologous to Drosophila Notch, and was initially named TAN-1 (translocation-associated Notch homolog). Although the translocation t(7;9)(q34;q34.3) is present in a small percentage of T-ALL patients, the mutant protein is highly oncogenic and its overexpression causes T-ALL-like illness in mice (Pear et al. 1996).
This pathway describes how normal signaling by PI3K/AKT, presented in the contained module 'PIP3 Activates AKT Signaling' and recently reviewed by Manning and Cantley in 2007, is perturbed in cancer, as described in the contained module 'Constitutive Signaling by PI3K/AKT'. Please refer to Liu et al. 2009 and Hollander et al. 2011 for recent reviews.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168506
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) mutant, which results from fusion of NOTCH1 intron 24 with the promoter of T-cell receptor TCRB, lacks extracellular EGF repeats involved in ligand binding and is not able to bind DLL1 (Ellisen et al. 1991).
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) mutant, which results from fusion of NOTCH1 intron 24 with the promoter of T-cell receptor TCRB, lacks extracellular EGF repeats involved in ligand binding and is not able to bind to DLL4 (Ellisen et al. 1991).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125341.1
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) mutant, which results from fusion of NOTCH1 intron 24 with the promoter of T-cell receptor TCRB, lacks extracellular EGF repeats involved in ligand binding and is not able to bind JAG1 (Ellisen et al. 1991).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806290
AKT inhibitors bind AKT and prevent its association with the membrane, thereby blocking AKT activation (Kondapaka et al. 2003, Yap et al. 2011, Berndt et al. 2010). AKT inhibitors annotated here target all AKT isoforms (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3). None of the annotated inhibitors are AKT E17K mutant specific and none of them have been approved for clinical use. For a recent review, please refer to Liu et al. 2009.
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant is expected to phosphorylate NR4A1, like the wild-type AKT (Pekarsky et al. 2001), but this has not been experimentally tested.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168505
It has not been directly demonstrated that DLL4 binds to and activates NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, but NOTCH1 HD domain mutants are expected to respond to DLL4 like they respond to DLL1 (Malecki et al. 2006).
It has not been directly shown that JAG1 binds to and activates NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, but NOTCH1 HD mutants are expected to respond to JAG1 like they respond to DLL1 (Malecki et al. 2006).
NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants are expected to bind to DLL4 ligand in an identical fashion to wild-type NOTCH1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168533
NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants are expected to bind to JAG1 ligand in an identical fashion to wild-type NOTCH1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168521
Expression of Gs alpha in Escherichia coli. Purification and properties of two forms of the protein
NOTCH1 heterodimerization domain mutations are frequently found in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (Weng et al. 2004) and result in constitutive activity of NOTCH1 mutants (Malecki et al. 2006).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139521.5
NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants are expected to bind to DLL1 ligand in an identical fashion to wild-type NOTCH1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168551
Mechanism of the nucleotide exchange reaction in eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation. Characterization of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor as a GTP-binding protein.
Dicer is dispensable for asymmetric RISC loading in mammals
When the gamma-secretase complex is inhibited, the transmembrane fragment of NOTCH1 HD domain mutants that corresponds in size to ADAM10/17 cleavage product NEXT1 accumulates in treated cells. This serves as indirect evidence of cleavage of NOTCH1 heterodimerization domain mutants by ADAM10/17 metalloprotease(s). Importantly, in the case of NOTCH1 HD domain mutants, NEXT1 fragment, as well as the gamma-secretase cleavage product NICD1, are detectable in the absence of DLL/JAG ligand binding. Therefore, NOTCH1 HD domain mutants, although capable of and responsive to ligand binding, are constitutively active because of S2 site cleavage by ADAM10/17 in the absence of ligand. The constitutive S2 site cleavage of NOTCH1 HD domain mutants could be due to their altered conformation or due to increased rate of spontaneous dissociation of NOTCH1 extracellular and transmembrane subunits (Malecki et al. 2006). Both of these scenarios could make the S2 site constitutively accessible to ADAM10/17, but the exact mechanism has not been established.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168520
The heterodimerization (HD) domain of NOTCH1, responsible for association of NOTCH1 extracellular and transmembrane regions after furin-mediated cleavage of NOTCH1 precursor, is one of the hotspots for gain-of-function NOTCH1 mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (Weng et al. 2004). NOTCH1 HD domain mutants are responsive to ligand binding, but the activation (through cleavage of S2 and S3 sites and release of the intracellular domain NICD1) also happens spontaneously, in the absence of DLL and JAG ligands (Malecki et al. 2006). The following NOTCH1 HD domain mutants were directly functionally studied by Malecki et al.: NOTCH1 V1576E, NOTCH1 F1592S, NOTCH1 L1593P, NOTCH1 L1596H, NOTCH1 R1598P, NOTCH1 I1616N, NOTCH1 I1616T, NOTCH1 V1676D, NOTCH1 L1678P, NOTCH1 I1680N, NOTCH1 A1701P and NOTCH1 I1718T; other frequent NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (NOTCH1 L1574P, NOTCH1 L1574Q and NOTCH1 L1600P) are assumed to behave in a similar way.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168519
It has not been directly demonstrated that JAG2 binds to and activates NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, but NOTCH1 HD domain mutants are expected to respond to JAG2 like they respond to DLL1 (Malecki et al. 2006).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121450.1
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 HD domain mutants has not been investigated but is assumed to occur based on the behavior of the wild-type NOTCH1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1604564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168615
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135822.5
DLL1 binds to NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, thereby activating them and stimulating signaling (Malecki et al. 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168524
NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants are expected to bind to JAG2 ligand in an identical fashion to wild-type NOTCH1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168523
Molecular cloning of PEPT 2, a new member of the H+/peptide cotransporter family, from human kidney
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants has not been investigated but is assumed to occur based on the behavior of the wild-type NOTCH1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168522
After NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants bind a DLL (DLL1 or DLL4) or JAG ligand (JAG1 or JAG2) in trans, they are expected to be cleaved by ADAM10 or ADAM17 metalloproteases, like the wild-type ligand-bound NOTCH1, to produce NEXT1 PEST domain mutant fragments.
NEXT1 PEST domain mutant fragments are expected to be cleaved by the gamma-secretase complex at the S3 site in a similar manner to wild-type NEXT1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168529
Cytosolic NICD1 PEST domain mutants are expected to translocate to the nucleus in an identical manner to wild-type NICD1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168527
MAML is expected to recruit CDK8 to NICD1 PEST domain mutants like it recruits CDK8 to wild-type NICD1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168526
As binding of WD40 repeats of FBXW7 requires conserved phosphodegron in the PEST domain of NICD1, especially phosphorylation of threonine residue T2511 and serine residue S2513, FBXW7 cannot bind NICD1 PEST domain mutants which lack the conserved phosphodegron due to truncation of the PEST domain, or are not phosphorylated on conserved threonine and serine residues due to point mutations. Inability to bind FBXW7 and undergo FBXW7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation prolongs the half-life of NICD1 PEST domain mutants and results in persistent NOTCH1 signaling (O'Neil et al. 2007, Thompson et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168525
As NOTCH1 PEST domain is intracellular, NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants are expected to behave as the wild-type NOTCH1 with respect to ligand binding and proteolytic cleavage mediated activation of signaling. However, once the NICD1 fragment of NOTCH1 is released, PEST domain mutations prolong its half-life and transcriptional activity through interference with FBXW7 (FBW7)-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NICD1 (Weng et al. 2004, Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007). All NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants annotated here (NOTCH1 Q2395*, NOTCH1 Q2440*, NOTCH1 P2474Afs*4 and NOTCH1 P2514Rfs*4) either have a truncated PEST domain or lack the PEST domain completely.
NOTCH1 PEST domain mutations are frequently found in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). PEST domain mutations interfere with ubiquitination-mediated NOTCH1 downregulation and result in prolonged half-life of the intracellular NOTCH1 fragment, NICD1, and increased NICD1 transcriptional activity (Weng et al. 2004, Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123549.1
NOTCH1 in cis HD and PEST domain mutants are expected to bind DLL1 ligand, just like NOTCH1 HD mutants alone (Malecki et al. 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806165
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142428.5
Regulation of phagocytosis by Rho GTPases
It has not been directly demonstrated that JAG2 binds to and activates NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, but NOTCH1 HD domain mutants and in cis HD and PEST domain mutants of NOTCH1 are expected to respond to JAG2 like NOTCH1 HD domain mutants response to DLL1 (Malecki et al. 2006).
Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 HD+PEST domain mutants has not been investigated but is assumed to occur based on the behavior of the wild-type NOTCH1.
Regulation of the Fanconi anemia pathway
It has not been directly demonstrated that DLL4 binds to and activates NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, but NOTCH1 HD domain mutants and in cis HD and PEST domain mutants of NOTCH1 are expected to respond to DLL4 like NOTCH1 HD domain mutants respond to DLL1 (Malecki et al. 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168502
It has not been directly shown that JAG1 binds to and activates NOTCH1 HD (heterodimerization) domain mutants, but NOTCH1 HD mutants and in cis HD and PEST domain NOTCH1 mutants are expected to respond to JAG1 like NOTCH1 HD domain mutants respond to DLL1 (Malecki et al. 2006).
Mutations in the heterodimerization domain (HD) and PEST domain of NOTCH1 are frequently found in cis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. While HD mutations alone result in up to ~10-fold increase in NOTCH1 transcriptional activity and PEST domain mutations alone result in up to ~2-fold increase in NOTCH1 transcriptional activity, in cis mutations of HD and PEST domains act synergistically, increasing NOTCH1 transcriptional activity up to ~40-fold (Weng et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168509
FBXW7 (FBW7) mutations are found in ~20% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples. Although a homozygous FBXW7 deletion has been reported, mutations found in FBXW7 are predominantly dominant negative missense mutations that target one of the three highly conserved arginine residues in the WD repeats of FBXW7 (arginines at positions 465, 479 and 505 in the alpha isoform of FBXW7 i.e. positions 347, 361 and 387 in the gamma isoform of FBXW7, as seen in FBXW7alpha R465C i.e. FBXW7gamma R347C, FBXW7alpha R465H i.e. FBXW7gamma R347H, FBXW7alpha R479Q i.e. FBXW7gamma R361Q, FBXW7alpha R505C i.e. FBXW7gamma R387C, and FBXW7alpha R505L i.e. FBXW7gamma R387L). These three arginine residues are part of the FBXW7 substrate binding pocket and each one of them contacts the phosphorylated threonine residue in the conserved substrate phosphodegron region (Orlicky et al. 2003). FBXW7 mutations are mutually exclusive with NOTCH1 PEST domain mutations (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007). Besides targeting NICD1 for degradation, FBXW7 also binds and promotes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of MYC (Welcker et al. 2004a, Welcker et al. 2004b), a direct NOTCH1 target, as well as cyclin E (Koepp et al. 2001) and JUN (Wei et al. 2005). T-ALL cell lines with FBXW7 mutations are resistant to gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007), and in T-ALL patient samples FBXW7 mutations are more frequently detected at relapse than at primary diagnosis (Thompson et al. 2007). The resistance to GSIs in FBXW7 mutant T-ALL cells may be due to sustained MYC activity (Thomspon et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168507
NOTCH1 HD domain mutants are cleaved at S2 and S3 sites to produce NEXT1 and NICD1 fragments, respectively, in the absence of DLL/JAG ligand binding, although they are responsive to DLL/JAG ligands. NOTCH1 mutants containing in cis mutations in the HD and PEST domains are expected to be constitutively cleaved at the S2 site by ADAM10/17, like NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (Malecki et al. 2006), resulting in release of NEXT1 PEST domain mutant fragments.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168576
When found in cis, HD and PEST domain mutations act synergistically, increasing NOTCH1 transcriptional activity up to ~40-fold, compared with up to ~10-fold and up to ~2-fold increase with HD mutations alone and PEST domain mutations alone, respectively (Weng et al. 2004). HD domain mutations enable spontaneous, ligand-independent, proteolytic release of the NICD1 fragment, although mutants remain responsive to ligand binding (Malecki et al. 2006), while PEST domain mutations prolong NICD1 half-life and transcriptional activity through interference with FBXW7 (FBW7)-mediated ubiquitination and degradation (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007). NOTCH1 HD+PEST domain mutants annotated here are NOTCH1 L1600P;P2514Rfs*4, NOTCH1 L1600P;Q2440*, NOTCH1 L1600P;Q2395* and NOTCH1 L1574P;P2474Afs*4.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137513.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136289.5
Loss of function mutations found in FBXW7 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are predominantly dominant negative missense mutations that target one of the three highly conserved arginine residues in the WD repeats of FBXW7 (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007). These three arginine residues are part of the FBXW7 substrate binding pocket and each one of them contacts the phosphorylated threonine residue in the conserved substrate phosphodegron region (Orlicky et al. 2003). Specifically, FBXW7 interacts with the PEST domain of NOTCH1 upon phosphorylation of the PEST domain by CDK8 (Fryer et al. 2004). FBXW7 mutants are therefore unable to bind and promote ubiquitination of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD1), leading to prolonged NICD1 transcriptional activity (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124713.1
FBXW7 (FBW7) is a component of the SCF (SKP1, CUL1, and F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex SCF-FBW7 which is involved in the degradation of NOTCH1 (Oberg et al. 2001, Wu et al. 2001, Fryer et al. 2004). Loss of function mutations in FBXW7 are frequently found in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Akhoondi et al. 2007, Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007) and are mutually exclusive with NOTCH1 PEST domain mutations (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806230
25(R) 3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168620
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147086.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168613
Phosphatidylethanolamine is the donor of the phosphorylethanolamine linked to the alpha1,4-linked mannose of yeast GPI structures
25(R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150814
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150812
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121538.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168494
Receptor specificity of the fibroblast growth factor family
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127176.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143639.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150808
Thrombin and lysophosphatidic acid receptors utilize distinct rhoGEFs in prostate cancer cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168513
Mechanism of endosomal TLR inhibition by antimalarial drugs and imidazoquinolines
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168517
Cloning, expression, and characterization of a human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase encoded by the itpa gene
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant is expected to phosphorylate CHUK (IKKalpha), like the wild-type AKT (Ozes et al. 1999), but this has not been experimentally tested.
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant is expected to phosphorylate TSC2 and inhibit it, like the wild-type AKT (Inoki et al. 2002, Manning et al. 2002), but this has not been experimentally tested.
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant preserves the ability to phosphorylate GSK3 (Malanga et al. 2008). AKT-mediated phosphorylation inactivates GSK3 and enables WNT-independent stabilization of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) (Haq et al. 2003). AKT-mediated inactivation of GSK3 also triggers changes in glucose metabolism (Ueki et al. 1997).
PIP2-bound AKT1 E17K mutant is constitutively phosphorylated on threonine residue T308 (Carpten et al. 2007, Landgraf et al. 2008), presumably by PIP2-bound PDPK1 (Currie et al. 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150816
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant is expected to phosphorylate ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2, like the wild-type AKT (Koh et al. 1999), but this has not been experimentally tested.
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant is expected to phosphorylate CREB1, like the wild-type AKT (Du et al. 1998), but this has not been experimentally tested.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150818
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant phosphorylates FOXO3 (Carpten et al. 2007), and is expected to phosphorylate other forkhead box transcription factor family members, FOXO1 and FOXO4, like the wild-type AKT (Brunet et al. 1999, Rena et al. 1999, Matsuzaki et al. 2005), but this has not been experimentally tested.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150819
AKT1 E17K gain-of-function mutant is expected to translocate to the nucleus, like the wild-type AKT (Borgatti et al. 2003), but this has not been directly experimentally tested.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168531
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: a metabolic signaling enzyme.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150805
5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150807
Characterization of the advanced glycation end-product receptor complex in human vascular endothelial cells
Platelet activation begins with the initial binding of adhesive ligands and of the excitatory platelet agonists (released or generated at the sites of vascular trauma) to cognate receptors on the platelet membrane (Ruggeri 2002). Intracellular signaling reactions then enhance the adhesive and procoagulant properties of tethered platelets or of platelets circulating in the proximity. Once platelets have adhered they degranulate, releasing stored secondary agents such as ADP, ATP, and synthesize thromboxane A2. These amplify the response, activating and recruiting further platelets to the area and promoting platelet aggregation. These amplify the response, activating and recruiting further platelets to the area and promoting platelet aggregation. Adenosine nucleotides signal through P2 purinergic receptors on the platelet membrane. ADP activates P2Y1 and P2Y12, which signal via both the alpha and gamma:beta components of the heterotrimeric G-protein (Hirsch et al. 2001, 2006), while ATP activates the ionotropic P2X1 receptor (Kunapuli et al. 2003). Activation of these receptors initiates a complex signaling cascade that ultimately results in platelet activation, aggregation and thrombus formation (Kahner et al. 2006). Integrin AlphaIIbBeta3 is the most abundant platelet receptor, with 40 000 to 80 000 copies per resting platelet, acting as a major receptor for fibrinogen and other adhesive molecules (Wagner et al. 1996). Activation of AlphaIIbBeta3 enhances adhesion and leads to platelet-platelet interactions, and thus aggregation (Philips et al. 1991). GP VI is the most potent collagen receptor initiating signal generation, an ability derived from its interaction with the FcRI gamma chain. This results in the phosphorylation of the gamma-chain by non-receptor tyrosine kinases of the Src family (1). The phosphotyrosine motif is recognized by the SH2 domains of Syk, a tyrosine kinase. This association activates the Syk enzyme, leading to activation (by tyrosine phosphorylation) of PLC gamma2 (2). Thrombin is an important platelet agonist generated on the membrane of stimulated platelets. Thrombin acts via cell surface Protease Activated Receptors (PARs). PARs are G-protein coupled receptors activated by a proteolytic cleavage in an extracellular loop (Vu, 1991) (3). Activated PARs signal via G alpha q (4) and via the beta:gamma component of the G-protein (5). Both stimulate PLC giving rise to PIP2 hydrolysis and consequent activation of PI3K (6). PLCgamma2 activation also gives rise to IP3 (7) which stimulates the IP3 receptor (8) leading to increased intracellular calcium. Platelet activation further results in the scramblase-mediated transport of negatively-charged phospholipids to the platelet surface. These phospholipids provide a catalytic surface (with the charge provided by phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine) for the tenase complex (formed by the activated forms of the blood coagulation factors factor VIII and factor I).
Basigin is a widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the Ig superfamily and is highly enriched on the surface of epithelial cells. Basigin is involved in intercellular interactions involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, but a major function of basigin is stimulation of synthesis of several matrix metalloproteinases. Basigin also induces angiogenesis via stimulation of VEGF production. Basigin has an extracellular region with two Ig-like domains of which the N-term Ig-like domain is involved in interactions. It undergoes interactions between basigin molecules on opposing cells or on neighbouring cells. It also interacts with a variety of other proteins like caveolin-1, cyclophilins, integrins and annexin II that play important roles in cell proliferation, energy metabolism, migration, adhesion and motion, especially in cancer metastasis.
Leukocyte extravasation is a rigorously controlled process that guides white cell movement from the vascular lumen to sites of tissue inflammation. The powerful adhesive interactions that are required for leukocytes to withstand local flow at the vessel wall is a multistep process mediated by different adhesion molecules. Platelets adhered to injured vessel walls form strong adhesive substrates for leukocytes. For instance, the initial tethering and rolling of leukocytes over the site of injury are mediated by reversible binding of selectins to their cognate cell-surface glycoconjugates. Endothelial cells are tightly connected through various proteins, which regulate the organization of the junctional complex and bind to cytoskeletal proteins or cytoplasmic interaction partners that allow the transfer of intracellular signals. An important role for these junctional proteins in governing the transendothelial migration of leukocytes under normal or inflammatory conditions has been established. This pathway describes some of the key interactions that assist in the process of platelet and leukocyte interaction with the endothelium, in response to injury.
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) MCT1, MCT3, and MCT4 form heterodimeric complexes with the cell surface glycoprotein CD147 and exhibit tissue-specific polarized distributions that are essential for maintaining lactate and pH homeostasis.
CD97hc is a multifunctional glycoprotein with a single transmembrane domain, is highly expressed on proliferating cells, and functions as a chaperone for transporters. CD98hc forms disulfide-bonded heterodimers with at least seven different light chains (SLC7A5-11) that serve as amino acid transporters. Covalent cross-linking, mass spectrometric protein identification, and co-immunoprecipitation shows selective CD147 association with CD98hc complex.
Cyclophilin A (CyPA)1 is an intracellular protein belonging to the immunophilin family and is recognized as the major target for the potent immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. CD147 is the natural cell surface receptor for CyPA. It is demonstrated that CD147 is an essential component in the CyPA-initiated signaling cascade that culminates in ERK activation.
Based on in vitro affinity chromatography study, basigin was found to bind to high mannose-carrying cell recognition molecules, such as myelin-associated glycoprotein, L1 and the beta2-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase.
Basigin serves as a signaling receptor for extracellular cyclophilins. Its been reported that cyclophilin 60 (Cyp60), a distinct member of the cyclophilin family is involved in the regulation of intracellular transport of basigin. The mechanism of this activity involves interaction of Cyp60 with the proline-containing region within or adjacent to the predicted transmembrane domain basigin. Cyp60 is co-localized with basigin at the plasma membrane suggesting that Cyp60 may function as a chaperone escorting basigin through the secretory pathway.
Basigin (Bsg) is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein belonging to the Ig superfamily with two Ig domains. Bsg forms homo-oligomers on the plasma membrane in a cis-dependent manner. The N-terminal Ig-like domain is functionally important in oligomer formation.
Protein kinase A (PKA) refers to a family of multimeric enzyme complexes whose activity is dependent on the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP), hence PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.11). PKA has several functions in the cell, including regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism. PKA is a holoenzyme complex consisting of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. When cAMP levela are low the holoenzyme remains intact and is inactive. When the concentration of cAMP rises (e.g. as a result of adenylate cyclase activation by G protein-coupled receptors coupled to Gs, or inhibition of phosphodiesterases that degrade cAMP) cAMP binds to two binding sites on the regulatory subunits, leading to the release and activation of the catalytic subunits. The regulatory subunits of PKA are also important for localizing the kinase inside the cell. A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) bind to the regulatory subunits and to cytoskeletal structures or membranes, anchoring the enzyme complex to a particular subcellular compartment. Dual-specificity A kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAP1/D-AKAP1) and (AKAP10/D-AKAP2) interact with the type I and type II regulatory subunits of PKA (Huang et al. 1997). AKAP10 additionally has two regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domains, giving it the potential to coordinate a signaling complex that links cAMP signaling with G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling (Burns-Hamuro et al. 2004).
Structural basis for the high all-trans-retinaldehyde reductase activity of the tumor marker AKR1B10
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:20764-9
N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-[alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide [ChEBI:51013]
(Gal)1 (GalNAc)1 (Glc)1 (Neu5Ac)1 (Cer)1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143720.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806221
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123497.1
Severe impairment of interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signalling in mice lacking IRAK-4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168647
Nitric Oxide (NO) inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, and platelet aggregation and adhesion. It can stimulate vasodilatation of the endothelium, disaggregation of Â preformed platelet aggregates and inhibits activated platelet recruitment to the aggregate. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by a family of isoformic enzymes known as nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Three isoforms, namely endothelial, neuronal, and inducible NOS (eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS, respectively), have been identified. The eNOS isoform is found in the endothelium and platelets. NO regulation of cyclic guanosine-3,5-monophosphate (cGMP), via activation of soluble guanylate cyclase, is the principal mechanism of negative control over platelet activity. Defects in this control mechanism have been associated with platelet hyperaggregability and associated thrombosis.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is an important secondary messenger synthesized by guanylate cyclases. cGMP has effects on phosphodiesterases (PDE), ion-gated channels, and the cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGK, Protein Kinase G or PKG). It is involved in regulation of several physiological functions including vasodilation, platelet aggregation and neurotransmission. Elevation of intracellular cGMP activates PKG (Haslam et al. 1999) which regulates several intracellular molecules and pathways including the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) (Halbrugge et al. 1990) and the ERK pathway (Hood and Granger 1998, Li et al. 2001). cGMP mediates nitric oxide (NO)-induced vascular smooth muscle relaxation (Furchgott and Vanhoutte 1989). Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) hydrolyzes cGMP; the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil (Viagra) increases intracellular cGMP and thereby can be used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction (Corbin and Francis 1999). The role of the cGMP and PKG in platelet activation was controversial as increases in platelet cGMP levels were observed in response to both platelet agonists (thrombin, ADP or collagen) and inhibitors (NO donors such as sodium nitroprusside), but it is currently accepted that PKG inhibits platelet activation (Haslam et al. 1999). Consistent with this, nitric oxide (NO) donors that inhibit platelet activation enhance intracellular cGMP (Haslam et al. 1999). cGMP also plays an important stimulatory role in GPIb-IX-mediated platelet activation. Platelet responses to cGMP have been proposed to be biphasic, consisting of an early stimulatory response that promotes platelet activation followed by a delayed platelet inhibition that serves to limit the size of platelet aggregates (Li et al 2003).
Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase are hydrolases selective for cAMP (PDE4, 7 and 8), cGMP (PDE5, 6 and 9) or able to hydrolyse both cAMP and cGMP (PDE1, 2, 3, 10 and 11). Â The dual-specificity PDEs allow for cross-regulation of the cAMP and cGMP pathways, e.g. PDE2 can hydrolyse both, but binding of cGMP to the regulatory GAF-B domain increases cAMP affinity and hydrolysis. PDE2, 3 and 5 are expressed in platelets.
Protein Kinase G (PKG) is a homodimer held together by a leucine zipper present in the N terminus. Each member of the dimer has two cyclic GMP (cGMP) binding sites, one low affinity and one high affinity. PKG was first described in various arthropods. Mammals have two PKG genes, prkg1 and prkg2, that encode PKG1 (cGKI) and PKG2 (cGKII). The N terminus (the first 90-100 residues) of PKG1 is encoded by two alternatively spliced exons that produce the isoforms PKG1alpha and PKG1beta. Both are cytosolic. PKG1 is present in high concentrations (>0.1 µM) in all smooth muscles, platelets, cerebellum, hippocampus, dorsal root ganglia, neuromuscular endplate, and kidney. PKG1beta is the predominant PKG isoform in platelets. PKG1 is required for the inhibition of platelet activation by NO/cGMP. PKG2 is anchored at the plasma membrane by myristoylation of the N-terminal Gly-2 residue. PKG2 phosphorylates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a heterodimeric hemoprotein that selectively binds Nitric Oxide (NO). NO binding stimulates the synthesis of cGMP, which then binds to phosphodiesterases (PDE), ion-gated channels, and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cGK) to regulate several physiological functions including vasodilation, platelet aggregation and neurotransmission.
Biological processes are captured in Reactome by identifying the molecules (DNA, RNA, protein, small molecules) involved in them and describing the details of their interactions. From this molecular viewpoint, human disease pathways have three mechanistic causes: the inclusion of microbially-expressed proteins, altered functions of human proteins, or changed expression levels of otherwise functionally normal human proteins. The first group encompasses the infectious diseases such as influenza, tuberculosis and HIV infection. The second group involves human proteins modified either by a mutation or by an abnormal post-translational event that produces an aberrant protein with a novel function. Examples include somatic mutations of EGFR and FGFR (epidermal and fibroblast growth factor receptor) genes, which encode constitutively active receptors that signal even in the absence of their ligands, or the somatic mutation of IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) that leads to an enzyme active on 2-oxoglutarate rather than isocitrate, or the abnormal protein aggregations of amyloidosis which lead to diseases such as Alzheimer's. Infectious diseases are represented in Reactome as microbial-human protein interactions and the consequent events. The existence of variant proteins and their association with disease-specific biological processes is represented by inclusion of the modified protein in a new or variant reaction, an extension to the 'normal' pathway. Diseases which result from proteins performing their normal functions but at abnormal rates can also be captured, though less directly. Many mutant alleles encode proteins that retain their normal functions but have abnormal stabilities or catalytic efficiencies, leading to normal reactions that proceed to abnormal extents. The phenotypes of such diseases can be revealed when pathway annotations are combined with expression or rate data from other sources.
Somatic mutations affecting arginine residue 132 of IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, a cytosolic enzyme that normally catalyzes the NADP+-dependent conversion of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate), are very commonly found in human glioblastomas (Parsons et al. 2008). These mutant proteins efficiently catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2-oxoglutarate to form 2-hydroxyglutarate. Cells expressing the mutant protein accumulate elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate, probably in the cytosol as IDH1 is a cytosolic enzyme. The fate of the 2-hydroxyglutarate is unclear, but the high frequency with which the mutation is found in surveys of primary tumors is consistent with the possibility that it is advantageous to the tumor cells (Dang et al 2009).
Mutant forms of IDH1 in which the arginine residue at position 132 has been replaced by histidine, cystine, leucine, or serine catalyze the reaction of 2-oxoglutarate and NADPH + H+ to form (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate and NADP+. Like normal IDH1, the mutant enzyme forms a dimer located in the cytosol (Dang et al. 2009). Such mutations occur frequently as a somatic event in human glioblastomas (Parsons et al. 2008). Cells expressing the mutant protein accumulate elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate, probably in the cytosol as IDH1 is a cytosolic enzyme. The fate of the 2-hydroxyglutarate is unclear, but the high frequency with which the mutation is found in surveys of primary tumors is consistent with the possibility that it is advantageous to the tumor cells (Dang et al. 2009).
Human NOTCH1 was cloned as a chromosome 9 gene, translocated to the T-cell beta receptor (TCBR) promoter on chromosome 7 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (Ellisen et al. 1991). This translocation, present in only a small percentage of T-ALL patients, results in the overexpression of a truncated NOTCH1 receptor, which lacks almost the entire extracellular domain, in T lymphocytes. Oncogenic NOTCH1 mutations were subsequently found to be present in >50% of T-ALL patients, with hotspots in the heterodimerization domain (HD domain) and PEST domain of NOTCH1 (Weng et al. 2004). Normal NOTCH1 becomes activated by binding DLL (DLL1 or DLL4) or JAG (JAG1 or JAG2) ligands expressed on the surface of a neighboring cell, which leads to proteolytic cleavage of NOTCH1 by ADAM10/17 and gamma-secretase, and release of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD1) which regulates expression of genes that play important roles in the development of T lymphocytes (Washburn et al. 1997. Radtke et al. 1999, Maillard et al. 2004, Sambandam et al. 2005, Tan et al. 2005). Mutations in the HD domain, responsible for association of NOTCH1 extracellular and transmembrane regions after furin-mediated cleavage of NOTCH1 precursor, as well as the truncation of the NOTCH1 extracellular domain by the rare T-ALL translocation, enable constitutive production of NICD1, in the absence of ligand binding (Malecki et al. 2006, Ellisen et al. 1991). Mutations in the NOTCH1 PEST domain interfere with FBXW7 (FBW7)-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of NICD1, resulting in prolonged half-life and increased transcriptional activity of NICD1, which promotes growth and division of T-lymphocytes (Weng et al. 2004, Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007). Mutations in the HD domain and PEST domain of NOTCH1 are frequently found in cis in T-ALL. While HD mutations alone result in up to ~10-fold increase in NOTCH1 transcriptional activity and PEST domain mutations alone result in up to ~2-fold increase in NOTCH1 transcriptional activity, in cis mutations of HD and PEST domains act synergistically, increasing NOTCH1 transcriptional activity up to ~40-fold (Weng et al. 2004). FBXW7 (FBW7), a component of the SCF (SKP1, CUL1, and F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex SCF-FBW7 involved in the degradation of NOTCH1 (Oberg et al. 2001, Wu et al. 2001, Fryer et al. 2004), is subject to loss of function mutations in T-ALL (Akhoondi et al. 2007, Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007) which are mutually exclusive with NOTCH1 PEST domain mutations (Thompson et al. 2007, O'Neil et al. 2007). Although gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are successfully used in vitro to inhibit NOTCH1 signaling in T-ALL cell lines, the gamma-secretase complex has many other substrates besides NOTCH. The specificity of GSIs is therefore limited and, as they are not considered to be particularly promising drugs for the clinical treatment of T-ALL (reviewed by Purow, 2012), they have not been annotated. For a recent review of NOTCH1 signaling in cancer, please refer to Grabher et al. 2006.
14-3-3 family proteins can bind Raf1 and have been suggested to activate Raf1, but this has been refuted.
Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhesion and activation, suppresses coagulation, enhances fibrin cleavage and is anti-inflammatory in character. Under acute vascular trauma, vasoconstrictor mechanisms predominate and the endothelium becomes prothrombotic, procoagulatory and proinflammatory in nature. This is achieved by a reduction of endothelial dilating agents: adenosine, NO and prostacyclin; and by the direct action of ADP, serotonin and thromboxane on vascular smooth muscle cells to elicit their contraction (Becker et al. 2000). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are primarily expressed in endothelial cells. Both are important regulators of vascular function. Under normal conditions, laminar flow induces vascular endothelial COX-2 expression and synthesis of Prostacyclin (PGI2) which in turn stimulates endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) activity. PGI2 and NO both oppose platelet activation and aggregation, as does the CD39 ecto-ADPase, which decreases platelet activation and recruitment by metabolizing platelet-released ADP.
ADP activates human platelets and induces endothelial cell migration. These effects are partly mediated by the P2Y1 purinocetor, inducing p38 MAP kinase activation via an uncharacterised factor. Possible mechanisms include flotillin-mediated stimulation of SRC family kinases in lipid rafts (Sugawara et al. 2007).
The platelet GPIb complex (GP1b-IX-V) together with GPVI are primarily responsible for regulating the initial adhesion of platelets to the damaged blood vessel and platelet activation. The importance of GPIb is demonstrated by the bleeding problems in patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome where this receptor is either absent or defective. GP1b-IX-V binds von Willebrand Factor (vWF) to resting platelets, particularly under conditions of high shear stress. This transient interaction is the first stage of the vascular repair process. Activation of GP1b-IX-V on exposure of the fibrous matrix following atherosclerotic plaque rupture, or in occluded arteries, is a major contributory factor leading to thrombus formation leading to heart attack or stroke. GpIb also binds thrombin (Yamamoto et al. 1986), at a site distinct from the site of vWF binding, acting as a docking site for thrombin which then activates Proteinase Activated Receptors leading to enhanced platelet activation (Dormann et al. 2000).
The NCX (SCL8, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) family is one of three families that control Ca2+ flux across the plasma membrane or intracellular compartments. They extrude Ca2+ from the cell, using the electrochemical gradient of Na+ as it flows into the cell. One Ca2+ is exchanged for three Na+. During this electrogenic exchange, the membrane potential is altered. NCX1 (SLC8A1) has a ubiquitous expression profile (highest expression in heart, brain and kidney) and was originally cloned and characterized from human cardiac muscle (Komuro I et al, 1992). Both NCX2 (SLC8A2) (Li Z et al, 1994) and NCX3 (SLC8A3) (Gabellini N et al, 2002) are expressed in the brain.
The plasma membrane Ca-ATPases 1-4 (ATP2B1-4, PMCAs) are P-type Ca2+-ATPases regulated by calmodulin. The PMCA also counter-transports a proton. PMCA is important for Ca2+ homeostasis and function.
Ca2+ homeostasis is controlled by processes that elevate or counter the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. During steady state conditions, cytoplasmic Ca2+ is reduced by the accumulation of Ca2+ in intracellular stores and by Ca2+ extrusion. The primary intracellular calcium store in platelets is the dense tubular system, the equivalent of the ER system in other cell types. Ca2+ is extruded by Ca2+-ATPases including plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPases (PMCAs) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase isoforms (SERCAs). Activation of non- excitable cells involves the agonist-induced elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, an essential process for platelet activation. It occurs through Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane. Ca2+ store release involves phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated production of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which in turn stimulates IP3 receptor channels to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. This is followed by Ca2+ entry into the cell through plasma membrane calcium channels, a process referred to as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a Ca2+ sensor molecule in intracellular stores, and the four transmembrane channel protein Orai1 are the key players in platelet SOCE. Other major Ca2+ entry mechanisms are mediated by the direct receptor-operated calcium (ROC) channel, P2X1 and transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs).
During steady state conditions, cytoplasmic [Ca2+] is reduced by the accumulation of Ca2+ in intracellular stores and Ca2+ extrusion.
Intracellular pools of Ca2+ serve as the source for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) -induced alterations in cytoplasmic free Ca2+. In most human cells Ca2+ is stored in the lumen of the sarco/endoplastic reticulum by ATPases known as SERCAs (ATP2As). In platelets, ATP2As transport Ca2+ into the platelet dense tubular network. ATP2As are P-type ATPases, similar to the plasma membrane Na+ and Ca+-ATPases. Humans have three genes for SERCA pumps; ATP2A1-3. Studies on ATP2A1 suggest that it binds two Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm and is subsequently phosphorylated at Asp351 before translocating Ca2+ into the SR lumen. There is a counter transport of two or possibly three protons ensuring partial charge balancing.
Activation of non- excitable cells involves the agonist-induced elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, an essential process for platelet activation. It occurs through Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane. Ca2+ store release involves phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated production of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which in turn stimulates IP3 receptor channels to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. This is followed by Ca2+ entry into the cell through plasma membrane calcium channels, a process referred to as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a Ca2+ sensor molecule in intracellular stores, and the four transmembrane channel protein Orai1 are the key players in platelet SOCE. Other major Ca2+ entry mechanisms are mediated by the direct receptor-operated calcium (ROC) channel, P2X1 and transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs).
Deficiency of suppressor enhancer Lin12 1 like (SEL1L) in mice leads to systemic endoplasmic reticulum stress and embryonic lethality
The conventional Protein Kinase C (cPKC) isoforms have two membrane-targetting domains, a C1 domain which binds to the membrane lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) and a C2 domain which binds membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine, in a calcium-dependent manner. Association of both domains with the plasma membrane produces a conformational change that releases an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate segment from the substrate-binding cavity, allowing substrate binding and downstream signaling.
The tethering of platelets to the site of vascular injury is the first step in the formation of a platelet thrombus. Firm adhesion of these tethered platelets, as well as the additional recruitment of others onto their surface leads to the formation of large platelet aggregates. The formation of a thrombus is strictly dependent on the formation of interplatelet bonds.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) signalling via the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor has many effects including inhibition of insulin release in pancreas, iinduction of glucagon release from pancreas, contraction of sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract, negative feedback processes in neuronal synapses and stimulation of platelet aggregation. This receptor preferentially couples to members of the Gi class of heterotrimeric G-proteins, leading to inhibition af adenylate cyclase and thereby decreased cAMP levels.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '1D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate', and 1 molecule of '1,2-Diacylglycerol' are present. This reaction is mediated by the 'phospholipase C activity' of 'Phosphorylated phospholipase C gamma 2'.
In the initial response to injury, platelets adhere to damaged blood vessels, responding to the exposure of collagen from the vascular epithelium. Once adhered they degranulate, releasing stored secondary agents such as ADP and ATP, and synthesized thromboxane A2. These amplify the response, activating and recruiting further platelets to the area and promoting platelet aggregation. Adenosine nucleotides secreted following platelet activation signal through P2 purinergic receptors on the platelet membrane. ADP activates P2Y1 and P2Y12 while ATP activates the ionotropic P2X1 receptor (Kunapuli et al. 2003). Activation of these receptors initiates a complex signaling cascade that ultimately results in platelet activation and thrombus formation (Kahner et al. 2006). ADP stimulation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 involves signaling via both the alpha and gamma:beta components of the heterotrimeric G-protein (Hirsch et al. 2001, 2006).
Co-activation of P2Y1 and P2Y12 is necessary for complete platelet activation. P2Y1 is coupled to Gq and helps trigger the release of calcium from internal stores, leading to weak and reversible platelet aggregation. P2Y12 is Gi coupled, inhibiting adenylate cyclase, leading to decreased cAMP, a consequent decrease in cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity which increases cytoplasmic [Ca2+], necessary for activation (Woulfe et al. 2001). In activated platelets, P2Y12 signaling is required for the amplification of aggregation induced by all platelet agonists including collagen, thrombin, thromboxane, adrenaline and serotonin. P2Y12 activation causes potentiation of thromboxane generation, secretion leading to irreversible platelet aggregation and thrombus stabilization.
The GPVI receptor is a complex of the GPVI protein with Fc epsilon R1 gamma (FcR). The Src family kinases Fyn and Lyn constitutively associate with the GPVI-FcR complex in platelets and initiate platelet activation through phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in the FcR gamma chain, leading to binding and activation of the tyrosine kinase Syk. Downstream of Syk, a series of adapter molecules and effectors lead to platelet activation. The GPVI receptor signaling cascade is similar to that of T- and B-cell immune receptors, involving the formation of a signalosome composed of adapter and effector proteins. At the core of the T-cell receptor signalosome is the transmembrane adapter LAT and two cytosolic adapters SLP-76 and Gads. While LAT is essential for signalling to PLCgamma1 downstream of the T-cell receptor, the absence of LAT in platelets only impairs the activation of PLCgamma2, the response to collagen and GPVI receptor ligands remains sufficient to elicit a full aggregation response. In contrast, GPVI signalling is almost entirely abolished in the absence of SLP-76.
3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1, also known as PKB kinase because of its activity at Protein kinase B) phosphorylates T410 of Protein kinase C zeta type (PKC zeta), leading to activation. The motif surrounding T410 is highly conserved in other PKC family members suggesting that PDK1 might activate other PKCs.
3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) and Protein kinase C zeta type (PKC zeta) are associated in fibroblasts. PDK1, also known as Protein kinase B kinase (PKBK), is known to co-localise with Protein kinase B (PKB) in transfected fibroblasts and platelets, suggesting a complex of PDK1, PKB and PKC zeta.
Class I Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimeric proteins, each having a catalytic subunit of 110-120 kDa and an associated regulatory subunit. PI3Ks alpha, beta and delta share a common regulatory p85 subunit, PI3K gamma has a p101 regulatory subunit. All the class I PI3Ks are able to phosphorylate PtdIns, PtdIns-4-P, or PtdIns-4,5-P2 (PIP2) on the free 3-position, and have a strong preference for PIP2.They are activated by receptor tyrosine kinases and by Ras and Rho family GTPases.
Activation of phospholipase C enzymes results in the generation of second messengers of the phosphatidylinositol pathway. The events resulting from this pathway are a rise in intracellular calcium and activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC). Phospholipase C cleaves the phosphodiester bond in PIP2 to form 1,2 Diacylglycerol (DAG) and 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 opens Ca2+ channels in the platelet dense tubular system, raising intracellular Ca2+ levels. DAG is a second messenger that regulates a family of Ser/Thr kinases consisting of PKC isozymes (Nishizuka 1995). DAG achieves activation of PKC isozymes by increasing their affinity for phospholipid. Most PKC enzymes are also calcium-dependent, so their activation is in synergy with the rise in intracellular Ca2+. Platelets contain several PKC isoforms that can be activated by DAG and/or Ca2+ (Chang 1997).
Platelets function as exocytotic cells, secreting a plethora of effector molecules at sites of vascular injury. Platelets contain a number of distinguishable storage granules including alpha granules, dense granules and lysosomes. On activation platelets release a variety of proteins, largely from storage granules but also as the result of apparent cell lysis. These act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion to modulate cell signaling. Alpha granules contain mainly polypeptides such as fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, growth factors and protease inhibitors that that supplement thrombin generation at the site of injury. Dense granules contain small molecules, particularly adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), serotonin and calcium, all recruit platelets to the site of injury.
Constituents of the platelet dense granule membrane are incorporated into the platelet membrane following exocytosis of granule content.
ABCC4 (Multidrug resistance protein 4 /MOAT-B) is a member of the MRP/ABCC subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters, capable of pumping a wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic anionic compounds out of the cell. ABCC4 also transports molecules involved in cellular signalling, including cyclic nucleotides, eicosanoids, urate and conjugated steroids. ABCC4 has a dual localisation in polarised cells that suggests a key function in cellular protection and extracellular signalling pathways. It is also highly expressed on platelet dense granule membranes where it is believed to contribute to the accumulation of dense granule content.
Constituents of the platelet alpha granule membrane are incorporated into the platelet membrane following exocytosis of granule content.
Alpha granules contain mainly polypeptides such as fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, growth factors and protease inhibitors that supplement thrombin generation at the site of injury. In addtion to their role in hemostasis, platelets also contain angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors (Italiano et al. 2008).
Platelet releasate contains a range of proteins that do not originate in specialized storage granules. In some cases platelet lysis may contribute to the presence of these proteins in the platelet relesate.
After Platelet activation '78 kDa glucose-regulated protein' from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen is released in to the extracellular platelet releasate.
After Platelet activation 'Calumenin' from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen is released in to the extracellular platelet releasate.
Plk1 promotes nuclear translocation of human Cdc25C during prophase
Binding of the G domains of laminin alpha1 and alpha2 chains and perlecan to heparin, sulfatides, alpha-dystroglycan and several extracellular matrix proteins
A novel single missense mutation identified along the RH50 gene in a composite heterozygous Rhnull blood donor of the regulator type
Innate immune recognition of an AT-rich stem-loop DNA motif in the Plasmodium falciparum genome
Angiomotin family proteins are novel activators of the LATS2 kinase tumor suppressor
A 40-bp RNA element that mediates stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by HuR
Complementation cloning identifies CDG-IIc, a new type of congenital disorders of glycosylation, as a GDP-fucose transporter deficiency
Antigen presentation and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in host-pathogen interactions
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver
Smad3-Smad4 and AP-1 complexes synergize in transcriptional activation of the c-Jun promoter by transforming growth factor beta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168401
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133427.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168618
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142558.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175842
Another look at collagen V and XI molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168450
A human homolog of the vaccinia virus HindIII K4L gene is a member of the phospholipase D superfamily
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806217
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122405.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524146
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122034.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126500.5
Formation of a preinitiation complex by S-phase cyclin CDK-dependent loading of Cdc45p onto chromatin.
In situ visualization of DNA double-strand break repair in human fibroblasts.
RAB proteins have intrinsic weak GTPase activity that is enhanced by RAB-GTPase activating proteins (RAB-GAPs, Sano et al. 2007). The GTPase activity of RAB13 is inferred from other RAB proteins. AS160 (TBC1D4) and TBC1D1 are GAPs that activate the GTPase activity of RAB8A/10/13. Insulin signaling activates AKT, which phosphorylates and inactivates AS160 and TBC1D1, allowing GTP-bound (active) RABs to accumulate.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168442
As inferred from mouse, AKT2 (PKB-beta) phosphorylates RBC2 (RALGAPA2) on serine-486, serine-696, and threonine-715 in response to insulin. The phosphorylation prevents RBC1:RBC2 from activating RALA GTPase and allows RALA:GTP to accumulate.
RALA releases GDP and binds GTP, producing the active form of RALA. The reaction is accelerated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and opposed by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which enhance the conversion of RALA:GTP back to RALA:GDP by activating the GTPase activity of RALA.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123454.1
RALA is a guanine nucleotide binding protein that hydrolyzes bound GTP to yield GDP and phosphate. RGC1 and RGC2 are GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins) that activate the GTPase activity of RALA. Insulin activates AKT, which phosphorylates RGC2, inactivating the GAP activity of RGC1:RGC2 and allowing RALA:GTP to accumulate.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1806234
In adipocytes and myocytes insulin signaling causes intracellular vesicles carrying the GLUT4 glucose transporter to translocate to the plasma membrane, allowing the cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream (reviewed in Zaid et al. 2008, Leney and Tavare 2009, Bogan and Kandror 2010, Foley et al. 2011, Hoffman and Elmendorf 2011, Kandror and Pilch 2011). In myocytes muscle contraction alone can also cause translocation of GLUT4. Though the entire pathway leading to GLUT4 translocation has not been elucidated, several steps are known. Insulin activates the kinases AKT1 and AKT2. Muscle contraction activates the kinase AMPK-alpha2 and possibly also AKT. AKT2 and, to a lesser extent, AKT1 phosphorylate the RAB GTPase activators TBC1D1 and TBC1D4, causing them to bind 14-3-3 proteins and lose GTPase activation activity. As a result RAB proteins (probably RAB8A, RAB10, RAB14 and possibly RAB13) accumulate GTP. The connection between RAB:GTP and vesicle translocation is unknown but may involve recruitment and activation of myosins. Myosins 1C, 2A, 2B, 5A, 5B have all been shown to play a role in translocating GLUT4 vesicles near the periphery of the cell. Following docking at the plasma membrane the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane in a process that depends on interaction between VAMP2 on the vesicle and SNAP23 and SYNTAXIN-4 at the plasma membrane.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168446
The secretory membrane system allows a cell to regulate delivery of newly synthesized proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to the cell surface, a necessity for growth and homeostasis. The system is made up of distinct organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, plasma membrane, and tubulovesicular transport intermediates. These organelles mediate intracellular membrane transport between themselves and the cell surface. Membrane traffic within this system flows along highly organized directional routes. Secretory cargo is synthesized and assembled in the ER and then transported to the Golgi complex for further processing and maturation. Upon arrival at the trans Golgi network (TGN), the cargo is sorted and packaged into post-Golgi carriers that move through the cytoplasm to fuse with the cell surface. This directional membrane flow is balanced by retrieval pathways that bring membrane and selected proteins back to the compartment of origin.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168444
ESCRT-III assembles into a highly ordered filament-like hetero-oligomer. Vps20 nucleates the homo-oligomerization of Snf7 that is capped by Vps24. Vps24 recruits Vps2 and initiates Vps4-dependent ESCRT-III disassembly. ESCRT-III is required for the last steps of MVB sorting, cargo sequestration, and MVB vesicle formation.
Disassembly Phase The AAA-ATPase, Vps4 disassembles ESCRT-III and catalyzes the final step of the MVB pathway. The microtubule interacting and trafficking (MIT) domain of Vps4 interacts directly with the C-terminal region of Vps2 (MIM1) and Vps20 (MIM2). The association of Vta1, which contains two MIT domains, greatly enhances the activity of Vps4. Please note that the recomended names of the Vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins (Vps) are Charged multivesicular body proteins or CHMPs.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143221.5
Many plasma membrane proteins are in a constant flux throughout the internal trafficking pathways of the cell. Some receptors are continuously internalized into recycling endosomes and returned to the cell surface. Others are sorted into intralumenal vesicles of morphologically distinctive endosomes that are known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These MVBs fuse with lysosomes, resulting in degradation of their cargo by lysosomal acidic hydrolases. Endosomes can be operationally defined as being either early or late, referring to the relative time it takes for endocytosed material to reach either stage. Ultrastructural studies indicate that early endosomes are predominantly tubulovesicular structures, which constitute a major sorting platform in the cell, whereas late endosomes show the characteristics of typical MVBs and are capable of fusing with lysosomes. A well characterized signal for shunting membrane proteins into the degradative MVB pathway is the ubiquitylation of these cargoes. At the center of a vast protein:protein and protein:lipid interaction network that underpins ubiquitin mediated sorting to the lysosome are the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs), which are conserved throughout all major eukaryotic taxa.
RAB8A/10/13/14 release GDP and bind GTP to yield the active complex. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) stimulate the reaction. GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) oppose the reaction by stimulating the intrinsic GTPase activity of the RAB proteins.
6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z-tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA (TPA-CoA)
SUMO3 is transferred from cysteine-173 of UBA2 to cysteine-93 of UBC9 (UBE2I) in a transthiolation reaction (Tatham et al. 2001, Werner et al. 2009).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167543
SUMO1 is transferred from cysteine-173 of UBA2 to cysteine-93 of UBC9 (UBE2I) in a transthiolation reaction (Desterro et al. 1999, Okuma et al. 1999, Tatham et al. 2003, Lois and Lima 2005, Wang et al. 2007, Werner et al. 2009). The UbL domain of E1 recruits E2 into proximity for the transfer of SUMO (Lois and Lima 2005, Wang et al. 2009),
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142251.5
The UBA2:SAE1 complex catalyzes the formation of a thioester bond between SUMO3 and cysteine-173 of UBA2 (Tatham et al. 2001, Werner et al. 2009). ATP reacts with the C-terminal glycine residue of SUMO3 to yield pyrophosphate and a transient intermediate, SUMO3 adenylate, which then reacts with the thiol group of the cysteine residue on UBA2.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167504
The UBA2:SAE1 complex catalyzes the formation of a thioester linkage between the C-terminal glycine of the mature SUMO and a cysteine residue (cysteine-173) in UBA2 (SAE2) (reviewed in Wang and Dasso 2009, Wilkinson and Henley 2010, Hannoun et al. 2010, Gareau and Lima 2010). During the process the C-terminal glycine residue of SUMO is reacted with ATP to yield pyrophosphate and a transient intermediate, SUMO adenylate. The SUMO adenylate then reacts with the thiol group of the cysteine residue of UBA2 (Olsen et al. 2010).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132444.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129681.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167506
SUMO2 is transferred from cysteine-173 of UBA2 to cysteine-93 of UBC9 (UBE2I) in a transthiolation reaction (Tatham et al. 2001, Werner et al. 2009).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128675.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175824
Some transmembrane proteins such as the Notch receptor can be cleaved to release a cytosolic domain that translocates to the nucleus to control gene transcription. This is an example of a process called regulated intramembrane proteolysis (Rip). Rip is a control mechanism that is conserved from bacteria to humans and influences processes from cellular differentiation to lipid metabolism. Once the ligand binds with the receptor, a proposed conformational change in the Notch receptor occurs which relieves an inhibition on the S2 protease cleavage site proximal to the plasma membrane. The S2 cleavage is catalyzed by an ADAM metalloprotease called TACE (TNF alpha converting enzyme). This enzyme is a homolog of the Drosophila Kuzbanian gene product which performs the same task. Cleavage at the S2 site generates a transient intermediate peptide termed NEXT (Notch EXtracellular Truncation). The remainder of the Notch receptor is still bound with the ligand at this point.
SUMO1, 2, and 3 are initially expressed as propeptides containing extra residues at the C-terminus. (SUMO1 has 4 residues, SUMO2 has 2 residues, and SUMO3 has 11 residues,) SENP1, 2, and 5 are endoproteases that process the precursors to produce the mature peptides (reviewed in Wang and Dasso 2009, Wilkinson and Henley 2010, Hannoun et al. 2010, Gareau and Lima 2010). SENP1 processes SUMO1 with greater efficiency than SUMO2 or SUMO3. SENP2 and SENP5 process SUMO2 with greater efficiency than SUMO1 or SUMO3 (Gong and Yeh 2006, Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). SENP1 shuttles between the cytosol and nuceoplasm and is predominantly nuclear (Bailey and O'hare 2004, Kim et al. 2005). SENP2 also shuttles (Itahana et al. 2006) and is mainly located on nucleoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex (Hang and Dasso 2002, Zhang et al. 2002). SENP5 is located mostly in the nucleolus (Di Bacco et al. 2006, Gong and Yeh 2006).
The UBA2:SAE1 complex catalyzes the formation of a thioester bond between SUMO2 and cysteine-173 of UBA2 (Tatham et al. 2001, Werner et al. 2009). ATP reacts with the C-terminal glycine residue of SUMO2 to yield pyrophosphate and a transient intermediate, SUMO2 adenylate, which then reacts with the thiol group of the cysteine residue on UBA2.
The SUMO2 precursor has 2 extra residues at the C-terminus which can be removed endoproteolytically by SENP1, SENP2, or SENP5 (Zheng and Au, 2005, Gong and Yeh 2006, Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). The order of processing activity is: SENP1 greater than SENP2 greater than SENP5 (Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). SENP2 and SENP5 have highest activity on SUMO2, however the processing activity of SENP1 is higher overall (Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). SENP1 and SENP2 shuttle between the nucleus and cytosol and are predominantly nuclear (Bailey and O'Hare 2004, Kim et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2002, Hang and Dasso 2002, Itahana et al. 2006). SENP5 is located in the nucleolus (Di Bacco et al. 2006, Gong and Yeh 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167532
The SUMO3 precursor has 11 extra residues at the C-terminus which can be removed endoproteolytically by SENP1, SENP2, or SENP5 (Zheng and Au, 2005, Gong and Yeh 2006, Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). The order of processing activity is: SENP1 greater than SENP2 greater than SENP5 (Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). Overall, processing of SUMO3 is the lowest of any SUMO (Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). SENP1 and SENP2 shuttle between the nucleus and cytosol and are predominantly nuclear (Bailey and O'Hare 2004, Kim et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2002, Hang and Dasso 2002, Itahana et al. 2006). SENP5 is located in the nucleolus (Di Bacco et al. 2006, Gong and Yeh 2006).
(5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-9,11-Epoxy-15-hydroxythromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid
Platelet-collagen interaction: is GPVI the central receptor?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175081
Secretory transport depends on membrane-bounded carriers to move protein and lipid between intracellular compartments. The COPI coat has a central role in this process, creating a sorting domain on the membrane into which cargo proteins, destined to return to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), concentrate. The membrane domain deforms into a coated bud, pinches off the membrane as a coated carrier, and then uncoats. Successful operation of the COPI coat system is necessary for selective retrieval of protein and lipid components back to the ER.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140540.5
The anterograde membrane flow from the ER to the Golgi is compensated for by a retrograde pathway. This pathway's functions include the recycling of membrane and proteins to the ER.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167529
ARF1 helps to recruit AP-1 to Golgi membrane. AP-1 is not alone in this process of establishing a docking complex at the trans-Golgi Network. This section of the Golgi membrane will be where the new vesicle will be built and loaded.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131179.5
Once the basic components of the docking complex are assembled with one end of AP-1 bound to cargo molecules, the other end binds to clathrin. Clathrin triskelions polymerize into hexagons and pentagons, forming a cage, which leads to membrane deformation. This polymerization step drives the sculpting of the vesicle. The number of clathrin triskelions required to sculpt a vesicle appears to be variable, but has been estimated to require 36 - 60 triskelions assocaited with 30 - 66 AP-1 complexes. Here a ~380 angstroms vesicle is represented with 48 clathrin triskelions and 52 AP-1 complexes.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167527
All of the key components and regulators of the COPI coat (GBF1, Arf1, ArfGAP1 and coatomer) cycle on and off the Golgi membrane. This cycle is required for vesicle formation, but is uncoupled from the actual vesicle release. Continuous membrane binding and release of these molecules enables the COPI lattice to be dynamically modulated. Once the vesicle is released from the Golgi apparatus, this lattice is completely disassociated from the vesicle.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167525
The hydrolysis of Arf1-bound GTP is induced by the recruited ArfGAP.
Inactive Arf1-GDP then diffuses away from the membrane, initiating the disassembly of the lattice.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123292.1
Ultimately the hydrolysis of Arf1-bound GTP, induced by the recruited ArfGAP, allows the inactive Arf1-GDP to diffuse away from the membrane, initiating disassembly of the lattice from the vesicle (Lippincott-Schwartz and Liu 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524079
Once both coatomer and the active form of Arf1 have been recruited to the Golgi membrane surface, ArfGAP joins the complex.
Together, the complex of coatomer, Arf1, and ArfGAP assembles into a lattice that concentrates cargo proteins and deforms the membrane. Eventually this membrane pocket forms into a bud that pinches off the membrane, and is released into the cytoplasm (Lippincott-Schwartz and Liu 2006).
(S)-Hydroperoxy-6-trans-8,11,14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid
In models of COPI coat assembly and disassembly, after GBF1 activates Arf1 on membranes, the active form of Arf1 recruits coatomer complexes from the cytoplasm.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524089
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125543.1
ESCRT-0 recruits ESCRT-I and thereby initiates the MVB pathway. Cargo Sorting ESCRT-I is a heterotetramer consisting of Vps23, Vps28, Vps37, and Mvb12. The UEV domain of Vps23 binds ubiquitinated membrane proteins. Vps28 interacts with the GLUE domain of Vps36 in ESCRT-II. Cargo Sorting ESCRT-II is a heterotetramer formed of Vps36, Vps22, and two Vps25 molecules. The GLUE domain of Vps36 binds PI3P, Vps28, and ubiquitinated membrane proteins. Vps25 interacts with Vps20 of ESCRT-III.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167516
Gap junctions are clusters of intercellular channels connecting adjacent cells and permitting the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between cells. These channels are composed of two hemichannels, or connexons, one located on each of the two neighboring cells. Each connexon is composed of 6 trans-membrane protein subunits of the connexin (Cx) family. A gap of approximately 3 nm remains between the adjacent cell membranes, but two connexons interact and dock head-to-head in the extra-cellular space forming a tightly sealed, double-membrane intercellular channel (see Segretain and Falk, 2004). The activity of these intercellular channels is regulated, particularly by intramolecular modifications such as phosphorylation which appears to regulate connexin turnover, gap junction assembly and the opening and closure (gating) of gap junction channels.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167521
Initiation/Cargo Recognition is mediated by ESCRT-0, a heterodimer consisting of Vps27 and Hse1. ESCRT-0 binds Phosphatidyl inositol 3- phosphate (PI3P) on endosomes via a FVYE domain and ubiquitinated cargo via two UIM domains.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167519
The half-life of Cx is very short (1 to 5h) compared to other junctional proteins (Laird et al., 1995 ; Fallon and Goudenough, 1981). Connexins are targeted for degradation by the proteasome and the lysosome. Degradation appears to involve the phosphorylation of Connexins as well as their interactions with other proteins (Piehl et al., 2007).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122027.1
Gap junctions are intercellular communication channels formed from Cx (connexin) protein subunits (see Segretain and Falk 2004 and Evans et al. 2006 for comprehensive reviews). Connexins are transported to the plasma membrane after oligomerizing into hexameric assemblies called hemichannels (CxHcs) or connexons. Connexons dock head-to-head in the extracellular space with opposing hexameric channels located in the plasma membranes of neighbouring cells. The double membrane channel or gap junction generated directly links the cytoplasms of interacting cells and facilitates the integration and co-ordination of cellular signalling, metabolism, secretion and contraction. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, connexon hemichannels coordinate the release of ATP, glutamate, NAD+ and prostaglandin E2 from the cells. CxHcs open in response to various types of external changes, including mechanical, shear, ionic and ischaemic stress. The trafficking of gap junctions involves (1) synthesis of connexin polypeptides at endoplasmic reticulum membranes, (2) oligomerization into homomeric- and heteromeric gap junction connexons (hemi-channels), (3) passage through the Golgi stacks, (4) intracellular storage within Trans Golgi membranes, (5) trafficking along microtubules, (6) insertion of connexons into the plasma membrane, (7) lateral diffusion of connexons in the plasma membrane, (8) aggregation of individual gap junction channels into plaques, (9) stabilization of peripheral microtubule plus-ends by binding to Cx43-based gap junctions, (10) internalization of the channel plaque leading to cytoplasmic annular junctions, and (11) complete degradation via lysosomal and proteasomal pathways (see Segretain and Falk 2004). Aspects of gap assembly are described here. Additional details of assembly, regulation and degradation will be covered in the next release.
After passing through the Golgi complex, secretory cargo is packaged into post-Golgi transport intermediates (post-Golgi), which translocate plus-end directed along microtubules to the plasma membrane.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167514
Internalized GJ plaques are degraded by lysosomes. Lysosomal degradation appears to be the most common pathway of GJ degradation. (Qin et al., 2003; Grinzberg and Gilula., 1979 ; Berthoud et al., 2004 ; and Leithe et al., 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167512
Proteins that have been synthesized, processed and sorted eventually reach the final steps of the secretory pathway. This pathway is responsible not only for proteins that are secreted from the cell but also enzymes and other resident proteins in the lumen of the ER, Golgi, and lysosomes as well as integral proteins transported in the vesicle membranes.
There at least two classes of clathrin coated vesicles in cells, one predominantly Golgi-associated, involved in budding from the trans-Golgi network and the other at the plasma membrane. Here the clathrin-coated vesicles emerging from the Golgi apparatus are triggered by the heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex, AP-1 at the trans-Golgi network membrane. The cargo can be transmembrane, membrane associated or golgi luminal proteins. Each step in the vesicle sculpting pathway, gathers cargo and clathrin triskeletons, until a complete vesicular sphere is formed. With the scission of the membrane the vesicle is released and eventually losses its clathrin coat.
Dynamin is recruited to the growing vesicle and, under conditions that interfere with its GTPase activity, dynamin forms a collar or ring around the neck of the budding vesicle. It is unclear whether dynamin acts as a mechanochemical transducer to generate fission or as a recruiter to attach other proteins that are directly responsible for the fission step. Lipid-modifying enzymes such as endophilin are also involved in vesicle formation. Endophilin is an acyltransferase that interacts with dynamin and that generates lysophosphatidic acid. The current view is that this reaction produces a negative curvature at the neck of the vesicle.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the K-Cl cotransporter from rabbit, rat, and human. A new member of the cation-chloride cotransporter family
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127893.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524075
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123796.1
A presenilin-1-dependent gamma-secretase-like protease mediates release of Notch intracellular domain
Members of the Dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) family, also known as the Dock180 superfamily, are Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), modulating Rho GTPase activity (Cote & Vuori 2002). All eleven human members share the presence of two evolutionarily conserved protein domains, termed DHR-1 and DHR-2 (Cote & Vuori 2007). The DHR-2 domains of several DOCKs interact with the nucleotide-free forms of Rho GTPases, intermediates in the catalytic reaction leading to the exchange of GDP for GTP. DHR-2 domains have been shown necessary and sufficient to promote specific guanine nucleotide exchange on various Rho GTPases, both in vitro and in vivo. Inactivation of the DHR-2 domain in DOCK1 (Dock180) has been shown to block Rac activation, cell migration and phagocytosis (Brugnera et al. 2002, Grimsley et al. 2004, Cote & Vuori 2002). The DHR-1 domain of DOCK1 was shown to mediate a specific interaction with PIP2 and PIP3 signaling lipids in vitro and in cells (Cote et al. 2005). Mutations of the DOCK1 DHR-1 domain blocked Rac-dependent cell elongation and cell migration suggesting that the role of DHR-1 is to position DOCK1 at sites of PIP3 production by PI3-kinase, coupling this to Rac signaling (Cote & Vuori 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524072
The small GTPase Rab5 regulates membrane traffic into and between early endosomes by specifically recruiting cytosolic effector proteins to their site of action on early endosomal membranes. Rab5 occupies a restricted membrane subdomain on endosomes that has distinct biochemical features when compared with neighboring subcompartments (Sonnichsen et al. 2000). Rab5 is believed to form this subdomain by recruiting the specific PI3 kinase VPS-45, causing localized production of PI-3-phosphate (PI-3P) (Christoforidis et al. 1999). Rabenosyn-5 is a Rab5 effector, recruited in a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase dependent fashion to early endosomes where it serves as a molecular link between VPS-45 and Rab5.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125475.1
CDK5 and ABL1 enzyme substrate 1 (Cables1) is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Loss of Cables1 function can lead to uncontrolled growth in vivo, observed in many human cancers, such as colon, lung and gynecological malignancies including ovarian and endometrial cancers (Sakamoto et al. 2008). Cables1 is up-regulated by progesterone and down-regulated by estrogen (Zukerberg et al. 2004). Cables1 is predominantly located in the nucleus of proliferating cells (Zukerberg et al. 2000, Wu et al. 2001) but some fully differentiated cells such as mature neurons have a significant proportion in the cytoplasm. Cables1 interacts with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) 2, 3 and 5 (Wu et al. 2001, Matsuoka et al. 2000, Zukerberg et al. 2000). In proliferating cells, Cables1 links Cdk2 and Wee1, a dual specificity kinase. Phosphorylation of Cdk2 on tyrosine-15 by Wee-1 leads to decreased Cdk2 activity; Cables1 enhances this inhibitory phosphorylation (Wu et al. 2001). Cables1 has also been shown to interact with two regulators of apoptosis, p53 and p73. The physiological relevance of this interaction is not fully understood, but Cables1 augments p53-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells (Tsuji et al. 2002). Cables2 interacts with Cdk3, Cdk5 and c-Abl (Sato et al. 2002).
CDK5 and ABL1 enzyme substrate 1 (Cables1) is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Loss of Cables1 function can lead to uncontrolled growth in vivo, observed in many human cancers, such as colon, lung and gynecological malignancies including ovarian and endometrial cancers (Sakamoto et al. 2008). Cables1 is up-regulated by progesterone and down-regulated by estrogen (Zukerberg et al. 2004). Cables1 is predominantly located in the nucleus of proliferating cells (Zukerberg et al. 2000, Wu et al. 2001) but some fully differentiated cells such as mature neurons have a significant proportion in the cytoplasm. Cables1 interacts with cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) 2, 3 and 5 (Wu et al. 2001, Matsuoka et al. 2000, Zukerberg et al. 2000). In neurons, Cables1 links Cdk5 and c-Abl, enhancing Cdk5 tyrosine-15 phosphorylation which results in increased Cdk5 activity, important in neurite outgrowth (Zukerberg et al. 2000). In proliferating cells, Cables1 links Cdk2 and Wee1, a dual specificity kinase. Phosphorylation of Cdk2 on tyrosine-15 by Wee-1 leads to decreased Cdk2 activity, Cables1 enhances this inhibitory phosphorylation (Wu et al. 2001). Cables1 has also been shown to interact with two regulators of apoptosis, p53 and p73. The physiological relevance of this interaction is not fully understood, but Cables1 augments p53-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells (Tsuji et al. 2002). Cables2 interacts with Cdk3, Cdk5 and c-Abl (Sato et al. 2002).
Kinesin-2 is a heterotrimer with two different motor subunits and an accessory protein that is believed to interact with the cargo, or possibly regulate motor activity (Marszalek & Goldstein 2002). The motor domain interacts with microtubules and contains the ATPase used to translocate the holoenzyme along the microtubule. The coiled-coil stalk is where the two motor subunits interact with each other to form a stable heterodimer. The tail domains interact with the KAP3 non-motor accessory subunit. Kinesin-2 is a plus-end directed kinesin involved in photoreceptor cell function (Jimeno et al. 2006) and normal steady-state localization of late endosomes/lysosomes (Brown et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175828
Kinesin-1 is a heterotetramer of two heavy chains (HCs) and two light chains (LCs). The HC tail binds microtubules and inhibits ATPase activity by interacting with the enzymatic HC heads. LCs regulate the head and microtubule-binding activities of the HC tail by reducing the affinity of the head-tail interaction over tenfold. By a separate mechanism LCs inhibit microtubule binding.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132749.5
Chromokinesins consist of the kinesin-4 and kinesin-10 families.They act in various steps of mitosis, including chromosome condensation, metaphase alignment, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis (Mazumdar & Misteli 2005). Both families consist of homodimeric microtubule-based plus-end directed motor proteins (Sekine et al. 1994, Yajima et al. 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167640
Kinesin-3 drives the transport of synaptic vesicle precursors to axon terminals. Loss of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein Unc104, eqivalent to human KIF1A, results in decreased synaptic vesicles in axonal growth cones. In mice loss of KIF1A caused severe motor and sensory abnormalities associated with neuronal cell death (Yonekawa et al. 1998). Kinesin-3 is often described as monomeric, but has recently been shown to be functionally dimeric (Hammond et al. 2009).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138428.5
NF-E2 is a heterodimer consisting of a hematopoietic-specific subunit NFE2-p45, a member of the cap and collar (CNC) family, and a more widely expressed small subunit which can be any of the three small members of the Maf protein family MafF, MafG OR MafK (Motohashi et al. 1997). MafG and MafK are the predominant small Maf molecules in erythroid cells and megakaryocytes (Shavit et al. 1998). NF-E2 binds to an extended AP-1-like element, TGCTGA(G/C)TCA, which is found in the locus control regions (LCRs) of the alpha- and beta-globin genes and in the promoters of several heme biosynthetic enzyme genes (see Motohashi et al. 1997). NF-E2 binding sites in the DNase I hypersensitive site 2 (HS2) of the beta-globin LCR are essential for its enhancer activity (Ney et al. 1990, Talbot & Grosveld 1991). NFE2-p45 null mice have a mild defect in globin gene expression, suggesting that other members of the CNC protein family can substitute for function in vivo (Shivdasani & Orkin 1995).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524085
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate
The human beta-globin locus control region (LCR) controls expression of the beta-globin gene family. It consists of four erythroid-cell-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites, HS1-4. DNAse I HS sites are thought to represent nucleosome-free regions of DNA which are available to trans-acting factors. NF-E2 binds two tandem AP1-like sites in HS2 which form the core of its enhancer activity. Interaction of NF-E2 with HS2 allows a second erythroid factor, GATA-1, to bind its nearby sites.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124003.1
The four human EH domain-containing proteins (EHD1-4) are a distinct highly-homologous subfamily of the Eps15-homology (EH) domain family. They are distinct from most other EH family members in having the EH-domain at the C-terminus (Naslavsky & Caplan 2005). EH domains interact with other proteins; peptides containing Asp-Pro-Phe (NPF) motifs are major targets for EH-domain binding (Salcini et al. 1997). EH domain family proteins have regulatory roles in endocytic membrane transport events (Naslavsky & Caplan 2005); the EHD subfamily is believed to regulate endocytic recycling (George et al. 2007). All four human EHD proteins can rescue the vacuolated intestinal phenotype observed when the C. elegans orthologue rme-1 is mutated (George et al. 2007). Over 20 interaction partners have been reported for the C-terminal EHD proteins including clathirin, syndaptins and Arp2/3 (see Naslavsky & Caplan 2005). EHD1-3 all interact with Rabenosyn-5 (Rab5), a Rab5 effector (Naslavsky et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498773
Human kinesin-7, or CENP-E was one of the first kinesins to be discovered (Yen et al. 1991). It is essential for mammalian development, having a role in stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule capture (Putkey et al. 2002), CENP-E is an integral component of kinetochore corona fibers that link centromeres to spindle microtubules and localizes to kinetochores throughout all phases of mitotic chromosome movement (early premetaphase through anaphase A). Though originally reported to be minus-end-directed it is now believed to be a plus-end-directed dimeric kinesin (Espeut et al. 2008). It is sequestered in the cytoplasm until nuclear envelope breakdown and then localizes to its chromosomal cargo at the kinetochores (Brown et al. 1996).
Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that have diverse functions in transport of vesicles, organelles and chromosomes, and regulate microtubule dynamics. There are 14 families of kinesins, all reprsented in humans. A standardized nomenclature was published in 2004 (Lawrence et al.).
Kinesins consume ATP to power the motor which allows them to move along microtubules. The motor region contains highly conserved Switch 1 (SSRSH) and 2 (DLAGSE) motifs which change conformation during ATP hydrolysis (Rice et al. 1999). These form a salt-bridge that, in myosin, closes the nucleotide-binding cleft, enabling the motor to hydrolyze ATP (Geeves & Holmes 1999). This closed conformation has now been seen by cryo-electron microscopy in human conventional kinesin (Sindelar & Downing 2010) and in a crystal structure of the frog kinesin-5 Eg5 (Parke et al. 2010).
Kinesin-13 proteins are homodimeric with the kinesin motor in the middle of the amino acid sequence. They induce microtubule depolymerization by disassembling tubulin subunits from the polymer end (Desai et al. 1999).
Kinesin-8 is a plus-end-directed dimeric kinesin with an internal motor domain (Loughlin et al. 2008) that can depolymerize stable microtubuless specifically at their plus-ends (Pereira et al. 1997) in a length-dependent manner (Varga et al. 2006). Human kinesin-8 KIF18A is believed to promote chromosome congression by attenuating chromosome oscillation magnitudes (Stumpff et al. 2008).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138427.5
The formation of the COPI coat requires membrane recruitment and activation of Arf1. Arf1 activation is normally mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that convert Arf1 to its active GTP-bound state on the membrane. In this reaction that GEF is represented by GBF1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602402
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123112.1
Hemostasis is a physiological response that culminates in the arrest of bleeding from an injured vessel. Under normal conditions the vascular endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibits platelet adhesion and activation, suppresses coagulation, enhances fibrin cleavage and is anti-inflammatory in character. Under acute vascular trauma, vasoconstrictor mechanisms predominate and the endothelium becomes prothrombotic, procoagulatory and proinflammatory in nature. This is achieved by a reduction of endothelial dilating agents: adenosine, NO and prostacyclin; and by the direct action of ADP, serotonin and thromboxane on vascular smooth muscle cells to elicit their contraction (Becker et al. 2000). The chief trigger for the change in endothelial function that leads to the formation of a haemostatic thrombus is the loss of the endothelial cell barrier between blood and extracellular matrix components (Ruggeri 2002). Circulating platelets identify and discriminate areas of endothelial lesions; here, they adhere to the exposed sub endothelium. Their interaction with the various thrombogenic substrates and locally generated or released agonists results in platelet activation. This process is described as possessing two stages, firstly, adhesion - the initial tethering to a surface, and secondly aggregation - the platelet-platelet cohesion (Savage & Cattaneo et al. 2001). Three mechansism contribute to the loss of blood following vessel injury. The vessel constricts, reducing the loss of blood. Platelets adhere to the site of injury, become activated and aggregate with fibrinogen into a soft plug that limits blood loss, a process termed primary hemostasis. Proteins and small molecules are released from granules by activated platelets, stimulating the plug formation process. Fibrinogen from plasma forms bridges between activated platelets. These events initiate the clotting cascade (secondary hemostasis). Negatively-charged phospholipids exposed at the site of injury and on activated platelets interact with tissue factor, leading to a cascade of reactions that culminates with the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602415
Megakaryocytes (MKs) give rise to circulating platelets (thrombocytes) through terminal differentiation of MKs which release cytoplasmic fragments as circulating platelets. As MKs mature they undergo endoreduplication (polyploidisation) and expansion of cytoplasmic mass to cell sizes larger than 50-100 microns, and ploidy ranges up to 128 N. As MK's mature, the polyploid nucleus becomes horseshoe-shaped, the cytoplasm expands, and platelet organelles and the demarcation membrane system are amplified. Proplatelet projections form which give rise to de novo circulating platelets (Deutsch & Tomer 2006). The processes of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production occur within a complex microenvironment where chemokines, cytokines and adhesive interactions play major roles (Avecilla et al. 2004). Megakaryocytopoiesis is regulated at several levels including proliferation, differentiation and platelet release (Kaushansky 2003). Thrombopoietin (TPO/c-Mpl ligand) is the most potent cytokine stimulating proliferation and maturation of MK progenitors (Kaushansky 2005) but many other growth factors are involved. MK development is controlled by the action of multiple Transcriptin Factors, many MK-specific genes are co-regulated by GATA and friend of GATA (FOG), RUNX1 and ETS proteins. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2) which has an MK-erythroid specific 45-kDa subunit controls terminal MK maturation, proplatelet formation and platelet release (Schulze & Shivdasani 2004). NF-E2 deficient mice have profound thrombocytopenia (Shiraga et al. 1999). c-myb functions with p300 as a negative regulator of thrombopoiesis (Metcalf et al. 2005). During MK maturation, internal membrane systems, granules and organelles are assembled. Cytoplasmic fragmentation requires changes in the MK cytoskeleton and formation of organelles and channels. Individual organelles migrate from the cell body to the proplatelet ends, with approximately 30 percent of organelles/granules in motion at any given time (Richardson et al. 2005).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123448.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137671.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167918
Kinesin-5 motors are bipolar homotetramers with two motor domains at each end, separated by a stalk/tail region (Cole et al. 1994). During mitosis, Kinesin-5 motors function near the spindle midzone to maintain pole to pole distance. Motor domains attach to microtubules from opposite poles and translocate towards the plus ends, thereby pushing the spindle poles apart (Kapitein et al. 2005). Kinesin-5 is also involved in axon growth (Myers & Baas 2007).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133730.5
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate
Cytokinesis requires the central spindle, which forms during anaphase by the bundling of antiparallel nonkinetochore microtubules. Microtubule bundling and completion of cytokinesis require MKLP1, a kinesin-6 family member, and RACGAP1 (MgcRacGap), which contains a RhoGAP domain. These form a heterotetrameric complex known as centralspindlin. Centralspindlin, but not its individual components, strongly promotes microtubule bundling in vitro.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175819
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphates
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphates
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
Cholesterol homeostasis in human brain: turnover of 24S-hydroxycholesterol and evidence for a cerebral origin of most of this oxysterol in the circulation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123970.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123458.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524027
Nanomechanical heterogeneity in the gap and overlap regions of type I collagen fibrils with implications for bone heterogeneity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123155.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524047
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127589.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167446
Mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase deficiency causes leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation
GTP-AMP phosphotransferase, also called Adenylate kinase 3 catalyzes phosphate transfer from GTP to AMP (EC 2.7.4.10). A crystal structure is available (Choe et al. 2005).
Regulation of the biosynthesis of 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid
JMJD1C specifically demethylates histone H3K9 mono- and di-methylation, thereby mediating transcriptional activation.
The Friend of GATA (FOG) family of proteins are a highly-conserved family of large multitype zinc finger cofactors that bind to the amino zinc finger of GATA transcription factors, modulating their activity. GATA proteins are named for the DNA consensus sequence they recognize, (T/A)GATA(A/G). FOG/GATA protein interactions are essential for the development of many tissues. All six GATA family members are capable of interacting with both FOG-1 and FOG-2 (Tsang et al. 1997, Tevosian et al. 1999). Mutations that disrupt binding of GATA-1 to FOG-1 are associated with a syndrome of severe X-linked macrothrombocytopenia (Cantor & Orkin 2005) and in some cases dyserythropoietic anemia (Nichols et al. 2000). In addition to binding GAG proteins, FOGs interact with complexes containing the co-repressor C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) that are thought to coordinate histone modifications leading to a transcriptionally repressed state (Shi et al. 2003).
F-actin-capping protein binds in a Ca2+-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), they do not sever actin filaments.
The luminal domain of ATF6 senses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and causes translocation of ATF6 from the ER to the Golgi
Leucine rich repeat-containing protein 16A (CARMIL homolog) binds F-actin capping protein (CP) with high affinity, significantly decreasing the affinity of CP for actin barbed ends. Actin polymerization occurs at the barbed end; proteins like CP that cap the barbed end inhibit elongation. Inhibition of CP therefore enhances the rate of barbed-end actin polymerization. In cells, GFP-LRRC16A was seen to be concentrated in lamellipodia and increased the fraction of cells with large lamellipodia. Decreasing LRRC16A levels with siRNA lowered F-actin levels, decreased lamellipodia protrusion and slowed cell migration.
Chromobox (CBX) genes encode members of the Heterochromatin Protein (HP) family. HP1 was discovered in Drosophila as a dominant suppressor of position-effect variegation and a major component of heterochromatin. The HP1 family is evolutionarily conserved, with members in fungi, plants and animals. Most animal species have several HP1 isoforms; humans have HP alpha, beta and gamme encoded by the genes CBX5, CBX1 and CBX3 respectively. The HP1 amino-terminal chromodomain binds methylated lysine-9 of histone H3, causing transcriptional repression (Lachner et al. 2001). A crystal structure of human HP1 alpha in complex with H3K9(me)3 peptide is available (Amaya et al. 2008). The highly-conserved carboxy-terminal chromoshadow domain enables dimerization and also serves as a docking site for proteins involved in a wide variety of nuclear functions, from transcription to nuclear architecture.
Mitochondria frequently fuse and divide (Bereiter-Hahn & Voth 1994); these processes affect morphology and are important for normal mitochondrial functions such as respiration, development and apoptosis. Mitofusins (MFNs) are mitochondrial GTPases that mediate mitochondrial outer membrane fusion. Mammals have two mitofusins; Mfn1-null or Mfn2-null mouse embryonic fibroblast cells show predominantly fragmented mitochondria and have greatly reduced mitochondrial fusion in vivo (Chen et al. 2003, 2005). MFNs acts in trans to bring mitochondria into close proximity prior to fusion (Koshiba et al. 2004). They also tether the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mitochondria, cross-linking MFNs expressed on the mitochondrial outer membrane and ER membrane (de Brito & Scorrano 2008).
6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA (THA-CoA)
Cell division control protein 42 homolog
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog
NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1
Isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase: multiplicities of signaling
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 interacting protein 2
Arkadia induces degradation of SnoN and c-Ski to enhance transforming growth factor-beta signaling
Structure of tetrameric human phenylalanine hydroxylase and its implications for phenylketonuria.
Replication factors MCM2 and ORC1 interact with the histone acetyltransferase HBO1.
The platelet P2 receptors in arterial thrombosis
Genetic evidence that phosphatidylserine synthase II catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylserine in Chinese hamster ovary cells
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Mcm10:active pre-replicative complex', 1 molecule of 'DDK', and 1 molecule of 'CDK' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CDK:DDK:Mcm10:pre-replicative complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Mcm10:pre-replicative complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Mcm10:active pre-replicative complex', and 1 molecule of 'CDT1' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
MCM10 is required for human DNA replication. In S. cerevisiae, Mcm10, like Mcm2-7, is required for minichromosome maintenance, but Mcm10 has no sequence homology with these other proteins (Merchant et al., 1997). Genetic studies have demonstrated that Mcm10 is required for DNA replication in S. pombe (Aves et al., 1998) and S. cerevisiae cells (Homesley et al., 2000) and immunodepletion of XlMcm10 interferes with DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts (Wohlschlegel et al., 2002). Human Mcm10 interacts with chromatin in G1 phase and then dissociates during G2 phase. In S. cerevisiae, Mcm10 has been shown to localize to origins during G1 (Ricke and Bielinsky, 2004), and it may stabilize the association of Mcm2-7 with the pre-replicative complex (Sawyer et al., 2004). This timing of association is consistent with studies that demonstrate that, in Xenopus egg extracts, Mcm10 is required for association of Cdc45, but not Mcm2-7 with chromatin. Biochemical evidence that Mcm10 plays a direct role in the activation of the pre-replicative complex includes the requirement for SpMcm10 in the phosphorylation of the Mcm2-7 complex by DDK (Lee et al., 2004) and the fact that SpMcm10 binds and stimulates DNA polymerase alpha activity (Fien et al., 2004).
DNA replication pre-initiation in eukaryotic cells begins with the formation of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) during the late M phase and continues in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle, a process also called DNA replication origin licensing. The association of initiation proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, Mcm2-7) with the origin of replication in both S. cerevisiae and humans has been demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. In S. cerevisiae, pre-replicative complexes are assembled from late M to G1. In mammalian cells as well, pre-replicative complexes are assembled from late M to G1, as shown by biochemical fractionation and immunostaining. There are significant sequence similarities among some of the proteins in the pre-replicative complex. The ORC subunits Orc1, Orc4 and Orc5 are homologous to one another and to Cdc6. The six subunits of the Mcm2-7 complex are homologous to one another. In addition, Orc1, Orc4, Orc5, Cdc6, and the Mcm2-7 subunits, are members of the AAA+ superfamily of ATPases. Since the initial identification of these pre-RC components other factors that participate in this complex have been found, including Cdt1 in human, Xenopus, S. pombe, and S. cerevisiae cells.
DNA polymerase alpha:primase is comprised of four subunits, p180, p70, p58, and p49. The two primase subunits, p58 and p49, form a tight complex. The p49 subunit contains the DNA primase activity and one role of p58 appears to be tethering p49 to p180, the DNA polymerase catalytic subunit. The fourth subunit, p70, binds p180 and may tether the DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex to Cdc45.
After pre-RC assembly and Cdc45 association with the origin of replication, Replication Protein A (RPA) also associates with chromatin. RPA is a heterotrimeric complex containing p70, p34, and p11 subunits, and also is required for DNA recombination and DNA repair. The p70 subunit of RPA binds to the primase subunits of Pol alpha:primase. The p70 and p34 subunits of RPA are phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner. RPA is a single-strand DNA (ssDNA) binding protein and its association with chromatin at this stage suggests that DNA is partially unwound. This suggestion has been confirmed by detection of ssDNA in budding yeast origins of replication using chemical methods.
Once the Mcm2-7 complex has been assembled onto the origin of replication, the next step is the assembly of Cdc45, an essential replication protein, in late G1. The assembly of Cdc45 onto origins of replication forms a complex distinct from the pre-replicative complex, sometimes called the pre-initiation complex. The assembly of Cdc45 onto origins correlates with the time of initiation. Like the Mcm2-7 proteins, Cdc45 binds specifically to origins in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and then to non-origin DNA during S phase and is therefore thought to travel with the replication fork. Indeed, S. cerevisiae Cdc45 is required for DNA replication elongation as well as replication initiation. Cdc45 is required for the association of alpha DNA polymerase:primase with chromatin. Based on this observation and the observation that in S. cerevisiae, cCdc45 has been found in large complexes with some components of Mcm2-7 complex, it has been suggested that Cdc45 plays a scaffolding role at the replication fork, coupling Pol-alpha:primase to the replication fork through the helicase. Association of Cdc45 with origin DNA is regulated in the cell cycle and its association is dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases but not the Cdc7/Dbf4 kinase. In Xenopus egg extracts, association of Cdc45 with chromatin is dependent on Xmus101. TopBP1, the human homolog of Xmus1, is essential for DNA replication and interacts with DNA polymerase epsilon, one of the polymerases involved in replicating the genome. TopBP1 homologs have been found in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. Sld3, an additional protein required for Cdc45 association with chromatin in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe, has no known human homolog.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Mcm2-7 complex', and 1 molecule of 'ATP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Mcm2-7 complex', and 1 molecule of 'ADP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'DDK'.
In S. cerevisiae, two ORC subunits, Orc1 and Orc5, both bind ATP, and Orc1 in addition has ATPase activity. Both ATP binding and ATP hydrolysis appear to be essential functions in vivo. ATP binding by Orc1 is unaffected by the association of ORC with origin DNA (ARS) sequences, but ATP hydrolysis is ARS-dependent, being suppressed by associated double-stranded DNA and stimulated by associated single-stranded DNA. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ORC functions as an ATPase switch, hydrolyzing bound ATP and changing state as DNA unwinds at the origin immediately before replication. It is attractive to speculate that ORC likewise functions as a switch as human pre-replicative complexes are activated, but human Orc proteins are not well enough characterized to allow the model to be critically tested. mRNAs encoding human orthologs of all six Orc proteins have been cloned, and ATP-binding amino acid sequence motifs have been identified in Orc1, Orc4, and Orc5. Interactions among proteins expressed from the cloned genes have been characterized, but the ATP-binding and hydrolyzing properties of these proteins and complexes of them have not been determined.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'origin of replication', and 1 molecule of 'DNA polymerase epsilon' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA polymerase epsilon:origin complex' is present.
Expression and function of the human androgen-responsive gene ADI1 in prostate cancer
Mammalian fertilization comprises sperm migration through the female reproductive tract, biochemical and morphological changes to sperm, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct. Although the broad concepts of fertilization are well defined, our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying sperm-egg binding is limited.
A series of receptor signaling pathways potentially govern chemical communication between sperm and egg, chemotactically guiding incoming sperm towards the oocyte. Though several substances are confirmed as sperm chemoattractant, progesterone (P) seems to be the best chemoattractant candidate for human sperm. Ion channels control the sperm ability to fertilize the egg by regulating sperm maturation in the female reproductive tract and by triggering key sperm physiological responses required for successful fertilization such as hyperactivated motility, chemotaxis, and the acrosome reaction. CatSper, a pH regulated, calcium selective ion channel, potassium channel KSper (Slo3), and Hv1, the voltage gated proton channel are involved in regulation of sperm hyperactivated motility. While progesterone, secreted by ovulated cumulus oophorus, may act as a chemoattractant for sperm cells over the short distances, a major determinant of sperm guidance over long distances in the mammalian female reproductive tract is rheotaxis.
Slo3 represents a new and unique type of potassium channel regulated by intracellular pH. Slo3 is sperm specific and controls membrane potential. Incapacitated murine spermatozoa hyperpolarize to approximately 60 mV during capacitation, an effect attributed to an increase in K+ permeability. KSper (potassium transport in sperm) is the dominant, if not the only, K+ selective channel in mouse epididymal spermatozoa.
Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifiers (SUMOs) are a family of 3 proteins (SUMO1,2,3) that are reversibly conjugated to lysine residues of target proteins via a glycine-lysine isopeptide bond (reviewed in Hay 2013, Hannoun et al. 2010, Gareau and Lima 2010, Wilkinson and Henley 2010, Wang and Dasso 2009). Proteomic methods have yielded estimates of hundreds of target proteins. Targets are mostly located in the nucleus and therefore SUMOylation disproportionately affects gene expression. SUMOs are initially translated as proproteins possessing extra amino acid residues at the C-terminus which are removed by the SUMO processing endoproteases SENP1,2,5 (Hay 2007). Different SENPs have significantly different efficiencies with different SUMOs. The processing exposes a glycine residue at the C-terminus that is activated by ATP-dependent thiolation at cysteine-173 of UBA2 in a complex with SAE1, the E1 complex. The SUMO is transferred from E1 to cysteine-93 of a single E2 enzyme, UBC9 (UBE2I). UBC9 with or, in some cases, without an E3 ligase conjugates the glycine C-terminus of SUMO to an epsilon amino group of a lysine residue on the target protein. SUMO2 and SUMO3 may then be further polymerized, forming chains. SUMO1 is unable to form polymers. Conjugated SUMO can act as a biinding site for proteins possessing SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) and can also directly affect the formation of complexes between the target protein and other proteins. Conjugated SUMOs are removed by cleavage of the isopeptide bond by processing enzymes SENP1,2,3,5. The processing enzymes SENP6 and SENP7 edit chains of SUMO2 and SUMO3.
The initial translation products of SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3 are precursors that have extra amino acid residues at the C-terminus (reviewed in Wang and Dasso 2009, Wilkinson and Henley 2010, Hannoun et al. 2010, Gareau and Lima 2010, Hay 2007). SUMO1 has 4 extra residues, SUMO2 has 2 extra residues, and SUMO3 has 11 extra residues. Proteolytic cleavage by SUMO peptidases (SENPs) removes the propeptide and leaves diglycine residues at the C-terminus. Each SENP has distinct preferences for certain SUMOs. SENP1 has highest activity on SUMO1; SENP2 and SENP5 have highest activity on SUMO2 (Shen et al. 2006, Reverter and Lima 2006, Mikolajczyk et al. 2007). SENP1 and SENP2 are predominantly nucleoplasmic (Bailey and O'Hare 2004, Kim et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2002, Hang and Dasso 2002, Itahana et al. 2006) and SENP5 is predominantly nucleolar (Di Bacco et al. 2006, Gong and Yeh 2006), therefore the processing reactions are believed to occur in the nucleus. The processed SUMO is then activated by formation of a thioester bond with a cysteine residue of an E1 enzyme, UBA2 (SAE2) in a complex with SAE1. SUMO is then transferred from the E1 enzyme to an E2 enzyme, UBC9 (UBE2I).
SUMO is transferred from cysteine-173 of UBA2 to cysteine-93 of UBC9 (UBE2I) in a transthiolation reaction (reviewed in Wang and Dasso 2009, Wilkinson and Henley 2010, Hannoun et al. 2010, Gareau and Lima 2010). UBC9 is the only known E2 enzyme for SUMO and on certain substrates such as RanGAP1 may act without the requirement of an E3 ligase.
Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc4', and 1 molecule of 'Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc4:Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc3:Orc2:origin', and 1 molecule of 'Orc5' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc2:origin', and 1 molecule of 'Orc3' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc3:Orc2:origin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Human reproduction mixes the genomes of two individuals creating a new organism. The offspring individuals produced by sexual reproduction differ from their parents and from their siblings. Reproduction includes the reproductive system, sperm and egg production (haploid cells), fertilization, and the early stages embryo development.
At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Cdc6' is present.
The MCM2-7 complex, an essential component of the pre-replication complex, recruits CDC6 and CDT1 proteins to the origin. MCM8, another member of the MCM family has been found to bind to chromatin during early G1 phase. MCM8 interacts specifically with the ORC2 protein.
Cdc6 is a regulator of DNA replication initiation in both yeasts and human cells, but its mechanism of action differs between the two systems. Genetic studies in budding yeast (S. cerevisiae) and fission yeast (S. pombe) indicate that the normal function of Cdc6 protein is required to restrict DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Specifically, Cdc6 may function as an ATPase switch linked to Mcm2-7 association with the Cdt1:Cdc6:ORC:origin complex. In S. cerevisiae, Cdc6 protein is expressed late in the M phase of the cell cycle and, in cells with a prolonged G1 phase, late in G1. This protein has a short half-life, and is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, mediated by the SCF complex. Human Cdc6 protein levels are reduced early in G1 but otherwise are constant throughout the cell cycle. Some reports have suggested that after cells enter S phase, Cdc6 is phosphorylated, excluded from the nucleus and subject to ubiquitination and degradation. Replenishing Cdc6 protein levels during G1 appears to be regulated by E2F transcription factors.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ORC:origin', and 1 molecule of 'CDC6' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CDC6:ORC:origin complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc4:Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin', and 1 molecule of 'Orc1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc1:Orc4:Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the entire ORC complex is constitutively bound to the origin of replication. However, in mammalian cells, Orc1, and possibly other Orc subunits, dissociate from origins of replication, while Orc2 remains stably associated with chromatin across the cell cycle. The first step in formation of the pre-RC is assembly of the hexameric Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) at the origin of replication. Recent work on human (Hs) ORC has suggested that the heterohexamer assembles in an ordered manner. HsOrc2 appears to be constitutively bound to origins of replication. HsOrc2 and HsOrc3 form a complex that interacts with HsOrc4 and HsOrc5. Recruitment of HsOrc5 into the complex is important for the association of HsOrc1. HsOrc6 is also capable of interacting with the core HsOrc2:3:4:5 complex, but not smaller complexes. Interestingly, HsOrc1 and a subunit of the Mcm2-7 complex (HsMcm2) interact with a histone acetyltransferase, HsHBO1 (Bell & Stillman 1992; Diffley et al. 1994; Lee & Bell 1997; Wenger et al. 1975; Li & DePamphili;s 2001; Dhar et al. 2001; Vashee et al, 2001; Iizuka & Stillman 1999 Burke et al. 2001).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orc1:Orc4:Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin', and 1 molecule of 'Orc6' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ORC complex bound to origin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Initiation protein Cdt1 was first identified in X. laevis, where it has been shown to be the second component of licensing factor (RLF-B) and in S. pombe. Cdt1 homologs have been identified in D. melanogaster, humans, and S. cerevisiae. Genetic studies in S. pombe have shown that binding of Cdc6 to chromatin requires the prior binding of Cdc18, the S. pombe homolog of Cdc6. In humans, the function of CDT1 is regulated during the cell cycle by its tight association with an inhibitory factor, geminin.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CDT1', and 1 molecule of 'CDC6:ORC:origin complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CDT1:CDC6:ORC:origin complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Genetic studies in S. cerevisiae indicate that wild-type Cdc6 function is required for correctly timed loading of Mcm2-7 onto ORC. Biochemical studies indicate that the human and Xenopus Cdc6 proteins likewise are required for Mcm2-7 loading, and that they are ATPase switches. Specifically, Cdc6 may function as a clamp loader, assembling Mcm2-7 onto DNA in an ATP-dependent reaction. All known Cdc6 proteins have the Walker A and Walker B sequence motifs characteristic of the AAA+ superfamily of ATPases. As expected for an AAA+ protein, human Cdc6 binds and slowly hydrolyzes ATP in vitro. ATP hydrolysis was disrupted by mutations of the Walker B motif, while both binding and hydrolysis were disrupted by Walker A mutations. Microinjection of either mutant protein into HeLa cells blocked their progression through S phase. Both wild-type and mutant proteins can dimerize in vitro, and studies with Xenopus egg extracts suggest that Cdc6 functions in vivo as a dimer or larger multimer. In Xenopus extracts depleted of Cdc6 and reconstituted with either mutant protein, recruitment of Mcm2-7 to chromatin failed.
The molecular genetic basis of muscle phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) deficiency
The protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1alpha that signals the unfolded protein response has a luminal N-terminal ligand-independent dimerization domain
WLS-dependent secretion of WNT3A requires Ser209 acylation and vacuolar acidification
Cloning of a putative human voltage-gated chloride channel (CIC-2) cDNA widely expressed in human tissues
Induction of chondrogenesis in neural crest cells by mutant fibroblast growth factor receptors
Regulation of purine synthesis de novo in human fibroblasts by purine nucleotides and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
Sprouty-4 negatively regulates cell spreading by inhibiting the kinase activity of testicular protein kinase
Interfacial kinetic and binding properties of mammalian group IVB phospholipase A2 (cPLA2beta) and comparison with the other cPLA2 isoforms
Positional specificity of hormone-sensitive lipase from rat adipose tissue
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524038
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139690.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167460
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121504.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167440
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123762.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498730
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125902.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167442
Characterization of human D-amino acid oxidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524059
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121430.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141237.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167549
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147288.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524067
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124080.1
The subcellular localization of an aquaporin-2 tetramer depends on the stoichiometry of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated monomers
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121634.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498740
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167318.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175825
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143375.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124009.1
Collagens: molecular biology, diseases, and potentials for therapy
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167752
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel UDP-GlcNAc:GalNAc-peptide beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta 3Gn-T6), an enzyme synthesizing the core 3 structure of O-glycans
Cloning, expression, and pharmacology of four human 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor isoforms produced by alternative splicing in the carboxyl terminus
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167759
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125971.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524101
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124007.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110577
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4926.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524064
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124717.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167764
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin', and 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Orc1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Orc1' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Orc1' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol. This movement of the molecule occurs through the 'nuclear pore'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Orc1' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'endopeptidase activity' of '26S proteasome'.
At the start of the elongation phase of DNA replication, the Mcm2-7 complex may re-arrange to function as the replicative helicase associated with the replication fork. In general, a replicative helicase is associated with the replication fork and unwinds DNA ahead of the polymerase. In yeast, the Mcm proteins associate with origin DNA in G1 phase and then exit the origin upon replication initiation, consistent with moving out of the origin with the replication fork. The Mcm2-7 complex is a ring-shaped hexamer. Complexes of Mcm4, Mcm6 and Mcm7 proteins from humans or S. pombe display a modest ATP-dependent helicase activity in vitro. Consistent with the hypothesis that eukaryotic Mcm complexes function as helicases, an archaeal Mcm homolog is a ring-shaped double hexamer that has a processive DNA unwinding activity. Mcm proteins may have additional functions during elongation, as uninterrupted function of all six is required for replication fork progression in budding yeast. Mcm4,6,7 helicase activity may be negatively regulated in two ways. Mcm2, Mcm4, Mcm6, and Mcm7 also form a stable complex which, however, has no helicase activity, suggesting that Mcm2 inhibits DNA unwinding by Mcm4,6,7. In addition, phosphorylation of human Mcm4,6,7 complex by CDK inhibits its helicase activity.
As cells enter S phase, HsCdc6p is phosphorylated by CDK promoting its export from the nucleus (see Bell and Dutta 2002).
In budding yeast, all MCM proteins have been proved to be essential for elongation. The active form of this protein complex may be a heterohexamer. A subcomplex of MCM proteins consisting fo MCM4,6, and -7 has a weak helicase activity that may contribute to DNA unwinding.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CDC6', and 1 molecule of 'ATP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ADP', and 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Cdc6' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'CDK'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitinated Cdc6' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ubiquitin' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'endopeptidase activity' of '26S proteasome'.
In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Cdc6' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol. This movement of the molecule occurs through the 'nuclear pore'.
DNA Replication is regulated accurately and precisely by various protein complexes. Many members of the MCM protein family are assembled into the pre-Replication Complexes (pre-RC) at the end of M phase of the cell cycle. DNA helicase activity of some of the MCM family proteins are important for the unwinding of DNA and initiation of replication processes. This section contains four events which have been proved in different eukaryotic experimental systems to involve various proteins for this essential step during DNA Replication.
The MCM2-7 related protein, MCM8, is required to replicate chromosomal DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. MCM8 binds chromatin upon initiation of DNA synthesis. It may function as an helicase in the elongation step.
By applying the chromatin immunoprecipitation technique to paused forks, certain proteins like DNA pol alpha, DNA pol delta, DNA pol epsilon, MCM2-7, CDC45, GINS and MCM10 were identified. By uncoupling a helicase at the site using a polymerase inhibitor, MCM2-7, GINS complex and CDC45 alone were found to be enriched at the paused fork suggesting these proteins may form a part of an "unwindosome" at the replicating fork.
Due to the antiparallel nature of DNA, DNA polymerization is unidirectional, and one strand is synthesized discontinuously. This strand is called the lagging strand. Although the polymerase switching on the lagging strand is very similar to that on the leading strand, the processive synthesis on the two strands proceeds quite differently. Short DNA fragments, about 100 bases long, called Okazaki fragments are synthesized on the RNA-DNA primers first. Strand-displacement synthesis occurs, whereby the primer-containing 5'-terminus of the adjacent Okazaki fragment is folded into a single-stranded flap structure. This flap structure is removed by endonucleases, and the adjacent Okazaki fragments are joined by DNA ligase.
The key event that allows the processive synthesis on the lagging strand, is polymerase switching from pol alpha to pol delta, as on the leading strand. However, the processive synthesis on the lagging strand proceeds very differently. DNA synthesis is discontinuous, and involves the formation of short fragments called the Okazaki fragments. During the synthesis of Okazaki fragments, the RNA primer is folded into a single-stranded flap, which is removed by endonucleases. This is followed by the ligation of adjacent Okazaki fragments.
Removal of the flap by FEN-1 leads to the generation of a nick between the 3'-end of the upstream Okazaki fragment and the 5'-end of the downstream Okazaki fragment. DNA ligase I then seals the nicks between adjacent processed Okazaki fragments to generate intact double-stranded DNA.
The processive complex is responsible for synthesizing at least 5-10 kb of DNA in a continuous manner during leading strand synthesis. The incorporation of nucleotides by pol delta is quite accurate. However, incorporation of an incorrect nucleotide does occur occasionally. Misincorporated nucleotides are removed by the 3' to 5' exonucleolytic proofreading capability of pol delta.
After the primers are synthesized, Replication Factor C binds to the 3'-end of the initiator DNA to trigger polymerase switching. The non-processive nature of pol alpha catalytic activity and the tight binding of Replication Factor C to the primer-template junction presumably lead to the turnover of the pol alpha:primase complex. After the Pol alpha-primase primase complex is displaced from the primer, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) binds to form a "sliding clamp" structure. Replication Factor C then dissociates, and DNA polymerase delta binds and catalyzes the processive synthesis of DNA.
Replication factor C is proposed to dissociate from PCNA following sliding clamp formation, and the DNA toroid alone tethers pol delta to the DNA.
The binding of the primer recognition complex involves the loading of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Replication Factor C transiently opens the PCNA toroid in an ATP-dependent reaction, and then allows PCNA to re-close around the double helix adjacent to the primer terminus. This leads to the formation of the "sliding clamp".
Once the RNA-DNA primer is synthesized, replication factor C (RFC) initiates a reaction called "polymerase switching"; pol delta, the processive enzyme replaces pol alpha, the priming enzyme. RFC binds to the 3'-end of the RNA-DNA primer on the Primosome, to displace the pol alpha primase complex. The binding of RFC triggers the binding of the primer recognition complex.
Accurate and efficient genome duplication requires coordinated processes to replicate two template strands at eucaryotic replication forks. Knowledge of the fundamental reactions involved in replication fork progression is derived largely from biochemical studies of the replication of simian virus and from yeast genetic studies. Since duplex DNA forms an anti-parallel structure, and DNA polymerases are unidirectional, one of the new strands is synthesized continuously in the direction of fork movement. This strand is designated as the leading strand. The other strand grows in the direction away from fork movement, and is called the lagging strand. Several specific interactions among the various proteins involved in DNA replication underlie the mechanism of DNA synthesis, on both the leading and lagging strands, at a DNA replication fork. These interactions allow the replication enzymes to cooperate in the replication process (Hurwitz et al 1990; Brush et al 1996; Ayyagari et al 1995; Budd & Campbell 1997; Bambara et al 1997).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426639
The actual synthesis of DNA occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. This includes the initiation of DNA replication, when the first nucleotide of the new strand is laid down during the synthesis of the primer. The DNA replication preinitiation events begin in late M or early G1 phase.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141387.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167718
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123561.1
DNA replication is regulated at various levels via ORC proteins. This pathway includes annotation of individual events that lead to the regulation of replication.
Licensing factors are removed from the origin by various means like biochemical modification (phosphorylation) or by physical association with other proteins. This pathway includes the annotations of events in which the fates of different proteins at the origin are outlined.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426955
Studies in the past decade have suggested that the basic mechanism of DNA replication initiation is conserved in all kingdoms of life. Initiation in unicellular eukaryotes, in particular Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast), is well understood, and has served as a model for studies of DNA replication initiation in multicellular eukaryotes, including humans. In general terms, the first step of initiation is the binding of the replication initiator to the origin of replication. The replicative helicase is then assembled onto the origin, usually by a helicase assembly factor. Either shortly before or shortly after helicase assembly, some local unwinding of the origin of replication occurs in a region rich in adenine and thymine bases (often termed a DNA unwinding element, DUE). The unwound region provides the substrate for primer synthesis and initiation of DNA replication. The best-defined eukaryotic origins are those of S. cerevisiae, which have well-conserved sequence elements for initiator binding, DNA unwinding and binding of accessory proteins. In multicellular eukaryotes, unlike S. cerevisiae, these loci appear not to be defined by the presence of a DNA sequence motif. Indeed, choice of replication origins in a multicellular eukaryote may vary with developmental stage and tissue type. In cell-free models of metazoan DNA replication, such as the one provided by Xenopus egg extracts, there are only limited DNA sequence specificity requirements for replication initiation (Kelly & Brown 2000; Bell & Dutta 2002; Marahrens & Stillman 1992; Cimbora & Groudine 2001; Mahbubani et al 1992, Hyrien & Mechali 1993).
Post-transcriptional splicing of introns is affected neither by the elongating properties of RNA polymerase II, nor by the binding of splicing regulatory factors to the enzyme. It is only affected by the relative abundance of constitutive and/or regulatory splicing factors at the sites where splicing takes place. Nevertheless it is important to point out that cytological evidence indicates that unspliced or partially spliced pre-mRNAs do not diffuse in the nucleoplasm far from the transcription sites. Therefore, recruitment of splicing factors to transcription sites would still favor the post-transcriptional splicing of introns.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167716
Hydroxylysine glycosides are specific to collagen. Collagen glycosylation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum before triple-helix formation. Either galactose or glucose-galactose are attached to approximately one third of hydroxylysine residues by specific transferases, beta(1-O)galactosyl- and alpha(1-2)glucosyltransferase, forming galactosyl hydroxylysine (Gal-Hyl) and glucosyl-galactosyl hydroxylysine (Glu-Gal-Hyl) respectively. The genes GLT25D1 and GLT25D2 encode galactosyltransferases that are active with various types of collagen and the serum mannose-binding lectin MBL, which also contains a collagen domain. GLT25D1 gene is constitutively expressed in human tissues, whereas the GLT25D2 gene was found to be expressed only at low levels in the nervous system. These galactosyltransferases convert 5-hydroxylysine to 5-galactosyl hydroxylysine (Gal-Hyl). The extent of hydroxylysine galactosylation is variable between collagen types and locations; it is particularly common in bone type I collagen (Al-Dehaimi et al. 1999). Although the fraction of hydroxylysine residues that are glycosylated does not differ between skin and bone (the major sources of type I collagen) the pattern of hydroxylysine glycosylation is different. Glu-Gal-Hyl predominates in skin, where the Glu-Gal-Hyl/Gal-Hyl ratio is approximately 2 (Pinnell et al. 1971), whereas Gal-Hyl predominates in bone, where the Glu-Gal-Hyl/Gal-Hyl ratio is 0.47 (Krane et al. 1977).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123470.1
Lysyl hydroxylase (LH) (E.C. 1.14.11.4) is a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes the formation of (2S,5R)-5-hydroxylysyl residues (5-Hyl) in proteins (reviewed in Myllyharju & Kivirikko 2001) within a peptide linkage at the Y position of the repeating X-Y-Gly sequence motif. The extent of 5-Hyl formation is much more variable than that of hydroxyproline. It varies between collagen types, tissues and by physiological state (Miller 1984). 5-Hyl content also differs between the helical and telopeptide domains. This and the observation that purified lysyl hydroxylase failed to hydroxylate Lys in the telopeptide domains has led to speculation that there are separate enzymes responsible for Lys hydroxylation in the helical and telopeptide domains (Royce & Barnes 1985, Gerriets et al. 1993). The LH2b isoform may be the telopeptide-specific form (Pornprasertsuk et al. 2004). In human type I collagen, there are 38 residues of Lys in each alpha-1 chain (36 in the helical domain, 1 each in the C- and N-telopeptide domains) and 31 in each alpha-2 chain (30 in the helical domain,1 in the N-telopeptide and none in the C-telopeptide domains) (Yamauchi & Shiiba 2002). LH requires ferrous iron, oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate, and ascorbate. The hydroxylation reaction occurs during collagen biosynthesis in the ER as a co- and post-translational event, before triple helix formation. Three LH isoforms have been characterized in humans, encoded by the genes PLOD1-3. The isoforms appear to have preferences for certain collagen types, e.g. LH3 preferentially binds collagen types IV, VI, XI and XII (Myllyla et al. 2007). LH3 has galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities in addition to its lysyl hydroxylase activity (Heikkinen et al. 2000, Wang et al. 2002), a multifunctionality also seen in the single C. elegans orthologue (Wang et al. 2002a, b). Hydroxylysine residues can form stable intermolecular cross-links between collagen molecules in fibrils and also represent sites for glucosyl- and galactosyl- carbohydrate attachment. In this reaction all collagen subtypes are represented as having a single hydroxylysine.
FUNCTION Acts as a ligand for Notch (N) receptor. Essential for proper ectodermal development. Serrate represents an element in a network of interacting molecules operating at the cell surface during the differentiation of certain tissues.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Restricted exclusively to cells of ectodermal origin.MISCELLANEOUS Separation of neuroblasts from the ectoderm into the inner part of embryo is one of the first steps of CNS development in insects, this process is under control of the neurogenic genes.MISCELLANEOUS Notch and Serrate may interact at the protein level, it is conceivable that the Serrate and Delta proteins may compete for binding with the Notch protein.SIMILARITY Contains 1 DSL domain.SIMILARITY Contains 14 EGF-like domains.
The eukaryotic six-subunit origin recognition complex (ORC) governs the initiation site of DNA replication and formation of the prereplication complex.
The ER membrane-associated enzyme PLOD3 has collagen galactosyltransferase activity (Heikkinen et al. 2000, Wang et al. 2002) though the biological significance of this has been questioned (Schegg et al. 2009).
Dystroglycan binds specifically to a subset of neurexin LNS domains in a tight interaction that requires the glycosylation of dystroglycan and is regulated by neurexin alternative splicing. Alpha-dystroglycan binds G domain-like sequences in neurexin-1-alpha (NRXN1) (Sugita et al. 2001).
Alpha-dystroglycan (DG) binds G domain-like sequences in other extracellular matrix molecules such as AGRN (agrin) (Gee et al. 1994, Campanelli et al. 1994, Sugiyama et al. 1994, Yamada et al. 1996, Gesemann et al. 1996) and HSPG2 (perlecan) (Peng et al. 1998, Talts et al. 1999). DG knockout mice exhibit severe disruption of basement membranes and embryonic stem cells fail to deposit laminin, suggesting a role for DG in laminin matrix formation (Henry & Campbell 1998). Conditional ablation of DG expression in cultured mammary epithelial cells disrupted laminin-111-induced polarity and beta-casein production, and abolished laminin binding and assembly on the cell surface. Dystroglycan re-expression restored these deficiencies (Weir et al. 2006).
Perlecan (HSPG2) is a modular proteoglycan primarily located in the basement membranes of vascular tissues. It is involved in several developmental processes, both during embryogenesis and in human diseases such as cancer and diabetes (Iozzo et al. 1994). HSPG2 can self-aggregate into dimeric or multimeric forms (Yurchenco et al. 1987) and is involved in heterotypic interactions with numerous extracellular macromolecules (Whitelock et al. 2008, Perlecan entry in MatrixDB). HSPG2's GAG chains mediate interactions with fibroblast growth factor-2 (Vigny et al. 1988, Knox et al. 2002), and nidogens (Entactins, represented elsewhere). The core protein binds fibronectin (Isemura et al. 1987, Heremans et al. 1990, Vlodavsky et al. 1991), transthyretin (Smeland et al. 1997) and platelet-derived growth factor A and B homodimers (Göhring et al. 1998).
Collagen is a family of at least 29 structural proteins derived from over 40 human genes (Myllyharju & Kivirikko 2004). It is the main component of connective tissue, and the most abundant protein in mammals making up about 25% to 35% of whole-body protein content. A defining feature of collagens is the formation of trimeric left-handed polyproline II-type helical collagenous regions. The packing within these regions is made possible by the presence of the smallest amino acid, glycine, at every third residue, resulting in a repeating motif Gly-X-Y where X is often proline (Pro) and Y often 4-hydroxyproline (4Hyp). Gly-Pro-Hyp is the most common triplet in collagen (Ramshaw et al. 1998). Collagen peptide chains also have non-collagenous domains, with collagen subclasses having common chain structures. Collagen fibrils are mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin. Other forms of collagen are abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral disc. In muscle tissue, collagen is a major component of the endomysium, constituting up to 6% of muscle mass. Gelatin, used in food and industry, is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed. On the basis of their fibre architecture in tissues, the genetically distinct collagens have been divided into subgroups. Group 1 collagens have uninterrupted triple-helical domains of about 300 nm, forming large extracellular fibrils. They are referred to as the fibril-forming collagens, consisting of collagens types I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV and XXVII. Group 2 collagens are types IV and VII, which have extended triple helices (>350 nm) with imperfections in the Gly-X-Y repeat sequences. Group 3 are the short-chain collagens. These have two subgroups. Group 3A have continuous triple-helical domains (type VI, VIII and X). Group 3B have interrupted triple-helical domains, referred to as the fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACIT collagens, Shaw & Olsen 1991). FACITs include collagen IX, XII, XIV, XVI, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII and XXVI plus the transmembrane collagens (XIII, XVII, XXIII and XXV) and the multiple triple helix domains and interruptions (Multiplexin) collagens XV and XVIII (Myllyharju & Kivirikko 2004). The non-collagenous domains of collagens have regulatory functions; several are biologically active when cleaved from the main peptide chain. Fibrillar collagen peptides all have a large triple helical domain (COL1) bordered by N and C terminal extensions, called the N- and C-propeptides, which are cleaved prior to formation of the collagen fibril. The intact form is referred to as a collagen propeptide, not procollagen, which is used to refer to the trimeric triple-helical precursor of collagen before the propeptides are removed. The C-propeptide, also called the NC1 domain, directs chain association during assembly of the procollagen molecule from its three constituent alpha chains (Hulmes 2002). Fibril forming collagens are the most familiar and best studied subgroup. Collagen fibres are aggregates or bundles of collagen fibrils, which are themselves polymers of tropocollagen complexes, each consisting of three polypeptide chains known as alpha chains. Tropocollagens are considered the subunit of larger collagen structures. They are approximately 300 nm long and 1.5 nm in diameter, with a left-handed triple-helical structure, which becomes twisted into a right-handed coiled-coil 'super helix' in the collagen fibril. Tropocollagens in the extracellular space polymerize spontaneously with regularly staggered ends (Hulmes 2002). In fibrillar collagens the molecules are staggered by about 67 nm, a unit known as D that changes depending upon the hydration state. Each D-period contains slightly more than four collagen molecules so that every D-period repeat of the microfibril has a region containing five molecules in cross-section, called the 'overlap', and a region containing only four molecules, called the 'gap'. The triple-helices are arranged in a hexagonal or quasi-hexagonal array in cross-section, in both the gap and overlap regions (Orgel et al. 2006). Collagen molecules cross-link covalently to each other via lysine and hydroxylysine side chains. These cross-links are unusual, occuring only in collagen and elastin, a related protein. The macromolecular structures of collagen are diverse. Several group 3 collagens associate with larger collagen fibers, serving as molecular bridges which stabilize the organization of the extracellular matrix. Type IV collagen is arranged in an interlacing network within the dermal-epidermal junction and vascular basement membranes. Type VI collagen forms distinct microfibrils called beaded filaments. Type VII collagen forms anchoring fibrils. Type VIII and X collagens form hexagonal networks. Type XVII collagen is a component of hemidesmosomes where it is complexed wtih alpha6Beta4 integrin, plectin, and laminin-332 (de Pereda et al. 2009). Type XXIX collagen has been recently reported to be a putative epidermal collagen with highest expression in suprabasal layers (Soderhall et al. 2007). Collagen fibrils/aggregates arranged in varying combinations and concentrations in different tissues provide specific tissue properties. In bone, collagen triple helices lie in a parallel, staggered array with 40 nm gaps between the ends of the tropocollagen subunits, which probably serve as nucleation sites for the deposition of crystals of the mineral component, hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) with some phosphate. Collagen structure affects cell-cell and cell-matrix communication, tissue construction in growth and repair, and is changed in development and disease (Sweeney et al. 2006, Twardowski et al. 2007). A single collagen fibril can be heterogeneous along its axis, with significantly different mechanical properties in the gap and overlap regions, correlating with the different molecular organizations in these regions (Minary-Jolandan & Yu 2009).
Syndecans have attached heparan sulfate (HS) and to a lesser extent chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. These allow interactions with a large number of proteins. Syndecans are also signalling molecules, interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. Most studies have involved syndecan-4 (Multhaupt et al. 2009). Zebrafish and murine syndecan-4 V regions bind the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) undergoing a shape change revealed by NMR spectroscopy (Oh et al. 1998, Whiteford et al. 2008). The resulting complex is able to bind protein kinase C alpha which is persistently activated in the absence of Ca2+ (Oh et al. 1997, Lee et al. 1998, Keum et al. 2004).
Syndecans have attached heparan sulfate (HS) and to a lesser extent chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. These allow interactions with a large number of proteins. Various enzymes involved in post-translational HS chain modifications produce unique binding motifs that selectively recognize different proteins (Tkachenko et al. 2005). Syndecan-null mice have subtle phenotypes when compared with mice deficient in HS chain synthesis or modification (Echtermeyer et al. 2001, Ishiquro et al. 2001, Götte et al. 2002). GPI-anchored glypicans and matrix HSPGs such as perlecan may compensate for the absence of syndecans. Syndecans are also signalling molecules, interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. Most of the work done has involved syndecan-4 (Multhaupt et al. 2009). The V-region of syndecan-4 interacts with the actin-bundling protein alpha-actinin (Greene et al. 2003, Choi et al. 2008, Shin et al. 2012), a direct link to the cell cytoskeleton.
Syndecans have attached heparan sulfate (HS) and to a lesser extent chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. These allow interactions with a large number of proteins. Various enzymes involved in post-translational HS chain modifications produce unique binding motifs that selectively recognize different proteins (Tkachenko et al. 2005). Syndecan-null mice have subtle phenotypes when compared with mice deficient in HS chain synthesis or modification (Echtermeyer et al. 2001, Ishiquro et al. 2001, Götte et al. 2002). GPI-anchored glypicans and matrix HSPGs such as perlecan may compensate for the absence of syndecans. Syndecans are also signalling molecules, interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. Syndecan-2 binds Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 4 (TRAPPC4), also known as synbindin. It appears to be involved with postsynaptic membrane trafficking (Ethell et al. 2000). Syndecan-2 expression promotes dendritic spine maturation in neurons, and requires the C2 domain (Ethell et al. 2000), suggesting that syndecan-2 and synbindin recruit intracellular vesicles to postsynaptic sites. More recently TRAPPC4 was shown to be a component of the Transport Protein Particle, involved in endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport (Fan et al. 2009).
Syndecans have attached heparan sulfate (HS) and to a lesser extent chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. These allow interactions with a large number of proteins. Various enzymes involved in post-translational HS chain modifications produce unique binding motifs that selectively recognize different proteins (Tkachenko et al. 2005). Syndecan-null mice have subtle phenotypes when compared with mice deficient in HS chain synthesis or modification (Echtermeyer et al. 2001, Ishiquro et al. 2001, Götte et al. 2002). GPI-anchored glypicans and matrix HSPGs such as perlecan may compensate for the absence of syndecans. Syndecans are also signalling molecules, interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. Syndecan-2 binds the kinase Ca2+/calmodulin associated serine/threonine kinase (CASK), a membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) associated with intercellular junctions (Hsueh et al. 1998).
The biosynthesis of collagen is a multistep process. Collagen propeptides are cotranslationally translocated into the ER lumen. Propeptides undergo a number of post-translational modifications. Proline and lysine residues may be hydroxylated by prolyl 3-, prolyl 4- and lysyl hydroxylases. 4-hydroxyproline is essential for intramolecular hydrogen bonding and stability of the triple helical collagenous domain. In fibril forming collagens approximately 50% of prolines are 4-hydroxylated; the extent of this and of 3-hydroxyproline and lysine hydroxylation varies between tissues and collagen types (Kivirikko et al. 1972, 1992). Hydroxylysine molecules can form cross-links between collagen molecules in fibrils, and are sites for glycosyl- and galactosylation. Collagen peptides all have non-collagenous domains; collagens within the subclasses have common chain structures. These non-collagenous domains have regulatory functions; some are biologically active when cleaved from the main peptide chain. Fibrillar collagens all have a large triple helical domain (COL1) bordered by N and C terminal extensions, called the N and C propeptides, which are cleaved prior to formation of the collagen fibril. The C propeptide, also called the NC1 domain, is highly conserved. It directs chain association during intracellular assembly of the procollagen molecule from three collagen propeptide alpha chains (Hulmes 2002). The N-propeptide has a short linker (NC2) connecting the main triple helix to a short minor one (COL2) and a globular N-terminal region NC3. NC3 domains are variable both in size and the domains they contain. Collagen propeptides typically undergo a number of post-translational modifications. Proline and lysine residues are hydroxylated by prolyl 3-, prolyl 4- and lysyl hydroxylases. 4-hydroxyproline is essential for intramolecular hydrogen bonding and stability of the triple helical collagenous domain. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase may also have a role in alpha chain association as no association of the C-propeptides of type XII collagen was seen in the presence of prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitors (Mazzorana et al. 1993, 1996). In fibril forming collagens approximately 50% of prolines are 4-hydroxylated; the extent of this is species dependent, lower hydroxylation correlating with lower ambient temperature and thermal stability (Cohen-Solal et al. 1986, Notbohm et al. 1992). Similarly the extent of 3-hydroxyproline and lysine hydroxylation varies between tissues and collagen types (Kivirikko et al. 1992). Hydroxylysine molecules can form cross-links between collagen molecules in fibrils, and are sites for glycosyl- and galactosylation. Collagen molecules fold and assemble through a series of distinct intermediates (Bulleid 1996). Individual collagen polypeptide chains are translocated co-translationally across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Intra-chain disulfide bonds are formed within the N-propeptide, and hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues occurs within the triple helical domain (Kivirikko et al. 1992). When the peptide chain is fully translocated into the ER lumen the C-propeptide folds, the conformation being stabilized by intra-chain disulfide bonds (Doege and Fessler 1986). Pro alpha-chains associate via the C-propeptides (Byers et al. 1975, Bächinger et al. 1978), or NC2 domains for FACIT family collagens (Boudko et al. 2008) to form an initial trimer which can be stabilized by the formation of inter-chain disulfide bonds (Schofield et al. 1974, Olsen et al. 1976), though these are not a prerequisite for further folding (Bulleid et al. 1996). The triple helix then nucleates and folds in a C- to N- direction. The association of the individual chains and subsequent triple helix formation are distinct steps (Bächinger et al. 1980). The N-propeptides associate and in some cases form inter-chain disulfide bonds (Bruckner et al., 1978). Procollagen is released via carriers into the exracellular space (Canty & Kadler 2005). Fibrillar procollagens undergo removal of the C- and N-propeptides by procollagen C and N proteinases respectively, both Zn2+ dependent metalloproteinases. Propeptide processing is a required step for normal collagen I and III fibril formation, but collagens can retain some or all of their non-collagenous propeptides. Retained collagen type V and XI N-propeptides contribute to the control of fibril growth by sterically limiting lateral molecule addition (Fichard et al. 1995). Processed fibrillar procollagen is termed tropocollagen, which is considered to be the unit of higher order fibrils and fibres. Tropocollagens of the fibril forming collagens I, II, III, V and XI sponteneously aggregate in vitro in a manner that has been compared with crystallization, commencing with a nucleation event followed by subsequent organized aggregation (Silver et al. 1992, Prockop & Fertala 1998). Fibril formation is stabilized by lysyl oxidase catalyzed crosslinks between adjacent molecules (Siegel & Fu 1976).
The glucosyltransferase activity of PLOD3 adds glucose to procollagen galactosyl hydroxylysyl residues.
Pig-n, a mammalian homologue of yeast Mcd4p, is involved in transferring phosphoethanolamine to the first mannose of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498733
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141609.5
Syndecans have attached heparan sulfate (HS) and to a lesser extent chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. These allow interactions with a large number of proteins. Various enzymes involved in post-translational HS chain modifications produce unique binding motifs that selectively recognize different proteins (Tkachenko et al. 2005). Syndecans are also signalling molecules, interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. Most of the work done has involved syndecan-4 (Multhaupt et al. 2009). Zebrafish and murine syndecan-4 V regions bind the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) undergoing a shape change revealed by NMR spectroscopy (Oh et al. 1998, Whiteford et al. 2008). The resulting complex is able to bind protein kinase C alpha which is persistently activated in the absence of Ca2+ (Oh et al. 1997, Lee et al. 1998, Keum et al. 2004).
Syndecans are type I transmembrane proteins, with an N-terminal ectodomain that contains several consensus sequences for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. Syndecan-1 and -3 GAG attachment sites occur in two distinct clusters, one near the N-terminus and the other near the membrane-attachment site, separated by a proline and threonine-rich 'spacer'. Syndecan ectodomain sequences are poorly conserved in the family and between species, but the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains are highly conserved. Syndecan-1 and -3 form a subfamily. Syndecan core proteins form dimers (Choi et al. 2007) and at least syndecan-3 and -4 form oligomers (Asundi & Carey 1995, Shin et al. 2012). Syndecan-1 is the major syndecan of epithelial cells including vascular endothelium. Syndecan-2 is present mostly in mesenchymal, neuronal and smooth muscle cells. Syndecan-3 is the major syndecan of the nervous system, while syndecan-4 is ubiquitously expressed but at lower levels than the other syndecans (refs in Alexopoulou et al. 2007). The core syndecan protein has three to five heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate chains, which interact with a variety of ligands including fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin, collagen, vitronectin and several integrins. Syndecans may act as integrin coreceptors. Interactions between fibronectin and syndecans are modulated by tenascin-C.
Several non-integrin membrane proteins interact with extracellular matrix proteins. Transmembrane proteoglycans may associate with integrins and growth factor receptors to influence their function, or they can signal independently, often influencing the actin cytoskeleton.
A heterodimeric coiled-coil protein required for mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro
Mammalian sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporters (transport succinate and other Krebs cycle intermediates) fall into two categories based on their substrate affinity. The human gene SLC13A3 encodes a high-affinity sodium/dicarboxlate co-transporter, NaDC3. NaDC3 is expressed in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, and brain synaptosomes. Kinetic studies in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells suggest three sodium ions co-transported with every divalent succinate (Wang H et al, 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175827
The human SLC13A5 gene encodes a sodium-coupled citrate transporter, NACT. This gene is expressed mainly in the liver, with lower levels in brain and testis. NACT has a preference for trivalent citrate (Inoue K et al, 2002).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134018.5
Five human SLC13 genes encode sodium-coupled sulphate, di- and tri-carboxylate transporters located on the plasma membrane. Two transporters (NaS1 and NaS2) co-transport sulphate with sodium. The other members (NaDC1, NaDC3, and NaCT) co-transport sodium with di- and tri-carboxylates such as succinate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate (Pajor AM, 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167605
The extracellular matrix is a component of all mammalian tissues, a network consisting largely of the fibrous proteins collagen, elastin and associated-microfibrils, fibronectin and laminins embedded in a viscoelastic gel of anionic proteoglycan polymers. It performs many functions in addition to its structural role; as a major component of the cellular microenvironment it influences cell behaviours such as proliferation, adhesion and migration, and regulates cell differentiation and death (Hynes 2009). ECM composition is highly heterogeneous and dynamic, being constantly remodeled (Frantz et al. 2010) and modulated, largely by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and growth factors that bind to the ECM influencing the synthesis, crosslinking and degradation of ECM components (Hynes 2009). ECM remodeling is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation processes such as the establishment and maintenance of stem cell niches, branching morphogenesis, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, and wound repair. Redundant mechanisms modulate the expression and function of ECM modifying enzymes. Abnormal ECM dynamics can lead to deregulated cell proliferation and invasion, failure of cell death, and loss of cell differentiation, resulting in congenital defects and pathological processes including tissue fibrosis and cancer. Collagen is the most abundant fibrous protein within the ECM constituting up to 30% of total protein in multicellular animals. Collagen provides tensile strength. It associates with elastic fibres, composed of elastin and fibrillin microfibrils, which give tissues the ability to recover after stretching. Other ECM proteins such as fibronectin, laminins, and matricellular proteins participate as connectors or linking proteins (Daley et al. 2008). Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate proteoglycans are structural components associated with collagen fibrils (Scott & Haigh 1985; Scott & Orford 1981), serving to tether the fibril to the surrounding matrix. Decorin belongs to the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family (SLRPs) which also includes biglycan, fibromodulin, lumican and asporin. All appear to be involved in collagen fibril formation and matrix assembly (Ameye & Young 2002). ECM proteins such as osteonectin (SPARC), osteopontin and thrombospondins -1 and -2, collectively referred to as matricellular proteins (reviewed in Mosher & Adams 2012) appear to modulate cell-matrix interactions. In general they induce de-adhesion, characterized by disruption of focal adhesions and a reorganization of actin stress fibers (Bornstein 2009). Thrombospondin (TS)-1 and -2 bind MMP2. The resulting complex is endocytosed by the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), clearing MMP2 from the ECM (Yang et al. 2001). Osteopontin (SPP1, bone sialoprotein-1) interacts with collagen and fibronectin (Mukherjee et al. 1995). It also contains several cell adhesive domains that interact with integrins and CD44. Aggrecan is the predominant ECM proteoglycan in cartilage (Hardingham & Fosang 1992). Its relatives include versican, neurocan and brevican (Iozzo 1998). In articular cartilage the major non-fibrous macromolecules are aggrecan, hyaluronan and hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1). The high negative charge density of these molecules leads to the binding of large amounts of water (Bruckner 2006). Hyaluronan is bound by several large proteoglycans proteoglycans belonging to the hyalectan family that form high-molecular weight aggregates (Roughley 2006), accounting for the turgid nature of cartilage. The most significant enzymes in ECM remodeling are the Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) families (Cawston & Young 2010). Other notable ECM degrading enzymes include plasmin and cathepsin G. Many ECM proteinases are initially present as precursors, activated by proteolytic processing. MMP precursors include an amino prodomain which masks the catalytic Zn-binding motif (Page-McCawet al. 2007). This can be removed by other proteinases, often other MMPs. ECM proteinases can be inactivated by degradation, or blocked by inhibitors. Some of these inhibitors, including alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, and alpha1-chymotrypsin can inhibit a large variety of proteinases (Woessner & Nagase 2000). The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are potent MMP inhibitors (Brew & Nagase 2010).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167604
The human gene SLC13A1 encodes a sodium/sulphate co-transporter NaS1 (Lee A et al, 2000). NaS1 is almost exclusively expressed in the kidney and mediates sulphate reabsorption there.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167603
The human gene SLC13A4 encodes a sodium/sulphate co-transporter NaS2 (Girard JP et al, 1999). NaS2 is highly expressed in placenta and testis, mainly in high endothelial venules. Kinetic experiments suggest two sodium ions co-transported for every sulphate ion (Markovich D et al, 2005).
Mammalian sodium/dicarboxylate cotransporters (transport succinate and other Krebs cycle intermediates) fall into two categories based on their substrate affinity. The human gene SLC13A2 encodes a low-affinity sodium/dicarboxlate co-transporter, NaDC1. NaDC1 is highly expressed in the brush-border membranes of kidney and intestinal cells and reabsorbs Krebs cycle intermediates, such as succinate and citrate, from the glomerular filtrate (Pajor AM, 1996).
1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167601
phosphatidylinositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
Four SLC gene families encode proteins that mediate the transport of bile salts and organic anions; SLC10, SLC13, SLC16 and SLC47 (He L et al, 2009).
Extracellular amylose starch, linear polymers of glucose joined by alpha-1,4 linkages, is digested by the endoglucosidase activity of alpha-amylases, yielding maltose, maltotriose, and longer maltosides (Semenza et al. 2001). The human genome contains five functional alpha-amylase genes, encoding structurally closely related isoenzymes (Gumucio et al. 1988). Three of these genes encode proteins synthesized in the parotid glands and released into the saliva (amylase 1A, B, and C), and the other two encode proteins synthesized in the exocrine pancreas and released into the small intestine (amylase 2A and B). In the human body, starch digestion thus commences in the mouth, mediated by salivary amylases, and is continued in the small intestine, mediated by the pancreatic ones. X-ray crystallographic studies of amylase 1A and 2A proteins show them to be monomers, complexed with single calcium and chloride ions (Ramasubbu et al. 1996; Brayer et al. 2000). Biochemical characterization of amylase 2A indicates that the enzyme efficiently cleaves poly-glucose chains so as to release maltose - a glucose disaccharide - from the reducing end of the chain (Braun et al. 1993; Brayer et al. 2000).
Four members of the SLC16A gene family encode classical monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1-4. They all function as proton-dependent transporters of monocarboxylic acids such as lactate and pyruvate and ketone bodies such as acetacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. These processes are crucial in the regulation of energy metabolism and acid-base homeostasis. SLC16A1 encodes MCT1, a ubiquitiously expressed protein (Garcia CK et al, 1994). Defects in SLC16A1 are the cause of symptomatic deficiency in lactate transport (SDLT), resulting in an acidic intracellular environment and muscle degeneration (Merezhinskaya N et al, 2000). Another defect in SLC16A1 causes exercise-induced hyperinsulinism (EIHI), a dominantly inherited hypoglycemic disorder characterized by inappropriate insulin secretion during anaerobic exercise or on pyruvate load (Otonkoski T et al, 2000). SLC16A7 encodes MCT2, a high affinity pyruvate transporter highly expressed in testis (Lin RY et al, 1998). SLC16A8 encodes MCT3 (Yoon H et al, 1999). Human RPE (retinal pigment epithelial) cells express two proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporters: MCT1 in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basolateral membrane. This suggested that the coordinated activities of these two transporters could facilitate the transepithelial transport of lactate from the retina to the choroid. (Philip NJ et al, 2003).
The SLC16A gene family encode proton-linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) which mediate the transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate and pyruvate. Monocarboxylates are a major energy source for all cells in the body so their transport in and out of cells is crucial for cellular function. To date, 14 SLC16A members have been identified through sequence homology. Of these 14 members, only seven isoforms have been functionally characterized and not all of these function as proton-coupled transporters. A number can transport diuretics, thyroid hormones and aromatic amino acids. The seven remaining SLC16A members are classed as orphan MCTs (Morris ME and Felmlee MA, 2008; Merezhinskaya N and Fishbein WN, 2009).
1D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167595
The reversible transport of extracellular fructose into the cytosol is mediated by GLUT5. In the small intestine, GLUT5 is localized on the lumenal surfaces of enterocytes (Davidson et al. 1992) and thus mediates the uptake of dietary fructose, which can be released into the circulation in a separate transport step mediated by basolaterally localized GLUT2. The specificity of GLUT5 has been worked out by studying sugar transport in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant human GLUT5 protein (Burant et al. 1992).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167597
The reversible facilitated diffusion of fructose, galactose, and glucose from the cytosol to the extracellular space is mediated by the GLUT2 transporter in the plasma membrane. In the epithelial cells of the small intestine, the basolateral localization of GLUT2 (Thorens et al. 1990) enables hexose sugars derived from the diet and taken up by the action of the SGLT1 and GLUT5 transporters to be released into the circulation. The specificity of the GLUT2 transporter has been established directly through biochemical assays of purified recombinant proteins (Colville et al. 1993; Wu et al. 1998) and indirectly through studies of patients deficient in GLUT2 transporter protein (Santer et al. 1997).
Extracellular trehalose, a disaccharide, is cleaved by trehalase associated with the plasma membrane to yield two molecules of glucose. Trehalase has been purified to homogeneity from rabbit intestine and shown to be a monomer attached to the plasma membrane by a GPI anchor (Galand 1984; Ruf et al. 1990). A human cDNA encoding a closely homologous protein has been cloned and the protein product of the clone has been shown to have trehalase activity in vitro (Ishihara et al. 1997). The human enzyme has not been characterized further, and so both the posttranslational modifications of the human enzyme and its activity in vivo have been inferred from the properties of the well studied rabbit enzyme.
Carbohydrate is a major component of the human diet, and includes starch (amylose and amylopectin) and disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose and, in small amounts, trehalose. The digestion of starch begins with the action of amylase enzymes secreted in the saliva and small intestine, which convert it to maltotriose, maltose, limit dextrins, and some glucose. Digestion of the limit dextrins and disaccharides, both dietary and starch-derived, to monosaccharides - glucose, galactose, and fructose - is accomplished by enzymes located on the luminal surfaces of enterocytes lining the microvilli of the small intestine (Semenza et al. 2001).
The 1-4 linkages of extracellular amylopectin starch, a glucose polymer containing linear segments formed by alpha-1,4 linkages and a smaller number of alpha-1,6 linkages forming branch points, are digested by the endoglucosidase activity of alpha-amylases, yielding maltose, maltotriose, and longer maltosides from the alpha-1,4 linear segments and alpha-limit dextrins from the branch points (Semenza et al. 2001). Alpha-limit dextrins are glucose (G) oligomers linked by 1-4 and 1-6 bonds. 1-6 branch points make up about 5% of all amylopectin glucose bonds - the exact fraction depends on the source of the starch. Mass spectroscopic analysis of alpha-limit dextrin shows it to be a mixture of maltosides and isomaltosides containing two to forty G residues, but the most common contain fewer than seven. Maltose (G2) is the shortest 1-4 maltoside produced by alpha-amylase. Isomaltose (G2) is the shortest 1-6 isomaltoside. The human genome contains five functional alpha-amylase genes, encoding structurally closely related isoenzymes (Gumucio et al. 1988). Three of these genes encode proteins synthesized in the parotid glands and released into the saliva (amylase 1A, B, and C), and the other two encode proteins synthesized in the exocrine pancreas and released into the small intestine (amylase 2A and B). In the human body, starch digestion thus commences in the mouth, mediated by salivary amylases, and is continued in the small intestine, mediated by the pancreatic ones. X-ray crystallographic studies of amylase 1A and 2A proteins show them to be monomers, complexed with single calcium and chloride ions (Ramasubbu et al. 1996; Brayer et al. 2000). Biochemical characterization of amylase 2A indicates that the enzyme efficiently cleaves poly-glucose chains so as to release maltose - a glucose disaccharide - from the reducing end of the chain (Braun et al. 1993; Brayer et al. 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167593
Extracellular lactose is hydrolyzed to yield molecules of glucose and galactose, in a reaction catalyzed by the lactase activity of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase associated with the plasma membrane. In the body, lactase-phlorzin hydrolase is found on the external face of enterocytes in microvilli of the small intestine (Hauri et al. 1985). Expression of the enzyme is developmentally regulated and subject to a genetic polymorphism: enzyme levels fall after weaning but the extent of the fall varies sharply between human populations (Grand et al. 2003; Swallow 2003). The lactase-phlorizin hydrolase polypeptide undergoes dimerization and two rounds of proteolytic cleavage in the course of its maturation and transport to the cell surface (Grunberg and Sterchi 1995; Wuthrich et al. 1996).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1483256
Two conserved sequence blocks within eukaryotic tRNA genes are major promoter elements
(R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-1-monoanhydridewith phosphoric propanoic acid
GLUT (glucose transporter) homotetramers associated with the plasma membrane mediate the facilitated diffusion of glucose between the extracellular space and the cytosol. Four human GLUT isoforms have been identified, members of a larger family of transporter proteins (Joost et al. 2002), encoded by the SCLC2A1, 2, 3, and 4 genes. Conserved sequence motifs in the GLUT proteins suggest the existence of shared structural features confirmed by in situ labeling and mutagenesis studies. Each GLUT protein has twelve membrane spanning domains organized to form an aqueous channel. While monomeric protein can form such a channel and transport glucose, kinetic studies suggest that the functional form of the protein is a homotetramer. Different GLUT proteins are expressed in different tissues. GLUT1 is expressed by many cell types, notably endothelial cells, red blood cells and cells of the brain. Its low Km for glucose (~1 mM) relative to normal blood glucose concentration (~5 mM) allows these cells to take up glucose independent of changes in blood glucose levels. Its abundance in red blood cells has allowed it to be purified and biochemically characterized (Hruz and Mueckler 2001; Liu et al. 2001). Cytosolic ATP associates with GLUT1 and inhibits its glucose transporter activity. GLUT2 is expressed on hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells. Because of its high Km for glucose (~15-20 mM), GLUT2-mediated glucose uptake normally occurs only in the fed state, when its rate is proportional to blood glucose concentration. This feature of the transporter is thought to enable efficient uptake of large amounts of glucose by the liver in the fed state, and to allow it to function as part of a glucose sensor coupled to insulin release in pancreatic beta cells (Thorens 2001). GLUT2 also mediates glucose export from liver cells when gluconeogenesis is underway (Colville et al. 1993; Santer et al. 1997; Wu et al. 1998). GLUT3 is expressed by cells of the brain and possibly other cell types with a high constitutive requirement for glucose. Its low Km for glucose (~1.5 mM) allows these cells to import glucose independent of fluctuations in blood glucose levels (Colville et al. 1993). GLUT4, like GLUT1 and 3, has a high affinity for glucose. GLUT4 is abundant in cells of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. GLUT4 molecules are translocated from an intracellular store to the cell surface in response to increased insulin levels (Bryant et al. 2002; Fukumoto et al. 1989).
GLUT2 (glucose transporter) homotetramers associated with the plasma membrane mediate the facilitated diffusion of glucose between the cytosol and the extracellular space, so glucose will leave cells when its intracellular concentration exceeds the extracellular one (Colville et al. 1993; Santer et al. 1997; Wu et al. 1998). In the body, such glucose export is a normal feature of liver cells when gluconeogenesis or glycogen breakdown is underway.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426658
Cytosolic ATP reversibly associates with GLUT1. This association inhibits GLUT1 glucose transport (Blodgett et al. 2007).
GLUT1:ATP complexes reversibly dissociate, restoring the glucose transport activity of GLUT1 glucose transport, with the result that depletion of cellular ATP leads to increased glucose uptake (Blodgett et al. 2007).
Cytosolic glucokinase and the three isoforms of hexokinase catalyze the irreversible reaction of glucose and ATP to form glucose 6 phosphate and ADP. In the body glucokinase is found only in hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells. Glucokinase and the hexokinase enzymes differ in that glucokinase has a higher Km than the hexokinases and is less readily inhibited by the reaction product. As a result, glucokinase should be inactive in the fasting state when glucose concentrations are low but in the fed state should have an activity proportional to glucose concentration. These features are thought to enable efficient glucose uptake and retention in the liver, and to function as a sensor of glucose concentration coupled to insulin release in pancreatic beta cells (Thorens 2001). Glucokinase mutations are associated with MODY2, a heritable early onset form of type II diabetes (Tanizawa et al. 1991; Takeda et al. 1993). Three human hexokinase enzymes have been characterized, HK1 (Aleshin et al. 1998), HK2 (Lehto et al. 1995), and HK3 (Rijksen at al. 1982).
Free glucokinase (GCK1) leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pore. While the GCK1 protein contains a nuclear export sequence motif, the molecular details of the GCK1 export process remain to be worked out (Shiota et al. 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167921
Glucokinase (GCK1) is negatively regulated by glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP), which reversibly binds the enzyme to form an inactive complex. Binding is stimulated by fructose 6-phosphate and sorbitol 6-phosphate (hence high concentrations of these molecules tend to reduce GCK1 activity) and inhibited by fructose 1-phosphate (hence a high concentration of this molecule tends to increase GCK1 activity). Once formed, the complex is translocated to the nucleus. In the presence of high glucose concentrations, the nuclear GCK1:GKRP complex dissociates, freeing GCK1 to return to the cytosol. The free GKRP is thought also to return to the cytosol under these conditions, but this return has not been confirmed experimentally. Possible physiological roles for this sequestration process are to decrease futile cycling between glucose and glucose 6 phosphate in hepatocytes under low-glucose conditions, and to decrease the lag between a rise in intracellular glucose levels and the onset of glucose phosphorylation in both hepatocytes and pancreatic beta cells (Brocklehurst et al. 2004; Shiota et al. 1999).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122522.1
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) associated with the inner face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and orthophosphate. This reaction is essentially irreversible (Lei et al. 1993; Ghosh et al. 2002). Defects in glucose-6-phosphatase are the cause of glycogen storage disease type 1a (Lei et al. 1993, 1995; Chou and Mansfield 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602420
Glucose-6-phosphatase 2 (G6PC2), associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and orthophosphate. This reaction is essentially irreversible. In the body, this enzyme is islet cells of the pancreas (Petrolonis et al. 2004).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125178.1
Glucose-6-phosphatase 3 (G6PC3) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose and orthophosphate. This reaction is essentially irreversible (Guionie et al. 2003; Ghosh et al. 2004). In the body, this enzyme is ubiquitously expressed; mutations that inactivate it are associated with severe congenital neutropenia (but not with fasting hypoglycemia or lactic acidemia) (Boztug et al. 2009).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141727.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175820
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129103.5
Mapping ligand binding domains in chimeric fibroblast growth factor receptor molecules. Multiple regions determine ligand binding specificity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167458
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130465.5
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
Subcellular localization and lysophospholipase/transacylation activities of human group IVC phospholipase A2 (cPLA2gamma)
Cells take up glucose by facilitated diffusion, via glucose transporters (GLUTs) associated with the plasma membrane, a reversible reaction (Joost and Thorens 2001). Four tissue-specific GLUT isoforms are known. Glucose in the cytosol is phosphorylated by tissue-specific kinases to yield glucose 6-phosphate, which cannot cross the plasma membrane because of its negative charge. In the liver, this reaction is catalyzed by glucokinase which has a low affinity for glucose (Km about 10 mM) but is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. In other tissues, this reaction is catalyzed by isoforms of hexokinase. Hexokinases are feedback-inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate and have a high affinity for glucose (Km about 0.1 mM). Liver cells can thus accumulate large amounts of glucose 6-phosphate but only when blood glucose concentrations are high, while most other tissues can take up glucose even when blood glucose concentrations are low but cannot accumulate much intracellular glucose 6-phosphate. These differences are consistent with the view that that the liver functions to buffer blood glucose concentrations, while most other tissues take up glucose to meet immediate metabolic needs. Glucose 6-phosphatase, expressed in liver and kidney, allows glucose 6-phosphate generated by gluconeogenesis (both tissues) and glycogen breakdown (liver) to leave the cell. The absence of glucose 6-phosphatase from other tissues makes glucose uptake by these tissues essentially irreversible, consistent with the view that cells in these tissues take up glucose for local metabolic use.
Hexoses, notably fructose, glucose, and galactose, generated in the lumen of the small intestine by breakdown of dietary carbohydrate are taken up by enterocytes lining the microvilli of the small intestine and released from them into the blood. Uptake into enterocytes is mediated by two transporters localized on the lumenal surfaces of the cells, SGLT1 (glucose and galactose, together with sodium ions) and GLUT5 (fructose). GLUT2, localized on the basolateral surfaces of enterocytes, mediates the release of these hexoses into the blood (Wright et al. 2004). GLUT2 may also play a role in hexose uptake from the gut lumen into enterocytes when the lumenal content of monosaccharides is very high (e.g., Kellet and Brot-Laroche, 2005) and GLUT5 mediates fructose uptake from the blood into cells of the body, notably hepatocytes. Cells take up glucose by facilitated diffusion, via glucose transporters (GLUTs) associated with the plasma membrane, a reversible reaction. Four tissue-specific GLUT isoforms are known. Glucose in the cytosol is phosphorylated by tissue-specific kinases to yield glucose 6-phosphate, which cannot cross the plasma membrane because of its negative charge. In the liver, this reaction is catalyzed by glucokinase which has a low affinity for glucose (Km about 10 mM) but is not inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. In other tissues, this reaction is catalyzed by isoforms of hexokinase. Hexokinases are feedback-inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate and have a high affinity for glucose (Km about 0.1 mM). Liver cells can thus accumulate large amounts of glucose 6-phosphate but only when blood glucose concentrations are high, while most other tissues can take up glucose even when blood glucose concentrations are low but cannot accumulate much intracellular glucose 6-phosphate. These differences are consistent with the view that that the liver functions to buffer blood glucose concentrations, while most other tissues take up glucose to meet immediate metabolic needs. Glucose 6-phosphatase, expressed in liver and kidney, allows glucose 6-phosphate generated by gluconeogenesis (both tissues) and glycogen breakdown (liver) to leave the cell. The absence of glucose 6-phosphatase from other tissues makes glucose uptake by these tissues essentially irreversible, consistent with the view that cells in these tissues take up glucose for local metabolic use.
Phosphorylation and activation of a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Involvement of serine 54 in the enzyme activation.
The 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity of cytosolic PFKFB (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase) homodimer catalyzes the reaction of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to form fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and ADP (Pilkis et al. 1988). Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is not itself on the pathway of glycolysis. Rather, it acts as a positive allosteric effector of phosphofructokinase 1, greatly increasing the rate of synthesis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and hence the overall rate of glycolysis. The conversion of PFKFB between its dephosphorylated form, which catalyzes the synthesis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate as described here, and its phosphorylated form, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and orthophosphate plays a central role in the short-term regulation of glycolysis (Pilkis et al. 1995). Four isoforms of PFKFB protein encoded by four different genes exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns. PFKFB1 is expressed in the liver (Algaier and Uyeda 1988), PFKFB2 is expressed in the heart (Hirata et al. 1998), PFKFB3 is ubiquitously expressed (Manes and el-Maghrabi 2005), and PFKFB4, originally described as a testis-specific gene product (Manzano et al. 1999), may also be expressed in several kinds of tumors.
Cytosolic phosphofructokinase 1 catalyzes the reaction of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP. This reaction, irreversible under physiological conditions, is the rate limiting step of glycolysis. Phosphofructokinase 1 activity is allosterically regulated by ATP, citrate, and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Phosphofructokinase 1 is active as a tetramer (although higher order multimers, not annotated here, may form in vivo). Two isoforms of phosphofructokinase 1 monomer, L and M, are widely expressed in human tissues. Different tissues can contain different homotetramers or heterotetramers: L4 in liver, M4 in muscle, and all possible heterotetramers, L4, L3M, L2M2, LM3, and M4, in red blood cells, for example (Raben et al. 1995; Vora et al. 1980, 1987; Vora 1981). A third isoform, P, is abundant in platelets, where it is found in P4, P3L, P2L2, and PL3 tetramers (Eto et al. 1994; Vora et al. 1987).
Cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase catalyzes the reversible interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate (Tsuboi et al. 1958; Noltmann 1972; Bloxham and Lardy 1973). The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Read et al. 2001). Mutations in the enzyme are associated with hemolytic anemia (Xu and Beutler 1994).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pPF2K-Pase complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orthophosphate', and 1 molecule of 'PF2K-Pase1 homodimer' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'phosphatidate phosphatase activity' of 'PP2A-ABdeltaC complex'.
Cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, orthophosphate, and NAD+ to form NADH + H+ and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the first energy rich intermediate of glycolysis. The biochemical details of this reaction were worked out by C and G Cori and their colleagues (Taylor et al. 1948; Cori et al. 1948). While there are multiple human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like pseudogenes, there is only one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expressed in somatic tissue (Benham and Povey 1989; Heinz and Freimuller 1982; Ercolani et al. 1988), and studies of aged human erythrocytes suggest that variant forms of the enzyme arise as a result of post-translational modifications (Edwards et al. 1976). There is, however, an authentic second isoform of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase whose expression is confined to spermatogenic cells of the testis (Welch et al. 2000).
Cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the reaction of ADP and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to form D glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and ATP. The active form of the enzyme is a monomer and requires Mg++ (Yoshida and Watanabe 1972; Huang et al. 1980a,b). This is the first substrate level phosphorylation reaction in glycolysis.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122617.1
Cytosolic aldolase catalyzes the cleavage of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The active form of aldolase is a homotetramer. Three aldolase isozymes have been identified which differ in their patterns of expression in various adult tissues and during development but are otherwise functionally indistinguishable (Ali and Cox 1995; Freemont et al. 1984, 1988).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167456
Cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the freely reversible interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Lu et al. 1984). The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Kinoshita et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167454
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139636.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123040.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498737
Homodimer of GAD1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Docked acetylcholine loaded Synaptic Vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homodimer of GAD2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Empty GABA synaptic vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Heterodimer of GAD1 and GAD2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The transfer of a high-energy phosphate bond from GTP to oxaloacetate, to form phosphoenolpyruvate, GDP, and CO2, is catalyzed by cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Dunten et al. 2002). This reaction is irreversible under physiological conditions.
Docked GABA loaded synaptic veiscle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 - GOT1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) to form oxaloacetate and glutamate (Doyle et al. 1990). Unpublished crystallographic data (PBD 3IIO) suggest the enzyme is a homodimer).
GABA Loaded synaptic vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SLC25A12 and SLC25A13, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, each mediate the exchange of cytosolic aspartate and mitochondrial glutamate. The exchange is physiologically irreversible because of the potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane (positive outside, negative inside). In the body, SLC25A12 (ARALAR1) is found mainly in heart, skeletal muscle, and brain, while SCL25A13 (CITRIN) is widely expressed but most abundant in liver (del Arco et al. 2000; Palmieri et al. 2001). Defects in SLC25A13 are associated with type II citrullinemia (Kobayashi et al. 1999).
aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial, tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase catalyzes the reversible reaction of oxaloacetate and glutamate to form aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) (Martini et al. 1985). The active form of the enzyme is inferred to be a dimer with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate associated with each monomer.
Homodimer of 4 aminobutyrate aminotransferase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of malate and NAD+ to form oxaloacetate and NADH + H+ (Lo et al. 2005). The dimeric structure of the human dehydrogenase is inferred from that established for its well-studied pig homolog (Birktoft et al. 1989).
The carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, catalyzed by mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylase, is an irreversible and allosterically regulated reaction (Jitrapakdee and Wallace 1999).
The reactions of glycolysis (e.g., van Wijk and van Solinge 2005) convert glucose 6-phosphate to pyruvate. The entire process is cytosolic. Glucose 6-phosphate is reversibly isomerized to form fructose 6-phosphate. Phosphofructokinase 1 catalyzes the physiologically irreversible phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. In six reversible reactions, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to two molecules of phosphoenolpyruvate and two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH + H+. Each molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate reacts with ADP to form ATP and pyruvate in a physiologically irreversible reaction. Under aerobic conditions the NADH +H+ can be reoxidized to NAD+ via electron transport to yield additional ATP, while under anaerobic conditions or in cells lacking mitochondria NAD+ can be regenerated via the reduction of pyruvate to lactate.
Cytosolic pyruvate kinase catalyzes the transfer of a high-energy phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, forming pyruvate and ATP. This reaction, an instance of substrate-level phosphorylation, is essentially irreversible under physiological conditions. Four isozymes of human pyruvate kinase have been described, L, R, M1 and M2. Isozymes L and R are encoded by alternatively spliced transcripts of the PKLR gene; isozymes M1 and M2 are encoded by alternatively spliced transcripts of PKM2. In the body, L pyruvate kinase is found in liver (Tani et al. 1988), R in red blood cells (Kanno et al. 1991), M1 in muscle, heart and brain (Takenaka et al. 1991), and M2 in early fetal tissues and tumors (e.g., Lee et al. 2008). In all cases, the active form of the enzyme is a homotetramer, activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Valentini et al. 2002; Dombrauckas et al. 2005). Mutations in PKLR have been associated with hemolytic anemias (e.g., Zanella et al. 2005).
Cytosolic enolase catalyzes the reversible reaction of 2 phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate and water, elevating the transfer potential of the phosphoryl group. Enolase is a homodimer and requires Mg++ for activity. Three isozymes have been purified and biochemically characterized. The alpha isoform is expressed in many normal human tissues (Giallongo et al. 1986). The beta isoform is expressed in muscle. Evidence for its function in vivo in humans comes from studies of a patient in whom a point mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme was associated specifically with reduced enolase activity in muscle extracts and with other symptoms consistent with a defect in glycolysis (Comi et al. 2001). The gamma isoform of human enolase is normally expressed in neural tissue and is of possible clinical interest as a marker of some types of neuroendocrine and lung tumors (McAleese et al. 1988). Biochemical studies of the homologous rat proteins indicate that both homo- and heterodimers of enolase form and are enzymatically active (Rider and Taylor 1974).
Cytosolic phosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the reversible isomerisation of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerate. The active form of the enzyme is a dimer. There are two isoforms of this enzyme, PGAM1 (isoform B, widely expressed in non-muscle tissue) and PGAM2 (isoform M, expressed in muscle) (Blouquit et al. 1988; Omenn and Cheung 1974; Repiso et al. 2005; Tsujino et al. 1993).
FUNCTION Ribosomal protein L40 is a component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.MISCELLANEOUS In Drosophila ubiquitin is encoded by 3 different genes. RpL40 and RpS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. Ubi-p63E gene codes for a polyubiquitin precursor with 10 exact head to tail repeats.MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.SIMILARITY In the C-terminal section; belongs to the ribosomal protein L40e family.SIMILARITY Contains 1 ubiquitin-like domain.
1D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
The structural basis for substrate specificity and inhibition of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
Docked Noradrenalin loaded synaptic vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Noradrenalin loaded synaptic vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Glutamate loaded synaptic vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Empty Glutamate Synaptic Vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLS2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Acetylcholine Loaded Synaptic Vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Empty Acetylcholine Synaptic Vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Docked Glutamate Loaded Synaptic Vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors containing GluR1 and Phospho GluR2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors with phopho GluR2 (homomers) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors containing GluR1 (heteromers) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated PKC gamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated PKC beta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors (heteromers) with phopho GluR2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ca impermeable AMPA receptors (with phospho GluR2 S880)
1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate
Activated PKC alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors containing GluR1 and GluR2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors containing GluR2 (heteromers) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPA receptors containing GluR2 (homomers) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AP2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLUL decamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GRIK3 homomer glutamate complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2GABRA:2GABRB:GABRG:GABA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GABAB receptor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GABAB receptor:GABA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GABA B receptor G-protein beta-gamma and Kir3 channel complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GABA B receptor G-protein beta-gamma complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IL-7-induced proliferation of recent thymic emigrants requires activation of the PI3K pathway
Edited GRIK1 homomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Edited GRIK1 and GRIK2 heteroteramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GRIK 3 homomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Edited Kainate Receptor-glutamate complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated B-raf complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CaMKII (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RasGTP-B raf compex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
R-Ras-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Edited GRIK2 homomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Edited Kainate receptors (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ca impermeable AMPA receptor ligand complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ca permeable AMPA receptor ligand complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GluR1 receptors (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Myeloproliferative disorder FOP-FGFR1 fusion kinase recruits phosphoinositide-3 kinase and phospholipase Cgamma at the centrosome
Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS
Sodium-coupled sulphate, di- and tri-carboxylate transporters
Congenital disorder of glycosylation id presenting with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and islet cell hyperplasia
TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like receptor 3-mediated interferon-beta induction
Glutathione peroxidase protein. Absence in selenium deficiency states and correlation with enzymatic activity
The structure of FSTL3.activin A complex. Differential binding of N-terminal domains influences follistatin-type antagonist specificity
Role of aquaporin-7 and aquaporin-9 in glycerol metabolism; involvement in obesity
The human phosphatidylinositol phosphatase SAC1 interacts with the coatomer I complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=200503
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11509.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524087
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122642.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167584
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141067.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524028
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122985.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167539
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137137.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127781.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175538
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126366.5
Discovery of the aquaporins and development of the field
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602390
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125600.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429802
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20271.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167439
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128402.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975614
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26354.2
Type beta transforming growth factor in human platelets: release during platelet degranulation and action on vascular smooth muscle cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167711
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145767.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146567.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498750
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123948.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133026.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167924
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130130.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175830
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125107.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500646
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134612.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175831
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138998.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167771
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133168.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167464
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121815.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140937.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167494
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125069.1
Notch2 is involved in the overexpression of CD23 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126119.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167920
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123117.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602419
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122462.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602370
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132673.5
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase:DNA polymerase alpha:origin complex', and 1 molecule of 'NTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA polymerase epsilon', and 1 molecule of 'RNA primer:origin duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity' of 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'dTTP', 1 molecule of 'dGTP', 1 molecule of 'dATP', 1 molecule of 'RNA primer:origin duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex', and 1 molecule of 'dCTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity' of 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase'.
DNA polymerases are not capable of de novo DNA synthesis and require synthesis of a primer, usually by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (primase) to begin DNA synthesis. In eukaryotic cells, the primer is synthesized by DNA polymerase alpha:primase. First, the DNA primase portion of this complex synthesizes approximately 6-10 nucleotides of RNA primer and then the DNA polymerase portion synthesizes an additional 20 nucleotides of DNA (Frick & Richardson 2002; Wang et al 1984).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'pre-replicative complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Orc1', 1 molecule of 'pre-replicative complex (Orc1-minus)', and 1 molecule of 'ADP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'Cyclin A:Cdk2 complex'.
Although, DNA replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle, the formation of the DNA replication pre-initiation complex begins during G1 phase.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138929.5
Finally, progression out of mitosis and division of the cell into two daughters (cytokinesis) requires the inactivation of Cyclin B - Cdc2 by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of Cyclin A and B, which is regulated by a large E3 ubiquitin ligase complex known as the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC). The detailed annotation of the M/G1 transition will be completed in a later version of GK.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175821
Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling
Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation
Cloning and initial characterization of a new subunit for mammalian serine-palmitoyltransferase
IA1 is NGN3-dependent and essential for differentiation of the endocrine pancreas
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524057
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134555.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126580.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167581
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20218.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429785
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122825.1
Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167652
beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524060
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122526.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129605.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136239.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167636
FUNCTION Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules. Involved in the nucleation of noncentrosomal microtubules originating from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Required for the polarization of the cytoplasmic microtubule arrays in migrating cells towards the leading edge of the cell. May act at the cell cortex to enhance the frequency of rescue of depolymerizing microtubules by attaching their plus-ends to cortical platforms composed of ERC1 and PHLDB2. This cortical microtubule stabilizing activity is regulated at least in part by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. Also performs a similar stabilizing function at the kinetochore which is essential for the bipolar alignment of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. Acts as a mediator of ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Brain-specific.DOMAIN The microtubule tip localization signal (MtLS) motif; mediates interaction with MAPRE1 and targeting to the growing microtubule plus ends.PTM Phosphorylated by GSK3B. Phosphorylation by GSK3B may negatively regulate binding to microtubule lattices in lamella.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CLASP family.SIMILARITY Contains 5 HEAT repeats.
Abelson-interactor-1 promotes WAVE2 membrane translocation and Abelson-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation required for WAVE2 activation
Role of a transductional-transcriptional processor complex involving MyD88 and IRF-7 in Toll-like receptor signaling
Mutations in iron-sulfur cluster scaffold genes NFU1 and BOLA3 cause a fatal deficiency of multiple respiratory chain and 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase enzymes
Function of the syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain in oligomerization and association with ?-actinin in turkey muscle satellite cells
STIM1 heteromultimerizes TRPC channels to determine their function as store-operated channels
Resolution of AP sites via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
The enzymes and control of eukaryotic mRNA turnover
Structural basis for acceptor substrate recognition of a human glucuronyltransferase, GlcAT-P, an enzyme critical in the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1
DSCAM/DSCAML1 homodimers (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DSCAM:netrin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pPAK(S144):Rac1-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAC1-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DSCAM:pPAK(S144):Rac1-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAP kinase p38 (Mg2+ cofactor) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phospho-MAP kinase p38 (Mg2+ cofactor) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nephrin dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
60S ribosomal complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
60s ribosomal complex lacking L13a subunit (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
43S: Ceruloplasmin mRNA:eIF4F:eIF4B:eIF4H:PABP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
43S complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF2 subunit complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
40S ribosomal complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ternary complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF2:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF4A subunits complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-L13a associated wth the 3' UTR GAIT element of ceruloplasmin mRNA within the translation initiation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF3 subunits complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF4F (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mechanistic and kinetic analysis of the DcpS scavenger decapping enzyme
SLC7A11:SLC3A2 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SLC7A6:SLC3A2 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SLC7A8:SLC3A2 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SLC7A10:SLC3A2 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PARVA:TESK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PARVB:alpha actinin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PARVA:Paxillin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rsu-1:Pinch1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SLC7A7:SLC3A2 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PINCH-ILK-parvin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Purification and characterization of a soluble form of mammalian adenylyl cyclase
Cloning, characterization, and modeling of mouse and human guanylate kinases
Isolation and characterization of the faciogenital dysplasia (Aarskog-Scott syndrome) gene: a putative Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Analysis of phosphoinositide binding domain properties within the myotubularin-related protein MTMR3
Primary structure of human placental 5'-nucleotidase and identification of the glycolipid anchor in the mature form
Subcellular locations of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isoforms
The cellular physiology of carbonic anhydrases
A unique fold of phospholipase C-beta mediates dimerization and interaction with G alpha q
1-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Interaction of recombinant human eIF2 subunits with eIF2B and eIF2alpha kinases
CHL1 associates with the sub-membranous actin cytoskeleton through a motif for binding the spectrin adaptor protein ankyrin in the cytoplasmic domain (F1181IGAY), which is somewhat different from L1 (F1224IGQY).
EPH kinase Cek5/EPHB2 phosphorylates tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic domain of NgCAM/L1. The tyrosine 1229 may be the target site. EphrinB/EphB signaling enhances L1-dependent adhesion to substrates including ALCAM and extracellular matrix proteins.
Close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a member of the L1 family of cell adhesion molecules expressed by subpopulations of neurons and glia in the central and peripheral nervous system. CHL1 like L1 promotes neuron survival and neurite outgrowth. CHL1 shares the basic structural arrangement of L1 family members yet in contrast to all the members it is not capable of forming homophilic adhesion. The second Ig-like domain of CHL1 contains the integrin interaction motif RGD rather than with in the sixth Ig-like domain as in L1, however the sixth Ig-like domain of CHL1 has another potential integrin binding motif DGEA. CHL1 binds NP-1 via the Ig1 sequence FASNRL to mdediate repulsive axon guidance to Sema3A. CHL1 is the only L1 family member with an altered sequence (FIGAY) in the ankyrin-binding domain, and it lacks the sorting/endocytosis RSLE motif, which is characteristic of other L1 family members.
CHL1 accumulates in the presynaptic plasma membrane and it recruits heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein (HSP7C/HSC70), in an ADP dependent manner. HSC70 interacts with the intracellular domain of CHL1. Upon synapse activation, CHL1 along with HSC70 is endocytosed and is targeted to synaptic vesicles (SVs). In synapses, HSC70 regulates uncoating of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in the clathrin-dependent recycling pathway (Leshchyns'ka et al. 2006, Zinsmaier & Bronk 2001).
L1 and RanBPM interact with one another and the N-terminus of RanBPM was sufficient for the interaction with L1. RanBPM interacts with RAN, a Ras-like small GTPase that functions as a carrier in nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange. It directly interacts with Sos to activate Ras and induce ERK phosphorylation. RanBPM might function as an adaptor to mediate L1-induced ERK activation.
Besides adhesive roles in cell cell interaction, L1 functions as a signal transducing receptor providing neurons with cues from their environment for axonal growth and guidance. L1 associates with beta1 integrins on the cell surface to induce a signaling pathway involving sequential activation of pp60csrc, Vav2 -GEF, Rac1, PAK1, MEK and ERK1/2. L1 stimulates cell migration and neurite outgrowth through the MAP kinases ERK1/2. CHL1 also associates with integrins and activates a MAPK signaling pathway via pp60c-src, MEK and ERK1/2. L1 also binds the Sema3A receptor neuropilin1 and acts as an obligate coreceptor to mediate Sema3A induced growth cone collapse and axon repulsion. This repulsion can be converted to attraction by homophilic binding of L1 on an apposing cell in trans with L1 complexed with Neuropilin1 (NP1) in the responding neuron. L1 also interacts with FGF receptor and activates PLC gamma and DAG, resulting in the production of arachidonic acid and subsequent opening of voltage-gated channels.
Interaction with ankyrins mediates the lateral oligomerization of neurofascin and this lateral oligomerization enhances its homophilic trans-adhesion.
The cytoplasmic domains of neurofascin contains a highly conserved sequence (F1315IGQY) that binds ankyrin. The membrane binding domain of ankyrin has two distinct binding sites for neurofascin and is proposed to form lateral complexes between ion channels and cell adhesion molecules as well as to couple these proteins to the spectrin based membrane skeleton.
Neurofascin is an L1 family immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule involved in axon subcellular targeting and synapse formation during neural development. There are a range of different isoforms identified in Neurofascin of which two of them are well studied the 186kDa commonly referred to as neuronal form and is present in node of Ranvier neurons and the 155kDa form known as a glial form present in schwann cells. Neurofascin colocalizes with NrCAM and ankyrinG at the nodes of Ranvier. Neurofascin participates in transheterophilic adhesion with NrCAM and stimulates neurite outgrowth in chicken tectal neurons. The last few amino acids of neurofascin form the PDZ class I binding motif (SLA) and through these last few amino acids it associates with syntenin-1.
Neurofascin and NrCAM proteins undergo heterophilic interaction with one another with their extracellular Ig like domains and promote axon outgrowth.
Ankyrins are a family of adaptor proteins that couple membrane proteins such as voltage gated Na+ channels and the Na+/K+ anion exchanger to the spectrin actin cytoskeleton. Ankyrins are encoded by three genes (ankyrin-G, -B and -R) of which ankyrin-G and -B are the major forms expressed in the developing nervous system. Ankyrins bind to the cytoplasmic domain of L1 CAMs and couple them and ion channel proteins, to the spectrin cytoskeleton. This binding enhances the homophilic adhesive activity of L1 and reduces its mobility within the plasma membrane. L1 interaction with ankyrin mediates branching and synaptogenesis of cortical inhibitory neurons.
Ankyrins link both L1 and ion channel proteins, coupling them to the spectrin actin cytoskeleton. In the nervous system ankyrins interact with voltage gated channels and cluster them in axon initial segments to generate action potentials. At these points the actin spectrin network is linked via ankyrins to voltage gated sodium channels, L1, and the voltage gated potassium ion channel subunits, KCNQ2 and KCNQ3.
L1 recruits membrane skeletal component ankyrin to cell to cell contact sites in response to cis interaction with homophilic axonin 1/TAG 1 or trans L1 L1 homophilic interaction although in mammalian cells trans binding interactions are not required. L1 interacts with ankyrin proteins through two highly conserved amino acid sequence motifs, LADY and FIGQY. Ankyrin binding immobilizes L1 molecules in the neuronal plasma membrane. This interaction is required for axon maintenance. L1 also elevates cyclic AMP levels in neurons via ankyrin B and mediates Ca+2 dependent attraction.The L1/ankyrin interaction is a vital determinant of synaptic targeting of retinal axons to the superior colliculus and cooperates with EphrinB/EphB signaling to induce axon branch attraction.
L1 functions in many aspects of neuronal development including axon outgrowth and neuronal migration. These functions require coordination between L1 and the actin cytoskeleton. F-actin continuously moves in a retrograde direction from the P-(peripheral) domain of the growth cone towards the growth coneâs C-(central) domain. L1, attached to the actin cytoskeleton via membrane cytoskeletal linkers (MCKs) such as ankyrins (Ankyrin-G, -B and -R) and members of the ERMs (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) family, link this retrograde F-actin flow with extracellular immobile ligands. Forward translocation of growth cone requires not only the CAM-actin linkage but also a gradient of cell substrate adhesion (strong adhesion at the front and weak adhesion at the rear) so that the cytoskeletal machinery is able to pull the cell forward as attachments at the rear are released. This asymmetry is achieved in part by internalizing L1 molecules as they are moved to the rear of the growth cone coupled to retrograde F-actin flow and recycling them to the leading edge plasma membrane. L1 internalization is mediated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The L1 cytoplasmic domain (L1CD) carries an endocytic or sorting motif, YRSLE, that is recognized by the clathrin associated adaptor protein-2 (AP-2). AP-2 binds the YRSLE motif only when its tyrosine is not phosphorylated and triggers L1 endocytosis. SRC kinase associated with lipid rafts in the P-domain membrane phosphorylates L1 molecules on tyrosine-1176, stabilizing them in the plasma membrane. L1 endocytosis is triggered by the dephosphorylation of Y1176 within the C domain. Some of these internalized L1 molecules are transported in an anterograde direction along microtubules for reuse in the leading edge.
L1 cross linking can activate MAPK cascade components MEK1/2, ERK1/2, as well as Src, Raf-1,and p90rsk. MAP kinase signaling requires endocytosis mediated by Src. ERK2 can phos-phorylate internalized L1 at serine residues 1204 and 1248. This phosphorylation may increase the neurite growth.
FGF-receptor substrate 2 functions as a molecular sensor integrating external regulatory signals into the FGF pathway
CKII phosphorylates L1CAM at serine 1181, just after the AP-2 recognition site (Y1176RSLE motif). CKII-dependent phosphorylation of S1181 has been shown to regulate trafficking of the internalized L1 and subsequent axon growth.
In its bound state PAK dimers are arranged in head-to-tail fashion and are maintained in inactive conformation in which the catalytic domain binds the kinase inhibitory (KI) domain. All PAK family members are direct effectors of Rac1. Rac1 binds to a conserved Cdc42/Rac interactive binding (CRIB) domain in PAK1. This binding stimulates serine/threonine kinase activity of PAK1 by a mechanism involving autophosphorylation. Phosphorylation of S-144 and T-423 are required for the activation of PAK1. This phosphorylation disables the KI-domain-kinase interaction and thereby reduces the affinity of the PAK dimers. Its been demonstarted that L1 stimulation propagates through VAV2-Rac1-Pak1 to MEK-ERK. It has been shown that Pak1 is able to phosphoarylate T292 and S298 on MEK, which is essential for the functional association of MEK with Raf.
L1CAM and EGFR engage in a weak heterophilic trans interaction and this induces EGFR tyrosine kinase activity and its activation. However, this trans interaction alone is not sufficient to induce EGFR autophosphorylation, which requires additional cis type interactions between the two proteins.
L1-L1 trans-homodimers interact with the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). The CAM homology domain (CHD) in the FGFR, which resides between Ig like domains 1 and 2, interacts with the putative FGFR-CHD binding motif in the Fn3 module 4 of L1. This interaction leads to activation of the tyrosine kinase domain of the FGFR and subsequent activation of PLCgamma. PLCgamma then hydrolyses PIP2 to generate IP3 and DAG which finally leads to an increase in localized Ca+2 influx and activation of Ca+2/Calmodulin kinase II.
IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and NEMO/IKKgamma are each required for the NF-kappa B-mediated inflammatory response program
L1 and NCAM1 co-expressed on a single cell interact with each other via the fourth Ig domain of NCAM1 and the oligomannose type oligosaccharides carried by L1. This interaction has synergetic effects on L1-mediated cell aggregation and adhesion, a phenomenon referred to as 'assisted homophilic L1-L1 trans-binding'.
Identification of a mammalian mitochondrial porphyrin transporter
The HNF6 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. HNF6 transcription requires the activity of the HNF1B transcription factor. These events and interactions have not been studied directly in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
Myogenesis, the formation of muscle tissue, is a complex process involving steps of cell proliferation mediated by growth factor signaling, cell differentiation, reorganization of cells to form myotubes, and cell fusion. Here, one regulatory feature of this process has been annotated, the signaling cascade initiated by CDO (cell-adhesion-molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) and associated co-receptors.
The ONECUT3 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. ONECUT3 transcription requires the activity of the HNF6 transcription factor. These events and interactions have not been studied directly in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
The PTF1A gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. PTF1A transcription requires the activity of the HNF1B transcription factor and FGF10. These events and interactions have not been studied directly in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
The NR5A2 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. NR5A2 transcription requires the activity of the PDX1 transcription factor. These events and interactions have not been studied in vivo in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse and from in vitro studies of PDX1 protein binding to the Nr5A2 gene (Annicotte et al. 2003).
The ONECUT3 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus during morphogenesis of the pancreas. ONECUT3 transcription requires the activity of the HNF6 transcription factor. These events and interactions have not been studied directly in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
The NEUROG3 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus during morphogenesis of the pancreas. NEUROG3 transcription requires the activity of the HNF6 transcription factor. HES1 represses NEUROG3 transcription. In vivo, the interplay between HNF6 and HES6 deteremines the timing and level of NEUROG3 expression, which is critical for normal development of the pancreas. These events and interactions have not been studied directly in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
The properties of transcriptional networks early in the differentiation of human pancreatic cells are inferred from the properties of well-studied networks in mouse models. In mice, the first visible sign of pancreatic development is the appearance of pancreatic buds at about embryonic day 9. The cells in these buds are already committed to differentiate into specialized cells of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. Expression of transcription factors including Hnf1b, Hnf6, and Pdx1, as well as responsiveness to Fgf10 (fibroblast growth factor 10), up-regulates the expression of factors including Ptf1, Onecut3, Lrh1, and Nkx6.1 (Servitja and Ferrer 2004; Chakrabarti and Mirmira 2003).
The PAX4 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. PAX4 transcription requires the activity of the NEUROG3 transcription factor (Heremans et al. 2002; Mellitzer et al. 2006).
The properties of transcriptional networks in late stage (branching morphogenesis) pancreatic bud precursor cells are inferred from the properties of well-studied networks in mouse models. In mice, committed but undifferentiated epithelial cells are organized into branching ductal structures. At a molecular level, expression of Pdx1, Nkx2.2, and Nkx6.1 is reduced while Hnf6 expression remains high. Hnf6 mediates the continued expression of Onecut3 and Hnf1 beta and epithelial cell proliferation. As expression of Ngn3 (corresponds to human NEUROG3) rises, endocrine differentiation of the epithelial cells begins (Servitja and Ferrer 2004; Chakrabarti and Mirmira 2003).
The NgCAM-related cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is member of the L1 family involved in the eye development and node of Ranvier. Like all the other members of L1 family NrCAM also has the ability to bind to ankyrins. The last C-terminal amino acids of NrCAM form a PDZ-binding motif and can interact with SAP (synapse-associated protein) 102 and SAP97. Member of the GPI-anchored TAG-1/axonin-1 have been shown to interact with NrCAM. NrCAM also binds the Sema3B receptor NP-2 to mediate repulsive axon guidance.
NrCAM is the only mammalian L1CAM family member containing a consensus PDZ binding motif. NrCAM interacts with the PDZ domain containing proteins SAP-102, SAP-95 and SAP-97 and recruits them to the cell membrane. These SAP family members are colocalized with NrCAM in photoreceptor cells of the mammalian retina.
NrCAM is expressed specifically at node of ranvier where it interacts with the cytoskeletal adaptor protein ankyrin-G with the conserved motif F1272IGQY.
MyoD is a basic helix loop helix (bHLH) myoblast specific transcription factor defined as a 'master switch' gene in that it can convert other cell types into muscles if the gene is active in them. bHLH proteins Myf5, Myogenin and MRF4/Myf6 are highly related to MyoD and these along with MyoD form the 'MyoD family' of transcription factors, also called the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). MRFs form transcriptionally active heterodimers with the widely expressed E proteins, a distinct group of bHLH proteins including E12/E47, ITF-2 and HEB. Dimerization of these proteins juxtaposes their basic domains forming a functional DNA binding domain. MyoD/E protein heterodimers preferentially bind the DNA consensus sequence referred to as an E-box (CANNTG) in the control regions of muscle-specific genes and activate gene transcription of genes that are expressed in skeletal muscle.
p38 MAPK plays a fundamental role in the transition of myoblasts to different myocytes. Activated p38 MAPK phosphorylates E12/E47, a member of the E protein subfamily of bHLH proteins. p38 MAPK in particular phosphorylates Ser140 of E47. Its been observed that phosphorylation of E47 improves its ability to form heterodimers with Myod transcription factor.
Axon guidance / axon pathfinding is the process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets. Growing axons have a highly motile structure at the growing tip called the growth cone, which senses the guidance cues in the environment through guidance cue receptors and responds by undergoing cytoskeletal changes that determine the direction of axon growth. Guidance cues present in the surrounding environment provide the necessary directional information for the trip. These extrinsic cues have been divided into attractive or repulsive signals that tell the growth cone where and where not to grow. Genetic and biochemical studies have led to the identification of highly conserved families of guidance molecules and their receptors that guide axons. These include netrins, Slits, semaphorins, and ephrins, and their cognate receptors, DCC and or uncoordinated-5 (UNC5), roundabouts (Robo), neuropilin and Eph. In addition, many other classes of adhesion molecules are also used by growth cones to navigate properly which include NCAM and L1CAM.
The L1 family of cell adhesion molecules (L1CAMs) are a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily of transmembrane receptors, comprised of four structurally related proteins: L1, Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1), NrCAM, and Neurofascin. These CAMs contain six Ig like domains, five or six fibronectin like repeats, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic domain. The L1CAM family has been implicated in processes integral to nervous system development, including neurite outgrowth, neurite fasciculation and inter neuronal adhesion. L1CAM members are predominately expressed by neuronal, as well as some nonneuronal cells, during development. Except CHL1 all the other members of L1 family contain an alternatively spliced 12-nclueotide exon, encoding the amino acid residues RSLE in the neuronal splice forms but missing in the non-neuronal cells. The extracellular regions of L1CAM members are divergent and differ in their abilities to interact with extracellular, heterophilic ligands. The L1 ligands include other Ig-domain CAMs (such as NCAM, TAG-1/axonin and F11), proteoglycans type molecules (neurocan), beta1 integrins, and extra cellular matrix protein laminin, Neuropilin-1, FGF and EGF receptors. Some of these L1-interacting proteins also bind to other L1CAM members. For example TAG-1/axonin interact with L1 and NrCAM; L1, neurofascin and CHL1 binds to contactin family members. The cytoplasmic domains of L1CAM members are most highly conserved. Nevertheless, they have different cytoplasmic binding partners, and even those with similar binding partners may be involved in different signaling complexes and mechanisms. The most conserved feature of L1CAMs is their ability to interact with the actin cytoskeletal adapter protein ankyrin. The cytoplasmic ankyrin-binding domain, exhibits the highest degree of amino acid conservation throughout the L1 family.
CDO/Cdon (cell-adhesion-molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) is a type I transmembrane multifunctional co-receptor consisting of five immunoglobulin and three fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats in the extracellular domain, and an intracellular domain with no identifiable motifs. It has been implicated in enhancing muscle differentiation in promyogenic cells. CDO exert its promyogenic effects as a component of multiprotein complexes that include the closely related factor Boc, the Ig superfamily receptor neogenin and its ligand netrin-3, and the adhesion molecules N- and M-cadherin. CDO modulates the Cdc42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via a direct association with two scaffold-type proteins, JLP and Bnip-2, to regulate activities of myogenic bHLH factors and myogenic differentiation. CDO activates myogenic bHLH factors via enhanced heterodimer formation, most likely by inducing hyper-phosphorylation of E proteins. Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are master regulatory proteins that activate the transcription of many muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. These myogenic bHLH proteins also referred to as MyoD family includes four members, MyoD, myogenin, myf5 and MRF4. These myogenic factors dimerize with E-proteins such as E12/E47, ITF-2 and HEB to form heterodimeric complexes that bind to a conserved DNA sequence known as the E box, which is present in the promoters and enhancers of most muscle-specific genes. Myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2), which is a member of the MADS box family, also plays an important role in muscle differentiation. MEF2 activates transcription by binding to the consensus sequence, called the MEF2-binding site, which is also found in the control regions of numerous muscle-specific genes. MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins synergistically activate expression of muscle-specific genes via protein-protein interactions between DNA-binding domains of these heterologous classes of transcription factors. Members of the MyoD and MEF2 family of transcription factors associate combinatorially to control myoblast specification, differentiation and proliferation.
MyoD-E protein heterodimers interact with MEF2 proteins to synergistically activate myogenesis. This interaction occurs via association of these two heterologous classes of transcription factors through their DNA-binding and dimerization motifs. The combinatorial associations of these two protein families appear to establish a transcriptional code specific for skeletal muscle gene activation. Together with the Mef2 proteins and E proteins, MyoD transcription factors are responsible for coordinating muscle-specific gene expression in the undifferentiated myoblast. MyoD activation leads to expression of myogenin, M-cadherin, myosin heavy and light chains, and muscle creatine kinase.
The family of transcription factors myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) regulate myogenesis through combinatorial interactions with other transcription factors to the MEF2 site found in the promoter regions of numerous muscle specific genes. There are four members of the MEF2 family, MEF2A to D. p38 MAPK plays a role in the regulation of the MEF2 family members and this is mediated by the phosphorylation of two or three (Thr312 and 319 in MEF2A and Thr 293, 300 and ser387 in MEF2C) amino acids in the C-terminal activation domain of MEF2 factors. MEF2A and MEF2C are preferred substrates for p38 compared with MEF2B and MEF2D. The phosphorylation of MEF2 members results in their increased transcriptional activity.
The mechanism of phospholipase C-gamma1 regulation
Signalling downstream of activated mammalian Notch
A dimerization-dependent mechanism drives RAF catalytic activation
Interaction with ERM may lead to lateral oligomerization of phosphorylated L1 and this enhances the homophilic trans adhesion of L1. L1 mediates cell-cell adhesion by a trans-homophilic binding mechanism. In the nonengaged resting state the L1 N-terminal Ig domains adopt a horseshoe like structure due to an intramolecular binding between domains 1 and 4 or 2 and 3, respectively. When engaged in homophilic binding between adjacent cells, L1 could undergo a conformational change leading to a pairwise antiparallel alignment of Ig domains 1-4 and 2-3.
L1 in the C-domain membrane is internalized via clathrin mediated endocytosis. The assembly of clathrin coats at the plasma membrane depends on the adaptor complex AP-2 which is composed of two large chains (alpha and beta1 or beta2 adaptin), one medium (mu2) chain, and one small chain (sigma2). When dephosphorylated, the sorting signal/endocytic motif YRSLE sequence enables L1 to directly bind the mu2 subunit of AP-2, and concentrates L1 molecules in clathrin coated areas of the plasma membrane.
Dynamin is a neuronal phosphoprotein and a GTPase enzyme which mediates late stages of endocytosis in both neural and non-neural cells. Dynamin is involved in the membrane fusion event that results in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles.
Numb is thought to be a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain containing cargo specific adaptor protein, which links specific cargo to the endocytic machinery. It associates with collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP 2) with its PTB domain and alpha adaptin (a subunit of the AP 2 adaptor complex) through its tripeptide Asp-Pro-Phe (DPF) motif, and is involved in clathrin dependent endocytosis at the plasma membrane. Numb is associated with L1 under physiological conditions and functions in endocytosis of L1 in the C domain membrane of axonal growth cones.
Membrane bound L1 is internalized through clathrin coated vesicles and is endocytosed into recycling endosomes. Moreover, L1 promotes co-endocytosis of beta1 integrins with which it is associated into early endosomes.
p90rsk associates with the internalized L1 in the endosomes and phosphorylates it at Ser1152. This phosphorylation may regulate the interactions of L1 and intracellular signaling cascades or cytoskeletal elements involved in neurite outgrowth on specific substrates.
Abl kinase phosphorylates the tyrosine residue (1073) of the conserved CC1 motif (PTPYATT) in human Robo1.
Abl plays a dual role in the Robo pathway. As a key enzymatic component in the signaling pathway, Abl support repellent signaling (by recruiting the necessary actin binding proteins) and also feed back on the receptor (by down regulating through phosphorylation) to adjust the sensitivity of the pathway. Abl cooperates with multiple effectors, including the actin binding protein Capulet (Capt) and Orbit/MAST/CLASP, suggesting that Abl simultaneously coordinates the dynamics of two major cytoskeletal systems to achieve growth cone repellent guidance.
The Roundabout (Robo) family encodes transmembrane receptors that regulate axonal guidance and cell migration. The major function of the Robo receptors is to mediate repulsion of the navigating growth cones. There are four human Robo homologues, Robo1, Robo2, Robo3 and Robo4. Most of the Robos have the similar ectodomain architecture as the cell adhesion molecules, five Ig domains followed by three FN3 repeats except for Robo4, it has 2Ig and 2FN3 repeats. The cytoplasmic domains of Robo receptors are in general poorly conserved. However, there are four short conserved cytoplasmic sequence motifs, named CC0-3, that serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins. The ligands for the human Robo receptors are the three Slit proteins Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3; all of the Slit proteins contain a tandem of four LRR (leucine rich repeat) domains at N terminus, termed D1 D4 followed by six EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains, a laminin G like domain (ALPS), three EGF-like domains, and a C-terminal cysteine knot domain. Most Slit proteins are cleaved within the EGF-like region by unknown proteases. Slit protein binding modulates Robo interactions with the cytosolic adaptors. The cytoplasmic domain of Robo1 and Robo2 determines the repulsive responses of these receptors. Based on the studies from both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms its been inferred that Robo induces growth cone repulsion by controlling cytoskeletal dynamics via either Abelson kinase (Abl) and Enabled (Ena), or Rac activity.
Ezrin Radixin Moesin (ERM) are the members of the FERM domain (F for Band 4.1 protein, E for ezrin, R for radixin and M for moesin) containing proteins involved in localizing proteins to the plasma membrane. L1 is coupled to the tread milling actin cytoskeleton through interaction with ERM proteins. The motif KxxKYxV in the juxtamembrane region and the YRSLE sequence in L1CD are important for the ERM binding. This interaction provides a link between L1 and the actin cytoskeleton and plays a critical role in the traction force generation and regulation of neurite branching.
Structural basis for recruitment of CBP/p300 by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha
Involvement of p90rsk in neurite outgrowth mediated by the cell adhesion molecule L1
Structural basis for Hif-1 alpha /CBP recognition in the cellular hypoxic response
Structure and interactions of NCAM Ig1-2-3 suggest a novel zipper mechanism for homophilic adhesion
Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the IkappaB kinase complex by two distinct signaling pathways
Metabolism, function and mass spectrometric analysis of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and cardiolipin
An adjacent pair of human NUDT genes on chromosome X are preferentially expressed in testis and encode two new isoforms of diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase
Immunohistochemical detection of K-sam protein in stomach cancer
Molecular and biochemical characterization of lecithin retinol acyltransferase.
The insulin/IGF-like signaling (IIS) and TOR pathways are responsible for conveying nutrient signals and regulating growth in Drosophila. Activation of the IIS pathway occurs when insulin-like peptides bind the insulin receptor. Activation of the TOR signaling pathway occurs in the presence of amino acids via an unknown mechanism. Together, these pathways coordinate cell-autonomous and non cell-autonomous growth responses to nutrients. The exact way these two signaling pathways are coordinated and their outputs balanced are not understood.
Authored: Broughton, S, Gianakou, M, Leevers, SJ, Partridge, L, Piper, M, Jassal, B, 2005-06-14 11:07:15
ZnT7, a novel mammalian zinc transporter, accumulates zinc in the Golgi apparatus
Molecular cloning of cDNA for nonhepatic mitochondrial arginase (arginase II) and comparison of its induction with nitric oxide synthase in a murine macrophage-like cell line
2-acetylaminofluorene-N-sulfate [ChEBI:35424]
Rho-associated kinase of chicken gizzard smooth muscle
Methionine regeneration and aspartate aminotransferase in parasitic protozoa
Semaphorins are a large family of cell surface and secreted guidance molecules divided into eight classes on the basis of their structures. They all have an N-terminal conserved sema domain. Semaphorins signal through multimeric receptor complexes that include other proteins such as plexins and neuropilins.
There are eight classes of semaphorins and four types of plexins. Semaphorin (SEMA) classes 1 and 2 are found in invertebrates and classes 3-7 are vertebrate sempahorines. Sempahorin class 3 is secreted, whereas the other classes are synthesised as transmembrane proteins. Vertebrate plexins (PLXNs) are classified into four subfamilies plexin-A to -D. There are four A-type plexins, three B-type, one C-type and D-type. Interactions between different subfamilies of plexins and semaphorins show differential specificity, which trigger different sets of biological functions. Another level of functional specificity specificity is attained by plexins by coupling with various coreceptors expressed in a cell- or tissue-specific manner, such as neuropilins (NRP), L1CAM, c-MET proto-oncogene, ERB2, CD72 and CD45 (Kruger et al. 2005, Law & Lee 2012).
Antiparallel NCAM interactions involve trans-interactions of NCAM molecules on opposed cell membranes. Based on structural and functional studies a 'double zipper' model has been proposed to describe these interactions. The first model - the 'flat zipper'- formed between NCAM1 cis-dimers from one cell surface interacting in trans through IgII-IgIII contacts with NCAM1 cis-dimers from another cell surface. The second model - the 'compact zipper'- is formed between NCAM1 cis-dimers from one cell surface interacting in trans through IgI-IgIII and IgII-IgII contacts with cis-dimers from another cell surface. Abrogation of cis-dimerization inhibits NCAM mediated neurite outgrowth, and cis-dimerization of NCAM1 may be a necessary prerequisite for subsequent trans-interactions.
NCAM1 located on the cell membrane can participate in parallel cis and antiparallel trans-homophilic interactions. The cis-interaction is mediated by reciprocal IgI-IgII interactions: the IgI domain of one NCAM1 molecule interacts with the IgII domain of a second.
NCAM1 has been demonstrated to possess (Ca++ or Mg++) dependant ATP hydrolyzing activity. ATP can bind to NCAM directly and that NCAM can act as an ecto-ATPase hydrolyzing around 1000 molecules of ATP/minute. Binding of ATP to NCAM1 inhibits cellular aggregation and neurite outgrowth induced by NCAM1-FGFR binding. The NCAM binding site to ATP overlaps with the site of NCAM-FGFR interaction, and ATP is capable of disrupting NCAM-FGFR binding.
FGFR is one of the heterophilic interactors of NCAM. The FG loop region of the second Fn3 module of NCAM binds to Ig domains 2 and 3 of FGFR. The FGFR binding site to NCAM overlaps with the site of NCAM-ATP interaction, and ATP is capable of disrupting NCAM-FGFR binding and signaling. The interaction of NCAM activates FGFR and NCAM might merely mimic FGF's in FGFR stimulation, but there is a difference in the activation pattern induced by NCAM and FGF-2. NCAM activated FGFR stimulates neurite outgrowth by stimulating PLCgamma and DAG lipase leading to generation of arachidonic acid.
Identification of a target RNA motif for RNA-binding protein HuR
Identification and characterization of a gene encoding human LPGAT1, an endoplasmic reticulum-associated lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase
Cofilin is a member of the ADF (actin-depolymerizing factor) protein family, that is involved in regulating actin dynamics in the growth cone. It binds to actin in a one-to-one molar ratio, and stimulates both the severing of actin filaments and depolymerization of actin subunits from the actin filament end. Activated LIMK phosphorylates cofilin on conserved serine 3 (Ser3/S3), located near the actin binding site. After phosphorylation cofilin is inactive and looses its affinity for actin and releases from G-actin monomers. Now the ADP-actin monomers are free and can exchange ADP with cytoplasmic ATP and they are ready for reincorporation at the barbed end of the a growing filament.
Activated Rac1 bound to plexin-A might modulate actin dynamics through the sequential phosphorylation and activation of PAK, LIMK1 and cofilin.
Sema5s have been implicated in invasive growth, vascular patterning and axon guidance. Plexin-B3 is the specific and high-affinity receptor for Sema5A, and their interaction triggers the collapsing response.
Sema6A binds plexinA2 and plexinA4 to establish lamina-restricted axon projection in the hippocampus.
PIKE-L a brain-specific GTPase selectively associates with UNC5B but not with other family members of UNC5. Netrin-1 enhances this interaction and this interaction triggers the activation of PI3K kinase signalling, prevents UNC5B's pro-apoptotic activity and enhances neuronal survival.
Netrin-1 is not only involved as an axon guidance cue during the development of nervous system but is also involved in the morphogenesis of the mammary glands. Netrin-1 acts as a short-range attractant and has an adhesive, rather than a guidance, function during mammary gland morphogenesis. In the developing mammary gland, netrin-1 acts locally through neogenin to maintain close apposition of cap cells and prelumenal cells at the leading edge of the TEB (Terminal end bud).
PIP2 places Ezrin at the membrane in a location to be phosphorylated, and thereby activated, by protein kinase-C theta.
Ezrin is a member of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family that acts as a linker between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Ezrin exists in a dormant, monomeric form in which its FERM/NERMAD and C-ERMAD domains are associated, masking membrane and F-actin binding regions. On production of PIP2, ezrin binds it, is recruited to the plasma membrane, and undergoes conformational changes unmasking the two binding sites.
PIP2 hydrolysis appers to be an important mechanism for netrin-1 mediated neurite elongation. Netrin-1 alone could not elicit hydrolysis of PIP2 but depends on the stimulation of DCC and PLCgamma.
3,3'-diiodothyronine 4-sulfate [ChEBI:35431]
3,5,3'-triiodothyronine 4-sulfate [ChEBI:35432]
The major sites of cellular phospholipid synthesis and molecular determinants of Fatty Acid and lipid head group specificity
NCAM1 associates with T- and L-type voltage-dependent Ca+2 channels (VDCC) in growthcones at the sites of NCAM1 clustering. This interaction leads to the NCAM-dependent Ca+2 influx to the cell.
UNC-5 receptors interact with netrins and mediate the short-range repulsion signal. The extracellular Ig domains of Unc5 bind netrin.
Unc5 netrin receptors mediate repellent responses to netrin. Four Unc5 members have been found in humans: Unc5A, B, C and D. Different studies have suggested that long-range repulsion to netrin requires the cooperation of Unc5 and DCC, but that Unc5 without DCC is sufficient for short-range repulsion. The binding of netrin to Unc5 triggers the phosphorylation of Unc5 in its ZU-5 domain. Several proteins have been proposed to interact with Unc5 family members in mediating a repellent response, including tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, the F-actin anti-capping protein Mena, and ankyrin.
The neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM1 is generally considered as a cell adhesion mediator, but it is also considered to be a signal transducing receptor molecule. NCAM1 is involved in multiple cis- and trans-homophilic interactions. It is also involved in several heterophilic interactions with a broad range of other molecules, thereby modulating diverse biological phenomena including cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, survival and synaptic plasticity.
The neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is involved in a variety of cellular processes of importance for the formation and maintenance of the nervous system. The role of NCAM in neural differentiation and synaptic plasticity is presumed to depend on the modulation of intracellular signal transduction cascades. NCAM based signaling complexes can initiate downstream intracellular signals by at least two mechanisms: (1) activation of FGFR and (2) formation of intracellular signaling complexes by direct interaction with cytoplasmic interaction partners such as Fyn and FAK. Tyrosine kinases Fyn and FAK interact with NCAM and undergo phosphorylation and this transiently activates the MAPK, ERK 1 and 2, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and transcription factors ELK and NFkB. CREB activates transcription of genes which are important for axonal growth, survival, and synaptic plasticity in neurons. NCAM1 mediated intracellular signal transduction is represented in the figure below. The Ig domains in NCAM1 are represented in orange ovals and Fn domains in green squares. The tyrosine residues susceptible to phosphorylation are represented in red circles and their positions are numbered. Phosphorylation is represented by red arrows and dephosphorylation by yellow. Ig, Immunoglobulin domain; Fn, Fibronectin domain; Fyn, Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; RPTPalpha, Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase; Grb2, Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; SOS, Son of sevenless homolog; Raf, RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase; MEK, MAPK and ERK kinase; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MSK1, Mitogen and stress activated protein kinase 1; CREB, Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein; CRE, cAMP response elements.
Rho family GTPases including Rac, Rho, and Cdc42 are ideal candidates to regulate aspects of cytoskeletal dynamics downstream of axon guidance receptors. Biochemical and genetic studies have revealed an important role for Cdc42 and Rac in Robo repulsion. Robo controls the activity of Rho GTPases by interacting with a family of Slit/Robo specific GAPs (SrGAPs) and Vilse/CrossGAP. SrGAPs inactivate Cdc42 and Vilse/CrossGAP specifically inactivates Rac1.
srGAP bound to Robo's cytoplasmic tail increase the intrinsic GTPase activity of Cdc42, which converts the GTP-bound form of Cdc42 into its GDP-bound form, therefore inactivating Cdc42. Inactivation of Cdc42 leads to a reduction in the activation of the Neuronal WiskottAldrich Syndrome protein (NWASP), thus decreasing the level of active Arp2/3 complex. Because active Arp2/3 promotes actin polymerization, the reduction of active Cdc42 eventually decreases actin polymerization. Slit regulates SrGAP interaction with Robo1 and Cdc42, it increases SrGAP interaction with Cdc42.
Abl binds directly, via its SH3 domain, to the CC3 motif in the cytoplasmic domain of human Robo1.
A low level of Rac activity is essential to maintain axon outgrowth and Robo activation recruits Sos, a dual specificity GEF to the plasma membrane via Dock to activate Rac during midline repulsion.
The p24 family and selective transport processes at the ER-Golgi interface
Robo3 antagonizes Robo1/Robo2 function to prevent their response to slit, thus allowing cells that are expressing Robo1/Robo2 to progress towards and across the floor plate. Exactly how Robo3 interferes with Robo1/Robo2 function is not yet clear. One possibility is that one of the Robo3 isoform Robo3A.1 may sequester Robo1 into inactive receptor complexes. Robo3 in mouse and human have two isoforms, Robo3A.1 and Robo3A.2 with different Slit-binding activities. Both isoforms can form heterodimers with Robo1 and Robo2, but Robo3A.1 heterodimers cannot bind Slit, so this isoform may serve to sequester and inactivate Robo1.
Commissural axons project to the floor plate, attracted by the interaction of their DCC receptors with netrin1 produced by floor plate cells. The axons are insensitive to the repulsive action of slit despite expression of repulsive slit receptors (Robo1 and Robo2) because they also express Robo3, a slit receptor that suppresses the activity of Robo1 and Robo2. Once an axon enters the floor plate, however, it must be efficiently expelled on the contralateral side. Based on studies in Xenopus neurons and by yeast two hybrid screens it is observed that the attractive response of the axons to netrins is silenced by activation of Robo. Slit bound Robo binds to DCC, preventing it from transducing an attractive response to netrin. A switch from attraction to repulsion allows commissural axons to enter and then leave the CNS midline. Upon crossing the midline, commissural axons downregulate expression of Robo3 and increases expression of Robo1/Robo2.
Slit 2 and both its natural cleavage products bind glypican 1, a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) through its C terminus. Glypican 1 HSPG is important for high affinity binding of Slit to its receptor and for the repulsive activity of Slit. Slit-Robo signaling strictly requires binding to heparan sulfate. HSPGs may also modulate the extracellular distribution or stability of Slit proteins.
The Slit family consists of three members that are all expressed in the ventral midline (floor plate) of the neural tube. Slit 1 is predominantly expressed in the nervous system whereas Slit 2 and 3 are also expressed outside the nervous system. Slit proteins are the ligands for the Robo receptors. In humans there are four robo genes: Robo1, 2, 3 and 4. The extracellular domain of Robo comprises five Ig domains and three Fn domains except for Robo4 (2Ig+2Fn). Ig1 and Ig2 domains of Robo are highly conserved and are important for Slit binding. The concave face of slit's second LRR domain accommodates the Robo's Ig1 and 2 domains. Slit binding with Robo4 is controversial as the interaction is weak and its been observed using the in-vitro methods.
The levels of second messengers such as Ca+2, cAMP and cGMP may regulate the response of the growth cone to a particular cue. Netrin-1 as a guidance molecule depends on intracellular Ca+2 concentration, coactivation of PI3K and PLCgamma, and the type of response depends on the levels of cAMP. Netrin first stimulates its receptor DCC, resulting in the activation of the enzyme phospholipase C. This then produces the messenger molecules, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and DAG, which in turn causes the release of Ca+2 from intracellular stores. Ca+2 release from the stores then activates TRPC channels on the cell surface. DAG activates TRPC3 and TRPC6 in a direct, membrane delimited manner, and IP3 may activate TRPC channels by depleting the ER Ca+2 levels.
Netrins are secreted proteins that play a crucial role in neuronal migration and in axon guidance during the development of the nervous system. To date, several Netrins have been described in mouse and humans: Netrin-1, -3/NTL2, -4/h and G-Netrins. Netrin-1 is the most studied member of the family and has been shown to play a crucial role in neuronal navigation during nervous system development mainly through its interaction with its receptors DCC and UNC5. Members of the Deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) family- which includes DCC and Neogenin in vertebrates- mediate netrin-induced axon attraction, whereas the C. elegans UNC5 receptor and its four vertebrate homologs Unc5a-Unc5d mediate repulsion.
Proteinases involved in matrix turnover during cartilage and bone breakdown
The gene encoding SPO11 shares sequence similarity to TopoVI, a type II topoisomerase. SPO11 dimers cleave both strands of DNA. Each subunit of the dimer remains covalently attached to the 5' end of one strand of DNA via a phosphodiester linkage to a conserved tyrosine residue of SPO11. In addition to SPO11, work from budding yeast has shown a total of 7 proteins essential for double strand break formation. The mammalian ortholog of Mei4 (S. cerevisiae) as well as a mammalian-specific gene called Mei1 are essential to formation of meiotic double strand breaks.
SPO11 forms a dimer and each subunit cleaves a single strand of DNA, thus creating a double-strand break. After cleaving DNA, a SPO11 subunit remains covalently attached to each 5' end via a tyrosine residue. SPO11 is removed from the DNA by cleavage of single strands 3' to the attached SPO11. The products are a resected 5' end (protruding 3' overhang) and a covalent complex of SPO11 with an oligonucleotide. Two size classes of oligonucleotide are observed: 12 to 26 nucleotides and 28 to 34 nucleotides. The enzyme responsible for excision of SPO11:oligonucleotide in mammals is inferred to be MRE11 in the MRE11:RAD50:NBS1:CtIP complex based on conservation of the reaction mechanism across yeast, plants, and animals (Sartori et al. 2007). In fission and budding yeast the Mre11:Rad50:Xrs2/Nbs1 (MRN/MRX) complex is required for removal of SPO11. In human somatic cells the MRN complex together with CtIP resects double-strand breaks in somatic cells but the role of the MRN complex in mammalian meiosis, though essential, is unclear (Sartori et al. 2007). After excision of SPO11:oligonucleotide the recessed 5' end is further resected by unknown exonucleases.
Polyubiquitination of PER proteins is directed by the Beta-TrCP1 component of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. The polyubiquitinated PER proteins are recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Degradation of PER proteins occurs during the night and is necessary to allow new transcription of BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 targets in the morning during the circadian cycle.
The PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. PPARGC1A protein is located in the nucleus where it coactivates transcription.
The RORA gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is transcribed to yield protein.
As inferred from mouse, RORA binds DNA and recruits the coactivators PGC-1alpha (PPARGC1A) and p300 (EP300, a histone acetylase).
The SREBF1 (SREBP1) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The CPT1A gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
As inferred from mouse, RORA binds ROR elements (ROREs) in DNA and recruits the coactivators PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha) and p300 (EP300, a histone acetylase) to activate transcription.
At the center of the mammalian circadian clock is a negative transcription/translation-based feedback loop: The BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 heterodimer transactivates CRY and PER genes by binding E-box elements in their promoters; the CRY and PER proteins then inhibit transactivation by BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2. BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 activates transcription of CRY, PER, and several other genes in the morning. Levels of PER and CRY proteins rise during the day and inhibit expression of CRY, PER, and other BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2-activated genes in the afternoon and evening. During the night CRY and PER proteins are targeted for degradation by phosphorylation and polyubiquitination, allowing the cycle to commence again in the morning. Transcription of the BMAL1 (ARNTL) gene is controlled by ROR-alpha and REV-ERBA, both of which are targets of BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 in mice and both of which compete for the same element (RORE) in the BMAL1 promoter. ROR-alpha activates transcription of BMAL1; REV-ERBA represses transcription of BMAL1. This mutual control forms a secondary, reinforcing loop of the circadian clock. REV-ERBA shows strong circadian rhythmicity and confers circadian expression on BMAL1. BMAL1 can form heterodimers with either CLOCK or NPAS2, which act redundantly but show different tissue specificity. The BMAL1:CLOCK and BMAL1:NPAS2 heterodimers activate a set of genes that possess E-box elements (consensus CACGTG) in their promoters. This confers circadian expression on the genes. The PER genes (PER1, PER2, PER3) and CRY genes (CRY1, CRY2) are among those activated by BMAL1:CLOCK and BMAL1:NPAS2. PER and CRY mRNA accumulates during the morning and the proteins accumulate during the afternoon. PER and CRY proteins form complexes in the cytosol and these are bound by either CSNK1D or CSNK1E kinases which phosphorylate PER and CRY. The phosphorylated PER:CRY:kinase complex is translocated into the nucleus due to the nuclear localization signal of PER and CRY. Within the nucleus the PER:CRY complexes bind BMAL1:CLOCK and BMAL1:NPAS2, inhibiting their transactivation activity and their phosphorylation. This reduces expression of the target genes of BMAL1:CLOCK and BMAL1:NPAS2 during the afternoon and evening. PER:CRY complexes also traffic out of the nucleus into the cytosol due to the nuclear export signal of PER. During the night PER:CRY complexes are polyubiquitinated and degraded, allowing the cycle to begin again. Phosphorylated PER is bound by Beta-TrCP1, a cytosolic F-box type component of some SCF E3 ubiquitin ligases. CRY is bound by FBXL3, a nucleoplasmic F-box type component of some SCF E3 ubiquitin ligases. Phosphorylation of CRY1 by Adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) enhances degradation of CRY1. PER and CRY are subsequently polyubiquitinated and proteolyzed by the 26S proteasome. The circadian clock is cell-autonomous and some, but not all cells of the body exhibit circadian rhythms in metabolism, cell division, and gene transcription. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus is the major clock in the body and receives its major input from light (via retinal neurons) and a minor input from nutrient intake. The SCN and other brain tissues determine waking and feeding cycles and influence the clocks in other tissues by hormone secretion and nervous stimulation. Independently of the SCN, other tissues such as liver receive inputs from signals from the brain and from nutrients.
The VHL component of the VHL:ElonginB:ElonginC:CUL2:RBX1 binds HIF-alpha that have hydroxylated proline residues (Cockman et al. 2000, Ohh et al. 2000, Tanimoto et al. 2000, Jaakkola et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2001, Yu et al. 2001, Bonicalzi et al. 2001). The VHL:HIF-alpha complex is predominantly nuclear (Lewis and Roberts 2003) however binding and degradation of HIF-alpha can also occur in the cytosol (Berra et al. 2001).
Proline hydroxylases PHD2 (EGLN1) and PHD3 (EGLN3) located in the cytosol (Metzen et al. 2003) hydroxylate HIF1A at proline-402 and proline-564 (Bruick and McKnight 2001, Jaakkola et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2002, Berra et al. 2003, Hirsila et al. 2003, Appelhoff et al. 2004, Tuckerman et al. 2004, Fedulova et al. 2007, Tian et al. 2011). A portion of PHD3 (EGLN3) is also located in the nucleus (Rantanen et al. 2008).
Proline hydroxylases PHD2 (EGLN1) and PHD3 (EGLN3) located in the cytosol (Metzen et al. 2003) hydroxylate HIF3A at proline-492 (Hirsila et al. 2003, Maynard et al. 2003). A portion of PHD3 (EGLN3) is also located in the nucleus (Rantanen et al. 2008).
During meiosis the replicated chromosomes of a single diploid cell are segregated into 4 haploid daughter cells by two successive divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, the distinguishing event of meiosis, pairs (bivalents) of homologous chromosomes in the form of sister chromatids are paired, synapsed along their regions of homologous DNA (reviewed in Yang and Wang 2009), and then segregated, resulting in haploid daughters containing sister chromatids paired at their centromeres (reviewed in Cohen et al. 2006, Handel and Schimenti 2010). The sister chromatids are then separated and segregated during meiosis II. Recombination between chromosomal homologues but not between sister chromatids occurs during prophase of meiosis I (reviewed in Inagaki et al. 2010). Though hundreds of recombination events are initiated, most are resolved without crossovers and only tens proceed to become crossovers. In mammals recombination events are required between homologues for normal pairing, synapsis, and segregation.
Proline hydroxylases PHD2 (EGLN1) and PHD3 (EGLN3) located in the cytosol (Metzen et al. 2003) hydroxylate EPAS1 (HIF2A) at proline-405 and proline-531 (Hirsila et al. 2003, Percy et al. 2008, Furlow et al. 2009). A portion of PHD3 (EGLN3) is also located in the nucleus (Rantanen et al. 2008).
Proline hydroxylases PHD1 (EGLN2) and PHD3 (EGLN3) located in the nucleus (Metzen et al. 2003) hydroxylate HIF3A at proline-492 (Hirsila et al. 2003, Maynard et al. 2003). Note that proline-492 of the reference isoform is proline-490 in isoform 2, the protein cited by Maynard et al. 2003. The amount of hydroxylation occurring in the nucleus is controversial. Most hydroxylation is believed to occur in the cytosol.
VHL within the VHL:ElonginB:ElonginC:CUL2:RBX1 Complex binds HIF-alpha subunits that have hydroxylated proline residues (Cockman et al. 2000, Ohh et al. 2000, Tanimoto et al. 2000, Jaakkola et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2001, Yu et al. 2001). VHL constitutively shuttles between the cytosol and nucleoplasm (Lewis and Roberts 2003) and though the VHL:HIF-alpha complex is predominantly nuclear, binding and degradation can occur in both the cytosol and the nucleus (Berra et al. 2001).
Proline hydroxylases PHD1 (EGLN2) and PHD3 (EGLN3) located in the nucleus hydroxylate HIF2A (EPAS1) at proline-405 and proline-531 (Hirsila et al. 2003, Percy et al. 2008, Furlow et al. 2009). The amount of hydroxylation occurring in the nucleus is controversial. Most hydroxylation is believed to be cytosolic.
Proline hydroxylases PHD1 (EGLN2) and PHD3 (EGLN3) located in the nucleus (Metzen et al. 2003) hydroxylate HIF1A at proline-402 and proline-564 (Buick and McKnight 2001, Jaakkola et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2002, Berra et al. 2003, Hirsila et al. 2003, Appelhoff et al. 2004, Tuckerman et al. 2004, Fedulova et al. 2007, Tian et al. 2011). The amount of hydroxylation occurring in the nucleus is controversial. Most hydroxylation is believed to occur in the cytosol.
Meiotic recombination exchanges segments of duplex DNA between chromosomal homologs, generating genetic diversity (reviewed in Handel and Schimenti 2010, Inagaki et al. 2010, Cohen et al. 2006). There are two forms of recombination: non-crossover (NCO) and crossover (CO). In mammals, the former is required for correct pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes, while CO intermediates called chiasmata are required for correct segregation of bivalents. Meiotic recombination is initiated by double-strand breaks created by SPO11, which remains covalently attached to the 5' ends after cleavage. SPO11 is removed by cleavage of single DNA strands adjacent to the covalent linkage. The resulting 5' ends are further resected to produce protruding 3' ends. The single-stranded 3' ends are bound by RAD51 and DMC1, homologs of RecA that catalyze a search for homology between the bound single strand and duplex DNA of the chromosomal homolog. RAD51 and DMC1 then catalyze the invasion of the single strand into the homologous duplex and the formation of a D-loop heteroduplex. Approximately 90% of heteroduplexes are resolved without crossovers (NCO), probably by synthesis-dependent strand annealing. The invasive strand is extended along the homolog and ligated back to its original duplex, creating a double Holliday junction. The mismatch repair proteins MSH4, MSH5 participate in this process, possibly by stabilizing the duplexes. The mismatch repair proteins MLH1 and MLH3 are then recruited to the double Holliday structure and an unidentified resolvase (Mus81? Gen1?) cleaves the junctions to yield a crossover. Crossovers are not randomly distributed: The histone methyltransferase PRDM9 recruits the recombination machinery to genetically determined hotspots in the genome and each incipient crossover somehow inhibits formation of crossovers nearby, a phenomenon called crossover interference. Each chromosome bivalent, including the X-Y body in males, has at least one crossover and this is required for meiosis to proceed correctly.
HIF-alpha (HIF1A, HIF2A (EPAS1), HIF3A) forms a heterodimer with ARNT (HIF1-beta) (Wang et al. 1995, Jiang et al. 1996, Tian et al. 1997, Gu et al. 1998, Erbel et al. 2003).
HIF (heterodimer of HIF-alpha and HIF-beta) recruits p300 and CBP to the promoters of target genes (Kallio et al. 1998, Ebert and Bunn 1998, Ema et al. 1999, Gu et al. 2001, Dames et al. 2002, Freedman et al. 2002).
HIF-alpha (HIF1A, HIF2A (EPAS1), HIF3A) is translocated to the nucleus, possibly by two pathways: importin 4/7 (Chachami et al. 2009) and importin alpha/beta (Depping et al. 2008). Once in the nucleus HIF-alpha heterodimerizes with HIF-beta (ARNT) (Wang et al. 1995, Jiang et al. 1996, Tian et al. 1997, Gu et al. 1998, Erbel et al. 2003) and recruits CBP and p300 to promoters of target genes (Ebert and Bunn 1998, Kallio et al. 1998, Ema et al. 1999, Gu et al. 2001, Dames et al. 2002, Freedman et al. 2002).
In the presence of oxygen members of the transcription factor family HIF-alpha, comprising HIF1A, HIF2A (EPAS1), and HIF3A, are hydroxylated on proline residues by PHD1 (EGLN2), PHD2 (EGLN1), and PHD3 (EGLN3) and on asparagine residues by HIF1AN (FIH) (reviewed in Pouyssegur et al. 2006, Semenza 2007, Kaelin and Ratcliffe 2008, Nizet and Johnson 2009, Brahimi-Horn and Pouyssegur 2009, Majmundar et al. 2010, Loenarz and Schofield 2011). Both types of reaction require molecular oxygen as a substrate and it is probable that at least some HIF-alpha molecules carry both hydroxylated asparagine and hydroxylated proline (Tian et al. 2011). Hydroxylated asparagine interferes with the ability of HIF-alpha to interact with p300 and CBP while hydroxylated proline facilitates the interaction of HIF-alpha with the E3 ubiquitin ligase VHL, causing ubiquitination and proteolysis of HIF-alpha. Hypoxia inhibits both types of hydroxylation, resulting in the stabilization of HIF-alpha, which then enters the nucleus, binds HIF-beta, and recruits p300 and CBP to activate target genes such as EPO and VEGF.
When hypoxic cells return to normoxia, HIF-alpha is ubiquitinated in the nucleus and exported to the cytosol (Groulx and Lee 2002). The shuttling of VHL between the nucleus and cytosol is required (Groulx and Lee 2002, Lee et al. 1999).
Destruction of ubiquitinated HIF-alpha can occur in both the cytosol and nucleus (Berra et al. 2001). Upon reoxygenation of hypoxic cells HIF-alpha is ubiquitinated in the nucleus and transported to the cytosol in a complex with VHL:ElonginB:ElonginC:CUL2:RBX1 where it is destroyed (Groulx and Lee 2002, Jaakkola et al. 2001, Ivan et al. 2001)
HIF-alpha subunits, comprising HIF1A (Bruick and McKnight 2001, Ivan et al. 2001, Jaakkola et al. 2001), HIF2A (Percy et al. 2008, Furlow et al. 2009), and HIF3A (Maynard et al. 2003), are hydroxylated at proline residues by the prolyl hydroxylases PHD1 (EGLN2), PHD2 (EGLN1), and PHD3 (EGLN3) (Bruick and McKnight 2001, Berra et al. 2003, Hirsila et al. 2003, Metzen et al. 2003, Tuckerman et al. 2004, Appelhoff et al. 2004, Fedulova et al. 2007, Tian et al. 2011). The reaction requires molecular oxygen as a substrate and so it is inhibited by hypoxia. PHD2 (EGLN1) is predominantly cytosolic (Metzen et al. 2003) and is the key determinant in the regulation of HIF-alpha subunits by oxygen (Berra et al. 2003). HIF-alpha subunits hydroxylated at proline residues are bound by VHL, an E3 ubiquitin ligase in a complex containing ElonginB, Elongin C, CUL2, and RBX1. VHL ubiquitinates HIF-alpha, resulting in destruction of HIF-alpha by proteolysis. Hypoxia inhibits proline hydroxylation and interaction with VHL, stabilizing HIF-alpha, which transits to the nucleus and activates gene expression.
HIF-alpha is translocated into the nucleus (Kallio et al. 1998, Depping et al. 2008, Chachami et al. 2009). Importin 4 and importin 7 (Chachami et al. 2009) as well as the importin alpha/beta pathway (Depping et al. 2008) appear to be capable of interacting with HIF-alpha. During hypoxia HIF-alpha accumulates in the nucleus where it associates with CBP and p300 (Kallio et al. 1998).
VHL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that conjugates ubiquitin to hydroxylated HIF-alpha (Iwai et al. 1999, Kamura et al. 2000, Ohh et al. 2000, Groulx and Lee 2002, Maynard et al. 2003). VHL is predominantly cytosolic and shuttles between the cytosol and the nucleus (Lee et al. 1999, Groulx and Lee 2002). Ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-alpha can occur in both the cytosol and the nucleus (Berra et al. 2001). Upon return to normoxia from hypoxia most ubiquitinated HIF-alpha is nuclear (Groulx and Lee 2002).
VHL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that conjugates ubiquitin to hydroxylated HIF-alpha (Iwai et al. 1999, Kamura et al. 2000, Ohh et al. 2000, Groulx and Lee 2002, Maynard et al. 2003). VHL is predominantly cytosolic and shuttles between the cytosol and the nucleus (Lee et al. 1999, Groulx and Lee 2002). Ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-alpha can occur in both the cytosol and the nucleus (Berra et al. 2001).
Binding of Hsp90 to the LIMK proteins protects them from degradation and promotes their dimer formation and transphosphorylation. It is estimated that LIMK1 contains at least 5 phospho-amino acids primarily phospho-serines, in its kinase domain. The positions of these serine residues are not known. Transphosphorylation of these serine residues in LIMK1 increases its stability.
Sema3A, a prototypical semaphorin, acts as a chemorepellent or a chemoattractant for axons by activating a receptor complex comprising neuropilin-1 as the ligand-binding subunit and plexin-A1 as the signal-transducing subunit. Sema3A inhibits cell migration by inhibiting integrin ligand-binding activity.
After phosphorylation on Thr 508, LIMK undergoes homodimerization. Homodimer formation is promoted by the binding of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) to a short sequence in the kinase domain of LIMKs. LIMKs are further phosphorylated after homodimer formation and transphosphorylation of the kinase domain.
Sema3A-mediated dissociation of FARP2 from Plexin-A is followed by activation of Rac1 by the GEF activity of released FARP2. FARP2 is critical for Sema3A-mediated axonal repulsion through two independent downstream signaling pathways. Sema3A mediated disassociation of FARP2 from Plexin-A is followed by activation of Rac by GEF activity of released FARP2, binding of Rnd1 to plexin-A and down regulation of R-Ras by GAP activity of plexin-A.
Sema3A also mediates integrin inhibition by a mechanism involving PIPKI gamma 661, a phosphatidylinositol kinase that participates in integrin mediated focal adhesion assembly. The binding of talin to beta-integrin is required for integrin activation and is strengthened by PtdIns(4,5)P(2). PIPKI gamma 661, an enzyme that makes PtdIns(4,5)P(2), is targeted to focal adhesions by an association with talin. Sema3A induced dissociation of FARP2 from Plexin-A1 stimulates an interaction between FARP2 and PIPKI gamma 661. FARP2 inhibits PIPK gamma 661's kinase activity, and thus inhibits integrin mediated adhesion.
Sema4D-mediated attraction of endothelial cells requires Rho, but not R-Ras, signaling. Sema4D-mediated plexinB1 activation activates Rho and its downstream effector ROCK. ROCK then phosphorylates MLC to induce actomyosin stress fiber contraction and to direct the assembly of focal adhesion complexes and integrin-mediated adhesion.
Semaphorin 4D (Sema 4D/CD100) is an axon guidance molecule with two disulfide-linked 150-kDa subunits. SEMA4D is structurally defined by a conserved 500-amino acid extracellular domain with 16 cysteines (sema domain) and also an Ig-like domain C-terminal to the sema domain. Sema4D is expressed on the cell surface as a homodimer; cysteine 679 within the sema domain is required for this dimerization. The main receptors for Sema4D are plexin-B1 and CD72. The activation of plexins by semaphorins initiates a variety of signaling processes that involve several small GTPases of the Ras and Rho families. Sema4D-Plexin-B1 interaction appears to mediate different and sometimes opposite effects depending on the cellular context. Plexin-B1 activation inhibits integrin-mediated cell attachment and cell migration through the activation of the R-RasGAP activity inherent to plexin-B1 or through the inhibition of RhoA. However, activation of plexin-B1 by Sema4D stimulates the migration of endothelial cells by mediating the activation of RhoA.
ROCK I phosphorylates LIMK1 at Thr508 and LIMK2 at Thr505, enhancing the ability of LIMKs to phosphorylate cofilin.
Cells are subject to external molecular and physical stresses such as foreign molecules that perturb metabolic or signaling processes, and changes in temperature or pH. The ability of cells and tissues to modulate molecular processes in response to such external stresses is essential to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis (Kultz 2005).
Oxygen plays a central role in the functioning of human cells: it is both essential for normal metabolism and toxic. To begin the annotation of stress responses in Reactome, we have annotated one aspect of cellular responses to oxygen (Semenza 2004), the role of hypoxia-inducible factor in regulating cellular transcriptional responses to changes in oxygen availability.
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces single-strand breaks i.e. cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone. When two single-strand breaks occur within approximately 10 base pairs, a DNA double-strand break results. IR-induced DSBs are complex DNA damage lesions, containing base damage and frequently containing 5'-OH groups and 3'-hydroxy or phosphoglycolate groups that must be removed prior to ligation in the final step of NHEJ (Friedberg et al, 1995; Nikjoo et al, 2001; Valerie and Povirk, 2003). The Ku70/80 heterodimer (Walker et al., 2001) binds to the ends of the double-strand break. Ku can translocate inwards from the site of the break in an ATP-independent manner (reviewed in Dynan and Yoo, 1998).
Binding of XPC complex to the damaged site on the DNA substrate is followed by XPA and RPA recruitment. XPA is a metalloprotein that binds to different types of DNA damage. Binding of RPA, or Replicative protein A, a heterotrimer, initiates the formation of incision complex. This includes a serial assembly of the rest of the NER machinery consisting of TFIIH, XPG etc. Action of helicases in TFIIH complex opens up a bubble structure in the DNA template, exposing a fragment of DNA with lesion for endonuclease activity.
Numerous types of DNA damage can occur within a cell due to the endogenous production of oxygen free radicals, normal alkylation reactions, or exposure to exogenous radiations and chemicals. Double-strand breaks (DSBs), one of the most dangerous type of DNA damage along with interstrand crosslinks, are caused by ionizing radiation or certain chemicals such as bleomycin, and occur normally during the processes of DNA replication, meiotic exchange, and V(D)J recombination. Two distinct mechanisms for DSB repair are the error-free homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway and the error-prone nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. The choice of pathway may be determined by whether the DNA region has already replicated and the precise nature of the break. NHEJ functions at all stages of the cell cycle, but plays the predominant role in both the G1 phase and in S-phase regions of DNA that have not yet replicated (Rothkamm et al. 2003). HRR functions primarily in repairing both one-sided DSBs that arise at DNA replication forks and two-sided DSBs arising in S or G2-phase chromatid regions that have replicated.
The NHEJ pathway is initiated in response to the formation of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) induced by a DNA-damaging agent such as ionizing radiation. First, the Ku70/80 heterodimer binds to the ends of the DSB. The catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is then recruited to DNA-bound Ku to form the DNA-PK holoenzyme. The ends of the break are brought together as two molecules of DNA-PK (one at each end of the break) are joined in a synaptic complex. Other factors, such as polynucleotide kinase (PNK), Artemis, the MRE complex, hTdp1 or the Werner Syndrome protein (WRN) may be required for processing of the DNA ends prior to end rejoining, but exactly when processing takes place is not known. Following the formation of the synaptic complex, the XRCC4/DNA ligase IV complex is recruited. Prior to end rejoining, protein factors must be removed from the DNA. This may involve DNA-PK autophosphorylation (Chan and Lees-Miller, 1996; Douglas et al., 2001; 2002; Merkle et al., 2002). After removal of the repair factors, the DNA ends are ligated and the DNA is repaired. Both Mg-ATP and the protein kinase activity of DNA-PKcs are required for NHEJ (Kurimasa et al.,1999; Kienker et al, 2000; Baumann and West, 1998), probably through phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs and/or other proteins. In addition, inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) stimulates end joining in vitro (Hanakahi et al., 2000) and binds to Ku, but its precise role in NHEJ is unknown.
Disruption of normal Watson-Crick base pairing and altered chemistry in the damaged strand involving bases may act as signals of damage that are recognized by XPC:HR23B complex.
XPC is mutated in individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum from genetic Complementation Group C (XP-C). It forms a tight heterodimeric complex with human Rad 23B homolog, HR23B and is thought to bind to the damaged site with lesion first triggering subsequent reactions
Two DNA helicases XPG and XPD, which are part of TFIIH, unwind DNA duplex around this lesion to form an open bubble structure that exposes the damaged site.
Several subunits of the NER multiprotein repair machinery are required for the recognition of damage in DNA. Mainly, XPC, HR23B, XPA and RPA are implicated in this process. XPA and RPA are thought to be binding to the damage site after the binding of XPC-HR23B complex.
ERCC1-XPF complex with 5ââ¬â¢ endonuclease activity binds to this pre-incision complex around the bubble structure to form an active incision complex.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ERCC1, DNA excision repair protein', and 1 molecule of 'XPF protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ERCC1:XPF complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Pathways of chaperone-mediated protein folding in the cytosol
The HRR pathway is an "error free" DNA repair mechanism that utilizes information encoded by homologous sequence to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). HRR acts on DSBs occurring within replicated DNA (replication-independent DSBs) or on DSBs that are generated at broken replication forks (replication-dependent DSBs). Repair by homologous recombination involves processing of the ends of the DNA double-strand break, homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange, repair DNA synthesis, and resolution of the heteroduplex molecules.
Homologous recombination repair of replication-independent double-strand breaks requires the activation of ATM followed by ATM mediated phosphorylation of DNA repair proteins. DNA repair and signaling proteins are then recruited to double-strand breaks. The ends of the DNA double strand breaks must be resectioned and RPA complexes associate with the resulting ssDNA. Homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange then occurs followed by DNA repair synthesis and resolution of D-loop structures.
Molecular mechanisms of translational control
The presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange begins with the displacement of RPA from ssDNA, followed by the association of RAD51 with BRCA2, formation of RAD52 heptameric ring structure complexes on ssDNA, association of RAD52 with the RPA complex, association of RAD52 with ssDNA at resected ends of double-strand break and assembly of the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein complex.
The RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament is a right-hand helical nucleoprotein filament referred to as the presynaptic filament. This nucleoprotein complex contains a binding site for the double-stranded homologous DNA molecule with which it interacts during strand exchange. Loading of RAD51 onto ssDNA is thought to be facilitated by recombination mediator RAD52 (McIlwraith et al., 2000), RAD51 paralogs: RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2 and XRCC3 (Sigurdsson et al., 2001), by the association of RAD52 with ssDNA (Parsons et al., 2000) and by the association of RAD51 with BRCA2 (Tarsounas et al., 2003).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RAD51', and 1 molecule of '3' overhanging DNA at resected DSB ends' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RAD51:resected ends of DNA double-strand break' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Following exposure to ionizing radiation, a number of recombination/repair proteins and complexes relocalize to nuclear foci that are believed to correspond to the sites of double-strand breaks. These proteins include gamma-H2AX, ATM, RAD51, BRCA1, BRCA2, NBS1, RPA, and MDC1/NFBD1 and the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1. Gamma-H2AX, the phosphorylated form of H2AX, is one of the first proteins to appear within nuclear foci and plays an essential role in recruiting other repair proteins (Paull et al., 2000). One model illustrating the organization of the recruited repair proteins (Van den Bosch et al., 2003) is shown here. (A) Undamaged section of a chromosome, showing two chromatin loops and an inactive ATM dimer. (B,C) Induction of a DNA double-stranded break (DSB), modification of chromatin, activation of ATM and recruitment of both ATM and MRE11/RAD50/NBS1(MRN). The possibility that MRN binds before ATM is shown, but the activation of ATM appears to require the MDC1 and the MRN complex (Uziel, et al 2003; Mochan et al. 2003). The thin black line indicates modified chromatin. (D,E) Following DNA damage, a wave of H2AX phosphorylation occurs and the mediator proteins (mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1), p53-binding protein 1(53BP1), and breast-cancer-associated protein 1(BRCA1)) are recruited to the growing focus where they are phosphorylated in an ATM-dependent manner. The molecular architecture of the focus is unknown. (F) Disassembly of the focus, ATM inactivation and chromatin remodeling. The model suggests at least two distinct forms of soluble ATM: an inactive oligomer and an active monomer, and at least two distinct active, insoluble forms: one directly at the lesion and another integral to the growing focus. Note that the MRN complex is also a component of the growing focus, but for clarity, has been omitted here. Complex persistent lesions are thought to be more difficult to repair, and this is reflected in the size attained by the growing focus.
Once repair synthesis has occurred, the D-loop structure may be resolved either through Holliday junction intermediates of through synthesis-dependent strand-annealing.
Following the synthesis of new DNA at resected 5' ends of the DSB, the heterologous DNA molecules may be ligated resulting in the formation of Holliday junctions. The Holliday structures are then cleaved resulting in reciprocal exchange of sequence between sister chromatids.
Ligation of the crossed-strand intermediate results in the formation of Holliday structures with two crossovers. In humans, the identity of this ligase activity involved in this process is not known.
The presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange begins with the displacement of RPA from ssDNA, followed by the association of RAD51 with BRCA2, formation of RAD52 heptameric ring structure complexes on ssDNA, association of RAD52 with the RPA complex, association of RAD52 with ssDNA at resected ends of double-strand break and assembly of the RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein complex. Stable synaptic pairing between recombining DNA molecules involves the invasion of homologous duplex DNA by the processed single-stranded ends of the double-strand break, followed by displacement of the non-complimentary strand of the duplex. This results in the formation of a D-loop structure. Invasion of the heteroduplex DNA by RAD51 nucleoprotein filament involves the identification of a region of homology between these two molecules. The mechanism by which this occurs is not yet known. RAD51 catalyses the invasion of the nucleoprotein filament into homologous double-stranded DNA. Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding between the ssDNA within the nucleoprotein filament and the homologous strand of the invaded DNA duplex result in the displacement of the non-pairing strand (strand displacement) and formation of the D-loop structure (Sung et al., 2003). The RAD51 nucleoprotein filament has independent binding sites for the ssDNA strand upon which it assembles and the recombining homologous duplex DNA. The repair proteins RPA, RAD52, and RAD54 appear to promote RAD51 mediated invasion and homologous DNA pairing reaction (McIlwraith et al, 2000 and Sigurdsson et al., 2002). The conformation of the RAD52-ssDNA complex is thought to place the ssDNA on an exposed surface of the protein, in a configuration that may promote the DNA-DNA annealing of complementary DNA strands. RAD54 may function in the transient separation of the duplex DNA strands via its ATP hydrolysis-mediated DNA supercoiling function (Sigurdsson et al., 2002). Branch migration or strand exchange occurs as the complimentary duplex DNA strand is progressively taken up into the nucleoprotein filament to base pair with the invading single-strand sequence (Sung et al., 2003).
Assembly of the RAD50-MRE11-NBS1 complex at DNA double-strand breaks involves the formation of RAD50:MRE11 complex, association of RAD50:MRE11 complex with NBS1 through MRE11 and association of the MRN with sites of DSB.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RAD50:MRE11 complex', and 1 molecule of 'NBS1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'MRE11:RAD50:NBS1 complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
MRN complexes localize to nuclear foci in response to double-strand breaks and have been implicated in DNA end-processing during homologous recombination repair (Trujillo et al., 1998). The MRN complex may function as a bridge between double-strand break ends through interactions between the coiled-coil domains of RAD50 (Hoptner et al., 2002).
Following the detection of DSBs, ATM mediates the phosphorylation of proteins involved in DNA repair (Thompson and Schild, 2002).
NSB1 is a component of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex which acts early in HRR during resection of the double-strand break. In addition, NBS1 is required for activation of the S-phase checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation (IR), ATM-dependent activation of CHK2 and cell survival after exposure to IR.
MRE11 has both manganese dependent ss DNA 3'-5' exonuclease and endonuclease activities. MRE11 associates with RAD50 resulting in increased 3'-5' exonuclease activity.
Detection of DNA double-strand breaks involves sensor proteins that become activated setting off of signaling cascades. This signaling leads to the recruitment of repair proteins and subsequent repair of the damaged DNA. ATM is one of the primary candidate sensors in double-strand break repair.
DNA damage can be directly reversed by dealkylation.
Autophosphorylation of ATM results in the dissociation of the dimeric/multimeric ATM complex and initiation of ATM kinase activity. Autophosphorylation does not directly regulate ATM kinase activity. Instead, it is the resulting dissociation of ATM oligomers that allows substrates access to the ATM kinase domain.
ATM is present in unirradiated cells as a dimer or higher-order multimer. Following irradiation, ATM undergoes rapid intermolecular autophosphorylation of serine 1981.
Human complement factor I: analysis of cDNA-derived primary structure and assignment of its gene to chromosome 4
Reactive cellular catabolites can cause DNA damage by 6-O-methylation of guanine. 6-O-methylguanine can pair ambiguously with both C and T, and can cause transition mutations. Active reversal of such damage can be facilitated by proteins having 6-O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) activity. MGMT removes the methyl group from the guanine and transfers it to the cysteine residue at position 145 on the protein itself. MGMT thus methylated is not regenerated, as the S-methylcysteine is very stable. This is an energetically expensive approach to DNA repair as one entire protein molecule is sacrificed per lesion that is corrected in this manner (Yang et al. 2011).
In addition to various processes for removing damaging lesions from the DNA, cells have developed specific mechanisms for tolerating unexcised damages during the replication of the genome. Such processes are collectively called DNA damage bypass pathways. Several proteins including novel Y-family polymerases that have been recently identified in multitude of organisms are involved in this process. Translesion synthesis (TLS) or replicative bypass of damaged bases that are known to arrest high fidelity, highly processive polymerases involved in DNA replication is carried out by error-prone polymerases Pol zeta, Pol eta and Rev3 protein among others. TLS is implicated in UV and chemical induced mutagenesis of normal human cells where lesions in the replicating genome are carried over to the newly formed daughter cells. All these 3 enzymes are found to lack 3ââ¬â¢->5ââ¬â¢ exonuclease activity, while exhibiting low fidelity, weak processivity and sufficient polymerase activities. An outline of the bypass synthesis by these 3 enzymes is annotated here. Complete details of damage recognition and discrimination, initiation of specific polymerase activity and the finer mechanisms are yet to be elucidated.
Ubiquitous environmental and endogenous genotoxic agents cause lesions that can interfere with normal DNA metabolism including DNA replication, eventually resulting in mutations that lead to carcinogenesis and/or cell death. While cells posses repair mechanisms like nucleotide excision and base excision repair pathways to maintain the integrity of the genome, not all lesions on the genome can be repaired efficiently by these processes in time for DNA replication, and some types of lesion are repaired very inefficiently. To prevent acute cell death through arrested DNA replication at unrepaired lesions, cells have a mechanism, referred to as translesion synthesis, which allows DNA synthesis to proceed past lesions (Masutani et al., 2000).
Pol zeta consists of two proteins: HREV3 with polymerase activity and HREV7, an accessory factor with unidentified activity. It has the ability to bypass pyrimidine dimers and other adducts in DNA.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'dNTP', and 1 molecule of 'Pol zeta:damaged DNA template complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol zeta complex', and 1 molecule of 'Elongated DNA template with bypassed lesion' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity' of 'Pol zeta:damaged DNA template complex'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'HREV7', and 1 molecule of 'HREV3' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol zeta complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate ', and 1 molecule of 'Pol zeta complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol zeta:damaged DNA template complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Pol eta consists of 713 amino acids and can bypass thymidine-thymidine dimers adding two AÃ¢â¬â¢s correctly opposite to the lesion. Mutations in Pol eta gene result in the loss of this bypass activity in accounting for the XP variant phenotype (XPV) among human xeroderma pigmentosum disorder patients. Pol eta can carry out TLS past various UV and chemical induced lesions via two steps: a. preferential incorporation of correct bases opposite to the lesion b. conditional elongation only at the sites where such correct bases are inserted.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol eta:lesioned DNA template inserted with correct base complement' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol eta protein', and 1 molecule of 'Elongated DNA template with bypassed lesion' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'eta DNA polymerase activity' of 'Pol eta:lesioned DNA template inserted with correct base complement'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol eta:damaged DNA template complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol eta:lesioned DNA template inserted with correct base complement' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'eta DNA polymerase activity' of 'Pol eta:damaged DNA template complex'.
Differential role of human choline kinase alpha and beta enzymes in lipid metabolism: implications in cancer onset and treatment
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PCNA', and 1 molecule of 'Flap endonuclease-1 ' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FEN1:PCNA complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
During removal of DNA patch containing abasic residue, DNA glycosylase is displaced by APE1 which endonucleolytically cleaves the 5' side of the base-free deoxyribose residue. POL Beta is recruited to the AP site where it mediates incorporation of the first replacement nucleotide. Association of POL delta with the AP site displaces POL Beta. DNA strand displacement synthesis then follows and flap structures are cleaved.
While the single-nucleotide replacement pathway appears to facilitate the repair of most damaged bases, an alternative BER pathway is evoked when the structure of the terminal sugar phosphate is such that it can not be cleaved through the AP lyase activity of DNA polymerase, POL Beta. Under these circumstances, a short stretch of residues containing the abasic site is excised and replaced (Dianov et al., 1999). Following DNA glycosylase mediated cleavage of the damaged base, the endonuclease APE1 is recruited to the site of damage where it cleaves the 5' side of the base-free deoxyribose residue. POL Beta then displaces the DNA glycosylase and synthesizes the first replacement residue. DNA polymerase, POL Delta replaces POL Beta and mediates the synthesis of several additional residues resulting in the displacement of a DNA flap containing the abasic sugar phosphate and 3ââ¬â¢ flanking residues. The flap structure is recognized and cleaved by the flap endonuclease, FEN1 and the replacement residues are then ligated by the DNA ligase, LIG1 (Klungland and Lindahl, 1997; Matsumoto et al., 1999).
Resolution of AP sites can occur through the single-nucleotide replacement pathway or through the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway.
Of the three major pathways involved in the repair of nucleotide damage in DNA, base excision repair (BER) involves the greatest number of individual enzymatic activities. This is the consequence of the numerous individual glycosylases, each of which recognizes and removes a specific modified base(s) from DNA. BER is responsible for the repair of the most prevalent types of DNA lesions, alterations, which arise intracellularly as a consequence of normal mitochondrial metabolism or by oxidative free radicals resulting from ionizing radiation, lipid peroxidation or activated phagocytic cells. BER is a two-step process initiated by one of the DNA glycosylases that recognizes a specific modified base(s) and removes that base through the catalytic cleavage of the glycosylic bond, leaving an abasic site without disruption of the phosphate-sugar DNA backbone. Subsequently, abasic sites are resolved by a series of enzymes that cleave the backbone, synthesize the replacement residue(s), and ligate the DNA strand. BER may occur by either a single-nucleotide replacement pathway or a multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway, depending on the structure of the terminal sugar phosphate residue. The glycosylases found in human cells recognize "foreign adducts" and not standard functional modifications such as DNA methylation.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate ', and 1 molecule of 'HREV1 protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'HREV1:damaged DNA template complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'HREV1:damaged DNA template complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'HREV1:lesioned DNA template with misinserted bases' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity' of 'HREV1:damaged DNA template complex'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'HREV1:lesioned DNA template with misinserted bases' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'HREV1 protein', and 1 molecule of 'Elongated DNA template with bypassed lesion' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity' of 'HREV1:lesioned DNA template with misinserted bases'.
HREV1 encodes a template dependent dCMP transferase activity that can insert a C residue opposite an abasic site.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate ', and 1 molecule of 'Pol eta protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol eta:damaged DNA template complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a hNTH1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'APE1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an APE1-bound AP site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an hOGG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'APE1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an APE1-bound AP site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a TDG-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'APE1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an APE1-bound AP site', and 1 molecule of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an hSMUG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'APE1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hSMUG1 glycosylase', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an APE1-bound AP site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Base-free sugar-phosphate removal via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway requires displacement of DNA glycosylase by APE1, APE1 mediated endonucleolytic cleavage at the 5' side of the base-free deoxyribose residue, recruitment of POL Beta to the AP site and Excision of the abasic sugar phosphate (dRP) residue at the strand break (Lindahl and Wood, 1999).
The single-nucleotide replacement pathway of base excision repair appears to facilitate the repair of most damaged bases. Following DNA glycosylase mediated cleavage of the damaged base, the endonuclease, APE1 is recruited to the site of damage where it cleaves the 5' side of the base-free deoxyribose residue. DNA polymerase, POL Beta then displaces the DNA glycosylase and cleaves the 3' side of the sugar phosphate. APE1 is subsequently released, the XRCC1:LIG3 complex is recruited and POL Beta mediates the synthesis of the replacement residue. Following LIG3 ligase mediated ligation of the replaced residue, the XRCC1:LIG3 complex dissociates (see Lindahl and Wood, 1999). An alternative BER pathway is employed when the structure of the terminal sugar phosphate is such that it can not be cleaved through the AP lyase activity of POL Beta.
Following cleavage of the damaged base, DNA glycosylase is displaced by APE1.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an APE1-bound AP site' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'APE1-bound DNA strand break containing an incision 5' to an AP site' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'endodeoxyribonuclease activity' of 'APE1'.
Functional expression of human mutant phosphofructokinase in yeast: genetic defects in French Canadian and Swiss patients with phosphofructokinase deficiency
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'APE1', and 1 molecule of 'DNA ligase I ' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'APE1:DNA ligase I complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'APE1', and 1 molecule of 'Flap endonuclease-1 ' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'APE1:FEN1complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TDG glycosylase:thymine complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a TDG-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'Thymine' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hSMUG1glycosylase:uracil complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Uracil', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an hSMUG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'single-strand selective uracil DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hSMUG1 glycosylase'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase:thymine glycol' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Thymine glycol', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a hNTH1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'pyrimidine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hNTH1'.
Damaged pyrimidines are first cleaved by pyrimide-specific glycosylases (see Lindahl and Wood 1999).
Depyrimidination of a damaged nucleotide is mediated by a pyrimidine-specific DNA glycosylase. The glycosylase cleaves the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar generating a free base and an apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Base excision repair is initiated by DNA glycosylases that hydrolytically cleave of the base-deoxyribose glycosyl bond of a damaged nucleotide residue releasing the damaged base (Lindahl and Wood, 1999).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase:cytosine glycol complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'cytosine glycol', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a hNTH1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'pyrimidine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hNTH1'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase:dihydrouracil complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a hNTH1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of '5,6-Dihydrouracil' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'pyrimidine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hNTH1'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase: foramidopyrimidine complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'formamidopyrimidine', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a hNTH1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'pyrimidine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hNTH1'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TDG glycosylase:ethenocytosine complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a TDG-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'ethenocytosine' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)'.
Overview of the proton-coupled MCT (SLC16A) family of transporters: characterization, function and role in the transport of the drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
Complete coding sequence, promoter region, and genomic structure of the human ABCA2 gene and evidence for sterol-dependent regulation in macrophages
The CED-3/ICE-like protease Mch2 is activated during apoptosis and cleaves the death substrate lamin A
Molecular cloning of human phosphomevalonate kinase and identification of a consensus peroxisomal targeting sequence
Crystal structure of human prostaglandin F synthase (AKR1C3)
Hereditary proteinuria syndromes and mechanisms of proteinuria
Complete reconstitution of the human coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway via comparative genomics
Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins
MOBKL1A/MOBKL1B phosphorylation by MST1 and MST2 inhibits cell proliferation
Slit stimulation recruits Dock and Pak to the roundabout receptor and increases Rac activity to regulate axon repulsion at the CNS midline
A roller coaster ride with the mitotic cyclins
Unspecific permeation and specific exchange of adenine nucleotides in
In vitro SUMO-1 modification requires two enzymatic steps, E1 and E2
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 254:693-8
NOTCH2 mutations cause Alagille syndrome, a heterogeneous disorder of the notch signaling pathway
FUNCTION Recognizes and binds the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures.SUBUNIT eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least eIF4A, eIF4E and eIF4G. eIF4E is also known to interact with other partners (By similarity). Recruited by cup in oocytes and in early embryos, preventing the interaction with eIF4G. The interaction with cup therefore prevents the translation of key transcripts such as oskar (osk) and nanos (nos) in some regions in the early embryo.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Preferential expression in the pole cells, at different developmental stages.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Throughout development.SIMILARITY Belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family.
The TREX1 double-stranded DNA degradation activity is defective in dominant mutations associated with autoimmune disease
Expression of adenylyl cyclase subtypes in pancreatic beta-cells
Dimerization, DNA binding, and transactivation properties of hypoxia-inducible factor 1
USP15 stabilizes TGF-? receptor I and promotes oncogenesis through the activation of TGF-? signaling in glioblastoma
Genome-wide analysis reveals conserved and divergent features of Notch1/RBPJ binding in human and murine T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells
Quantitative studies on the release of platelet fibrinogen by thrombin
Prominent expression of FRS2beta protein in neural cells and its association with intracellular vesicles
Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA for human kidney cysteine conjugate beta-lyase
Transforming potential of alternatively spliced variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in human mammary epithelial cells
C-to-U RNA editing: mechanisms leading to genetic diversity.
Cloning, genomic organization, and characterization of a human cholinephosphotransferase
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1', and 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing a formamidopyrimidine ' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase: foramidopyrimidine complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1', and 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing a dihydrouracil' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase:dihydrouracil complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Base excision repair is initiated by a DNA glycosylase which first recognizes and removes a damaged or incorrect (e.g. mismatched) base.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1', and 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing a thymine glycol ' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase:thymine glycol' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TDG glycosylase:uracil complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing a TDG-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'Uracil' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing an ethenocytosine', and 1 molecule of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TDG glycosylase:ethenocytosine complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing a thymine opposite to a guanine', and 1 molecule of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TDG glycosylase:thymine complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing an uracil opposite to a guanine', and 1 molecule of 'G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TDG glycosylase:uracil complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hSMUG1 glycosylase', and 1 molecule of 'single-stranded DNA containing an uracil' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hSMUG1glycosylase:uracil complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1', and 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing a cytosine glycol' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hNTH1 glycosylase:cytosine glycol complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
As a first step towards capturing the array of processes by which a fertilized egg gives rise to the diverse tissues of the body, examples of three kinds of processes have been annotated. These are aspects of the roles of cell adhesion molecules in axonal guidance and myogenesis, of transcriptional regulation in hematopoiesis (specifically, B lymphopoiesis), pancreatic beta cell and white adipocyte differentiation, and molecular events of "nodal" signaling.
NICD translocates to the nucleus and assembles into a ternary complex with the CSL (human RBPJ i.e. CBF1/ fly Suppressor of Hairless/ worm Lag1) DNA-binding protein and the Mastermind co-activator. This complex activates the transcription of downstream gene targets like HES (Hairy/Enhancer of Split) and HES-related (HRT, also named CHF, HEY, HESR, gridlock) genes.
Nek2A does not appear to be recruited to the APC/C by Cdc20 but rather binds directly to the APC/C in an interaction involving the NEK2A C-terminal methionineââ¬âarginine (MR) dipeptide tail (Hayes et al., 2006).
The LPL gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The CEBPA gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GLUT4 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocytes become adipocytes. During this process the preadipocytes cease to proliferate, begin to accumulate lipid droplets and develop morphologic and biochemical characteristics of mature adipocytes such as hormone responsive lipogenenic and lipolytic programs. The most intensively studied model system for adipogenesis is differentiation of the mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line by an induction cocktail of containing mitogens (insulin/IGF1), glucocorticoid (dexamethasone), an inducer of cAMP (IBMX), and fetal serum (Cao et al. 1991, reviewed in Farmer 2006). More recently additional cellular models have become available to study adipogenesis that involve almost all stages of development (reviewed in Rosen and MacDougald 2006). In vivo knockout mice lacking putative adipogenic factors have also been extensively studied. Human pathways are traditionally inferred from those discovered in mouse but are now beginning to be validated in cellular models derived from human adipose progenitors (Fischer-Posovszky et al. 2008, Wdziekonski et al. 2011). Adipogenesis is controlled by a cascade of transcription factors (Yeh et al. 1995, reviewed in Farmer 2006, Gesta et al. 2007). One of the first observable events during adipocyte differentiation is a transient increase in expression of the CEBPB (CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Beta, C/EBPB) and CEBPD (C/EBPD) transcription factors (Cao et al. 1991, reviewed in Lane et al. 1999). This occurs prior to the accumulation of lipid droplets. However, it is the subsequent inductions of CEBPA and PPARG that are critical for morphological, biochemical and functional adipocytes. Ectopic expression of CEBPB alone is capable of inducing substantial adipocyte differentiation in fibroblasts while CEBPD has a minimal effect. CEBPB is upregulated in response to intracellular cAMP (possibly via pCREB) and serum mitogens (possibly via Krox20). CEBPD is upregulated in response to glucocorticoids. The exact mechanisms that upregulate the CEBPs are not fully known. CEBPB and CEBPD act directly on the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma (PPARG) gene by binding its promoter and activating transcription. CEBPB and CEBPD also directly activate the EBF1 gene (and possibly other EBFs) and KLF5 (Jimenez et al. 2007, Oishi 2005). The EBF1 and KLF5 proteins, in turn bind, and activate the PPARG promoter. Other hormones, such as insulin, affect PPARG expression and other transcription factors, such as ADD1/SREBP1c, bind the PPARG promoter. This is an area of ongoing research. During adipogenesis the PPARG gene is transcribed to yield 2 variants. The adipogenic variant 2 mRNA encodes 30 additional amino acids at the N-terminus compared to the widely expressed variant 1 mRNA. PPARG encodes a type II nuclear hormone receptor (remains in the nucleus in the absence of ligand) that forms a heterodimer with the Retinoid X Receptor Alpha (RXRA). The heterodimer was initially identified as a complex regulating the aP2/FABP4 gene and named ARF6 (Tontonoz et al. 1994). The PPARG:RXRA heterodimer binds a recognition sequence that consists of two hexanucleotide motifs (DR1 motifs) separated by 1 nucleotide. Binding occurs even in the absence of ligands, such as fatty acids, that activate PPARG. In the absence of activating ligands, the PPARG:RXRA complex recruits repressors of transcription such as SMRT/NCoR2, NCoR1, and HDAC3 (Tontonoz and Spiegelman 2008). Each molecule of PPARG can bind 2 molecules of activating ligands. Although, the identity of the endogenous ligands of PPARG is unknown, exogenous activators include fatty acids and the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs (reviewed in Berger et al. 2005, Heikkinen et al. 2007, Lemberger et al. 1996). The most potent activators of PPARG in vitro are oxidized derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids.. Upon binding activating ligands PPARG causes a rearrangement of adjacent factors: Corepressors such as SMRT/NCoR2 are lost and coactivators such as TIF2, PRIP, CBP, and p300 are recruited (Tontonoz and Spiegelman). PPARG also binds directly to the TRAP220 subunit of the TRAP/Mediator complex that recruits RNA polymerase II. Thus binding of activating ligand by PPARG causes transcription of PPARG target genes. Targets of PPARG include genes involved in differentiation (PGAR/HFARP, Perilipin, aP2/FABP4, CEBPA), fatty acid transport (LPL, FAT/CD36), carbohydrate metabolism (PEPCK-C, AQP7, GK, GLUT4), and energy homeostasis (LEPTIN and ADIPONECTIN) (Perera et al. 2006). Within 10 days of differentiation CEBPB and CEBPD are no longer located at the PPARG promoter. Instead CEBPA is present. EBF1 and PPARG bind the CEBPA promoter and activate transcription of CEBPA, one of the key transcription factors in adipogenesis. A current hypothesis posits a self-reinforcing loop that maintains PPARG expression and the differentiated state: PPARG activates CEBPA and CEBPA activates PPARG. Additionally EBF1 (and possibly other EBFs) activates CEBPA, CEBPA activates EBF1, and EBF1 activates PPARG.
RAF1-activated MEK1 is found on the Golgi apparatus in late prophase and is required for Golgi complex fragmentation in mitosis
The gene encoding transcription factor EBF1 is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein in pre-adipocytes and adipocytes. Transcription of EBF1 is enhanced by CEBPB and CEBPD, which bind the EBF1 promoter.
The PEPCK-C gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The FABP4 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. Expression of FABP4 is activated during adipogenesis.
Damaged purines are first cleaved by purine-specific glycosylases (see Lindahl and Wood 1999).
Depurination of a damaged nucleotide is mediated by a purine-specific DNA glycosylase. The glycosylase cleaves the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar generating a free base and an apurinic (AP) site.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase:8-oxo guanine complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '8-oxoguanine', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an hOGG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'purine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hOGG1 glycosylase'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase: formamidopyrimidine complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA containing an hOGG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site', and 1 molecule of 'formamidopyrimidine' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'purine-specific oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity' of 'hOGG1 glycosylase'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing a formamidopyrimidine ', and 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase: formamidopyrimidine complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
The recognition and cleavage of an altered base by a DNA glycosylase is thought to involve the diffusion of the enzyme along the minor grove of the DNA molecule. The enzyme presumably compresses the backbone of the affected DNA strand at the site of damage. This compression is thought to result in an outward rotation of the damaged residue into a "pocket" of the enzyme that recognizes and cleaves the altered base (Parikh et al., 1998).
Variable effects of the conserved RNA hairpin element upon 3' end processing of histone pre-mRNA in vitro.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Double-strand DNA containing an 8-oxo guanine opposite to a cytosine', and 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'hOGG1 glycosylase:8-oxo guanine complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Like Cyclin A, NIMA-related kinase 2A (Nek2A) is degraded during pro-metaphase in a checkpoint-independent manner.
Nek2A is degraded by the 26S proteasome following ubiquitylation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C: Cdc20.
Nek2A is ubiquitinated by the APC/C-Cdc20 ubiquitin ligase.
The INSM1 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. INSM1 transcription requires the activity of the NEUROG3 transcription factor (Mellitzer et al. 2006).
Studies in mouse model systems indicate that the transcription factor neurogenin 3 plays a central role in the induction of endocrine differentiation in the developing pancreas (Servitja and Ferrer 2004; Chakrabarti and Mirmira 2003). In both mice and humans critical events in this induction process include the neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3)-dependent transcription of PAX4, NEUROD1, NKX2-2, and INSM1.
One or more of the isoforms of AKT catalyzes the phosphorylation of FOXO1A protein at three sites, threonine-24, serine-256, and serine-319 (Zhang et al. 2002, 2006). This reaction occurs in the nucleoplasm, and thus is dependent on the phosphorylation and nuclear import of AKT in response to upstream regulatory factors (Burgering and Kops 2002).
Phosphorylated FOXO1A is transported from the nucleoplasm to the cytosol (Zhang et al. 2002).
The unphosphorylated form of FOXO1A shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, maintaining a substantial concentration of this protein in the nucleoplasm, where it functions as a transcription factor. Phosphorylation of the protein, catalyzed by activated AKT, causes its exclusion from the nucleus (Zhang et al. 2002).
The glucokinase (GCK) gene is transcribed and its mRNA is translated. GCK transcription is positively regulated by the activity of the NEUROD1 and PDX1 transcription factors. These events and interactions are inferred from corresponding ones studied in molecular detail in the mouse.
The GLUT2 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is localized to the plasma membrane. GLUT2 expression is positively regulated by HNF1A. In vivo, pancreatic GLUT2 expression is positively regulated by HNF1A. Mutations in HNF1A are associated with a form of MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young) (Fanjans et al. 2001) and interactions between the HNF1A protein product and the GLUT2 promoter have been demomstrated in vitro (Ban et al. 2002). However, the molecular details of GLUT2 expression in intact pancreatic beta cells have not been studied in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pyruvate kinase, liver and RBC' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
The PKLR gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, spliced, and translated to yield the L isoform of PKLR protein. PKLR expression is positively regulated by HNF1A. Mutations in HNF1A are associated with a form of MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young) (Fanjans et al. 2001) but the molecular details of PKLR expression in intact pancreatic beta cells have not been studied in humans, and are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse.
The NKX2-2 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is transported to the nucleus. NKX2-2 transcription requires the activity of the NEUROG3 transcription factor (Heremans et al. 2002; Mellitzer et al. 2006).
The normal development of the pancreas during gestation has been intensively investigated over the past decade especially in the mouse (Servitja and Ferrer 2004; Chakrabarti and Mirmira 2003). Studies of genetic defects associated with maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has provided direct insight into these processes as they take place in humans (Fajans et al. 2001). During embryogenesis, committed epithelial cells from the early pancreatic buds differentiate into mature endocrine and exocrine cells. It is helpful to schematize this process into four consecutive cellular stages, to begin to describe the complex interplay of signal transduction pathways and transcriptional networks. The annotations here are by no means complete - factors in addition to the ones described here must be active, and even for the ones that are described, only key examples of their regulatory effects and interactions have been annotated. It is also important to realize that in the human, unlike the mouse, cells of the different stages can be present simultaneously in the developing pancreas and the linear representation of these developmental events shown here is an over-simplification of the actual developmental process (e.g., Sarkar et al. 2008). The first stage of this process involves the predifferentiated epithelial cells of the two pancreatic anlagen that arise from the definitive endoderm at approximately somite stages 11-15 and undergo budding from somite stages 20-22. This period corresponds to gestational days 8.75-9.5 in the mouse, and 26 in the human. Pancreatic buds subsequently coalesce to form a single primitive gland, while concomitantly a ductal tree lined by highly proliferative epithelial cells is formed. A subset of such epithelial cells is thought to differentiate into either endocrine or acinar exocrine cells. A third cellular stage is defined by the endocrine-committed progenitors that selectively express the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NEUROG3. NEUROG3 is known to activate a complex transcriptional network that is essential for the specification of endocrine cells. Many transcription factors that are activated by NEUROG3 are also involved in islet-subtype cellular specification and in subsequent stages of differentiation of endocrine cells. This transient cellular stage thus leads to the generation of all known pancreatic endocrine cells, including insulin-producing beta-cells, and glucagon-producing alpha cells, the final stage of this schematic developmental process. The diagram below summarizes interactions that take place between transcription factors and transcription factor target genes during these cellular stages, and shows cases where there is both functional evidence that a transcription factor is required for the target gene to be expressed, and biochemical evidence that this interaction is direct. We also describe instances where a signaling pathway is known to regulate a transcription factor gene in this process, even if the intervening signaling pathway is not fully understood.
FOXO3 (FOXO3A) interacts with phospho-SMAD2 and phospho-SMAD3 complexed with CO-SMAD (SMAD4) at a promoter containing the FoxO3a-binding Element (Fu and Peng 20110).
The FOXA3 gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is localized to the nucleoplasm. FOXA3 expression is positively regulated by HNF1A. The molecular details of FOXA3 expression in intact pancreatic beta cells have not been studied in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse (Boj et al. 2001).
Two transcription factors, PDX1 and HNF1A, play key roles in maintaining the gene expression pattern characteristic of mature beta cells in the endocrine pancreas. Targets of these regulatory molecules include genes encoding insulin, the GLUT2 glucose transporter, the liver- (and pancreas) specific form of pyruvate kinase and other transcription factors including HNF4A, HNF4G, and FOXA3. PDX1 expression in turn is controlled by the activities of MAFA, FOXA2, and PAX6, and negatively regulated via AKT (Chakrabarti and Mirmira 2003; Servitja and Ferrer 2004).
Expression of the CEBPB and CEBPD transcription factors is induced by at least three factors: 1) Mitogens such as those present in fetal serum act via the Krox20 transcription factor to activate expression of CEBPB. 2) Glucocorticoids activate expression of CEBPD. 3) Hormones or drugs that increase intracellular cAMP act via pCREB to activate expression of CEBPB. The detailed mechanisms of activation are not yet known.
Endofin, a FYVE domain protein, interacts with Smad4 and facilitates transforming growth factor-beta signaling
Increased expression of KLF5 occurs after activation of the transcription factors CEBPB and CEBPD during differentiation and activation of KLF5 depends on CEBPB and CEBPD. Both CEBPB and CEBPD bind the promoter of the KLF5 gene upstream of the site of transcription initiation and activate transcription of KLF5.
Signaling by NODAL is essential for patterning of the axes of the embryo and formation of mesoderm and endoderm (reviewed in Schier 2009, Shen 2007). The NODAL proprotein is secreted and cleaved extracellularly to yield mature NODAL. Mature NODAL homodimerizes and can also form heterodimers with LEFTY1, LEFTY2, or CERBERUS, which negatively regulate NODAL signaling. NODAL also forms heterodimers with GDF1, which increases NODAL activity. NODAL dimers bind the NODAL receptor comprising a type I Activin receptor (ACVR1B or ACVR1C), a type II Activin receptor (ACVR2A or ACVR2B), and an EGF-CFC coreceptor (CRIPTO or CRYPTIC). After binding NODAL, the type II activin receptor phosphorylates the type I activin receptor which then phosphorylates SMAD2 and SMAD3 (R-SMADs). Phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 form hetero-oligomeric complexes with SMAD4 (CO-SMAD) and transit from the cytosol to the nucleus. Within the nucleus the SMAD complexes interact with transcription factors such as FOXH1 to activate transcription of target genes.
The HNF4G gene is transcribed, its mRNA is translated, and the protein product is localized to the nucleoplasm. HNF4G expression is positively regulated by HNF1A. The molecular details of HNF4G expression in intact pancreatic beta cells have not been studied in humans, but are inferred from corresponding ones worked out in the mouse (Boj et al. 2001).
The HNF4A gene is transcribed from either of two promoters, P1 and P2, the resulting mRNA is translated, and the protein products localize in the nucleoplasm. Transcription is positively regulated by HNF1A. Many of the molecular details of these events have not been studied experimentally in humans, but are inferred from mouse model systems (Boj et al. 2001). Transcription in mouse and human pancreatic beta cells is P2-dependent and in humans yields three isoforms of mature HNF4A protein. A point mutation in the human P2 genomic DNA sequence is associated with MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young), consistent with the hypothesis that P2-mediated transcription is essential for HNF4A expression and normal beta cell function (Hansen et al. 2002).
The conversion of testosterone to the most potent androgen, 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), is catalyzed by the microsomal 5alpha-steroid reductase enzymes, of which there are three reported types in humans to date (SRD5A1-3) (Andersson S and Russell DW, 1990; Andersson S et al, 1991; Uemura M et al, 2008 respectively). These enzymes are expressed in the prostate and other androgen target sites. Defects in SRD5A2 are the cause of pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, also known as male pseudohermaphroditism (Anwar R et al, 1997). Corticotropin (Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) acts through the ACTH receptor called melanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R) to stimulate steroidogenesis, increasing the production of androgens (McKenna et al, 1997).
Androgens are the determining factors for male development and behaviour in vertebrates (Miller 2002).
Pregnenolone and NAD+ react to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione and NADH + H+. This reaction is catalyzed by the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid activity of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (HSD3B) enzyme associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer. The enzyme occurs in two isoforms that are similar in their biochemical properties but differ in their tissue expression: type I (HSD3B1) is found in placenta and skin, while type II (HSD3B2) is found in the adrenal glands and gonads.
Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione isomerizes to progesterone. This reaction is catalyzed by the isomerase activity of 3 beta-HSD, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer. The enzyme occurs in two isoforms that are similar in their biochemical properties but differ in their tissue expression: type I (HSD3B1) is found in placenta and skin, while type II (HSD3B2) is found in the adrenal glands and gonads. The hormone lutropin (LH) triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum, that in turn increases production of progesterone.
Aldosterone, the major human mineralocorticoid, is synthesized in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex from pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to progesterone in two reactions, both catalyzed by 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase. Progesterone is hydroxylated by CYP21A2 to form deoxycorticosterone, which in turn is converted to aldosterone in a three-reaction sequence catalyzed by CYP11B2 (Payne and Hales 2004).
In this two-step reaction catalyzed by 3beta-HSD associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, the 3-hydroxyl group of DHA is oxidized to a keto group and the double bond in the steroid nucleus is then isomerized from the five to the 4 position. Corticotropin (Adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) acts through the ACTH receptor called melanocortin receptor type 2 (MC2R) to stimulate steroidogenesis, increasing the production of androgens (McKenna et al, 1997).
The concentrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC28
The first process in the synthesis of all steroid hormones is the synthesis of pregnenolone from cholesterol. In this process, cholesterol mobilized from cytosolic lipid droplets or from lysosomes is transported to mitochondria and becomes localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cholesterol transport appears to be rate-limiting for steroid hormone synthesis and its regulation, at the step of StAR-mediated traversal of the mitochondrial membrane, plays a central role in determining the amounts and identities of steroid hormones made in the body. In the inner mitochondrial membrane, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone in a sequence of three reactions, all catalyzed by CYP11A (side chain cleavage enzyme). Finally, pregnenolone re-enters the cytosol (Payne and Hales 2004; Stocco 2001).
A current review of fatty acid transport proteins (SLC27)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone and NAD+ react to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol and NADH + H+. This reaction is catalyzed by the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid activity of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (HSD3B) enzyme associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer. The enzyme occurs in two isoforms that are similar in their biochemical properties but differ in their tissue expression: type I (HSD3B1) is found in placenta and skin, while type II (HSD3B2) is found in the adrenal glands and gonads.
Pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol isomerizes to 17-hydroxyprogesterone. This reaction is catalyzed by the isomerase activity of 3 beta-HSD, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer. The enzyme occurs in two isoforms that are similar in their biochemical properties but differ in their tissue expression: type I (HSD3B1) is found in placenta and skin, while type II (HSD3B2) is found in the adrenal glands and gonads.
Cortisol, the major human glucocorticoid, is synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex from pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to 17alpha-hydoxyprogesterone in two reactions, both catalyzed by 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase. 17Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone is hydroxylated by CYP21A2 to form 11-deoxycortisol, which in turn is converted to cortisol by CYP11B1. The conversion of the active steroid hormone, cortisol, to inactive cortisone occurs in many tissues, notably the liver (Payne and Hales 2004).
Three-dimensional structure of human erythrocytic purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 3.2 A resolution
Isocaproaldehyde is reduced by NADPH + H+ to yield 4-methylpentan-1-ol and NADP+. This cytosolic reaction is catalyzed by AKR1B1 (aldose reductase). The purified human enzyme has been shown to catalyze this reaction efficiently in vitro; its abundance in adrenal tissue in humans and other mammals and its concordant expression with other enzymes of steroid hormone synthesis are consistent with it performing this role in vivo as well (Matsuura et al. 1996; Lefrancois-Martinez et al. 2004). The metabolic fate of 4-methylpentan-1-ol is unknown.
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that plays a role in regulating calcium and bone metabolism. It is obtained from the diet and produced in the skin by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol and released into the bloodstream. Only a few food sources have significant amounts of vitamins D2 and D3 but many foodstuffs nowadays are fortified with vitamin D. The metabolites of vitamin D3 are carried in the circulation bound to a plasma protein called vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). Vitamin D3 undergoes two subsequent hydroxylations to form the active form of the vitamin, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol). The first hydroxylation takes place in the liver and subsequent transport to the kidney allows the second hydroxylation. Calciferol acts by binding to nuclear vitamin D receptors.
Cholesterol is released from its complex with STAR in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The mechanism of this process in vivo remains incompletely understood.
In human, together with ubiquitin-conjugating E2-type enzymes UBC13 and UEV1A (also known as UBE2V1), TRAF6 catalyses Lys63-linked ubiquitination. It is believed that auto polyubiquitination and oligomerization of TRAF6 is followed by binding the ubiquitin receptors of TAB2 or TAB3 (TAK1 binding protein 2 and 3), which stimulates phosphorylation and activation of TGF beta-activated kinase 1(TAK1). TAK1 phosphorylates IKK alpha and IKK beta, which in turn phosphorylate NF-kB inhibitors - IkB and eventually results in IkB degradation and NF-kB translocation to the nucleus. Also TAK1 mediates JNK and p38 MAP kinases activation by phosphorylating MKK4/7 and MKK3/6 respectivly resulting in the activation of many transcription factors. The role of TRAF6 is somewhat controversial and probably cell type specific. TRAF6 autoubiquitination was found to be dispensable for TRAF6 function to activate TAK1 pathway. These findings are consistent with the new mechanism of TRAF6-mediated NF-kB activation that was suggested by Xia et al. (2009). TRAF6 generates unanchored Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains that bind to the regulatory subunits of TAK1 (TAB2 or TAB3) and IKK(NEMO), leading to the activation of the kinases. Xia et al. (2009) demonstrated in vitro that unlike polyubiquitin chains covalently attached to TRAF6 or IRAK, TAB2 and NEMO-associated ubiquitin chains were found to be unanchored and susceptible to N-terminal ubiquitin cleavage. Only K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, but not monomeric ubiquitin, activated TAK1 in a dose-dependent manner. Optimal activation of the IKK complex was achieved using ubiquitin polymers containing both K48 and K63 linkages. Furthermore, the authors proposed that the TAK1 complexes might be brougt in close proximity by binding several TAB2/3 to a single polyubiquitin chain to facilitate TAK1 kinase trans-phosphorylation. Alternativly, the possibility that polyUb binding promotes allosteric activation of TAK1 complex should be considered (Walsh et al 2008).
To be functionally active, vitamin D is required to be dihydroxylated. The first hydroxylation at position 25 is carried out by vitamin D 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R1) in the liver, forming calcidiol.
MAPKs are protein kinases that, once activated, phosphorylate their specific cytosolic or nuclear substrates at serine and/or threonine residues. Such phosphorylation events can either positively or negatively regulate substrate, and thus entire signaling cascade activity. The major cytosolic target of activated ERKs are RSKs (90 kDa Ribosomal protein S6 Kinase). Active RSKs translocates to the nucleus and phosphorylates such factors as c-Fos(on Ser362), SRF (Serum Response Factor) at Ser103, and CREB (Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding protein) at Ser133. In the nucleus activated ERKs phosphorylate many other targets such as MSKs (Mitogen- and Stress-activated protein kinases), MNK (MAP interacting kinase) and Elk1 (on Serine383 and Serine389). ERK can directly phosphorylate CREB and also AP-1 components c-Jun and c-Fos. Another important target of ERK is NF-KappaB. Recent studies reveals that nuclear pore proteins are direct substrates for ERK (Kosako H et al, 2009). Other ERK nuclear targets include c-Myc, HSF1 (Heat-Shock Factor-1), STAT1/3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1/3), and many more transcription factors. Activated p38 MAPK is able to phosphorylate a variety of substrates, including transcription factors STAT1, p53, ATF2 (Activating transcription factor 2), MEF2 (Myocyte enhancer factor-2), protein kinases MSK1, MNK, MAPKAPK2/3, death/survival molecules (Bcl2, caspases), and cell cycle control factors (cyclin D1). JNK, once activated, phosphorylates a range of nuclear substrates, including transcription factors Jun, ATF, Elk1, p53, STAT1/3 and many other factors. JNK has also been shown to directly phosphorylate many nuclear hormone receptors. For example, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 1 (PPAR-1) and retinoic acid receptors RXR and RAR are substrates for JNK. Other JNK targets are heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K) and the Pol I-specific transcription factor TIF-IA, which regulates ribosome synthesis. Other adaptor and scaffold proteins have also been characterized as nonnuclear substrates of JNK.
The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, is involved in many processes of immune responses. The MAP kinases cascade transduces signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus in response to a wide range of stimuli (Chang and Karin, 2001; Johnson et al, 2002). There are three major groups of MAP kinases the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases ERK1/2, the p38 MAP kinase and the c-Jun NH-terminal kinases JNK. ERK1 and ERK2 are activated in response to growth stimuli. Both JNKs and p38-MAPK are activated in response to a variety of cellular and environmental stresses. The MAP kinases are activated by dual phosphorylation of Thr and Tyr within the tripeptide motif Thr-Xaa-Tyr. The sequence of this tripeptide motif is different in each group of MAP kinases: ERK (Thr-Glu-Tyr); p38 (Thr-Gly-Tyr); and JNK (Thr-Pro-Tyr). MAPK activation is mediated by signal transduction in the conserved three-tiered kinase cascade: MAPKKKK (MAP4K or MKKKK or MAPKKK Kinase) activates the MAPKKK. The MAPKKKs then phosphorylates a dual-specificity protein kinase MAPKK, which in turn phosphorylates the MAPK. The dual specificity MAP kinase kinases (MAPKK or MKK) differ for each group of MAPK. The ERK MAP kinases are activated by the MKK1 and MKK2; the p38 MAP kinases are activated by MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6; and the JNK pathway is activated by MKK4 and MKK7. The ability of MAP kinase kinases (MKKs, or MEKs) to recognize their cognate MAPKs is facilitated by a short docking motif (the D-site) in the MKK N-terminus, which binds to a complementary region on the MAPK. MAPKs then recognize many of their targets using the same strategy, because many MAPK substrates also contain D-sites. The upstream signaling events in the TLR cascade that initiate and mediate the ERK signaling pathway remain unclear.
The bZIP domains of Jun and Fos form an X-shaped -helical structure, which binds to the palindromic AP-1 site (TGAGTCA) (Glover and Harrison, 1995).
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a collective term referring to a group of transcription factors that bind to promoters of target genes in a sequence-specific manner. AP-1 family consists of hetero- and homodimers of bZIP (basic region leucine zipper) proteins, mainly of Jun-Jun, Jun-Fos or Jun-ATF. AP-1 members are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, cell migration. The ability of a single transcription factor to determine a cell fate critically depends on the relative abundance of AP-1 subunits, the composition of AP-1 dimers, the quality of stimulus, the cell type, the co-factor assembly. AP-1 activity is regulated on multiple levels; transcriptional, translational and post-translational control mechanisms contribute to the balanced production of AP-1 proteins and their functions. Briefly, regulation occurs through: effects on jun, fos, atf gene transcription and mRNA turnover. AP-1 protein members turnover. post-translational modifications of AP-1 proteins that modulate their transactivation potential (effect of protein kinases or phosphatases). interactions with other transcription factors that can either induce or interfere with AP-1 activity.
The Fos proteins(c-Fos, FosB, Fra1 and Fra2), which cannot homodimerize, form stable heterodimers with Jun proteins and thereby enhance their DNA binding activity. On activation of the MAPK pathway, Ser-374 of Fos is phosphorylated by ERK1/2 and Ser-362 is phosphorylated by RSK1/2, the latter kinases being activated by ERK1/2. If stimulation of the MAPK pathway is sufficiently sustained, ERK1/2 can dock on an upstream FTYP amino acid motif, called the DEF domain (docking site for ERKs, FXFP), and phosphorylate Thr-331 and Thr-325. Phosphorylation at specific sites enhances the transactivating potential of several AP-1 proteins, including Jun and Fos, without having any effect on their DNA binding activities. Thus, phosphorylation of Ser-362 and Ser-374 stabilizes c-Fos but has no demonstrated role in the control of transcriptional activity. On the contrary, phosphorylation of Thr-325 and Thr-331 enhances c-Fos transcriptional activity but has no demonstrated effect on protein turnover.
Once phosphorylated, PLC-gamma 1 is expected to dissociate from phosphorylated EGFR cancer mutants and induce downstream signaling in the same way it does when activated by the wild-type EGFR. However, except for the phosphorylation of PLCG1 binding site in EGFR cancer mutants, other events involved in activation of PLCG1 signaling have not been studied in cells expressing EGFR cancer mutants.
CBL binds to phosphorylated tyrosine Y1045 residue of EGFR cancer mutants. Phosphorylation of Y1045 (corresponding to Y1069 when counting from the first amino acid of the EGFR precursor, prior to cleavage of the 24-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus) has been directly demonstrated in the following EGFR cancer mutants: EGFR L858R mutant (Greulich et al. 2005, Choi et al. 2007); EGFR G719S mutant (Sordella et al. 2004, Greulich et al. 1005, Choi et al. 2007); EGFR L747_P753delinsS mutant (Sordella et al. 2004, Choi et al. 2007); EGFR L747_A750delinsP mutant (Greulich et al. 2005); EGFR L861Q mutant (Choi et al. 2007); EGFR A289V mutant (Lee et al. 2006); EGFR G598V mutant (Lee et al. 2006); EGFR R108K mutant (Lee et al. 2006); EGFR D770_N771insNPG mutant (Greulich et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2007); EGFR V738_K739insKIPVAI mutant (Xu et al. 2007); EGFR M766_A767insASV mutant (Xu et al. 2007). Very little if any phosphorylation of Y1045 was shown in EGFR T263P mutant (Lee et al. 2006) and EGFR D770_N771insNPH mutant (Xu et al. 2007). Direct binding of CBL was demonstrated for the EGFR L858R mutant (Yang et al. 2006, Padron et al. 2007) and EGFR E746_A750del mutant (Padron et al. 2007). In EGFRvIII mutant, Y1045 (Y1069) is not phosphorylated (Han et al. 2006, Grandal et al. 2007). Han et al. detected no CBL binding to EGFRvIII mutant (Han et al. 2006), while Grandal et al. detected very little binding, which they explained by indirect recruitment of CBL to EGFRvIII through GRB2 (Grandal et al. 2007).
EGFR L858R mutant was shown to directly phosphorylate CBL on tyrosine residue Y371. Other EGFR cancer mutants with phosphorylation of tyrosine Y1045 (Y1069) are assumed to bind and phosphorylate CBL in a manner similar to the wild-type EGFR.
Phosphorylated CBL does not ubiquitinate EGFR kinase domain mutants efficiently, which enables mutant proteins to escape degradation. There are indications that phosphorylated CBL shows decreased affinity for EGFR kinase domain mutants compared to wild-type EGFR proteins, and quickly dissociates, before ubiquitination is completed. This decreased affinity may be due to altered structure of EGFR kinase domain mutants or to the presence of the chaperone protein HSP90 in complex with the mutant protein. Weaker afinity for phosphorylated CBL was directly demonstrated for EGFR L858R mutant (Yang et al. 2006), and poor ubiquitination inspite of CBL binding was shown for EGFR L858R and EGFR E746_A750del mutants (Yang et al. 2006, Padron et al. 2007).
EGFRvIII mutant lacks the ligand binding domain and is therefore unable to bind EGFR ligands, but is able to dimerize spontaneously. Self-dimerization may be dependent on N-linked glycosylation.
Upon dimerization, EGFRvIII mutants trans-autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues Y992, Y1068, Y0186, Y1143 and Y1173 while the tyrosine residue Y1045, a docking site for CBL, remains either unphosphorylated or hypophosphorylated, allowing EGFRvIII to activate downstream signaling cascades while escaping downregulation.
SHC1 (Src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein) is known to bind two phosphorylated tyrosine docking sites of EGFR: Y1148 and Y1173 (corresponding to Y1172 and Y1197 when counting from the first amino acid of EGFR precursor, before the cleavage of the 24-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus takes place). Phosphorylation of Y1173 tyrosine residue was directly demonstrated in the following EGFR cancer mutants: EGFR L858R mutant (Sordella et al. 2004, Greulich et al. 2005); EGFR G719S mutant (Greulich et al. 2005); EGFR L747_P753delinsS mutant (Sordella et al. 2004); EGFR L747_A750delinsP (Greulich et al. 2005); EGFRvIII mutant (Han et al. 2006, Grandal et al. 2007); EGFR D770_N771insNPG mutant (Greulich et al. 2005, Xu et al. 2007); EGFR D770_N771insNPH mutant (Xu et al. 2007); EGFR V738_K739insKIPVAI mutant (Xu et al. 2007); EGFR M766_A767insASV mutant (Xu et al. 2007). Phosphorylation of Y1148 was shown in EGFRvIII mutant (Huang et al. 2007). Besides EGFR L858R mutant, which was directly shown to bind SHC1 (Greulich et al. 2005), binding of SHC1 was not tested in other EGFR cancer mutants. Nonetheless, it is assumed that SHC1 binds EGFR cancer mutants in the same way it binds wild-type EGFR.
Constitutive phosphorylation of SHC1 was directly demonstrated in cells expressing EGFR L858R mutant (Greulich et al. 2005). Other EGFR cancer mutants were not directly tested for their ability to phosphorylate SHC1, but are assumed to interact with SHC1 in the same way as the wild-type EGFR protein.
Tyrosine residue Y992, a docking site for PLC-gamma 1 (PLCG1), is phosphorylated in EGFR cancer mutants and expected to recruit PLC-gamma 1 in the same way as the wild-type EGFR receptor. Phosphorylation of Y992 (corresponding to Y1016 when counting from the first amino acid of the EGFR precursor, prior to cleavage of the 24-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus) has been directly demonstrated for the following EGFR cancer mutants: EGFR L858R mutant (Sordella et al. 2004, Choi et al. 2007); EGFR G719S mutant (Choi et al. 2007); EGFR L747_P753delinsS mutant (Sordella et al. 2004, Choi et ak, 2007); EGFR L861Q mutant (Choi et al. 2007); EGFRvIII mutant (Grandal et al. 2007); EGFR A289V mutant (Lee et al. 2006); EGFR D770_N771insNPG mutant (Xu et al. 2007); EGFR D770_N771insNPH mutant (Xu et al. 2007); EGFR V738_K739insKIPVAI mutant (Xu et al. 2007); EGFR M766_A767insASV mutant (Xu et al. 2007).
Once recruited, PLC-gamma 1 is assumed to be phosphorylated by EGFR cancer mutants in the same way it is phosphorylated by the wild-type EGFR.
EGFR ligand-responsive mutants dimerize spontaneously, without ligand binding, although ligand binding ability is preserved. This was experimentally demonstrated for EFGR L858R mutant and is presumed to happen in other constitutively active EGFR kinase domain mutants and EGFR extracellular domain point mutants.
The cytoplasmic domain of EGFR contains tyrosine, serine and threonine phosphorylation sites. Activation of ligand-responsive EGFR mutants through spontaneous or EGF-induced dimerization results in trans-autophosphorylation of 5 tyrosine residues (Y992, Y1068, Y1086, Y1148 and Y1173), which enables constitutive receptor signaling as it provides specific binding sites for cytosolic target proteins involved in signal transduction (Zhang et al. 2006, Yun et al. 2007, Sordella et al. 2004, Lee et al. 2006). Tyrosine residue Y1045, involved in EGFR down-regulation, is usually phosphorylated in ligand-responsive EGFR mutants (Sordella et al. 2004, Lee et al. 2006). The exact phosphorylation pattern has not been examined for each mutant, but is assumed to closely follow, based on existing experimental evidence, the trans-autophosphorylation pattern of the wild-type EGFR.
EGFR kinase domain mutants need continuous association with HSP90 chaperone protein for proper functioning. CDC37 is a co-chaperone of HSP90 that acts as a scaffold and regulator of interaction between HSP90 and its protein kinase clients. CDC37 binds a protein kinase through its N-terminal domain and HSP90 through its C-terminal domain, arresting ATP-ase activity of HSP90 and enabling the loading of a client kinase. CDC37 is frequently over-expressed in cancers involving mutant kinases and acts as an oncogene (reviewed by Gray Jr. et al. 2008). Association of EGFR extracellular domain point mutants with HSP90 chaperone has not been tested.
Although ligand-responsive EGFR mutants dimerize spontaneously, dimerization is increased in the presence of EGF.
Association of EGFRvIII mutant with HSP90 chaperone protein and its co-chaperone CDC37 is necessary for the proper functioning of mutant EGFR.
Active steroid hormones are produced from the precursor cholesterol.The steps involved in the biosynthesis of the adrenal steroid hormones, corticosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone; and the gonadal steroid hormones, progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone are annotated here. The enzymes that catalyze these reactions fall into two major classes of proteins: the cytochrome P450 heme-containing proteins and the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
Alveolar macrophages normally develop their phagosome along the endolysosomal pathway. However, after having internalized Mtb, this development is arrested at an early stage and only includes acidification, nitric oxide and superoxide production, as well as the use of a few other proteins that can be gained from other endosomes which still can interact with the phagosome (Flannagan et al. 2009).
Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is soon countered by the host's immune system, the organism is however almost never eradicated; ten per cent of infections will develop into "open tuberculosis", while the other ninety per cent become "latent", a state that can persist for decades until loss of immune control. A third of the world's population is estimated to harbour latent tuberculosis. Latent infection involves the bacterium being internalized by macrophages where it stops and counters the innate immune answer (Russell 2011, Russell et al. 2010). When a status-quo is reached, Mtb enters a non-replicating persistent state (Barry et al. 2009, Boshoff & Barry 2005).
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produces NO from L-arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS, endothelial, neuronal and inducible (eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS). eNOS and nNOS are constitutively expressed while iNOS is induced by immunostimulatory signals. The constitutive isoforms are regulated in vivo by the binding of calcium and calmodulin. NO produced by NOS acts as a signalling molecule by diffusing across cell membranes to activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC).
The function of V-type proton pumping ATPases is basically the same as that of F-type ATPases, except that V-ATPases cannot synthesize ATP from the proton motive force, the reverse reaction of pumping. When pumping, ATP hydrolysis drives a 120 degree rotation of the rotor which leads to movement of three protons into the phagosome (Adachi et al. 2007).
PLCgamma is phosphorylated by activated FGFR, resulting in PLCgamma activation, stimulation of phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and generation of two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol (1,4,5) P3.
FGFR1 fusions with ZMYM2, BCR, FGFR1OP and TRIM24 all result in recruitment and phosphorylation of PLCgamma, and where mutational studies have been performed, mutation of the PLCgamma binding site Y766 has been shown to abrogate this signaling (Guasch, 2001; Roumiantsev, 2004, Lelievre, 2008, Chase, 2007). In the case of BCR-FGFR1 and ZMYM2-FGFR1, mutation of the PLCgamma binding site significantly decreased the transformative phenotype of the FGFR1 fusion (Roumiantsev, 2004).
Aquaporins: highways for cells to recycle water with the outside world
Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway has been demonstrated for a number of FGFR1 fusion proteins and inhibitors of this pathway impair the proliferative and survival function of the fusions (Guasch, 2001; Demiroglu, 2001; Chen, 2004; Lelievre, 2008). FGFR1 fusions lack the FRS2-binding site of the full length protein, so the mechanism of PI3K recruitment is unclear. Unlike BCR-FGFR1, which has been shown to recruit GRB2 through the BCR Y177 site, GRB2 did not co-precipitate with the ZMYM2-FGFR1 fusion (Roumianetsev, 2004). In the case of FOP-FGFR1, Y730 has been shown to be required for the recruitment of the p85 subunit of PI3K; however, CEP110-FGFR1, which contains Y730 in the context of the same pYXXM motif, was not shown to recruit p85 at the centrosome (Guasch, 2001).
Dissociation from the activated receptor quickly follows phosphorylation of PLC-gamma. Phosphorylated PLC-gamma catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol(4, 5)bisphosphate to generate two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol (1,4,5) triphosphate.
8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) is a myeloproliferative disorder that rapidly progresses to acute myeloid leukemia if not treated (reviewed in Jackson, 2010, Knights and Cook, 2010). A characteristic feature of EMS is the presence of fusion proteins that contain the kinase domain of FGFR1 and the oligomerization domain of an unrelated protein. This is believed to promote the ligand independent dimerization and activation of the kinase domain. To date, there are 11 identified partners that form fusion proteins with FGFR1 in EMS: ZMYM2 (Xiao, 1998; Popovici, 1998; Reiter, 1998; Ollendorff, 1999; Xiao, 2000), FGFR1OP1 (Popovici, 1999), CNTRL (Guasch, 2000), BCR (Demiroglu, 2001), FGFR1OP2 (Grand, 2004), TRIM24 (Belloni, 2005), CUX1 (Wasag, 2011), MYO18A (Walz, 2005), CPSF6 (Hidalgo-Curtis, 2008), HERV-K (Guasch, 2003) and LRRFIP1 (Soler, 2009).
Amplification or activation of FGFR1 has been reported in lung cancer (Weiss, 2001; Marek, 2009; Dutt, 2011), breast cancer (Reis-Filho, 2006; Turner, 2010), oral squamous carcinoma (Freier, 2007), esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (Ishizuka, 2002), ovarian cancer (Gorringe, 2007), bladder cancer (Simon, 2001), prostate cancer (Edwards, 2003; Acevedo, 2007) and rhabodomyosarcoma (Missiaglia, 2009). Unlike the case for FGFR2 amplifications, FGFR1 amplifications are not associated with additional point mutations and affect signaling without altering the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor. Overexpressed FGFR1 appears to signal at a basal level in a ligand-independent fashion, but is also able to be stimulated by exogenous ligand. Downstream activation may be the result of aberrant paracrine or autocrine stimulation (reviewed in Turner and Gross, 2010; Greulich and Pollock, 2011). FGFR1 amplification has not been conclusively demonstrated to be the causative oncogenic agent in all of the cancer types mentioned above, and other genes in the 8p11 region may also be candidates in some cases (Bass, 2009; Bernard-Pierrot, 2008; Ray, 2004).
In a murine mouse model of ZNF198-FGFR1-induced EMS, treatment with the FGFR-inhibitor Midostaurin (PKC412) resulted in prolonged survival (Chen, 2004). Similarly, growth of ZNF-198-FGFR1-, FGFR1OP2-FGFR1-, and BCR-FGFR1-expressing lines is blocked by treatment with FGFR-inhibitors (Demiroglu, 2001; Gu, 2006; Chase, 2007; Zhen, 2007; Wasag, 2011).
Analysis of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of NF kappa B proteins in human leukocytes
After ligand-independent dimerization, FGFR1 fusions are trans-autophosphorylated on tyrosine residues (see for instance Popovici, 1998; Ollendorff, 1999; Guasch, 2000). Although the sites of tyrosine phosphorylation have not been mapped in the context of the fusion proteins, at least some of the same residues appear to be phosphorylated as in full length FGFR1. For instance, phospho-specific antibodies have demonstrated that TRIM24 is phosphorylated on Y653 and Y654, the activation loop tyrosines of FGFR1 (Belloni, 2005). Likewise, FGFR1 fusions with ZMYM2, BCR, FGFR1OP and TRIM24 all result in recruitment and phosphorylation of PLCgamma, and where mutational studies have been performed, mutation of the PLCgamma binding site Y766 has been shown to abrogate this signaling (Roumiantsev, 2004, Lelievre, 2008, Chase, 2007). In the case of BCR-FGFR1, the BCR moiety of the fusion protein has also been shown to be phosphorylated on at least one tyrosine residue, Y177, which results in the recruitment of GRB2 (Roumiantsev, 2004).
Activation of a subset of FGFR1-fusions (ZMYM2, BCR, FGFR1OP2 and CUX) has been shown to result in downstream phosphorylation of STAT5 proteins at Y694. This phosphorylation is dependent on the FGFR1 fusion, as the STAT5 phosphorylation is abrogated in the presence of an FGFR1-kinase dead fusion (Heath and Cross, 2004; Smedley, 1999; Chase, 2007; Wasage, 2011).
Unique among FGFR1 fusion proteins, which generally give rise to an atypical myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) (reviewed in Jackson, 2010), the BCR-FGFR1 fusion results in a more typical chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although both EMS and CML activate PLCgamma signaling, and mutation of the FGFR1 Y766 PLCgamma binding site attenuates both diseases, CML-specific signaling also appears to be mediated through the BCR portion of the fusion protein. BCR Y177 binds GRB2-GAB1 and induces CML-like leukemia in mice, while expression of a Y177F BCR-FGFR1 fusion induces EMS-like disease (Roumiantsev, 2004).
Amyloid is a term used to describe typically extracellular deposits of aggregated proteins, sometimes known as plaques. Abnormal accumulation of amyloid is amyloidosis, a term associated with diseased organs and tissues, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntingdon's. Amyloid deposits consist predominantly of amyloid fibrils, rigid, non-branching structures that form ordered assemblies, characteristically with a cross beta-sheet structure where the sheets run parallel to the direction of the fibril (Sawaya et al. 2007). Often the fibril has a left-handed twist (Nelson & Eisenberg 2006). At least 27 human proteins form amyloid fibrils (Sipe et al. 2010). Many of these proteins have non-pathological functions; the trigger that leads to abnormal aggregations differs between proteins and is not well understood but in many cases the peptides are abnormal fragments or mutant forms arising from polymorphisms, suggesting that the initial event may be aggregation of misfolded or unfolded peptides. Early studies of Amyloid-Beta assembly led to a widely accepted model that assembly was a nucleation-dependent polymerization reaction (Teplow 1998) but it is now understood to be more complex, with multiple 'off-pathway' events leading to a variety of oligomeric structures in addition to fibrils (Roychaudhuri et al. 2008). An increasing body of evidence suggests that these oligomeric forms are primarily responsible for the neurotoxic effects of Amyloid-beta (Roychaudhuri et al. 2008), alpha-synuclein (Winner et al. 2011) and tau (Dance & Strobel 2009, Meraz-Rios et al. 2010). Amyloid oligomers are believed to have a common structural motif that is independent of the protein involved and not present in fibrils (Kayed et al. 2003). Conformation dependent, aggregation specific antibodies suggest that there are 3 general classes of amyloid oligomer structures (Glabe 2009) including annular structures which may be responsible for the widely reported membrane permeabilization effect of amyloid oligomers. Toxicity of amyloid oligomers preceeds the appearance of plaques in mouse models (Ferretti et al. 2011). Fibrils are often associated with other molecules, notably heparan sulfate proteoglycans and Serum Amyloid P-component, which are universally associated and seem to stabilize fibrils, possibly by protecting them from degradation.
Amyloid fibril formation is associated with a wide range of diseases (Chiti & Dobson 2006), thoughthe accumulation and deposition of fibrillar material does not correlate well with disease pathogenesis and it is now widely believed that oligomeric amyloid forms are largely responsible for the cytotoxic effects of amyloid (Glabe 2009). Fibrils have been described as more like crystalline polymer structures than the protein monomers they are derived from (Wetzel et al. 2007). Fibril formation is usually preceded by the association of monomers into oligomeric structures (Kodali & Wetzel 2007). For Beta-amyloid, these are spherical structures with around 12 units (Bernstein et al. 2005). Larger structures called protofibrils are also observed, non-spherical filamentous structures lacking a periodic substructure (Goldsbury 2005).
The pathway "Signaling by EGFR in Cancer" shows "Signaling by constitutively active EGFR" in parallel with "Signaling by EGFR". This allows users to compare signaling by constitutively active EGFR cancer mutants with the wild-type EGFR protein. Red lines emphasize cancer related events and physical entities, while wild-type entities and events are shaded. Please refer to "Signaling by constitutively active EGFR" and "Signaling by EGFR" for detailed pathway summations.
Signaling by EGFR is frequently activated in cancer through either genomic amplification of the EGFR locus, resulting in over-expression of the wild-type protein, or through activating mutations in the coding sequence of the EGFR gene, resulting in expression of a constitutively active mutant protein. Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase domain mutants are present in ~16% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), but are also found in other cancer types, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and thyroid cancer. EGFR kinase domain mutants harbor activating mutations in exons 18-21 which code for the kinase domain (amino acids 712-979) . Small deletions, insertions or substitutions of amino acids within the kinase domain lock EGFR in its active conformation in which the enzyme can dimerize and undergo autophosphorylation spontaneously, without ligand binding (although ligand binding ability is preserved), and activate downstream signaling pathways that promote cell survival (Greulich et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2006, Yun et al. 2007, Red Brewer et al. 2009). In glioblastoma, the most prevalent EGFR mutation, present in ~25% of tumors, is the deletion of the ligand binding domain of EGFR, accompanied with amplification of the mutated allele, which results in over-expression of the mutant protein known as EGFRvIII. EGFRvIII mutant is not able to bind a ligand, but dimerizes and autophosphorylates spontaneously and is therefore constitutively active (Fernandes et al. 2001). Point mutations in the extracellular domain of EGFR are also frequently found in glioblastoma. Similar to kinase domain mutations, point mutations in the extracellular domain result in constitutively active EGFR proteins that signal in the absence of ligands, but ligand binding ability and responsiveness are preserved (Lee et al. 2006). Both EGFR kinase domain mutants and EGFRvIII mutant need to maintain association with the chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) for proper functioning (Shimamura et al. 2005, Lavictoire et al. 2003). CDC37 is a co-chaperone of HSP90 that acts as a scaffold and regulator of interaction between HSP90 and its protein kinase clients. CDC37 is frequently over-expressed in cancers involving mutant kinases and acts as an oncogene (Roe et al. 2004, reviewed by Gray Jr. et al. 2008). Over-expression of the wild-type EGFR or EGFR cancer mutants results in aberrant activation of downstream signaling cascades, namely RAS/RAF/MAP kinase signaling and PI3K/AKT signaling, and possibly signaling by PLCG1, which leads to increased cell proliferation and survival, providing selective advantage to cancer cells that harbor activating mutations in the EGFR gene (Sordella et al. 2004, Huang et al. 2007). While growth factor activated wild-type EGFR is promptly down-regulated by internalization and degradation, cancer mutants of EGFR demonstrate prolonged activation (Lynch et al. 2004). Association of HSP90 with EGFR kinase domain mutants negatively affects CBL-mediated ubiquitination, possibly through decreasing the affinity of EGFR kinase domain mutants for phosphorylated CBL, so that CBL dissociates from the complex upon phosphorylation and cannot perform ubiquitination (Yang et al. 2006, Padron et al. 2007). EGFRvIII mutant does not autophosorylate on the tyrosine residue Y1045, a docking site for CBL, and is therefore unable to recruit CBL ubiquitin ligase, which enables it to escape degradation (Han et al. 2006). Various molecular therapeutics are being developed to target aberrantly activated EGFR in cancer. Non-covalent (reversible) small tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib, selectively bind kinase domain of EGFR, competitively inhibiting ATP binding and subsequent autophosphorylation of EGFR dimers. EGFR kinase domain mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs exhibit greater affinity for TKIs than ATP compared with the wild-type EGFR protein, and are therefore preferential targets of non-covalent TKI therapeutics (Yun et al. 2007). EGFR proteins that harbor point mutations in the extracellular domain also show sensitivity to non-covalent tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Lee et al. 2006). EGFR kinase domain mutants harboring small insertions in exon 20 or a secondary T790M mutation are resistant to reversible TKIs (Balak et al. 2006) due to increased affinity for ATP (Yun et al. 2008), and are targets of covalent (irreversible) TKIs that form a covalent bond with EGFR cysteine residue C397. However, effective concentrations of covalent TKIs also inhibit wild-type EGFR, causing severe side effects (Zhou et al. 2009). Hence, covalent TKIs have not shown much promise in clinical trials (Reviewed by Pao and Chmielecki in 2010). Recombinant monoclonal antibody Cetuximab acts as an antagonist of EGFR ligand binding, and is approved for the treatment of tumors that over-express wild-type EGFR receptor (Cunningham et al. 2004, Li et al. 2005, Burtness et al. 2005).
Covalent (irreversible) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), pelitinib, WZ4002, HKI-272, canertinib and afatinib, form a covalent bond with the EGFR cysteine residue C397 and inhibit trans-autophosphorylation of mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs. However, effective concentrations of covalent TKIs also inhibit wild type EGFR, resulting in severe side effects. Hence, covalent TKIs have not shown much promise as therapeutics.
Non-covalent (reversible) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), erlotinib, gefitinib, lapatinib and vandetanib, selectively inhibit EGFR-stimulated tumor cell growth by blocking EGFR mutant autophosphorylation through competitive inhibition of ATP binding to the kinase domain. A number of EGFR kinase domain mutants and extracellular domain point mutants show increased senistivity to non-covalent TKIs compared with the wild-type EGFR. EGFR kinase domain mutants may be resistant to non-covalent TKIs due to primary or secondary mutations in the kinase domain that increase the affinity of the kinase domain for ATP, such as small insertions within exon 20, and substituion of threonine 790 with methionine (T790M).
Benzoquinoid ansamycins (geldanamycin, herbimycin, and geldanamycin derivatives 17-AAG, 17-DMAG and IPI-504) are antitumor antibiotics that inactivate HSP90 by binding to its substrate-binding pocket.
Treatment of FGFR1-amplified lung and breast cancer cell lines with the in vitro reagents PD173704, SU5402 and FIIN-1 inhibits proliferation, while cells expressing wild-type levels of FGFR1 are insensitive to inhibitors, suggesting that amplified FGFR1 may be a suitable therapeutic target in some cancer lines (Weiss, 2010; Reis-Filho, 2006; Dutt, 2011; Turner, 2010). In fact, a number of other small molecule inhibitors, including Dovitinib and AZD4547, are currently in clinical trials for treatment of FGFR1-amplified cancers (reviewed in Turner and Grose, 2010; Wesche, 2011; http://ClinicalTrials.gov)
Characterization of human glucose transporter (GLUT) 11 (encoded by SLC2A11), a novel sugar-transport facilitator specifically expressed in heart and skeletal muscle
FGFR1-amplified lung cancer and breast cancer cells show strong phosphorylation of FGFR1 and do not show elevated levels of FGF ligand, suggesting that these receptors can undergo ligand-independent activation. Phosphorylation is enhanced in the presence of exogenous ligand, supporting the notion that overexpressed FGFR1 can be activated by both ligand- and ligand-independent pathways (Koziczak, 2004; Dutt, 2008; Weiss, 2010). The biochemical consequences of overexpression of FGFR1 in other cancer types remain to be determined (reviewed in Turner and Gross, 2010; Wesche, 2011.
After aberrantly dimerizing in response to mesenchymally expressed ligands, FGFR2c S252W and P253R mutants are assumed to undergo transautophosphorylation analagous to the wild-type receptor, although this has not been explicitly demonstrated. Knock-down or chemical inhibition of other FGFR2-activating mutations identified in endometrial cancer cells has been shown to cause cell death (Byron, 2008).
Mutations in the highly conserved Pro-Ser dipeptide repeat of FGFR2 have been identified both in Apert syndrome and in endometrial and ovarian cancers (Wilkie, 1995; Dutt, 2008; Pollock, 2007; Byron, 2010). Missense S252W or P253R mutations affect both the 'b' and 'c' isoforms, although mutation in the FGFR2c isoform is believed to be more clinically relevant to the development of Apert syndrome (Lomri, 1998). In the context of endometrial cancer, these mutations are mutually exclusive with KRAS mutations, but are associated at high frequency with PTEN mutations (Byron, 2008). The S252W and P253R mutations allow the receptor to bind to an expanded range of ligands, such that the mesenchymal splice form (FGFR2c) is anomalously activated by the mesenchymal ligands FGF7 and FGF10, establishing an autocrine signaling loop. These mutations also increase the binding affinity for the receptor's normal epithelial ligands 2- to 8-fold (Yu, 2000; Ibrahimi, 2004b). Based on biochemical and crystal studies, the mutations in the IgII-IgIII linker region are predicted to alter the hydrogen bonding network in this region and may change the conformation and thus the ligand-binding properties of the mutant receptors (Stauber, 2000).
Several missense mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR2 have been identified in Crouzon syndrome and similar craniosynostosis disorders (Kan, 2002; Cunningham, 2007). The N549H and K660N mutations identified in FGFR2 in craniosynostosis disorders are paralogous to FGFR3 N540K and K650N/E mutations identified in hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia II (Bellus, 2000). In FGFR3, these mutations have been demonstrated to have weak ligand-independent autophosphorylation and enhanced kinase activity mediated by disruption of a hydrogen-bonding network that holds the receptor in an inactive conformation (Chen, 2007; Bellus, 2000, Raffioni, 1998). Characterization of FGFR2 proteins containing somatic mutations at these residues support the notion that they have elevated levels of kinase activity. FRS2 is constitutively phosphorylated in the FGFR2 N549K kinase mutant identified in endometrial tumors and knockdown of N549K with short hairpin RNAs or the pan-FGFR inhibitor PD170734 inhibits cell survival in endometrial cancer cells lines, suggesting that FGFR2 activity is required for tumor cell survival. FGFR2 knockdown also results in a significant decrease in the levels of phosphorylated Erk1/2 (Dutt, 2008; Byron, 2008; Pollock, 2007). Crystal structures of FGFR2 kinase mutants N549H and K650N show that the mutations disengage an 'auto-inhibitory brake' on the kinase domain of the receptor. Biochemically, the FGFR2 N549K and K660E mutants show elevated kinase activity relative to the unphosphorylated wild-type protein and have increased activity towards peptide substrates; this activity is stimulated upon receptor phosphorylation, but to a lesser extent than seen with the wild-type receptor (Chen, 2007).
Several missense mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR2 have been identified in Crouzon syndrome and similar craniosynostosis disorders (Kan, 2002; Cunningham, 2007). The N549H and K660N mutations are paralogous to FGFR3 N540K and K650N/E mutations identified in hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia II (Bellus, 2000). In FGFR3, these mutations have been demonstrated to have weak ligand-independent autophosphorylation and enhanced kinase activity mediated by disruption of a hydrogen-bonding network that holds the receptor in an inactive conformation (Chen, 2007; Bellus, 2000, Raffioni, 1998). Due to the highly conserved nature of these residues across all four FGF receptors, it is generally believed that these germline mutations in FGFR2 are also activating, though this remains to be demonstrated experimentally. As further support of this notion, activating point mutations in the kinase domain of FGFR2 have also been identified in endometrial, uterine and cervical cancers (Pollock, 2007; Dutt, 2008), and in some cases have been shown to have enhanced kinase activity and to support anchorage-independent growth in NIH 3T3 cells (Dutt, 2008). Knockdown of N549K with short hairpin RNAs or the pan-FGFR inhibitor PD170734 inhibits cell survival in endometrial cancer cells lines, suggesting that FGFR2 activity is required for tumor cell survival (Dutt, 2008; Byron, 2008). Kinase-domain mutants show elevated levels of activity relative to the wild-type even in the absence of receptor phosphorylation, and although their kinase activity is further enhanced upon trans-autophosphorylation, the extent of this is less than that seen in the wild-type, suggesting that the mutant alleles are capable of of supporting ligand-independent activation (Chen, 2007)
Autosomal dominant mutations in FGFR2 are associated with the development of a range of skeletal disorders including Beare-Stevensen cutis gyrata syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Crouzon syndrome and Apert Syndrome (reveiwed in Burke, 1998; Webster and Donoghue 1997; Cunningham, 2007). Mutations that give rise to Crouzon, Jackson-Weiss and Pfeiffer syndromes tend to cluster in the third Ig-like domain of the receptor, either in exon IIIa (shared by the IIIb and the IIIc isoforms) or in the FGFR2c-specific exon IIIc. These mutations frequently involve creation or removal of a cysteine residue, leading to the formation of an unpaired cysteine residue that is thought to promote intramolecular dimerization and thus constitutive, ligand-independent activation (reviewed in Burke, 1998; Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Cunningham, 2007). Mutations in FGFR2 that give rise to Apert Syndrome cluster to the highly conserved Pro-Ser dipeptide in the IgII-Ig III linker; mutations in the paralogous residues of FGFR1 and 3 give rise to Pfeiffer and Muenke syndromes, respectively (Muenke, 1994; Wilkie, 1995; Bellus, 1996). Development of Beare-Stevensen cutis gyrata is associated with mutations in the transmembrane-proximal region of the receptor (Przylepa, 1996), and similar mutations in FGFR3 are linked to the development of thanatophoric dysplasia I (Tavormina, 1995a). These mutations all affect FGFR2 signaling without altering the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor. Activating point mutations have also been identified in FGFR2 in ~15% of endometrial cancers, as well as to a lesser extent in ovarian and gastric cancers (Dutt, 2008; Pollock, 2007; Byron, 2010; Jang, 2001). These mutations are found largely in the extracellular region and in the kinase domain of the receptor, and parallel activating mutations seen in autosomal dominant disorders described above. Activating mutations in FGFR2 are thought to contribute to receptor activation through diverse mechanisms, including constitutive ligand-independent dimerization (Robertson, 1998), expanded range and affinity for ligand (Ibrahimi, 2004b; Yu, 2000) and enhanced kinase activity (Byron, 2008; Chen, 2007).
FGFR2 is inhibited by a range of in vitro tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including PD170734 and SU5402 (reviewed in Greulich and Pollock, 2010; Wesche, 2011). In addition, there are a number of FGFR2 inhibitors currently in clinical trials that for treatment of solid malignancies (http://ClinicalTrials.gov).
Amplification of full length FGFR2 is only weakly transforming in NIH 3T3 cells, reflecting the presence of a putative transformation-inhibitory region in the c-terminus of the protein (Itoh, 1994, Cha, 2009). C-terminally truncated variants of FGFR2 that are preferrentially expressed in cancer show more potent transformation potential (Cha, 2008; Cha, 2009). These variants lack a number of carboxy-terminal tyrosine residues, including Y770 and Y773. Loss of Y770 contributes to transformation by enhancing FRS2 binding to the C-terminally truncated variant. This suggests that in the context of the full-length protein the presence of Y770 restricts access of FRS2 to the receptor. Loss or mutation of Y773 impairs internalization and degradation of the receptor and promotes sustained signaling (Cha, 2009). Gastric cancer cell lines with FGFR2 amplifications appear to undergo ligand-independent signaling and are sensitive to inhibition with ATP-competitive inhibitors (Takeda, 2007). FGFR2 amplifications identified in 4% of triple negative breast cancers have also been shown to be constitutively active and to have elevated levels of phosphorylated FRS2 in the absence of ligand. Consistent with this, shRNA knockdown or chemical inhibition restricts proliferation and induces apoptosis in these cells (Kunii, 2008;Turner, 2010)
Overexpressed FGFR2 in gastric and breast cancer cells has been shown to undergo ligand-independent dimerization (Takeda, 2007; Kunii, 2008; Moffa, 2004; Turner, 2010). Full-length FGFR2 is weakly transforming in NIH 3T3 cells, and is thought to possess a transformation-inhibiting domain in the C-terminus (Itoh, 1994). Interestingly, many cancers with amplifications of FGFR2 show preferrential expression of C-terminally truncated FGFR2 variants, designated C2 and C3, with 788 or 769 residues instead of the wild-type 822 (Hattori, 1990; Itoh, 1994; Ueda, 1999). These variants, which lack a number of carboxy-terminal tyrosine residues, show increased transforming potency compared to the full-length receptor (Cha, 2008; Cha, 2009), and have been shown to be constitutively active and to dimerize spontaneously (Takeda, 2007).
The chromosomal association of condensin II is regulated by a noncatalytic function of PP2A
After aberrantly dimerizing in response to epithelially expressed ligands, FGFR2b S252W and P253R mutants are assumed to undergo transautophosphorylation analagous to both the wild-type receptor, although this has not been explicitly demonstrated. Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells with the FGFR2b S252W mutant confers anchorage independent growth and results in increased phosphorylation of FRS2 in a manner that depends on a functional kinase domain (Dutt, 2008). Knock-down or chemical inhibition of other FGFR2-activating mutations identified in endometrial cancer cells has been shown to cause cell death (Byron, 2008).
FP-1039 is a soluble fusion protein consisting of the extracellular region of FGFR1c bound to the Fc region of human IgG1. It is capable of binding to a wide range of FGF ligands and thereby prevents activation of multiple FGF receptors. FP-1039 is in Phase I clinical trials in solid malignancies and in Phase II trials for patients with endometrial cancers harbouring the activating mutations S252W and P253R (reviewed in Wesche, 2011).
The three kinase domain mutants of FGFR1 that have been identified in glioblastoma are predicted or have been shown to result in enhanced kinase activity. The N546K (Rand, 2005) residue lies in a stretch of 9 amino acids that are conserved between all four FGFRs. Mutation of the paralogous residue in FGFR3 (N540K) has been shown to result in weak ligand-independent contstitutive activation in the autosomal disorder hypochodroplasia (Raffioni, 1998). In FGFR2 mutation of the paralogous residue to lysine has been identified in endometrial cancer and been shown to result in enhanced kinase activity (Dutt, 2008; Pollock, 2008); germline mutations at this site in FGFR2 are also associated with the development of Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndromes (Kan, 2002). The FGFR1 N546K mutations has accelerated rates of autophosphorylation and supports transformation when transfected into Rat-1 cells (Lew, 2009). The FGFR1 K656E (TCGA, 2008) mutation is paralogous to activating mutations in FGFR3 kinase domain associated with the development of thanatophoric dysplasias (Tavormina, 1999; Bellus, 2000; Hart, 2000), and has itself been shown to activating when expressed in neural crest cells (Petiot, 2002). The FGFR1 R576W (Rand, 2005) mutation increases the hydrophobicity of the receptor, and is postulated to enhance protein-protein interactions and thereby increase the likelihood of autophosphorylation of adjacent tyrosine residues, although this has not been explicitly demonstrated.
Large scale genomic characterization of glioblastoma tumors has identified three point mutants in the kinase domain of FGFR1: N546K, R576W and K656E (Rand, 2005, TCGA, 2008), representing the first kinase domain point mutants identified in this gene in any cancer. These mutants are believed or have been shown to have enhanced kinase activity and to be able to function in a ligand-independent manner (Petiot, 2002; Lew, 2009; Raffioni, 1998, Rand, 2005; Hart, 2000)
FGFR1 gain-of-function mutations at P252 that result in increased binding affinity to ligand are presumed to be phosphorylated on the same sites as the wild-type receptor, although this has not been demonstrated (Ibrahimi, 2004a).
The missense mutation C775G in exon 5 of FGFR1 encodes a Pro252R gain-of-function mutation that causes Pfeiffer syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by premature fusion of bones in the skull and syndactyly of the hands and feet (Muenke, 1994). FGFR1 P252R binds to FGF1, FGF2, FGF4, and FGF6 with 2-5 fold-enhanced affinity, and with 30-fold affinity to FGF9. The enhanced ligand-affinity of the mutant receptor is the result of an additional set of ligand-receptor hydrogen bonds; in particular for FGF9, the additional receptor contacts are thought to compete with FGF9 autoinhibitory dimerization (Ibrahimi, 2004a). The increase in ligand-binding affinity in the absence of an expansion of ligand binding range is thought to account for the milder limb phenotype of Pfeiffer syndrome relative to FGFR2-mediated Apert syndrome (Yu, 2000; Ibrahimi, 2004b). Somatic mutations in FGFR1 at P252 have also been identified in melanoma (P252S; Ruhe, 2007) and in lung cancer (P252T; Davies, 2005). Based on analogy to the FGFR1 P252R mutation that is found in Pfeiffer syndrome, these mutations are also predicted to increase the ligand-binding affinity of the receptor and to result in increased signaling, although this remains to be directly demonstrated for the S/T alleles (Ibrahimi, 2004a).
FGFR2 S267P undergoes ligand-independent dimerization, and appears unable to stably bind FGF2 ligand under the conditions examined (Anderson, 1998). FGFR2b S373C and Y376C are paralogous to the FGFR3 S371C and Y373C mutations that are seen in thanatophoric dysplasia I (Rousseau, 1996; Tavormina, 1995a) and which have been shown to undergo spontaneous dimerization in the absence of ligand (d'Avis, 1998; Adar, 2002). Moreover, other FGFR2 mutations that introduce unpaired cysteine residues have been shown to support formation of intermolecular disulphide bonds (Galvin, 1996; Neilson and Friesel, 1995), supporting the notion that the FGFR2b S373C and Y376C mutants may promote spontaneous receptor dimerization and activation.
Point mutations in FGFR2 that are thought to promote ligand-independent dimerization in the context of autosomal bone development disorders have also been identified in endometrial, ovarian, gastric and lung cancer (Greenman, 2007; Dutt, 2008; Davies, 2005; Byron, 2008; Byron, 2010, Pollock, 2007). Although functional studies on these mutations in FGFR2 in cancer cell lines is limited - only the S267P mutation identified in gastric cancer has been demonstrated biochemically to undergo ligand-independent dimerization (Anderson, 1998) - characterization of paralogous mutations in FGFR3 as well as in other mutations that create unpaired cysteine residues in FGFR2 support the notion that these mutant receptors undergo aberrant intermolecular disulphide bond formation that results in constitutive activation (Galvin, 1996; Neilson and Friesel,1995; Robertson, 1998; d'Avis, 1998)
The FGFR1 gene has been shown to be subject to activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and gene amplification leading to a variety of proliferative and developmental disorders depending on whether these events occur in the germline or arise somatically (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Burke, 1998; Cunningham, 2007; Wesche, 2011; Greulich and Pollock, 2011). Activating mutation P252R in FGFR1 is associated with the development of Pfeiffer syndrome, characterized by craniosynostosis (premature fusion of several sutures in the skull) and broadened thumbs and toes (Muenke, 1994; reviewed in Cunningham, 2007). This residue falls in a highly conserved Pro-Ser dipeptide between the second and third Ig domains of the extracellular region of the receptor. The mutation is thought to increase the number of hydrogen bonds formed with the ligand and to thereby increase ligand-binding affinity (Ibrahimi, 2004a). Unlike other FGF receptors, few activating point mutations in the FGFR1 coding sequence have been identified in cancer. Point mutations in the Ig II-III linker analagous to the P252R Pfeiffer syndrome mutation have been identified in lung cancer and melanoma (Ruhe, 2007; Davies, 2005), and two kinase-domain mutations in FGFR1 have been identified in glioblastoma (Rand, 2005, Network TCGA, 2008). In contrast, FGFR1 is a target of chromosomal rearrangements in a number of cancers. FGFR1 has been shown to be recurrently translocated in the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS), a pre-leukemic condition also known as stem cell leukemia/lymphoma (SCLL) that rapidly progresses to leukemia. This translocation fuses the kinase domain of FGFR1 with the dimerization domain of one of 10 identified fusion partners, resulting in the constitutive dimerization and activation of the kinase (reviewed in Jackson, 2010). Amplification of the FGFR1 gene has been implicated as a oncogenic factor in a range of cancers, including breast, ovarian, bladder, lung, oral squamous carcinomas, and rhabdomyosarcoma (reviewed in Turner and Grose, 2010; Wesche, 2011; Greulich and Pollock, 2011), although there are other candidate genes in the amplified region and the definitive role of FGFR1 has not been fully established.
Unlike other FGFR2 and 3, FGFR1 appears not to be a frequent target of activating point mutations (reviewed in Wesche, 2011; Turner and Grose, 2010). Germline point mutations at residue P252 have been identified in Pfeiffer syndrome (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Burke, 1998; Cunningham, 2007) while mutation of the same residue arising somatically has been identified in melanoma and lung cancer (Ruhe, 2007; Davies, 2005). Two kinase domain mutations have been characterized in glioblastoma (Rand, 2005; Network TCGA, 2008), both at positions that are also mutated in an autosomal disorder in one of the FGFR family members (Muenke, 1994; Bellus, 1995a; Bellus, 2000; Tavormina, 1995a; Tavormina, 1999).
Apert sydrome is the most severe of the craniosynostosis syndromes and results almost entirely from two missense mutations in the conserved Ser252 and Pro253 residues in the IgII-IgIII linker of FGFR2 (Wilkie, 1995). These mutations affect both the 'b' and 'c' isoforms, although mutation in the FGFR2c isoform is believed to be more clinically relevant to the development of Apert syndrome (Lomri, 1998). More recently, the same mutations arising somatically have been identified in endometrial and ovarian cancer (Dutt, 2008; Byron, 2008; Pollock, 2007). The IgII and IgIII domains and the intervening linker of the FGF receptor constitute a binding site for FGFs (Chellaiah, 1999; Stauber, 2000; Plotnikov, 1999). The epithelial isoform FGFR2b binds only to mesenchymally expressed ligands including FGF7 and FGF10 and does not respond to epithelial ligands FGF2, 4, 6, 8 and 9 (Ornitz, 1996). Introduction of the P252W and P252R mutations into FGFR2b allows the aberrant binding and activation by the epithelially expressed ligands FGF 2, 6 and 9, establishing an autocrine signaling loop in epithelial cells. These mutations also increase the binding affinity for the receptor's normal mesenchymal ligands 2- to 8-fold (Yu, 2000; Ibrahimi, 2004b). Based on biochemical and crystal studies, the mutations in the IgII-IgIII linker region are predicted to alter the hydrogen bonding network in this region and may change the conformation and thus the ligand-binding properties of the mutant receptors (Stauber, 2000).
8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) is an aggressive disorder that is associated with a translocation event at the FGFR1 gene on chromosome 8p11. Typical symptoms upon diagnosis include eosinophilia and associated T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma; the disease rapidly advances to acute leukemia, usually of myeloid lineage. At present the only effective treatment is allogenic stem cell transplantation (reviewed in Jackson, 2010). At the molecular level, EMS appears to be caused by translocation events on chromosome 8 that create gene fusions between the intracellular domain of FGFR1 and an N-terminal partner gene that encodes a dimerization domain. The resulting fusion protein dimerizes in a ligand-independent fashion based the N-terminal domain provided by the partner protein and stimulates constititutive downstream FGFR1 signaling without altering the intrisic kinase activity of the receptor. To date, 11 partner genes have been identified: ZMYM2, FGFR1OP, FGFR1OP2, HERVK, TRIM24, CUX1, BCR, CEP110, LRRFIP1, MYO18A and CPSF6, although not all have been functionally characterized (reviewed in Jackson, 2010, Turner and Grose, 2010; Wesche, 2011). Where examined, cell lines carrying FGFR1 fusion genes have been shown to be transforming and to support IL3-independent proliferation through anti-apoptotic, prosurvival pathways(Lelièvre, 2008; Ollendorff, 1999; Chase, 2007; Guasch, 2001; Wasag 2011; Roumiantsev, 2004; Demiroglu, 2001; Smedley, 1999). Signaling appears to occur predominantly through PLCgamma, PI3K and STAT signaling, with a more minor contribution from MAPK activation. Because the fusion proteins lack the FRS2-binding site, the mechanism of MAPK activation is unclear. Recruitment of GRB2:SOS1 through recruitment of SHC is one possibility (Guasch, 2001).
Inactivation of the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex by the human WEE1 tyrosine kinase
The Unc93b1 mutation 3d disrupts exogenous antigen presentation and signaling via Toll-like receptors 3, 7 and 9
p300 and PCAF act cooperatively to mediate transcriptional activation from chromatin templates by notch intracellular domains in vitro
The cysteine-rich sprouty translocation domain targets mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitory proteins to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in plasma membranes
Tuberculosis - metabolism and respiration in the absence of growth
c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) plays a role in conveying signals from the cytosol to the nucleus, where they associate and activate their target transcription factors.
Activated human JNK kinases (MKK4 and MKK7) phosphorylate Thr183 and Tyr185 residues in the characteristic Thr-Pro-Tyr phosphoacceptor loop of each JNK. JNK is differentially regulated by MKK4 and MKK7 depending on the stimulus. MKK7 is the primary activator of JNK in TNF, LPS, and PGN responses. However, TLR3 cascade requires both MKK4 and MKK7. Some studies reported that in three JNK isoforms tested MKK4 shows a striking preference for the tyrosine residue (Tyr-185), and MKK7 a striking preference for the threonine residue (Thr-183).
The MAPK level components of this cascade are p38MAPK-alpha, -beta, -gamma and -sigma. All of those isoforms are activated by phosphorylation of the Thr and Tyr in the Thr-Gly-Tyr motif in their activation loops.
The p38 activators MKK3 and MKK6 were present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, consistent with a role in activating p38 in the nucleus.
Human MKK3 and MKK6 are two closely related dual-specificity protein kinases. Both are activated by cellular stress and inflammatory cytokines, and both phosphorylate and activate p38 MAP kinase at its activation site Thr-Gly-Tyr but do not phosphorylate or activate Erk1/2 or SAPK/JNK. Activation of MKK3 and MKK6 occurs through phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at the typical Ser-Xaa-Ala-Xaa-Thr motif in their activation loop. Residues involved into these protein kinases activation correspond to human sites Ser189 and Thr193 for MKK3 and Ser207 and Thr211 for MKK6 .
C-Jun NH2 terminal kinases (JNKs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases, that belong to mitogen activated protein kinase family (MAPKs - also known as stress-activated protein kinases, SAPKs). The JNK pathway is activated by heat shock, or inflammatory cytokines, or UV radiation. The JNKs are encoded by at least three genes: JNK1/SAPK-gamma, JNK2/SAPK-alpha and JNK3/ SAPK-beta. The first two are ubiquitously expressed, whereas the JNK3 protein is found mainly in brain and to a lesser extent in heart and testes. As a result of alternative gene splicing all cells express distinct active forms of JNK from 46 to 55 kDa in size. Sequence alignment of these different products shows homologies of >80%. In spite of this similarity, the multiple JNK isoforms differ in their ability to bind and phosphorylate different target proteins, thus leading to the distinctive cellular processes: induction of apoptosis, or enhancment of cell survival, or proliferation. Activation of JNKs is mediated by activated TAK1 which phosphorylates two dual specificity enzymes MKK4 (MAPK kinase 4) and MKK7(MAPK kinase 7).
JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase) phosphorylates several transcription factors including c-Jun after translocation to the nucleus.
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) belongs to a highly conserved family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The p38 MAPK-dependent signaling cascade is activated by pro-inflammatory or stressful stimuli such as ultraviolet radiation, oxidative injury, heat shock, cytokines, and other pro-inflammatory stimuli. p38 MAPK exists as four isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). Of these, p38alpha and p38beta are ubiquitously expressed while p38gamma and p38delta are differentially expressed depending on tissue type. Each isoform is activated by upstream kinases including MAP kinase kinases (MKK) 3, 4, and 6, which in turn are phosphorylated by activated TAK1 at the typical Ser-Xaa-Ala-Xaa-Thr motif in their activation loops. Once p38 MAPK is phosphorylated it activates numerous downstream substrates, including MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 and 3 (MAPKAPK-2 or 3) and mitogen and stress-activated kinase-1/2 (MSK1/2). MAPKAPK-2/3 and MSK1/2 function to phosphorylate heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) and cAMP-response element binding protein transcriptional factor, respectively. Other transcription factors, including activating transcription factor 2, Elk, CHOP/GADD153, and myocyte enhancer factor 2, are known to be regulated by these kinases.
p38 MAPK alpha does not have a nuclear export signal (NES) and cannot leave the nucleus by itself, but rather needs to be associated with MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2). The NES of MAPKAPK2 facilitates the transport of both kinases from the nucleus to the cytoplasm but only after MK2 has been phosphorylated by p38alpha. p38 MAPK alpha phosphorylates MK2 at Thr222, Ser272, and Thr334. The phosphorylation of Thr334 but not the kinase activity of MK2 has been demonstrated to be critical for the nuclear export of the p38 alpha - MK2 complex. Phosphorylation of Thr334 is believed to induce a conformational change in the complex exposing NES prior to interaction with the leptomycin B-sensitive nuclear export receptor.
Human p38 MAPK alpha forms a complex with MK2 even when the signaling pathway is not activated. This heterodimer is found mainly in the nucleus. The crystal structure of the unphosphorylated p38alpha-MK2 heterodimer was determined. The C-terminal regulatory domain of MK2 binds in the docking groove of p38 MAPK alpha, and the ATP-binding sites of both kinases are at the heterodimer interface. Upon activation, p38 MAPK alpha activates MK2 by phosphorylating Thr-222, Ser-272, and Thr-334. The phosphorylation of MK2 at Thr-334 attenuates the affinity of the binary complex MK2:p38 alpha by an order of magnitude and leads to a large conformational change of an autoinhibitory domain in MK2. This conformational change unmasks not only the MK2 substrate-binding site but also the MK2 nuclear export signal (NES) thus leading to the MK2:p38 alpha translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic, active MK2 then phosphorylates downstream targets such as the heat-shock protein HSP27 and tristetraprolin (TTP). MAPKAPK (MAPK-activated protein) kinase 3 (MK3, also known as 3pK) has been identified as the second p38 MAPK-activated kinase that is stimulated by different stresses (McLaughlin et al. 1996; Sithanandam et al. 1996; reviewed in Gaestel 2006). MK3 shows 75% sequence identity to MK2 and, like MK2, is activated by p38 MAPK alpha and p38 MAPK beta. MK3 phosphorylates peptide substrates with kinetic constants similar to MK2 and phosphorylates the same serine residues in HSP27 at the same relative rates as MK2 (Clifton et al. 1996) indicating an identical phosphorylation-site consensus sequence. Hence, it is assumed that its substrate spectrum is either identical to or at least overlapping with MK2.
Tyrosine-phosphorylated Vav1 as a point of integration for T-cell receptor- and CD28-mediated activation of JNK, p38, and interleukin-2 transcription
Human multidrug-resistant cell lines: increased mdr1 expression can precede gene amplification
Newly made phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are preferentially translocated between rat liver mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Poly(A)-binding-protein-mediated regulation of hDcp2 decapping in vitro
Ontogenetic, polymorphic, and interethnic variation in the isoenzymes of human alcohol dehydrogenase.
Dual incision at defined positions flanking the DNA damage is carried out by XPG (3' -incision) and ERCC1-XPF (5'-incision) complex. The resulting excised fragment is ~27-30 bp long and contains the lesion.
The cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision is carried out by XPG.
DNA Ligase 1 ligates the newly synthesized fragment to the gap in the template DNA.
Genomic organization, tissue distribution and deletion mutation of human pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase
The resultant gap is filled by polymerase activities of Pol delta and Pol epsilon. Accessory replication protein complexes of RPA, PCNA and RFC play a role in this synthesis. DNA Ligase 1 seals the gap restoring the covalent integrity of the repaired strand.
GG-NER is considered to be transcription-independent, removing lesions from non-transcribed regions of genome in addition to non-transcribed strands of transcribed regions. The three events that characterize NER are well characterized in GG-NER: damage recognition, bimodal incision of DNA via repair protein complex, resulting excision of DNA fragment with the lesion. Post-excision polymerization and ligation restore back the native chemistry and configuration to the damaged DNA.
An active Pol II complex consisting mainly of the Pol II holoenzyme transcribes the damaged DNA template.
At the site of damage, the Pol II complex is arrested resulting in reduced levels of transcription. Several models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of this transcriptional downregulation. These include a. hyperphosphorylation of Pol II resulting in aborted entry to new pre-initiation complexes b. sequestration of TATA-binding proteins (TBP) c. enhanced use of TFIIH complexes for repair purposes precluding their use in transcription.
The ââ¬Åroad blockââ¬Â induced by the DNA damage to the transcription machinery triggers assembly of a transcription couple repair complex, whose composition and function are yet to fully understood. Damage recognition is achieved by the arrest of Pol II active complex. Subsequently various factors like CSA, CSB, TFIIH, XPG, XPF-ERCC1 complexes are recruited. The importance of active CSA and CSB are known from the mutation profile of the patients bearing the corresponding disease phenotypes. CSB can act as a ââ¬Ërepair-transcription uncoupling factorââ¬â¢ that may use its DNA translocase activity to remove the Pol II activity from the lesion site. TFIIS may cleave up to 35 nucleotides from the 3ââ¬â¢ end of the nascent RNA product leading to the enhanced access to damage site on the corresponding template DNA.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex', and 1 molecule of 'Stalled Pol II complex with damaged DNA hybrid' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex', 1 molecule of 'Stalled Pol II in TC-NER', and 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex', and 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex', and 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid with 3' incision' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'endodeoxyribonuclease activity' of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'newly synthesized DNA fragment ', 1 molecule of 'DNA ligase I ', and 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid with dual incisions' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'repaired DNA template:nascent mRNA hybrid', and 1 molecule of 'DNA ligase I ' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'DNA ligase activity' of 'DNA ligase I '.
Dual incisions are carried out by XPG, and ERCC1-XPF complex as seen in GG-NER.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex', and 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid with 3' incision' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex', 1 molecule of 'excised DNA fragment with lesion', and 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid with dual incisions' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'endodeoxyribonuclease activity' of 'Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex'.
The D-Box-activating domain (DAD) is a new proteolysis signal that stimulates the silent D-Box sequence of Aurora-A
The preferential repair of UV-induced damage in transcribed strands of active genes is known as Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER). Impairment of the ability for TC-NER results in the onset of a severe hereditary disorder called Cockayneââ¬â¢s syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypersensitivity to UV light . Many types of helix distorting lesions can block the movement of elongating RNA Pol II leading to its stalling and subsequent triggering of repair mechanisms. The repair of DNA damage in active genes occurs much faster compared to the repair in non-transcribed genomic regions (via GG-NER). Also, the non-transcribed strand of the same gene is repaired at a similar rate as that of non-transcribed genomic regions. The transcriptional responses to DNA damage in terms of stalling of Pol II, its displacement from the lesion site etc. are not well elucidated. The following annotation in GK provides an overall picture of TC-NER and will be updated as and when new insights are obtained about these crucial steps.
NER was first described in the model organism E. coli in the early 1960s as a process whereby bulky base damage is enzymatically removed from DNA, facilitating the recovery of DNA synthesis and cell survival. Deficient NER processes have been identified from the cells of cancer-prone patients with different variants of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD), and Cockayneââ¬â¢s syndrome. These XP cells exhibited an ultraviolet radiation hypersensitivity leading to a hypermutability response to UV, offering a direct connection between deficient NER, increased mutations, and cancer. While the NER pathway in prokaryotes is unique, the pathway utilized in yeast and higher eukaryotes is highly conserved and includes a variety of proteins that interact to form complexes. NER is involved in the repair of bulky adducts in DNA, such as UV-induced photo lesions [of both 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 pps) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPDs)], intrastrand cross-links, large chemical adducts formed from exposure to aflatoxin, benzopyrene and other genotoxic agents. Specific proteins have been identified that participate in base damage recognition, cleavage of the damaged strand on both sides of the lesion, excision of the oligonucleotide bearing the lesion, and accessory proteins necessary for efficient function. Polymerization and ligation restore the strand to its original state. NER consists of two related pathways called global genomic repair (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER). The pathways differ in the way in which DNA damage is initially recognized, but the majority of the participating molecules are shared between these two branches of NER". GG-NER is considered to be transcription-independent, removing lesions from non-transcribed regions of genome in addition to non-transcribed strands of transcribed regions. The preferential repair of UV-induced damage in transcribed strands of active genes is known as Transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER). Several of the proteins involved in NER are key components of the basal transcription complex TFIIH. NER proteins have also been shown to interact with the 19S regulatory subunit of the proteasome, suggesting a role in cellular regulation signal pathways. The establishment of mutant mouse models for NER genes and other DNA repair-related genes have been useful in demonstrating the associations between NER defects and cancer.
Polymerization is carried out by DNA polymerases, delta and epsilon.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Stalled Pol II in TC-NER', and 1 molecule of 'repaired DNA template:nascent mRNA hybrid' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Active Pol II complex with repaired DNA template:mRNA hybrid' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
FANCI phosphorylation may function as a molecular switch to turn on the Fanconi anemia pathway in response to DNA damage or replication fork stress (Ishiai et al., 2008). Multiple phosphorylation sites within FANCI are functionally important for inducing monoubiquitination of FANCD2. Several lines of evidence support the notion that the ATR kinase is involved in this phosphorylation (Ishiai et al., 2008).
Monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and FANCI are targeted to chromatin (Wang et al., 2004; Smogorzewska et al., 2007).
ATR and ATM dependent phosphorylation of FANCD2 promotes the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 stimulating the FA pathway (Andreassen et al., 2004; Ho et al., 2006).
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease of genome instability characterized by congenital skeletal defects, aplastic anemia, susceptibility to leukemias, and cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. Patients with FA have been categorized into at least 13 complementation groups (FA-A, -B, -C, -D1, -D2, -E, -F, -G, -I, -J, -L, -M, and -N). These complementation groups correspond to the genes FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1/BRCA2, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCJ/BRIP1, FANCL, FANCM, and FANCN/PALB2. Although the functions of most of these proteins are mostly unknown, eight of them, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL, and FANCM products together with AAP24 and FAAP100 form a nuclear complex termed the FA core complex. The core complex is essential for FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination after DNA damage. FANCD2 and FANCI are mutually dependent on one another for their respective monoubiquitination. After DNA damage and during S phase, FANCD2 localizes to chromatin, forming foci that overlap those containing proteins involved in homologous recombination, such as BRCA1 and RAD51. The FA pathway is regulated by the deubiquitination of FANCD2 and the phosphorylation FANCD2 and FANCI. The USP1/UAF1 complex is responsible for deubiquitination of FANCD2 and negatively regulates the FA pathway (Cohn et al., 2007) ATR and ATM dependent phosphorylation of FANCD2 promotes the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 stimulating the FA pathway (Cohn and D'Andrea, 2008; Wang, 2007).
The Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway is negatively regulated by the deubiquitination of FANCD2 an postively regulated by phosphorylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI. The USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme is responsible for FANCD2 deubiquitination and is activated by the WD40-repeat containing UAF1 protein through formation of a stable USP1/UAF1 protein complex (Cohn et al., 2007). ATR and ATM dependent phosphorylation of FANCD2 at T691 and S717 promotes the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 stimulating the FA pathway (Ho et al., 2006). Multiple phosphorylation sites within FANCI are functionally important for inducing monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and thus the activation of the FA pathway (Ishiai et al., 2008) .
Polyubiquitinated TRAF6 (as E3 ubiquitin ligase) generates free K63 -linked polyubiquitin chains that non-covalently associate with ubiquitin receptors of TAB2/TAB3 regulatory proteins of the TAK1 complex, leading to the activation of the TAK1 kinase.
DNA repair is a phenomenal multi-enzyme, multi-pathway system required to ensure the integrity of the cellular genome. These cellular mechanisms that must cope with the plethora of DNA base pair adducts that arise. DNA damage can arise spontaneously in the cellular milieu through chemical alteration of base nucleotides or as a consequence of errors during DNA replication. For example, it is well known that normal cellular pH and temperature offer an environment, which is hostile to the integrity of DNA and its nucleotide components. Additionally, DNA damage may be induced in response to environmental exposures, including exposure to physical agents such as ionizing or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Finally, specific chemical agents are known to alkylate or cross-link DNA bases, produce bulky adducts on DNA bases, or break DNA phosphate-sugar backbone. The pioneering work from a number of laboratories have elucidated the basic mechanisms underlying distinct DNA repair pathways that include nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), DNA strand break repair (DSBR), direct reversal of DNA damage, and the replication past DNA lesions by specialized DNA bypass polymerases (bypass replication). Defects in most of these repair pathways have been associated with one or more specific human diseases. Additionally, the repair of damaged DNA is intimately associated with a number of other distinct cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA recombination, cell cycle checkpoint arrest, and other basic cellular mechanisms as outlined herein.
Wnt and calcium signaling: beta-catenin-independent pathways
NF-kappaB is sequestered in the cytoplasm in a complex with inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkB). Almost all NF-kappaB activation pathways are mediated by IkB kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates IkB resulting in dissociation of NF-kappaB from the complex. This allows translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression.
In human, phosphorylation of MKK4 and MKK7 by TAK1 occurs at the typical Ser-Xaa-Ala-Xaa-Thr motif in their activation loops. Residues involved in activation of these protein kinases correspond to human Ser271, Thr275 in MKK7 and Ser257, Thr261 in MKK4. Cell lines lacking MKK4 exhibit defective activation of JNK and AP-1 dependent transcription activity in response to some cellular stresses; JNK and p38 MAPK activities were decreased by around 80% and 20%, respectively, following deletion of the mkk4 gene.
In humans, the IKKs - IkB kinase (IKK) complex serves as the master regulator for the activation of NF-kB by various stimuli. The IKK complex contains two catalytic subunits, IKK alpha and IKK beta associated with a regulatory subunit, NEMO (IKKgamma). The activation of the IKK complex and the NFkB mediated antiviral response are dependent on the phosphorylation of IKK alpha/beta at its activation loop and the ubiquitination of NEMO [Solt et al 2009; Li et al 2002]. NEMO ubiquitination by TRAF6 is required for optimal activation of IKKalpha/beta; it is unclear if NEMO subunit undergoes K63-linked or linear ubiquitination. This basic trimolecular complex is referred to as the IKK complex. Each catalytic IKK subunit has an N-terminal kinase domain and leucine zipper (LZ) motifs, a helix-loop-helix (HLH) and a C-terminal NEMO binding domain (NBD). IKK catalytic subunits are dimerized through their LZ motifs. IKK beta is the major IKK catalytic subunit for NF-kB activation. Phosphorylation in the activation loop of IKK beta requires Ser177 and Ser181 and thus activates the IKK kinase activity, leading to the IkB alpha phosphorylation and NF-kB activation.
In human, IkB is an inhibitory protein that sequesters NF-kB in the cytoplasm, by masking a nuclear localization signal, located just at the C-terminal end in each of the NF-kB subunits. A key event in NF-kB activation involves phosphorylation of IkB by an IkB kinase (IKK). The phosphorylation and ubiquitination of IkB kinase complex is mediated by two distinct pathways, either the classical or alternative pathway. In the classical NF-kB signaling pathway, the activated IKK (IkB kinase) complex, predominantly acting through IKK beta in an IKK gamma-dependent manner, catalyzes the phosphorylation of IkBs (at sites equivalent to Ser32 and Ser36 of human IkB-alpha or Ser19 and Ser22 of human IkB-beta); Once phosphorylated, IkB undergoes ubiquitin-mediated degradation, releasing NF-kB.
NFkB is a family of transcription factors that play pivotal roles in immune, inflammatory, and antiapoptotic responses. There are five NF-kB/Rel family members, p65 (RelA), RelB, c-Rel, p50/p105 (NF-kappa-B1) and p52/p100 (NFkappa-B2), All members of the NFkB family contain a highly conserved DNA-binding and dimerization domain called Rel-homology region (RHR). The RHR is responsible for homo- or heterodimerization. Therefor, NF-kappa-B exists in unstimulated cells as homo or heterodimers; the most common heterodimer is p65/p50. NF-kappa-B is sequestered in the cytosol of unstimulated cells through the interactions with a class of inhibitor proteins called IkBs, which mask the nuclear localization signal of NF-kB and prevent its nuclear translocation. Various stimuli induce the activation of the IkB kinase (IKK) complex, which then phosphorylates IkBs. The phosphorylated IkBs are ubiquitinated and then degraded through the proteasome-mediated pathway. The degradation of IkBs releases NF-kappa-B and and it can be transported into nucleus where it induces the expression of target genes.
Identification of a SPH element in the distal region of a human U6 small nuclear RNA gene promoter and characterization of the SPH binding factor in HeLa cell extracts
An L-iduronic acid residue can be cleaved from either heparan sulfate or dermatan sulfate by the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) (Scott et al. 1991). Defects in IDUA are the cause of mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS IH, Hurler syndrome, MIM:607014), mucopolysaccharidosis IH/S (MPSIH/S, HurlerScheie syndrome, MIM:607015) and mucopolysaccharidosis type IS (MPSIS, Scheie syndrome, MIM:607016) (LeeChen et al. 1999).
Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) also hydrolyses another nonreducing, terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue from heparan sulfate. The active form of the enzyme (77kDa) is derived from an 82kDa precursor (Weber et al. 1996). Defects in NAGLU cause Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB, MIM:252920), also known as Sanfilippo syndrome type B (Beesley et al. 2005).
Heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) acetylates another non-reducing terminal alpha-glucosamine residue of heparan sulfate. This is a critical reaction for the degradation of heparan sulfate because there is no enzyme that can act on the unacetylated glucosamine molecule. The mechanism by which HGSNAT uses cytosolic acetyl-CoA to transfer the acetyl group to the lysosomal luminal substrate is unknown (Fan et al. 2006). A catalytically inactive 77kDa precursor is transported to the lysosome and is cleaved into a 29kDa N-terminal alpha-chain and a 48kDa C-terminal beta-chain, which are assembled into active 440kDa oligomers in the lysosomal membrane (Durand et al. 2010). Defects in HGSNAT cause mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPSIIIC, MIM:252930), also called Sanfilippo C syndrome (Fan et al. 2006, Hrebicek et al. 2006).
Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) also hydrolyses another non-reducing, terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue from heparan sulfate. The active form of the enzyme (77kDa) is derived from an 82kDa precursor (Weber et al. 1996). Defects in NAGLU cause Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB, MIM:252920), also known as Sanfilippo syndrome type B (Beesley et al. 2005).
Beta-galactosidase (GLB1) can cleave terminal galactose residues from the linker chain sequence of glycosaminoglycans (Asp et al. 1969). Defects in GLB1 causes the lysosomal storage diseases GM1 gangliosidosis (Yoshida et al. 1991) and Morquio syndrome B (Oshima et al. 1991).
Lysosomal degradation of glycoproteins is part of the cellular homeostasis of glycosylation (Winchester 2005). The steps outlined below describe the degradation of heparan sulfate/heparin. Complete degradation of glycoproteins is required to avoid build up of glycosaminoglycan fragments which can cause lysosomal storage diseases. The proteolysis of the core protein of the glycoprotein is not shown here.
The acronym HS-GAG is used to describe both heparin and heparan sulfate. HS-GAG is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family and consists of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit, the most common one (50% of the total) being glucuronic acid (GlcA) linked to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). GlcA can be epimerized to iduronic acid. Higher degrees of sulfation and iduronic acid content in the polysaccharide chain confers the name heparin rather than heparan sulfate to the chain. HS-GAG, like the majority of GAGs in the body, are linked to core proteins, forming proteoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). Two or three HS-GAG chains attach to a core protein on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix (Sasisekharan & Venkataraman 2000). HS-GAG bound to a core protein can regulate many biological processes such as angiogenesis, blood coagulation and tumour metastasis (Stringer & Gallagher 1997, Tumova et al. 2000). Degradation of HS-GAG is required to maintain a natural turnover of GAGs. Defects in the degradative enzymes result in lysosomal storage diseases, where GAGs build up rather than being broken down and having pathological effects (Ballabio & Gieselmann 2009).
Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases 1 and 2 (CSGALNACT1 and 2) (Uyama et al. 2002, Gotoh et al. 2002) transfer N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to the glucuronate (GlcA) residue of the linker sequence. This first addition to the linker determines this GAG to be chondroitin. Chondroitin is comprised of the repeating disaccharide unit GalNAc-GlcA.
A glucuronate moiety is added to the chondroitin chain by dual-activity enzymes, the chondroitin sulfate synthases 1-3 (CHSY1, CHPF and CHSY3 respectively) (Kitagawa et al. 2001, Yada et al. 2003, Yada et al. 2003b). They possess both beta-1,3-glucuronic acid and beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity. These three enzymes require divalent metals as cofactors, manganese producing the highest activities. Another candidate enzyme, chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase (CHPF2) possess only beta-1,3-glucuronic acid transferase activity (Izumikawa et al. 2008, Gotoh et al. 2002). Defects in CHSY1 cause Temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome (TPBS) (MIM:605282) (Tian et al. 2010, Li et al. 2010).
An N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) moiety is added to the chondroitin chain by dual-activity enzymes, the chondroitin sulfate synthases 1-3 (CHSY1, CHPF and CHSY3 respectively) (Kitagawa et al. 2001, Yada et al. 2003, Yada et al. 2003b). They possess both beta-1,3-glucuronic acid and beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase activity, the latter activity used in this reaction. These three enzymes require divalent metals as cofactors, manganese producing the highest activities. The repeated disaccharide units of GlcA-GalNAc identify this glycosaminoglycan as chondroitin.
As the sulfate content rises, so does the iduronic acid:glucuronic acid ratio. Once glucosamine is sulfated, glucuronic acid (GlcA) is epimerised to iduronic acid (IdoA). The enzyme glucuronyl C5-epimerase (GLCE) mediates this reaction, evidence of function and cellular location coming from mouse studies (Li et al. 2001, Crawford et al. 2001). The distinction between HS and heparin is fairly arbritary but generally, low-sulfated and GlcA-rich polysaccharides are called HS and high-sulfated and IdoA-rich polysaccharides are called heparin. It can be argued that this structure can now be called either heparan sulfate-PG or heparin-PG.
Heparan-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferases 1 and 2 (HS3ST1-2) (Habuchi et al. 1998, Habuchi et al. 2003 respectively) catalyze the transfer of sulfate to C6 of the N-sulfoglucosamine residue (GlcNS) of heparan sulfate. A third member HS3ST3 that may also mediate this reaction has been characterised in mouse (Habuchi et al. 2000) but remains uncharacterised in humans. It can be argued that this structure can now be called either heparan sulfate- or heparin-PG.
Reconstitution of functional water channels in liposomes containing purified red cell CHIP28 protein
As part of the natural turnover of GAGs, extracellular KSPGs translocate to the lysosome to be degraded. The translocation process is unsure but could be either endocytosis from outside the cell and/or autophagy from inside the cell (Winchester 2005).
Depending on the nature of the core protein HS-GAGs are attached to, they will either translocate to the cell surface or be secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, HS-GAGs are shown to translocate to the cell surface (Kjellen & Lindahl, 1991). The mechanism of transfer from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface and beyond is unknown but most likely involves the trans-Golgi network.
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin (sometimes collectively called HS-GAG) consist of the disaccharide unit GlcNAc-GlcA (N-acetylglucosamine-glucuronic acid) connected by a beta1,4 linkage. Heparin is exclusively made in mast cells whereas HS is made by virtually every type of cell in the body. As the chain length increases, the polysaccharides can undergo modifcations such as epimerisation of glucuronic acid to iduronic acid and deacetylation and sulfation of GlcNAc to form sulfated glucosamine (Stringer & Gallagher 1997, Sasisekharan & Venkataraman 2000).
Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) hydrolyses the non-reducing, terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue from heparan sulfate. The active form of the enzyme (77kDa) is derived from a 82kDa precursor (Weber et al. 1996). Defects in NAGLU cause of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB, MIM:252920) also known as Sanfilippo syndrome type B (Beesley et al. 2005).
Iduronate 2sulfatase (IDS) hydrolyses 2-sulfate groups from Liduronate 2-sulfate units of heparan sulfate. Defects in IDS are the cause of mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII, MIM:309900), also called Hunter syndrome (Wilson et al. 1990).
N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase (SGSH) hydrolyses the sulfate group from the terminal N-sulphoglucosamine residue of heparan sulfate (Scott et al. 1995). Defects in SGSH cause mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPSIIIA, MIM:252900), also called Sanfilippo syndrome A (Weber et al. 1997).
Heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) acetylates the non-reducing terminal alpha-glucosamine residue of heparan sulfate. This is a critical reaction for the degradation of heparan sulfate because there is no enzyme that can act on the unacetylated glucosamine molecule. The mechanism by which HGSNAT uses cytosolic acetyl-CoA to transfer the acetyl group to the lysosomal luminal substrate is unknown (Fan et al. 2006). A catalytically inactive 77kDa precursor is transported to the lysosome and is cleaved into a 29kDa N-terminal alpha-chain and a 48kDa C-terminal beta-chain, which are assembled into active 440kDa oligomers in the lysosomal membrane (Durand et al. 2010). Defects in HGSNAT cause mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPSIIIC, MIM:252930), also called Sanfilippo C syndrome (Fan et al. 2006, Hrebicek et al. 2006).
Exostosin1 and 2 (EXT1 and 2) are dual-specificity enzymes which catalyse the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronate (GlcA) to the GAG-protein linker sequence. The next addition mediated by these enzymes is that of glucuronate. EXT1 and 2 form a heterodimer which translocates to the Golgi apparatus from the ER membrane (McCormick et al. 2000). Defects in EXT1 or 2 cause the hereditary bone disorders multiple exostoses type 1 (MIM:133700) and 2 (MIM:133701) (Wuyts et al. 1998, Bernard et al. 2001).
Exostosin1 and 2 (EXT1 and 2) are dual-specificity enzymes which catalyse the addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronate (GlcA) to the GAG-protein linker sequence. Heparan is synthesized once GlcNAc is transferred to this sequence. EXT1 and 2 form a heterodimer which translocates to the Golgi apparatus from the ER membrane (McCormick et al. 2000). Defects in EXT1 or 2 cause the hereditary bone disorders multiple exostoses type 1 (MIM:133700) and 2 (MIM:133701) (Wuyts et al. 1998, Bernard et al. 2001).
The bifunctional enzymes heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1-4 (NDST1-4) catalyse both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of heparan (Dixon et al. 1995, Duncan et al. 2006, Aikawa & Esko 1999, Aikawa et al. 2001). The N-deacetylation of a GlcNAc residue to a glucosamine residue is shown here.
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase1 (HS3ST1) transfers sulfate to the 3-OH position on glucosamine (GlcN) residues of heparan sulfate (HS) to form 3-O-sulfated HS. HS3ST1 is the rate limiting enzyme for synthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate. Unlike the other members of the HS3ST family, it is probably located in the Golgi lumen (Shworak et al. 1997).
The bifunctional enzymes heparan sulfate N-deacetylases/N-sulfotransferases 1-4 (NDST1-4) catalyse both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of heparan (Dixon et al. 1995, Duncan et al. 2006, Aikawa & Esko 1999, Aikawa et al. 2001). Once GlcNAc is deacetylated to glucosamine, the NDST enzymes can sulfate it on position 2 (N).
Human heparan sulfate L-iduronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS2ST1) mediates the transfer of sulfate from PAPS to the C2-position of iduronate (and glucuronate with lesser preference) (Smeds et al. 2010) residues in heparan sulfate chains (Rong et al. 2000).
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases (HS3ST2-6) transfer sulfate to the 3-OH position on glucosamine (GlcN) residues of heparan sulfate (HS) to form 3-O-sulfated HS (Shworak et al. 1999, Xia et al. 2002). HS3ST2-6 do not convert non-anticoagulant heparan sulfate to anticoagulant heparan sulfate.
Internal control regions for transcription of eukaryotic tRNA genes
N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase (GNS) is a lysosomal enzyme which degrades glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. GNS shows strong sequence similarity to other sulphatases such as the family of arylsulfatases and the conversion to 3-oxo-alanine (formylglycine, FGly) of a cysteine residue is critical for catalytic activity, based on this similarity (Robertson et al. 1992, Robertson et al. 1988). Defects in GNS are the cause of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (MPSIIID, MIM:252940), also called Sanfilippo D syndrome (Valstar et al. 2010).
Keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPGs) are degraded in lysosomes as part of normal homeostasis of glycoproteins. Glycoproteins must be completely degraded to avoid undigested fragments building up and causing a variety of lysosomal storage diseases. KSPGs are Asn-linked glycoproteins and are acted upon by exo-glycosidases to release sugar monomers. The main steps of degradation are shown representing the types of cleavage reactions that occur so the full degradation of KS is not shown to avoid repetition. The proteolysis of the core protein of the glycoprotein is not shown here (Winchester 2005, Aronson & Kuranda 1989).
Keratan sulfate (KSI) is the best characterised keratan sulfate. It is 10 times more abundant in cornea than cartilage. KSI is attached to an asparagine (Asn) residue on the core protein via an N-linked branched oligosaccharide (an N-glycan core structure used as a precursor in N-glycan biosynthesis). KSI is elongated by the alternate additions of galactose (Gal) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mediated by glycosyltransferases. Elongation is terminated by the addition of a single N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialyl) residue. KSI is also sulfated on Gal and GlcNAc residues by at least two sulfotransferases (Funderburgh 2000, Funderburgh 2002, Quantock et al. 2010). KSI can be attached to asparagine residues on core proteins, creating so called proteoglycans (PGs). Seven common core proteins found in corneal and skeletal tissues are used as examples here.
Beta-galactosidase (GLB1) can cleave terminal galactose residues from glycosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate (KS) (Asp et al. 1969). Defects in GLB1 cause the lysosomal storage diseases GM1gangliosidosis (Yoshida et al. 1991) and Morquio syndrome type B (Oshima et al. 1991).
E2F mediates cell cycle-dependent transcriptional repression in vivo by recruitment of an HDAC1/mSin3B corepressor complex
B3GAT1 (Kitagawa et al. 1998), 2 (Marcos et al. 2002) and 3 (Ouzzine et al. 2000) transfer a glucuronate residue via a beta1,3-linkage to a terminal galactose. The B3GATs are homodimeric and require manganese as a cofactor (Kakuda et al. 2004, Ouzzine et al. 2000). The tetrasaccharide linker is now complete, ready to accept further hexosamine additions. The type of hexosamine added is critical in determining which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is formed.
The biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate and heparin/heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) starts with the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker sequence to the core protein. The first step is the addition of xylose to the hydroxy group of specific serine residues on the core protein. Subsequent additions of two galactoses and a glucuronide moiety completes the linker sequence. From here, the next hexosamine addition is critical as it determines which GAG is formed (Lamberg & Stoolmiller 1974, Pavao et al. 2006).
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (B4GALT7) adds galactose to beta-xyloside in a beta-1,4 linkage creating the second addition to the tetrasaccharide linker, the precursor required for glycosaminoglycan synthesis (Almeida et al. 1999). Defects in B4GALT7 cause Ehlers-Danlos syndrome progeroid type (EDSP) (MIM:130070) (Okajima et al. 1999).
Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 6 (B3GALT6) transfers a second galactose to the tetrasaccharide linker. Although it can act on substrates with a terminal beta-linked galactose residue, it prefers galactose-beta-1,4-xylose (Bai et al. 2001). B3GALT6 requires manganese as a cofactor (Zhou et al. 1999).
Keratan sulfate (KS) (a glycosaminoglycan, GAG) is a linear polysaccharide that consists of the repeating disaccharide unit GlcNAc-Gal (N-acetylglucosamine-galactose). KS can perform a structural function and is found in bone, cartilage and the cornea. In joints, it also acts as a shock absorber due to its highly hydrated nature. There are several classes of KS, KSI, II and III. KSI is N-linked to asparagine (Asn) residues in the core protein and is predominantly found in the cornea. KSII is O-linked to serine (Ser) or Thr (threonine) residues in the core protein and is found predominantly in cartilage linked to the protein aggrecan, forming the most abundant proteoglycan in cartilage. A third class of KS, KSIII, are proteoglycans in the brain. KSIII chains are linked to Ser/Thr residues in the core protein via mannose (Funderburgh 2000, Funderburgh 2002). Normally, the body degrades GAGs as a natural turnover. Defects in the degradative enzymes cause the autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharide storage disease Morquio's syndrome (also called mucopolysaccharidosis IV). This involves the build up of KS in lysosomes, manifesting clinically as skeletal, dental and corneal abnormalities (Tomatsu et al. 2005).
Xylosyltransferase 1 (XYLT1) catalyses the initial step in the tetrasaccharide linkage required for glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. This reaction can take place in the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (not shown here). XYLT1 mediates the transfer of xylose from the active nucleotide sugar UDP-xylose to specific serine hydroxy groups in the core protein. A C-terminal DxD motif on the enzyme is thought to be critical for activity (Muller et al. 2005, Goetting et al. 2004). Xylosyltransferase 2 (XYLT2) belongs to the XYLT family, displaying 55% amino acid sequence homology to XYLT1, whose activity has yet to be demonstrated (Goetting et al. 2000).
The process of vision involves two stages; the retinoid cycle which supplies and regenerates the visual chromophore required for vision and phototransduction which propagates the light signal. Defects in the genes involved in the retinoid cycle cause degenerative retinal diseases. These defective genes are described here (for reviews see Travis et al. 2007, Palczewski 2010, Fletcher et al. 2011, den Hollander et al. 2008).
The gene defects which cause diseases related to the retinoid cycle are described here (Travis et al. 2007, Palczewski 2010, Fletcher et al. 2011, den Hollander et al. 2008).
Normally functioning lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) mediates the transfer of an acyl group onto all-trans-retinol (atROL), forming retinyl esters (REs), the storage form of retinoids. Defects in LRAT cause Leber congenital amaurosis type 14 (LCA14, MIM:613341), an autosomal recessive juvenile-onset retinal dystrophy affecting rod and cone photoreceptors. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) comprises a group of early-onset retinal dystrophies characterized by vision loss, nystagmus, and severe retinal dysfunction (Chung & Traboulsi 2009). Loss of function is caused by the mutants S175R, 396delAA (Thompson et al. 2001) and 217delAT (Senechal et al. 2006, den Hollander et al. 2007) (the latter two not displayed).
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare, inherited lysosomal storage disorders caused by deficiencies of enzymes catalyzing the stepwise degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs, originally called mucopolysaccharides) (Neufeld & Muenzer in Scriver et al. 2001). Catabolism of the GAGs dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, heparin, keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronan may be blocked at one or more steps, resulting in lysosomal accumulation of GAG fragments of varying size. Over time these collect in the cells, blood and connective tissues ultimately resulting in progressive irreversible cellular damage which affects appearance, physical abilities, organ and system function, vision, and usually mental development (Lehman et al. 2011, Ashworth et al. 2006). Life expectancy is also reduced. There are 11 known enzyme deficiencies that give rise to 7 distinct MPS. These disorders are biochemically characterized by elevated levels of partially or undegraded GAGs in lysosomes, blood, urine and cerebro-spinal fluid (Muenzer 2011, Coutinho et al. 2012). The MPS are part of the lysosomal storage disease family, a group of about 50 genetic disorders caused by deficient lysosomal proteins (Ballabio & Gieselmann 2009).
A portion of PDPK1 (PDK1) is anchored to the plasma membrane in the absence of PI3K activity through PIP2 binding (Currie et al. 1999). This PIP2-bound PDPK1 is able to bind and phosphorylate PIP2-bound AKT E17K mutants (Carpten et al. 2007, Landgraf et al. 2008) phosphorylated on serine residue S473.
PIP2-binding AKT1 E17K mutants are anchored to the plasma membrane in the absence of PI3K activity and are constitutively phosphorylated on serine S473, presumably by the TORC2 complex (Carpten et al. 2007, Landgraf et al. 2008).
Substitution of glutamic acid with lysine at position 17 of AKT1 results in constitutive plasma membrane localization of AKT1, independent of PI3K activity and PIP3 generation (Carpten et al. 2007). This constitutive plasma membrane targeting of AKT1 E17K mutant is due to an increased affinity for PIP2 (Landgraf et al. 2008).
One of the functions of PTEN is to act as a phosphoinositide phosphatase that catalyzes dephosphorylation of PIP3 into PIP2. PTEN thus reduces the amount of available PIP3, counteracting PI3K activity and downregulating AKT signaling. PTEN is frequently targeted by loss of function mutations in cancer and in familial cancer syndromes known as PTHS (PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes, a collection of diseases including Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, and Lhermitte-Duclos disease). Some PTEN loss-of-function variants are also found in autism spectrum disorder patients. For a recent review of PTEN involvement in cancer, please refer to Hollander et al. 2011. The majority of missense mutations that impair phosphoinositide phosphatase activity of PTEN cluster in exon 5 of PTEN gene and result in substitution of amino acid residues in the catalytic cleft of the phosphatase domain. Arginine at position 130 is the most frequently substituted PTEN residue in cancer. R130 of human PTEN is the last arginine residue in the conserved H-C-K/R-A-G-K-G-R sequence (corresponding to HCXXGXXR motif of protein tyrosine phosphatases) in the catalytic cleft of the PTEN phosphatase domain and is essential for catalysis (Barford et al. 1994, Lee et al. 1999). PTEN R130 substitution mutants show markedly decreased phosphoinositide phosphatase activity (Han et al. 2000, Koul et al. 2002) and are frequently found in endometrial carcinoma (Kong et al. 1997, Konopka et al. 2007). The cysteine residue at position 124 (C124) of human PTEN, in the conserved H-C-K/R-A-G-K-G-R sequence, 'attacks' the phosphate group of a substrate and forms a thio-phosphate intermediate during the dephosphorylation reaction (Guan and Dixon 1991, Barford et al. 1994, Lee et al. 1999). Therefore, substitution of this critical C124 abolishes PTEN phosphatase activity (Han et al. 2000, Koul et al. 2002). Substitution of histidine H123 in the conserved H-C-K/R-A-G-K-G-R sequence also impairs PTEN phosphatase activity (Lee et al. 1999). Missense mutations also target amino acid residues in the N-terminal phosphatase domain that are outside the catalytic cleft. Substitution of histidine at position 93 affects the conserved WPD loop of the phosphatase domain of PTEN, and PTEN H93 mutants show low phosphoinositide phosphatase activity (Lee et al. 1999). Serine residue S170 and histidine residue H173 participate in the formation of hydrogen bonds between the N-terminal phosphatase domain of PTEN and the C-terminal membrane-binding C2 domain (Lee et al. 1999). H173, and to a lesser extent S170, are targeted by missense mutations in cancer, and substitution mutants have impaired phosphoinositide phosphatase activity (Han et al. 2000). Missense mutations also occur in the C2 domain of PTEN. The C2 domain is implicated in membrane binding and localization of PTEN, but also in PTEN roles unrelated to its phosphoinositide phosphatase function (Raftopoulou et al. 2004). Since the roles of these C2 domain PTEN mutants in cancer have not been clarified, these variants will be annotated when more information becomes available. Besides missense mutations, nonsense mutations that result in PTEN protein truncation are also frequently found in cancer samples. The three residues most frequently targeted by nonsense mutations are R130, R233 and R335. While R130* mutation directly affects the phosphatase domain of PTEN, R233* and R335* affect the C2 domain. It is has not yet been elucidated whether R233* and R335* affect PTEN membrane localization or impair PTEN function in some other way. In cancer, PTEN is also frequently inactivated by genomic deletions and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) affecting chromosome band 10q23 or by epigenetic silencing (reviewed by Hollander et al. 2011).
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII, Sly syndrome, beta-glucuronidase deficiency; MIM:253220) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUSB; MIM:611499) which would normally cleave glucuronide residues from dematan sulphate, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate, resulting in build up of these GAGs in cells and tissues (Sly et al. 1973). The gene encoding GUSB is 21 kb long, contains 12 exons and gives rise to two different types of cDNAs, through an alternate splicing mechanism (Miller et al. 1990). It maps to 7q11.21-q11.22 (Speleman et al. 1996). The phenotype is highly variable, ranging from severe causing death, non-immune hydrops fetalis (Vervoort et al. 1996) to mild forms with survival into adulthood (Storch et al. 2003). Most patients with the intermediate phenotype show hepatomegaly, skeletal anomalies, coarse facies, and variable degrees of mental impairment (Shipley et al. 1993, Tomatsu et al. 2009).
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IX (MPS IX, Natowicz syndrome, Hyaluronidase deficiency, MIM:601492) is a rare lysosomal storage disease characterized by high hyaluronan (HA) concentration in the serum resulting from deficiency in hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1, MIM:607071) which normally hydrolyses 1-4 linkages between N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and D-glucuronate (GlcA) residues. Symptoms of MPS IX are periodically painful soft tissue masses around the joints, acquired short stature and erosion of the hip joint, although joint movement and intelligence are normal (Natowicz et al. 1996, Triggs-Raine et al. 1999).
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, polydystrophic dwarfism; MIM:253200) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in arylsulfatase B (ARSB, N-acetyl-galactosamine 4-sulfatase; MIM:611542). It is named after two French physicians, Pierre Maroteaux and Maurice Emil Joseph Lamy. Maroteaux first described this disorder as a novel dysostosis associated with increased urinary excretion of chondroitin sulfate (CS; Maroteaux et al. 1963). The gene encoding ARSB is mapped to chromosome 5q11-q13 (Fidzianska et al. 1984) and contains 8 exons spanning about 206 kb (Karangeorgos et al. 2007). Defective ARSB results in build up of dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in soft tissues causing compression and blockages in blood vessels, nerves, trachea, corneal clouding and disrupting normal bone development. Symptoms are similar to MPS I but with normal intelligence generally (Rapini et al. 2007, Valayannopoulos et al. 2010).
Mucopolysaccharidosis III (Sanfilippo syndrome) was described in 1963 by a pediatrician named Sylvester Sanfilippo (J. Pediat. 63: 837-838, 1963, no reference). Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (MPS IIID, Sanfilippo syndrome D, MIM:252940) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to the loss of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfatase (GNS; MIM:607664), that hydrolyses the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. GNS is localized to chromosome 12q14 and has 14 exons spanning 46 kb (Robertson et al. 1988, Mok et al. 2003). Loss of enzyme activity leads to lysosomal accumulation and urinary excretion of heparan sulfate and N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate residues (Mok et al. 2003). Keratan sulphate does not accumulate in MPS IIID, as beta-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulphate can be cleaved by beta-hexosaminidase A (Kresse et al. 1980). This disorder is characterized by progressive mental deterioration but only moderate physical abnormalities and death duing the second or third decade of life, presenting a phenotype similar to MPSIIIA (Jones et al. 1997, de Ruijter et al. 2011).
Mucopolysaccharidosis III (Sanfilippo syndrome) was described in 1963 by a pediatrician named Sylvester Sanfilippo (J. Pediat. 63: 837838, 1963, no reference). Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC (MPS IIIC, Sanfilippo syndrome C; MIM:252930) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to the loss of heparan alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT; MIM:610453) that normally acetylates the non-reducing terminal alpha-glucosamine residue of heparan sulfate. The molecular defects underlying MPS IIIC remained unknown for almost three decades due to the low tissue content and instability of HGSNAT. But, during the last decade, the gene was cloned in parallel by two different groups and shown to contain 18 exons and span approximately 62Kb (Fan et al. 2006, Hrebicek et al. 2006). Loss of HGSNAT results in build up of this glycosaminglycan (GAG) in cells and tissues and is characterized by severe central nervous system degeneration but only with mild somatic disease and death occurs typically during the second or third decade of life (Kresse et al. 1978, Klein et al. 1978, Feldhammer et al. 2009, de Ruijter et al. 2011).
Defects in beta-galactosidase (GLB1; MIM:611458) can result in GM1 gangliosidosis (GM1; MIM:230500) (Nishimoto et al. 1991) (not described here), with several phenotypes indicating mental deterioration, as well as in mucopolysaccharidosis IVB, a characteristic mucopolysaccharidosis with no neurological symptoms (Callahan 1999). Mucopolysaccharidosis IVB (MPS IVB, Morquio's syndrome B; MIM:253010) is a rare, autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharide storage disease characterized by intracellular accumulation of keratan sulfate (KS), skeletal dysplasia and corneal clouding. There is no central nervous system involvement, intelligence is normal and there is increased KS excretion in urine (Suzuki et al. "Beta-galactosidase deficiency (beta-galactosidosis): GM1 gangliosidosis and Morquio B disease", p3775-3809 in Stryer et al. 2001). MPSIVB is caused by a defect in betagalactosidase (GLB1), which normally cleaves terminal galactosyl residues from glycosaminoglycans, gangliosides and glycoproteins. The GLB1 gene spans 62.5 kb and contains 16 exons (Oshima et al.1988, Santamaria et al. 2007) and maps to chromosome 3p21.33 (Takano & Yamanouchi 1993).
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV A (MPS IVA, MPS4A, Morquio's syndrome, Morquio's; MIM:253000) is a rare, autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharide storage disease, first described simultaneously in 1929 by L Morquio (Morquio L, Sur une forme de distrophie familiale, Bull Soc Pediat, Paris, 27, 1929, 145-152) and JF Brailsford (Brailsford, JF, Chondro-osteo-dystrophy: roentgenographic and clinical features of child with dislocation of vertebrae, Am j Surg, 7, 1929, 404-410). MPSIVA is caused by a deficiency in N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase (GALNS; MIM:612222) which normally hydrolyses 6-sulfate groups of N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and of galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate (KS) (Matalon et al. 1974). The result is accumulation of KS/DS in cells and overexcretion in urine. Severe osteochondrodysplasia is a commonly seen phenotype for this disease. The severity of the disease is variable but severe cases limits lifespan to their 20's or 30's (Prat et al. 2008, Tomatsu et al. 2011). The gene coding for human GALNS was mapped to chromosome 16q24.3 (Masuno et al. 1993) and its structure described at the same time by two independent groups as comprising 14 exons and spanning approximately 40-50 kb (Nakashima et al.1994, Morris et al.1994).
Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome, MIM:309900) is an X-linked, recessive genetic disorder which therefore primarily affects males. MPS II was first described in 1917, by Major Charles Hunter (Hunter 1917) and is caused by a deficiency (or absence) of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS, MIM:300823), which would normally hydrolyse the 2-sulfate groups of the L-iduronate 2-sulfate units of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin. Without IDS, these GAGs accumulate in the body and are excessively excreted in urine. Although the disease was known since the early 1970s, being the first MPS to be defined clinically in humans, it wasnt until the 1990s that IDS was cloned. It is now known to be localized to Xq28 (Wilson et al. 1991) and contain 9 exons (Flomen et al. 1993) spanning approximately 24 kb (Wilson et al. 1993). Build up can occur in the liver and spleen as well as in the walls and valves of the heart (reduced hepatic and cardiac function, liver/spleen hepatosplenomegaly), airways (leading to obstructive airway disease), all major joints and bones (joint stiffness and skeletal deformities) and in brain (severe mental retardation). The rate of progression and degree of severity of the disorder can be different for each person with MPS II. Severe forms of the disorder can result in death in childhood whereas those with a "milder" form can expect to live to their 20's or 30's. Some patients even survive into their fifth and sixth decades of life (Wraith et al. 2008, Beck 2011).
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I, Hurler syndrome, Hurler's disease, gargoylism, Scheie, Hirler-Scheie syndrome; MIM:607014, 607015 and 607016) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder where there is a deficiency of alpha-L iduronidase (IDUA, MIM:252800), a glycosidase that removes non-reducing terminal alpha-L-iduronide residues during the lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate (McKusick 1959). In 1992, Scott and colleagues were able to clone and purify the gene that encodes this enzyme, IDUA, demonstrating that it spans approximately 19 kb and contains 14 exons (Scott et al. 1992). Hurler syndrome is named after a German paediatrician Gertrud Hurler (1919, no reference available). The result is build up of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in the body and increased urinary excretion of these GAGs. Symptoms and signs include hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, unique facial features, corneal clouding, retinopathy, progressive mental retardation appears during childhood and early death can occur due to organ damage (Campos & Monaga 2012). MPS I is divided into three subtypes, ranging from severe to mild phenotypes; Mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPSIH, Hurler syndrome, MIM:607014), mucopolysaccharidosis type IH/S (MPSIH/S, HurlerScheie syndrome, MIM: 607015) and mucopolysaccharidosis type IS (MPSIS, Scheie syndrome, MIM: 607016) respectively (McKusick 1972).
Mucopolysaccharidosis III (Sanfilippo syndrome) was described in 1963 by a pediatrician named Sylvester Sanfilippo (J. Pediat. 63: 837838, 1963, no reference). MPS IIIB (Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, MPS IIIB, Sanfilippo syndrome type B; MIM:252920) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to loss of function of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU; MIM:609701), involved in the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine residues in heparan sulfate (HS) The gene encoding NAGLU was cloned in 1996 by Zhao and colleagues. It contains 6 exons and spans 8.3 kb on chromosome 17q21 (Zhao et al. 1996). MPSIIIB is characterized by severe CNS retardation but only mild somatic disease and death usually occurs in the second or third decade of life (Zhao et al. 1996, Yogalingam & Hopwood 2001, de Ruijter et al. 2011). MPS IIIB shows extensive molecular heterogeneity (Schmidtchen et al. 1998).
Mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS III, Sanfilippo syndrome) was described in 1963 by a pediatrician named Sylvester Sanfilippo (J. Pediat. 63: 837-838, 1963, no reference). Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA, Sanfilippo syndrome A, MIM:252900) is a rare, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterised by severe CNS degeneration in early childhood leading to death between 10 and 20 years of age. A deficiency of the enzyme N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase (SGSH, MIM:605270), which normally hydrolyses the sulfate group from the terminal N-sulphoglucosamine residue of heparan sulfate (HS), leads to the build-up of HS in cells and tissues and its presence in urine (van de Kamp et al. 1981, Yogalingam & Hopwood 2001, de Ruijter et al. 2011). The gene encoding N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase, SGSH, was cloned in 1995 (Scott et al.1995) and, later, shown to contain 8 exons spanning approximately 11 kb (Karageorgos et al. 1996).
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharides containing a repeating disaccharide unit composed of a hexosamine (either N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)) and a uronic acid (glucuronate or iduronate). They can be heavily sulfated. GAGs are located primarily in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and on cell membranes, acting as a lubricating fluid for joints and as part of signalling processes. They have structural roles in connective tissue, cartilage, bone and blood vessels (Esko et al. 2009). GAGs are degraded in the lysosome as part of their natural turnover. Defects in the lysosomal enzymes responsible for the metabolism of membrane-associated GAGs lead to lysosomal storage diseases called mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). MPSs are characterised by the accumulation of GAGs in lysosomes resulting in chronic, progressively debilitating disorders that in many instances lead to severe psychomotor retardation and premature death (Cantz & Gehler 1976, Clarke 2008). The biosynthesis and breakdown of the main GAGs (hyaluronate, keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate) is described here.
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). CS chains are unbranched polysaccharides of varying length containing two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). The chains are usually attached to proteins forming a proteoglycan. CS is an important structural component of cartilage due to it's ability to withstand compression. It is also a widely used dietary supplement for osteoarthritis. When some of the GlcA residues are epimerized into L-iduronic acid (IdoA) the resulting disaccharide is then referred to as dermatan sulfate (DS) (Silbert & Sugumaran 2002). DS is the most predominant GAG in skin but is also found in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and the lungs. It may play roles in cardiovascular disease, tumorigenesis, infection, wound repair and fibrosis (Trowbridge & Gallo 2002).
Lysosomal degradation of glycoproteins is part of the cellular homeostasis of glycosylation (Winchester 2005). The steps outlined below describe the degradation of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Complete degradation of glycoproteins is required to avoid build up of glycosaminoglycan fragments which can cause lysosomal storage diseases. Complete degradation steps are not shown as they are repetitions of the main ones described here. The proteolysis of the core protein of the glycoprotein is not shown here.
The lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) hydrolyzes the nonreducing terminal iduronide glycosidic bond in heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate (Scott et al. 1991). Defects in IDUA cause mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MIM:607014, also called Hurler syndrome), mucopolysaccharidosis type IH/S (MIM:607015, also called HurlerScheie syndrome) and mucopolysaccharidosis type IS (MIM:607016, also called Scheie syndrome) (Scott et al. 1993).
Iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) hydrolyses 2-sulfate groups from L-iduronate 2-sulfate units of dermatan sulfate in the lysosome. Defects in IDS are the cause of mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII, MIM:309900), also called Hunter syndrome (Wilson et al. 1990).
As part of the natural turnover of GAGs, extracellular KSPGs translocate to the lysosome to be degraded. The translocation process is unsure but could be either endocytosis from outside the cell or autophagy from inside the cell (Winchester 2005).
Dermatan sulfate (DS) consists of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues alternating in glycosidic linkages with glucuronic acid (GlcA) or iduronic acid (IdoA) residues. As with CS, GalNAc residues can be sulfated in CS chains but also the uronic acid residues may be substituted with sulfate at the 2- and 4- positions. The steps below outline the synthesis of a simple DS chain (Silbert & Sugumaran 2002).
Various forms of dermatan sulfate are excreted from the cell once formed. The mechanism of transport is unknown but most likely involves the trans-golgi network (Silbert & Sugumaran 2002).
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycan consists of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues alternating in glycosidic linkages with glucuronic acid (GlcA). GalNAc residues are sulfated to varying degrees on 4- and/or 6- positions. The steps below describe the biosynthesis of a simple CS molecule (Pavao et al. 2006, Silbert & Sugumaran 2002).
Once chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are formed (can be either C4S-PG, C6S-PG or CSE-PG), they are secreted out into the extracellular matrix (ECM) via the trans-golgi network (Fransson et al. 2000).
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase9, 11, 12 and 13 (CHST9, 11, 12 and 13) catalyse the transfer of sulfate from PAPS to position 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue of chondroitin (Kang et al. 2001, Okuda et al. 2000, Hiraoka et al. 2000, Kang et al. 2002 respectively).
LAB/NTAL/Lat2: a force to be reckoned with in all leukocytes?
Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions
The Rsu-1-PINCH1-ILK complex is regulated by Ras activation in tumor cells
In the second step of PAPS biosynthesis, adenylyl sulfate (APS) is phosphorylated to 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS), catalysed by the bifunctional enzymes PAPS synthases 1 and 2 (PAPSS1 and 2). PAPSS2 is essential for the sulfation of proteoglycans, a necessary post-translational modification. Defective PAPSS2 results in undersulfation of proteoglycans which causes spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type (SEMD-PA; MIM:612847), a bone disease characterized by epiphyseal dysplasia with mild metaphyseal abnormalities. Mutations resulting in SEMD-PA include S438*, T48R and R329* (Ahmad et al. 1998, ul Haque et al. 1998, Noordam et al. 2009).
In the first step of PAPS biosynthesis, ATP and sulfate react to form adenylyl sulfate (APS) and pyrophosphate (PPi), catalysed by the bifunctional enzymes PAPS synthases 1 and 2 (PAPSS1 and 2). PAPSS2 is essential for the sulfation of proteoglycans, a necessary post-translational modification. Defective PAPSS2 results in undersulfation of proteoglycans which causes spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type (SEMD-PA; MIM:612847), a bone disease characterized by epiphyseal dysplasia with mild metaphyseal abnormalities. Mutations resulting in SEMD-PA include S438*, T48R and R329* (Ahmad et al. 1998, ul Haque et al. 1998, Noordam et al. 2009).
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. In the absence of functional PAH, phenylalanine accumulates to high levels in the blood (Mitchell and Scriver 2010) and is converted to phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate (Clemens et al. 1990; Langenbeck et al. 1992). The extent of these conversions is modulated by genetic factors distinct from PAH, as siblings with the identical PAH defect can produce different amounts of them (Treacy et al. 1996). Both L-amino acid oxidase (Boulland et al. 2004) and Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 (Han et al. 2004) can catalyze the conversion of phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate and lactate dehydrogenase can catalyze the conversion of the latter molecule to phenyllactate (Meister 1951). Elevated levels of phenylalanine, phenylpyruvate, and phenyllactate are all thought to contribute to the symptoms of phenylketonuria. One possible target is the metabolism of kynurenine.
CCBL1 (KAT 1) catalyzes the reaction of kynurenine and pyruvate to form 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate and alanine. The active form of CCBL1 is a homodimer with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate bound to each monomer (Baran et al. 1994; Han et al. 2009; Rossi et al. 2004). The enzyme's cytosolic localization is inferred from that of recombinant protein overexpressed in transfected cells (Perry et al. 1995). The pH optimum observed for CCBL1 in vitro is 9.5 - 10.0, so its role in kynurenine metabolism in vivo is not clear (Baran et al. 1994). Biochemical studies of CCBL1 activity in vitro (e.g., Baren et al. 1994) invariably measure kynurenic acid as the reaction product, not 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate, the product to be expected from transamination of kynurenine. The condensation of 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate and elimination of a water molecule to form kynurenic acid has not been demonstrated directly. As noted by Miller et al. (1953), discussing their characterization of a bacterial form of the enzyme, "The keto acid assumed to be formed prior to ring closure in the conversion of kynurenine to kynurenic acid has not yet been detected. In principle, such detection should be possible, since it is sufficiently stable to have been synthesized. It also remains to be established whether ring closure is spontaneous, enzymatic, or both. The formation of kynurenic acid from L-kynurenine by the L-amino acid oxidase of Neurospora suggests, however, that ring closure can be spontaneous, unless the somewhat improbable assumption is made that Neurospora filtrate contained the ring-closing enzyme."
The human gene SLC35D2 encodes the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter (UGTREL8; homolog of Fringe connection protein 1, HFRC1). It resides on the Golgi membrane where it mediates the transport of nucleotide sugars such as UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-glucose into the Golgi lumen in exchange for UMP (Suda et al. 2004, Ishida et al. 2005).
PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate), which functions as a sulfate donor in the cell, is synthesized from sulfate and two molecules of ATP in a two-step process (Robbins & Lipmann 1958) catalyzed in vertebrates by a bifunctional enzyme (Venkatachalam et al. 1998). PAPS synthesis takes place in the cytosol, and it is either consumed there in the sulfonation of a variety of hormones and xenobiotics, or it is transported to the Golgi apparatus and consumed in the synthesis of proteoglycans like chondroitin sulfate. Two isoforms of the human bifunctional enzyme are known, mutations in one of which are associated with defects in proteoglycan biosynthesis (Girard et al. 1998, ul Haque et al. 1998).
The human gene SLC35B2 encodes the adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1 (PAPST1) (Ozeran et al. 1996, Kamiyama et al. 2003). In human tissues, PAPST1 is highly expressed in the placenta and pancreas and present at lower levels in the colon and heart. The human gene SLC35B3 encodes a human PAPS transporter gene that is closely related to PAPST1. Called PAPST2, it is predominantly expressed in the colon (Kamiyama et al. 2006).
The ability of human lactate dehydrogenase to catalyze the reaction of phenylalanine with NADH + H+ to form phenyllactate and NAD+ is inferred from the properties of bovine heart lactate dehydrogenase (Meister 1951). As these studies were carried out only on the one bovine isoform, the reaction is inferred only for the corresponding human isoform. The reaction rate measured for bovine LDHB acting on phenylpyruvate is approximately 2% of its rate on pyruvate, but could yield appreciable amounts of phenyllactate under conditions of high phenylpyruvate concentration.
CCBL1 (KAT1) catalyzes the reaction of phenylalanine and oxaloacetate to form keto-phenylpyruvate and aspartate. The active form of CCBL1 is a homodimer with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate bound to each monomer (Rossi et al. 2004). CCBL1 (KAT1) acts on phenylalanine and kynurenine with comparable efficiencies (Han et al. 2004), consistent with the idea that when phenylalanine levels are elevated CCBL1 (KAT1) activity could be a major source of phenylpyruvate. Oxaloacetate is one of several 2-oxoacids that function efficiently in CCBL1-mediated transamination (Han et al. 2004). Notably, neither tyrosine aminotransferase (Sivaraman and Kirsch 2006) nor glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase (Cammarata and Cohen 1951) acts on phenylalanine.
Cytosolic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyzes the reaction of phenylalanine, molecular oxygen and tetrahydrobiopterin to form tyrosine, water, and 4 alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. The active form of the enzyme is a homotetramer (Fusetti et al. 1998).
FGFR4 N535K and FGFR4 V550E have been shown to undergo autophosphorylation when transfected into a murine rhabdomysarcoma (RMS) cell line and to promote transformation in NIH 3T3 cells. Receptor activation leads to increased signaling through STAT3, but decreased levels of phospho-AKT and phospho-Erk1/2 compared to vector control. Cells transfected with the N535K and V550E mutants also showed upregulation of cell cycle and DNA replication gene pathways and significantly higher growth rates (Taylor, 2009).
After recruitment to activated FGFR mutants, FRS2alpha is believed to be phosphorylated, potentially on all 6 of the tyrosines phosphorylated by wild-type FGFRs. Phosphorylation of FRS2alpha by FGFR has been demonstrated in some cases (see for instance Qing, 2009; Bai, 2010; Ahmed, 2008; Raffioni, 1998) and is inferred to occur in others based on activation of downstream signaling modules (reviewed in Wesche, 2011; Turner and Grose, 2010).
After activation, FGFR mutants are presumed to recruit FRS2alpha. This has been demonstrated in some cases (see for instance Ahmed, 2008; Weiss, 2010; Dutt, 2008; Dutt, 2011; Cha, 2009; Qing, 2009; Bai, 2010 ) and is inferred to occur in others by analogy with the wild-type receptor.
Although it has not been rigourously established, there is some evidence that PLC-gamma signaling may be activated after autophosphorylation of some FGFR mutants, analagous to the wild type receptor (see for instance, Hart, 2000; Chen, 2005; Cha, 2008; di Martino, 2009; Gartside, 2009; Cross, 2000; Hatch, 2006). The extent to which each of the mutants activates this pathway and to which proliferation and tumorigenesis relies on PLC-gamma dependent signaling, remains to be more firmly established.
Activation of Erk1/2 downstream of FGFR mutants suggests that, as is the case for WT FGFR, FGFR mutant-associated SOS1 activates RAS nucleotide exchange from the inactive GDP-bound to the active GTP-bound state (see for instance, Weiss, 2010; Dutt, 2011; Raffioni, 1998; Cha, 2009; Hart, 2000; Turner, 2010; Kunii, 2008; Byron, 2008; Roidl, 2010; Chesi, 2001; Ronchetti, 2001; reviewed in Wesche, 2011).
By analogy with the wild-type pathway, PLC-gamma is presumed to be phosphorylated by activated FGFR mutants, resulting in PLC-gamma activation, stimulation of phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and generation of two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol (1,4,5) P3.
The pathway 'Signaling by FGFR in disease' shows 'Signaling by FGFR mutants' in parallel with the wild-type pathway 'Signaling by FGFR', allowing users to compare disease and normal events. FGFR mutants and events associated with germline diseases and cancer are highlighted in red. The wild-type pathway is shaded in the background. For detailed pathway summations, please see 'Signaling by FGFR mutants' and 'Signaling by FGFR'.
A number of skeletal and developmental diseases have been shown to arise as a result of mutations in the FGFR1, 2 and 3 genes. These include dwarfism syndromes (achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and the neonatal lethal disorders thanatophoric dysplasia I and II), as well as craniosynostosis disorders such as Pfeiffer, Apert, Crouzon, Jackson-Weiss and Muenke syndromes (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue 1997; Burke, 1998, Cunningham, 2009; Harada, 2009). These mutations fall into four general regions of the receptor: a) the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain II-III linker region, b) the alternatively spliced second half of the Ig III domain, c) the transmembrane domain and d) the tyrosine kinase domain (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997). With the exception of mutations in class b), which affect only the relevant splice variant, these mutations may be present in either the 'b' or 'c' isoforms. These activating mutations affect FGFR function by altering or expanding the ligand-binding range of the receptors (see for instance Ibrahimi, 2004a), by promoting ligand-independent dimerization (for instance, Galvin,1996; Neilson and Friesel, 1996; d'Avis,1998) or by increasing the activity of the kinase domain (for instance, Webster, 1996; Naski, 1996; Tavormina, 1999; Bellus, 2000). Thus, a number of the point mutations found in FGFR receptors alter their activity without altering their intrinsic kinase activity. Many of the mutations that promote constitutive dimerization do so by creating or removing cysteine residues; the presence of an unpaired cysteine in the receptor is believed to promote dimerization through the formation of intramolecular disulphide bonds (Galvin, 1996; Robertson, 1998). Paralogous mutations at equivalent positions have been identified in more than one FGF receptor, sometimes giving rise to different diseases. For instance, mutation of the highly conserved FGFR2 Ser252-Pro253 dipeptide in the region between the second and third Ig domain is responsible for virtually all cases of Apert Syndrome (Wilkie, 1995), while paralogous mutations in FGFR1 (S252R) and FGFR3 (P250R) are associated with Pfeiffer and Crouzon syndromes, respectively (Bellus, 1996). FGFR4 is unique in that mutations of this gene are not known to be associated with any developmental disorders. Recently, many of the same activating mutations in the FGFR genes that have been characterized in skeletal and developmental disorders have begun to be identified in a range of cancers (reviewed in Turner and Gross, 2010; Greulich and Pollock, 2011; Wesche, 2011). The best established link between a somatic mutation of an FGFR and the development of cancer is in the case of FGFR3, where 50% of bladder cancers have mutations in the FGFR3 coding sequence. Of these mutations, which largely match the activating mutations seen in thanatophoric dysplasias, over half occur at a single residue (S249C) (Cappellen, 1999; van Rhijn, 2002). Activating mutations have also been identified in the coding sequences of FGFR1, 2 and 4 (for review, see Wesche, 2011) In addition to activating point mutations, the FGFR1, 2 and 3 genes are subject to misregulation in cancer through gene amplification and translocation events, which are thought to lead to overexpression and ligand-independent dimerization (Weiss, 2010; Turner, 2010; Kunii, 2008; Takeda, 2007; Chesi, 1997; Avet-Loiseau, 1998; Ronchetti, 2001). It is important to note, however, that in each of these cases, the amplification or translocation involve large genomic regions encompassing additional genes, and the definitive roles of the FGFR genes in promoting oncogenesis has not been totally established. In the case of FGFR1, translocation events also give rise to FGFR1 fusion proteins that contain the intracellular kinase domain of the receptor fused to a dimerization domain from the partner gene. These fusions, which are expressed in a pre-leukemic myeloproliferative syndrome, dimerize constitutively based on the dimerization domain provided by the fusion partner and are constitutively active (reviewed in Jackson, 2010).
FGFR4 is perhaps the least well studied of the FGF receptors, and unlike the case for the other FGFR genes, mutations in FGFR4 are not known to be associated with any developmental disorders. Recently, however, somatically arising mutations in the FGFR4 coding sequence have begun to be identified in some cancers. 8% of rhabdomyosarcomas have activating mutations in the kinase domain of FGFR4. Two of these mutations - N535K (paralogous to the FGFR2 N550K allele found in endometrial cancers) and V550E - have been shown to support the oncogenic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells (Taylor, 2009). An FGFR4 Y367C mutation has also been identified in breast cancers (Ruhe, 2007; Roidl, 2010); mutations of paralogous residues in FGFR2 and FGFR3 are associated with both skeletal dysplasias and the development of diverse cancers (Pollock, 2007; Ruhe, 2007; Rousseau, 1996; Chesi, 1997, 2001). Finally, a SNP at position 388 of FGFR4 is associated with aggressive disease development. Expression of the G388R allele in breast, colorectal and prostate cancers is correlated with rapid progression times and increased rates of recurrence and metastasis (Bange, 2002; Spinola, 2005; Wang, 2004).
Treatment of cells expressing FGFR4 N535K or V550E with the in vitro FGFR inhibitor PD170734 reduces the levels of receptor autophosphorylation and increases the activation of caspase-3 and the number of cells undergoing apoptosis (Taylor, 2009).
FGFR4 is highly expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tissue, and high levels of expression are correlated with lower survival. Sequencing of exons from 94 RMS tumors identified 14 missense variants, 6 of which were localized in the tyrosine kinase domain, and four of which were in two amino acids (N535K/D and V550E/L). Mutations at amino acid 535 are predicted to eliminate an inhibitory H-bond that restricts receptor autophosphorylation, and mutations at amino acid 550 are believed to alter the ATP-binding site. Functional studies on N535K and V550 show that they undergo autophosphorylation when transfected into a murine RMS lines and transformed NIH 3T3 cells, leading to a metastatic phenotype (Taylor, 2009).
Expression of the FGFR4 Y367C mutant in MDA-MB453 breast cancer cell line results in constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor and serum-independent activation of downstream signaling as monitored by Erk phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of FGFR4 Y367C in HEK cells also leads to Erk activation and enhanced cellular proliferation. Akt and phospho-AKT levels were not affected by overexpression of the FGFR4 Y367C mutant, however (Roidl, 2010)
The Y367C mutation in FGFR4 was identified in a breast cancer cell line in a cDNA screen of kinase mutants (Ruhe, 2007). This residue is paralogous to the FGFR2 Y375C and FGFR3 Y373C mutations that have been shown to result in increased receptor activation (Prezylepa, 1996; Rousseau, 1996; d'Avis, 1998). Biochemical characterization of the FGFR4 Y367C mutation revealed that it undergoes spontaneous dimerization independent of ligand stimulation, presumably mediated by the aberrant cysteine residues in the extracellular region of the receptor (Roidl, 2009), thus affecting FGFR4 activity without directly altering its kinase activity.
The FGFR3 gene has been shown to be subject to activating mutations and gene amplification leading to a variety of proliferative and developmental disorders depending on whether these events occur in the germline or arise somatically. Activating mutations in FGFR3 are associated with the development of a range of skeletal dysplasias that result in dwarfism (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Burke, 1998; Harada, 2009). The most common form of human dwarfism is achondroplasia (ACH), which is caused by mutations G380R and G375C in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 that are thought to promote ligand-independent dimerization (Rousseau, 1994; Shiang, 1994; Bellus, 1995a) Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is a milder form dwarfism that is the result of mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR3 (Bellus, 1995b). Two neonatal lethal conditions, thanatophoric dysplasia type I and II (TDI and TDII) are also the result of mutations in FGFR3; TDI arises from a range of mutations that either result in the formation of unpaired cysteine residues in the extracellular region that promote aberrant ligand-independent dimerization or by mutations that introduce stop codons (Rousseau, 1995; Rousseau, 1996, D'Avis,1998). A single mutation, K650E in the second tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR3 is responsible for all identified cases of TDII (Tavormina, 1995a, b). Other missense mutations at the same K650 residue give rise to Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Disorders and Acanthosis Nigricans (SADDAN) syndrome (Tavormina, 1999; Bellus, 1999). The severity of the phenotype arising from many of the activating FGFR3 mutations has recently been shown to correlate with the extent to which the mutations activate the receptor (Naski, 1996; Bellus, 2000) In addition to mutations that cause dwarfism syndromes, a Pro250Arg mutation in the conserved dipeptide between the IgII and IgIII domains has been identified in an atypical craniosynostosis condition (Bellus, 1996; Reardon, 1997). This mutation, which is paralogous to mutations seen in FGFR1 and 2 in Pfeiffer and Apert Syndrome, respectively, results in an increase in ligand-binding affinity for the receptor (Ibrahimi, 2004b). Of all the FGF receptors, FGFR3 has perhaps the best established link to the development in cancer. 50% of bladder cancers have somatic mutations in the coding sequence of FGFR3; of these, more than half occur in the extracellular region at a single position (S249C) (Cappellen, 1999; Naski, 1996; di Martino, 2009, Sibley, 2001). Activating mutations are also seen in the juxta- and trans-membrane domains, as well as in the kinase domain (reviewed in Weshe, 2011). As is the case for the other receptors, many of the activating mutations that are seen in FGFR3-related cancers mimic the germline FGFR3 mutations that give rise to autosomal skeletal disorders and include both ligand-dependent and independent mechanisms (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Burke, 1998). In addition to activating mutations, the FGFR3 gene is subject to a translocation event in 15% of multiple myelomas (Avet-Loiseau, 1998; Chesi, 1997). This chromosomal rearrangement puts the FGFR3 gene under the control of the highly active IGH promoter and promotes overexpression and constitutive activation of FGFR3. In a small proportion of multiple myelomas, the translocation event is accompanied by activating mutations in the FGFR3 coding sequence (Chesi, 1997).
FGFR3 has been shown to be a target of a range of different tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including those restricted to in vitro use as well as a number that are currently in clinical trials for therapeutic use (see for instance, Paterson, 2004; Trudel, 2004; Trudel, 2005; Grand, 2004, Chen, 2005; Bernard-Pierrot, 2006; http::/clinicaltrials.gov). There are also two anti-FGFR3 antibodies that have shown preliminary promise in cancer cell lines or mouse models (Qing, 2009; Trudel, 2006).
Translocations which put the FGFR3 gene under the control of the strong IGH promoter have been identified in 15% of multiple myelomas (Avet-Loiseau, 1998; Chesi, 1997; Chesi, 2001). This translocation, which occurs 70kb upstream of the FGFR3 gene, also involves the nearby multiple myeloma SET-domain containing (MMSET) gene (Lauring, 2008), and although the contribution of each of these genes to the development of cancer has not been fully elucidated, several studies have shown that t(4:14) myeloma cell lines are sensitive to FGFR3 inhibitors (Trudel, 2006; Qing, 2009). In ~5% of cases, the translocation is accompanied by activating mutations of FGFR3 (Onwuazor, 2003; Ronchetti, 2001). The t(4;14) translocation results in overexpression of FGFR3 and subsequent ligand independent or anomalous ligand-dependent signaling (Otsuki, 1999).
Overexpression of WT FGFR3 is weakly transforming when expressed in a mouse haematopoietic model, while expression of translocated FGFR3 carrying activating point mutations in the coding sequence is strongly transforming in both NIH 3T3 cells and the haematopoietic mouse model (Chesi, 2001; Ronchetti, 2001; Li, 2001). Activating mutations in FGFR3 are mutually exclusive with activating Ras mutations, and focus formation in NIH 3T3 cells is inhibited by cotransfection with dominant negative forms of ras or raf, suggesting that activation of the MAPK pathway is the primary oncogenic event in translocated myeloma lines (Chesi, 2001). Inhibition of FGFR3 in multiple myeloma lines and tumors has been shown to inhibit proliferation (Grand, 2004; Qing, 2009; Trudel, 2009; Krejci, 2010)
~15% of multiple myelomas contain translocations that put the FGFR3 gene under the control of the strong IGH locus (Chesi, 1997; Avet-Loiseau, 1998). This translocation results in the overexpresssion of FGFR3 (Chesi, 1997), which leads to aberrant signaling in either a ligand-dependent (Otsuki, 1999; Qing, 2009) or independent fashion (Chesi, 2001). Overexpression of WT FGFR3 results in a low level of FGF-independent MAPK activation, suggesting that overexpression can lead to ligand-independent dimerization; however this response is more pronounced after ligand-stimulation (Chesi, 2001; Qing, 2009). ~5% of multiple myelomas with FGFR3 translocations also contain coding sequence activating mutations (Chesi, 1997; Avet-Loiseau, 1998). These mutations (R248C, Y373C, K650E and K650M) mimic activating mutations seen in bone development disoders, are believed to arise later in tumor progression than the translocation event and contribute to ligand-independent signaling (Chesi, 1997; Chesi, 2001; Li, 2001; Ronchetti, 2001).
Activating point mutations in FGFR3 are found in the extracellular ligand-binding domain, the transmembrane region and the tyrosine kinase domain and are believed to result in ligand-independent activation of the receptor (Webster and Donoghue, 1996; Wenbster, 1997). These mutations, although initially characterized in the context of autosomal skeletal disorders, are now being identified in a range of cancers including bladder, cervical, breast, prostate, head and neck, and multiple myeloma (reviewed in Wesche, 2011).
On the discovery of precursor processing
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from human tissues.
The cytosolic nucleic acid sensor LRRFIP1 mediates the production of type I interferon via a beta-catenin-dependent pathway
5' exon interactions within the human spliceosome establish a framework for exon junction complex structure and assembly
Native structure and physical properties of bovine brain kinesin and identification of the ATP-binding subunit polypeptide
Interactions between the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plasma membrane and other subcellular organelles
Amplified FGFR2 has been shown to be a potential target for a number of ATP-competitive inhibitors, some of which are currently in clinical trials for therapeutic use (Takeda, 2007; Turner, 2010; http://clinicaltrials.gov).
TWIK-related alkaline pH activated K+ channel (TALK)
FGFR2 amplifications have been identified in 10% of gastric cancers, where they are associated with poor prognosis diffuse cancers (Hattori, 1996; Ueda, 1999; Shin, 2000; Kunii, 2008) , and in ~1% of breast cancers (Turner, 2010; Tannheimer, 2000). FGFR2 amplification often occur in conjunction with deletions of C-terminal exons, resulting in expression of a internalization- and degradation-resistant form of the receptor (Takeda, 1999; Cha, 2008, 2009). Amplification affects signaling without altering the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor. Signaling through overexpressed FGFR2 also shows evidence of being ligand-independent and sensitive to FGFR inhibitors (Lorenzi, 1997; Takeda, 1999; Cha, 2009).
Treatment of FGFR2-amplified gastric and breast cancer cell lines with the antibody GP369 inhibits FGFR2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling and suppresses cell proliferation. Treatment of mice with GP369 inhibits the growth of human cancer xenografts carrying activating FGFR2 mutations. The GP369-binding epitope is contained in the ligand-binding region of the receptor, suggesting that the antibody works by disrupting the ligand-dependent activation of amplified FGFR2 (Bai, 2010).
The FGFR2 gene has been shown to be subject to activating mutations and gene amplification leading to a variety of proliferative and developmental disorders depending on whether these events occur in the germline or arise somatically. Activating FGFR2 mutations in the germline give rise to a range of craniosynostotic conditions including Pfeiffer, Apert, Jackson-Weiss, Crouzon and Beare-Stevensen Cutis Gyrata syndromes. These autosomal dominant skeletal disorders are characterized by premature fusion of several sutures in the skull, and in some cases also involve syndactyly (abnormal bone fusions in the hands and feet) (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Burke, 1998; Cunningham, 2007). Activating FGFR2 mutations arising somatically have been linked to the development of gastric and endometrial cancers (reviewed in Greulich and Pollock, 2011; Wesche, 2011). Many of these mutations are similar or identical to those that contribute to the autosomal disorders described above. Notably, loss-of-function mutations in FGFR2 have also been recently described in melanoma (Gartside, 2009). FGFR2 may also contribute to tumorigenesis through overexpression, as FGFR2 has been identified as a target of gene amplification in gastric and breast cancers (Kunii, 2008; Takeda, 2007).
Activating mutations in FGFR3 that introduce a mutant cysteine residue to the Ig2-Ig3 linker domain or the extracellular juxtamembrane region have been identified in the lethal neonatal disorder thanatophoric dysplasia (Tavormina, 1995a, b; Rousseau, 1996; reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997; Burke, 1998). The presence of the mutant cysteine residue causes ligand-independent dimerization of the receptor through Cys-mediated intramolecular disulphide bonds and leads to increased biological signaling without changing the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor (d'Avis, 1998; Adar, 2002). More recently, the same mutations, arising somatically, have been identified in a range of cancers including bladder, prostrate and cervical cancer, as well as in multiple myeloma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (reviewed in Wesche, 2011).
IRAK-dependent phosphorylation of Stat1 on serine 727 in response to interleukin-1 and effects on gene expression
Although each of FGFR3 R248C, S249C, G370C, S371C and Y373C have been shown to undergo ligand-independent dimerization and receptor autophosphorylation, there is conflicting evidence about which mutants also show increased phosphorylation upon ligand stimulation. Mutants showed elevated levels of ligand-independent MAPK pathway activation and supported expression of an in vivo reporter gene (d'Avis, 1998; Adar, 2009).
Activating point mutations G380R, N540K and K650E/M/N/Q in FGFR3 have been identified in achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia I and II (reviewed in Webster and Donoghue, 1997, Burke, 1998). These mutants, which occur in the transmembrane and the kinase domain, have been shown to undergo ligand-independent dimerization and autophosphorylation when transfected into NIH 3T3 cells, although the extent of constitutive activation varies depending on the precise mutation (Webster and Donoghue, 1996; Webster, 1996; Naski, 1996; Bellus, 2000). In addition, some of the mutants retain the ability to respond to exogenous ligand, while others appear to be completely ligand-independent (Naski, 1996; Goriely, 2009). Interestingly, the extent of kinase activation correlates with the severity of the resulting condition, with the K650M and E mutations associated with thanatophoric dysplasia showing the higher levels of kinase activity than the G380R mutation associated with achondroplasia (Naski, 1996; Bellus, 2000; Goriely, 2009). More recently, these same mutations, along with G382D, N540S, K650T, and G97C, have also been identified in a range of cancers, most notably in bladder cancer and multiple myeloma (Zhang, 2005; Ronchetti, 2001; van Rhijn, 2002; Lindgren, 2006; reveiewed in Wesche, 2011; Greulich and Pollock, 2011).
Activated point mutants in the transmembrane and kinase domains of FGFR3 have been shown to undergo constitutive autophosphorylation in a ligand-independent manner (Naski, 1996; Webster, 1996 and Donoghue, 1996; Webster, 1996; Bellus, 2000; Goriely, 2009). Some of the point mutants, including K650E and G380R, may also be able to further respond after exposure to ligand (Naski, 1996). Dimerization and activation of the FGFR3 transmembrane mutants is thought to occur via the formation of non-native hydrogen bonds that promote intermolecular interactions (Webster and Donoghue 1996), while the kinase domain mutants activate phosphorylation by mimicking conformational changes in the activation loop (Webster, 1996). Mutants with enhanced kinase activity appear to be activated to differing extents that, for the most part, correlate with the severity of the disease phenotype (Webster, 1996; Bellus, 2000; Goriely, 2009), although the results of in vitro kinase assays with immunoprecipitated proteins do not fully recapitulate the pathological consequences of the mutation (Goriely, 2009). K650E has also been shown to transform NIH 3T3 cells (Chesi, 2001).
FGFR3 P350R is associated with the development of Muenke syndrome, a milder craniosynostotic condition than Apert Syndrome (Bellus, 1996; Reardon, 1997). This mutation, which falls in the highly conserved Ser-Pro dipeptide in the IgII-IgIII linker, has been shown to increase the affinity of the receptor for its natural ligands, particularly for FGF9 (Ibrahimi, 2004a), without expanding the ligand-binding range of the receptor. This difference, compared to the paralogous FGFR2 S252W and P253R mutations, which bind an expanded range of ligands, is thought to account for the milder phenotype of Muenke Syndrome (Yu, 2000; Ibrahimi, 2004a, b).
After high-affinity ligand binding, FGFR3 P250R is believed to undergo trans-autophosphorylation in a manner analogous to the wild-type receptor, although this remains to be experimentally validated (Ibrahimi, 2004a).
[Gene cloning of human dopaminergic D3 receptor and identification of its chromosome]
Conserved roles of Sam50 and metaxins in VDAC biogenesis
Eukaryotic ribosomes require initiation factors 1 and 1A to locate initiation codons.
ABC transporters in cellular lipid trafficking
Phospholipase D signaling: orchestration by PIP2 and small GTPases
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 374:399-411
Human CDC6/Cdc18 associates with Orc1 and cyclin-cdk and is selectively eliminated from the nucleus at the onset of S phase.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of Sprouty proteins regulates their ability to inhibit growth factor signaling: a dual feedback loop
Characterization of a guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator for a ras-related GTPase
Multisite autophosphorylation of p21-activated protein kinase gamma-PAK as a function of activation
Calmodulin-binding sites on adenylyl cyclase type VIII
Identification of potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase VII (hCA VII) inhibitors
Extracellular matrix dynamics in development and regenerative medicine
NOSTRIN: a protein modulating nitric oxide release and subcellular distribution of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Cloning and characterization of human guanine deaminase. Purification and partial amino acid sequence of the mouse protein.
Sorting of furin at the trans-Golgi network. Interaction of the cytoplasmic tail sorting signals with AP-1 Golgi-specific assembly proteins
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Interaction of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-methanesulfonamide with 12 mammalian isoforms: kinetic and X-ray crystallographic studies
Multimeric Coactivator Complexes for Steroid/Nuclear Receptors
The role of mast cells in allergic inflammation
Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited
Protein misfolding, functional amyloid, and human disease
FUNCTION Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.FUNCTION Ribosomal protein L40 is a component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.MISCELLANEOUS Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains.MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.SIMILARITY In the C-terminal section; belongs to the ribosomal protein L40e family.SIMILARITY Contains 1 ubiquitin-like domain.
FUNCTION Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.FUNCTION Ribosomal protein S27a is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.MISCELLANEOUS Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains.MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.SIMILARITY In the C-terminal section; belongs to the ribosomal protein S27Ae family.SIMILARITY Contains 1 ubiquitin-like domain.
2-Methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: a new inborn error of L-isoleucine metabolism.
Chapter 3 Activation of TRP Channels in Mammalian Systems
Diverse functions of vertebrate gap junctions
SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout
Regulation of the PAI-1 promoter by circadian clock components: differential activation by BMAL1 and BMAL2
Molecular cloning, expression pattern, and chromosomal localization of the human Na-Cl thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (SLC12A3)
Facilitated folding of actins and tubulins occurs via a nucleotide-dependent interaction between cytoplasmic chaperonin and distinctive folding intermediates
Metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D
FARP2 triggers signals for Sema3A-mediated axonal repulsion
Deficiency of UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId
Cdk2-dependent and -independent pathways in E2F-mediated S phase induction
ChREBP activates metabolic gene expression
Limiting role of 6-phosphogluconolactonase in erythrocyte hexose monophosphate pathway metabolism
Alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase. Presence and role of flavin adenine dinucleotide
Structural organization of the human microsomal glutathione S-transferase gene (GST12)
How synaptotagmin promotes membrane fusion
Platelet-monocyte complexes support monocyte adhesion to endothelium by enhancing secondary tethering and cluster formation
Essentials of Glycobiology, 2nd edition (Book)
The presence and release of alpha 2-antiplasmin from human platelets
Cloning, characterization, and chromosome mapping of the human GlcAT-S gene
Molecular characterization of two mammalian bHLH-PAS domain proteins selectively expressed in the central nervous system
Functional characterization of elements in a human U6 small nuclear RNA gene distal control region
Effects of mutational loss of adenosine kinase and deoxycytidine kinase on deoxyATP accumulation and deoxyadenosine toxicity in cultured CEM human T-lymphoblastoid cells
Tah18 transfers electrons to Dre2 in cytosolic iron-sulfur protein biogenesis
Rapid association of cytoskeletal remodeling proteins with the developing phagosomes of human neutrophils
Complement escape of human pathogenic bacteria by acquisition of complement regulators
Human beta-galactosidase gene mutations in morquio B disease
Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Pofut1) regulates lymphoid and myeloid homeostasis through modulation of Notch receptor ligand interactions
Structure, function and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
Hypertension and impaired glycine handling in mice lacking the orphan transporter XT2
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and vitamin K metabolism in liver. Effects of warfarin.
Mapping the functional domains of the Golgi stacking factor GRASP65
The deubiquitinating enzyme UCH37 interacts with Smads and regulates TGF-beta signalling
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 28:e162
(1R,2S)-1-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate [ChEBI:151]
Control of translation and mRNA degradation by miRNAs and siRNAs
The fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 Arg388 allele is associated with prostate cancer initiation and progression
Regulation of the MST1 kinase by autophosphorylation, by the growth inhibitory proteins, RASSF1 and NORE1, and by Ras
Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol
The catalytic properties of human carbonic anhydrase IX
Physiological and biochemical aspects of hydroxylations and demethylations catalyzed by human 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases
Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the human GABA-A receptor alpha 5 subunit
The Protein Biosynthesis Elongation Cycle
Translational Control of Gene Expression89-127
Purification and characterization of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from human placenta
Genetic approaches to translation initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Translational Control of Gene Expression. N. Sonenberg, J.W. Hershey and M.B. Mathews (eds.)487-502
New insights into an old problem: ternary complex (Met-tRNAf.eIF.GTP) formation in animal cells.
Post-transcriptional control of gene expression. J.E. McCarty and M.F.Tuite (eds).521-526
Pathway and mechanism of initiation of protein synthesis.
Translational Control of Gene Expression. (Sonenberg, Hershey and Mathews, eds.)33-88
Expression of the MAPK kinases MKK-4 and MKK-7 in rheumatoid arthritis and their role as key regulators of JNK
Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)
ChEBI:35896 S-(2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione
Biological & physiological aspects of action of insulin-like growth factor peptide family
Purification and characterization of a novel alpha-class glutathione transferase from human liver
Proteolysis-independent regulation of PI3K by Cbl-b-mediated ubiquitination in T cells
The primary structure of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase: insights into the relationship between the soluble and the membrane-bound forms of the enzyme
Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Membrane topology and mitochondrial targeting of mitofusins, ubiquitous mammalian homologs of the transmembrane GTPase Fzo
Both G i and G o heterotrimeric G proteins are required to exert the full effect of norepinephrine on the beta-cell K ATP channel
Human adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) gene promoter-driven reporter assay discriminates nonlipogenic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands
RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE
HER4-mediated biological and biochemical properties in NIH 3T3 cells. Evidence for HER1-HER4 heterodimers
Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA
Cloning of another human serotonin receptor (5-HT1F): a fifth 5-HT1 receptor subtype coupled to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase
Molecular cloning of human amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Back in the water: the return of the inositol phosphates
Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits
Clinical and molecular characterization of the first adult congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Ic patient
Activin-binding proteins in human serum and follicular fluid
Getting in and out from calnexin/calreticulin cycles
GlycoVis: visualizing glycan distribution in the protein N-glycosylation pathway in mammalian cells
Electrical properties of the light-sensitive conductance of rods of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum
Role of two residues proximal to the active site of Ubc9 in substrate recognition by the Ubc9.SUMO-1 thiolester complex
Expression and functional contribution of hTHTR-2 in thiamin absorption in human intestine
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 286:G491-8
Functional analysis of mRNA scavenger decapping enzymes
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 restricts nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2-triggered signals
Red blood cell pH, the Bohr effect, and other oxygenation-linked phenomena in blood O2 and CO2 transport
The cDNA and protein sequences of human lactate dehydrogenase B
Formation of mRNA 3' ends in eukaryotes: mechanism, regulation, and interrelationships with other steps in mRNA synthesis.
RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA intermediate
High-resolution x-ray structure of human aquaporin 5
Purification and characterization of kynurenine aminotransferase I from human brain
Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284:E671-8
Erythropoiesis and globin gene expression in mice lacking the transcription factor NF-E2
Human fatty acid synthase: properties and molecular cloning
Identification of a viability domain in the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor beta-chain involving tyrosine-750
Identification of the alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase gene, which is defective in familial hyperlysinemia.
Characterization of the enzymatic defect in late-onset muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency. New subtype of glycogen storage disease type VII.
Syndecan-4 regulates localization, activity and stability of protein kinase C-alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155423
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136796.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143208
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99348.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142089
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135156.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112343.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142499
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112876.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174962
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153712.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29938
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136406.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5798.3
Murine notch homologs (N1-4) undergo presenilin-dependent proteolysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167833
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130881.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167418
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152670.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1497811
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111258.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167829
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125957.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129884.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175816
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127468.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131640.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142070
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132723.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175496
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening
The small GTP-binding protein Rho binds to and activates a 160 kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase homologous to myotonic dystrophy kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1474179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167353
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139146.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167351
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111417.1
ZnT-2, a mammalian protein that confers resistance to zinc by facilitating vesicular sequestration
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167363
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132554.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167361
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111639.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1475054
AU-rich elements and associated factors: are there unifying principles?
FGFR2-amplified gastric cancer cell lines require FGFR2 and Erbb3 signaling for growth and survival
The joining of ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes requires eIF5B.
Functional analysis of human P5, a protein disulfide isomerase homologue
In vitro reconstitution of the human RISC-loading complex
Induction by cyclic GMP of cationic conductance in plasma membrane of retinal rod outer segment
Structure-function relationships of the liver and muscle isoforms of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
Cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding human adenylosuccinate synthetase
Characterization of orphan human cytochromes P450
Identification and characterization of a novel inositol hexakisphosphate kinase
Transmembrane transport of small molecules
Molecular characterization of human and mouse photoreceptor guanylate cyclase-activating protein (GCAP) and chromosomal localization of the human gene.
Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A
Identification of autophosphorylation sites of HER2/neu
The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats
Expression, purification, and characterization of histidine-tagged rat and human flavoenzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.
Immunoglobulin E receptor signaling and asthma
GRASP55 regulates Golgi ribbon formation
Dystroglycan is a dual receptor for agrin and laminin-2 in Schwann cell membrane
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142587
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85025.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104742.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113588
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5289.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113547
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2518.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142620
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89895.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29824
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3209.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142482
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78963.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142325
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90644.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160696
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130572.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142455
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142471
Sequence and expression of human GABAA receptor alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits
Cloning of cDNA sequences encoding human alpha 2 and alpha 3 gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunits and characterization of the benzodiazepine pharmacology of recombinant alpha 1-, alpha 2-, alpha 3-, and alpha 5-containing human gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors
Phosphorylation of Cbl following stimulation with interleukin-3 and its association with Grb2, Fyn, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142570
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4380.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142552
Transport of Mature mRNA Derived from an Intronless Transcript
Protein kinase C-theta (PKC theta): a key enzyme in T cell life and death
Primer utilization by DNA polymerase alpha-primase is influenced by its interaction with Mcm10p
Mutational analysis in longest known survivor of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII
The mammalian Zip5 protein is a zinc transporter that localizes to the basolateral surface of polarized cells
Living with lethal PIP3 levels: viability of flies lacking PTEN restored by a PH domain mutation in Akt/PKB.
Function of human cytochrome P450s: characterization of the orphans
In vitro evidence for the dual function of Alg2 and Alg11: essential mannosyltransferases in N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142572
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99061.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142529
Regulation of Gene Expression by Hypoxia-inducible Factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174977
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83116.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142537
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77316.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160697
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127489.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142534
'ADP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity of GLUD1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [mitochondrial matrix]'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25542.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129337.5
Sinauer Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 407 23 Plumtree Road, Sunderland, MA 01375 U.S.A.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162861
'GTP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity of GLUD1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [mitochondrial matrix]'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162859
'Pi [cytosol]' is required for 'ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [cytosol]'
'ATP [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity of GLUD1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [mitochondrial matrix]'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26282.2
'GDP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity of GLUD1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [mitochondrial matrix]'
'Mg2+ [cytosol]' is required for 'ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [cytosol]'
'ADP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'ketohexokinase activity of KHK dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [cytosol]'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162853
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142318.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880069
Release and functional characterization of the leukotriene D4-metabolizing enzyme (dipeptidase) from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162848
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26786.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162840
Differences in regulatory properties between human and rat glucokinase regulatory protein
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26586.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880067
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25934.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162852
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89101.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174963
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6663.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164934
Novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations in bladder cancer previously identified in non-lethal skeletal disorders
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162855
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127618.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175733
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129924.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162842
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129506.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91978.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148506
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2762.2
Wnt trafficking: new insights into Wnt maturation, secretion and spreading
High-throughput mass spectrometry screening for inhibitors of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73663
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4901.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148503
Identification and characterization of human ethanolaminephosphotransferase1
Syndecan-4 proteoglycan cytoplasmic domain and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate coordinately regulate protein kinase C activity
Molecular cloning of cDNAs from human kidney coding for two alternatively spliced products of the cardiac Ca2+-ATPase gene
The mechanism of action of protein synthesis initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes.
Complete primary structure of a human plasma membrane Ca2+ pump
Involvement of ACSL in local synthesis of neutral lipids in cytoplasmic lipid droplets in human hepatocyte HuH7
Homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
Unifying concepts in CD28, ICOS and CTLA4 co-receptor signalling
Structure of human serum lipoproteins in solution. II. Small-angle x-ray scattering study of HDL3 and LDL.
A revised picture of the E2F transcriptional network and RB function.
Physiological levels of PTEN control the size of the cellular Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P(5) pool
Still a puzzle: why is haem covalently attached in c-type cytochromes?
Asymmetric distribution of numb protein during division of the sensory organ precursor cell confers distinct fates to daughter cells
The adaptor protein Nck links receptor tyrosine kinases with the serine-threonine kinase Pak1
RNA polymerase III Transcription Complexes
Transcriptional Regulation, eds. McKnight, S.L., Yamamoto, K.R. 22:247-280
Characterization of the human SLC2A11 (GLUT11) gene: alternative promoter usage, function, expression, and subcellular distribution of three isoforms, and lack of mouse orthologue
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the human glycine transporter GlyT2 and chromosomal localisation of the gene in the human genome
Identification of a consensus motif for Plk (Polo-like kinase) phosphorylation reveals Myt1 as a Plk1 substrate
ChEBI:59084 (Glc)3 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1
ChEBI:59081 (Glc)1 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (PP-Dol)1
ChEBI:59082 (Glc)2 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1
Reconstitution of two recombinant LSm protein complexes reveals aspects of their architecture, assembly, and function
Polysialyltransferases: major players in polysialic acid synthesis on the neural cell adhesion molecule
Biogenesis and regulation of insulin-responsive vesicles containing GLUT4
Purification and characterization of human liver "high Km" aldehyde dehydrogenase and its identification as glutamic gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
Pyrimidine pathways in health and disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171817
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171821
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146728.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172345
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171829
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171828
Endocytosis of beta1 integrins is an early event in migration promoted by the cell adhesion molecule L1
Properties of intramolecular proton transfer in carbonic anhydrase III
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172389
1.3-A resolution structure of human glutathione S-transferase with S-hexyl glutathione bound reveals possible extended ligandin binding site
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172387
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172385
GBF1: A novel Golgi-associated BFA-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor that displays specificity for ADP-ribosylation factor 5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172383
A plus-end-directed motor enzyme that moves antiparallel microtubules in vitro localizes to the interzone of mitotic spindles
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172381
The Cdt1 protein is required to license DNA for replication in fission yeast.
XCDT1 is required for the assembly of pre-replicative complexes in Xenopus laevis.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172414
Sprouty2 attenuates epidermal growth factor receptor ubiquitylation and endocytosis, and consequently enhances Ras/ERK signalling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172418
Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172401
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171762
Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBalpha and REV-ERBbeta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172375
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136242.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171744
The alpha- and beta-tubulin folding pathways
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171768
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine
Purification and characterization of kidney and intestinal brush-border membrane trehalases from the rabbit
A proposed role for the Azotobacter vinelandii NfuA protein as an intermediate iron-sulfur cluster carrier
Precise identification of individual promoters for transcription of each strand of human mitochondrial DNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172349
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130802.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172419
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141069.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172353
Achondroplasia is defined by recurrent G380R mutations of FGFR3
T cell growth factor receptors. Quantitation, specificity, and biological relevance
X-linked liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency is associated with mutations in the human liver phosphorylase kinase alpha subunit.
Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress
The CRAC channel consists of a tetramer formed by Stim-induced dimerization of Orai dimers
The ectodomain of Toll-like receptor 9 is cleaved to generate a functional receptor
Neuronal TRP channels: thermometers, pathfinders and life-savers
Signaling by NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) Translocation Mutant
Molecular organization and function of the complement system
Hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171683
Human lung enolase: cloning and sequencing of cDNA and its inducibility with dexamethasone
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171584
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134961.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=742343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171537
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23317.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140963.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2022890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171580
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123676.2
Dissociation of cohesin from chromosome arms and loss of arm cohesion during early mitosis depends on phosphorylation of SA2
p38 MAPK signalling cascades: ancient roles and new functions
Expression of fibroblast growth factor and FGF-receptor family genes in human myeloma cells, including lines possessing t(4;14)(q16.3;q32. 3) and FGFR3 translocation
Receptor-mediated phagocytosis elicits cross-presentation in nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells
Phosphorylation of mitotic kinesin-like protein 2 by polo-like kinase 1 is required for cytokinesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171727
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171721
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171723
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171713
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171717
Phosphorylation relieves autoinhibition of the kinetochore motor Cenp-E
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171719
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171718
Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo Syndrome): emerging treatment strategies
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (Hunter Syndrome): clinical picture and treatment
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171712
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171711
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171709
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141852.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171702
MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171696
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171689
Kinase-active interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases promote polyubiquitination and degradation of the Pellino family: direct evidence for PELLINO proteins being ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligases
Cloning and expression of human uridine phosphorylase
alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor stimulation potentiates calcium release in platelets by modulating cAMP levels
The Notch ligand Delta1 is sequentially cleaved by an ADAM protease and gamma-secretase
Sequence identification and characterization of human carnosinase and a closely related non-specific dipeptidase
Crystal structure of human synbindin reveals two conformations of longin domain
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 378:338-43
The essential schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc23 DNA replication gene shares structural and functional homology with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA43 (MCM10) gene
Localization of GAR transformylase in Escherichia coli and mammalian cells
Alternative splicing of the Robo3 axon guidance receptor governs the midline switch from attraction to repulsion
A refined structure of human aquaporin-1
latheo encodes a subunit of the origin recognition complex and disrupts neuronal proliferation and adult olfactory memory when mutant.
Molecular cloning and expression of human carnitine octanoyltransferase: evidence for its role in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids
Structural basis for SENP2 protease interactions with SUMO precursors and conjugated substrates
RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171409
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129244.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171401
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171397
Role of miR-204 in the regulation of apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and inflammation in human trabecular meshwork cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171439
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171451
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171610
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171608
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171606
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171602
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141561.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2022884
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135989.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171496
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122017.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171500
Cloning and expression of human 75-kDa inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171624
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171534
Distribution and functional characterization of equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4, a novel cardiac adenosine transporter activated at acidic pH
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171520
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171507
Ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factor requires direct binding to the beta-domain of the von Hippel-Lindau protein
CalDAG-GEFI integrates signaling for platelet aggregation and thrombus formation
SUMO protease SENP1 induces isomerization of the scissile peptide bond
Identification and characterization of three novel beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases structurally related to the beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase family
Uridine kinase activities and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylation in fluoropyrimidine-sensitive and -resistant cell lines of the Novikoff hepatoma
Reconstitution of the B cell antigen receptor signaling components in COS cells
NUDT9, a member of the Nudix hydrolase family, is an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase
Mutations in the gene encoding lecithin retinol acyltransferase are associated with early-onset severe retinal dystrophy
The relationship between perlecan and dystroglycan and its implication in the formation of the neuromuscular junction
Intramolecular proton shuttle supports not only catalytic but also noncatalytic function of carbonic anhydrase II
Ligand-independent activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors by point mutations in the extracellular, transmembrane, and kinase domains
cyclic purine dinucleotide [ChEBI:47037]
Recurrent FGFR1 amplification and high FGFR1 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency
P-glycoprotein-mediated active efflux of the anti-HIV1 nucleoside abacavir limits cellular accumulation and brain distribution
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170140
Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Cell Death by ATF4 in Neuroectodermal Tumor Cells
The structure and function of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the respiratory system of vertebrates
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171458
Messenger RNA decay in mammalian cells: the exonuclease perspective
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171461
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171630
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127223.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171455
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171457
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175866
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128696.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170164
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121845.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524074
p84, a new Gbetagamma-activated regulatory subunit of the type IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110gamma
Integrins: dynamic scaffolds for adhesion and signaling in platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171371
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126735.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171370
Emerging roles for E2F: beyond the G1/S transition and DNA replication.
Access of soluble antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum can explain cross-presentation by dendritic cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171488
ARF6 stimulates clathrin/AP-2 recruitment to synaptic membranes by activating phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type Igamma
Isolation of pi-alcohol dehydrogenase of human liver: is it a determinant of alcoholism?
Structural basis for autoinhibition of Notch
Differential biosynthesis of polysialic acid on neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and oligosaccharide acceptors by three distinct alpha 2,8-sialyltransferases, ST8Sia IV (PST), ST8Sia II (STX), and ST8Sia III
Tyrosine-phosphorylated forms of Ig beta, CD22, TCR zeta and HOSS are major ligands for tandem SH2 domains of Syk
Xenopus Cdc6 performs separate functions in initiating DNA replication.
Effect of transmembrane and kinase domain mutations on fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 chimera signaling in PC12 cells. A model for the control of receptor tyrosine kinase activation
Vav regulates activation of Rac but not Cdc42 during FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis
Rab1 interaction with a GM130 effector complex regulates COPII vesicle cis--Golgi tethering
Novel aspects of tetramer assembly and N-terminal domain structure and function are revealed by recombinant expression of human AMP deaminase isoforms
Cloning and characterization of GEF-H1, a microtubule-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac and Rho GTPases
Distinct roles for recombinant cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase I and -II in AMP and IMP catabolism in COS-7 and H9c2 rat myoblast cell lines
Na+/Ca2+ exchangers: three mammalian gene families control Ca2+ transport
Characterization of human glycogenin-2, a self-glucosylating initiator of liver glycogen metabolism.
APC/C:Cdh1 mediated degradation of Cdc20 and other APC/C:Cdh1 targeted proteins in late mitosis/early G1
AMP kinase and malonyl-CoA: targets for therapy of the metabolic syndrome
Identification of a homophilic binding site in immunoglobulin-like domain 2 of the cell adhesion molecule L1
Endogenous synthesis of coenzyme Q in eukaryotes
Aspartate-glutamate-alanine-histidine box motif (DEAH)/RNA helicase A helicases sense microbial DNA in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:15181-6
Identification of inflammatory gene modules based on variations of human endothelial cell responses to oxidized lipids
p21-activated protein kinase: a crucial component of morphological signaling?
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81571.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144845
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104664.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175019
Human monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) is a high affinity pyruvate transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144959
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155266.3
Regulation of innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144767
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80335.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175352
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129470.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175351
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134604.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144771
Evidence that the head of kinesin is sufficient for force generation and motility in vitro
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165330
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132442.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149751
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83121.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175356
Rabenosyn-5 and EHD1 interact and sequentially regulate protein recycling to the plasma membrane
Coregulation of estrogen receptor by ERBB4/HER4 establishes a growth-promoting autocrine signal in breast tumor cells
Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144805
Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave
Membrane recognition by phospholipid-binding domains
The nemo binding domains of both IKKalpha and IKKbeta regulate IKK complex assembly and classical NFkappaB activation
DSCAM is a netrin receptor that collaborates with DCC in mediating turning responses to netrin-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144821
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144826
Human G(olf) alpha: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid structure and expression in pancreatic islets and other tissues outside the olfactory neuroepithelium and central nervous system
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144817
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144819
Critical role for tetrahydrobiopterin recycling by dihydrofolate reductase in regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase coupling: relative importance of the de novo biopterin synthesis versus salvage pathways
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144847
Proximity of the poly(A)-binding protein to a premature termination codon inhibits mammalian nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Importance of extra- and intracellular domains of TLR1 and TLR2 in NFkappa B signaling
Frequent deletions at Xq28 indicate genetic heterogeneity in Hunter syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170678
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170682
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170675
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129996.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138569.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170629
StAR search--what we know about how the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mediates mitochondrial cholesterol import
The crystal structure of human IRE1 luminal domain reveals a conserved dimerization interface required for activation of the unfolded protein response
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170657
The role of Akt in the signaling pathway of the glycoprotein Ib-IX induced platelet activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170676
Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-dependent proteolysis of human cyclin A starts at the beginning of mitosis and is not subject to the spindle assembly checkpoint
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170620
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144425.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170650
Evidence that P-TEFb alleviates the negative effect of DSIF on RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription in vitro.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172457
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123438.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175726
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142140.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175845
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137488.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170614
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147112.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170610
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125608.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2065212
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140914.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172455
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090075
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123293.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090063
Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2) interacts and cooperates with Oct-4 in regulating transcription
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123208.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090045
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136593.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172458
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125035.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090053
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129692.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172454
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125104.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136647.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127975.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168670
ZBP1(DAI) mediated induction of type I IFNs
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117466.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1606834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168657
The sugar is sIRVed: sorting Glut4 and its fellow travelers
MAPK targets/ Nuclear events mediated by MAP kinases
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121578.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168669
Separate SCF(CDC4) recognition elements target Cdc6 for proteolysis in S phase and mitosis.
Lowe syndrome, a deficiency of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase in the Golgi apparatus
Geminin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis.
The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154055
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3468.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149742
Recognition and association of DNA glycosylase with site containing an affected purine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149744
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3796.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154063
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133345.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113550
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145146.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141241
PIG-A and PIG-H, which participate in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis, form a protein complex in the endoplasmic reticulum
NOD-like receptors (NLRs): bona fide intracellular microbial sensors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141234
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126715.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172789
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146164.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172788
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141342.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172791
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146981.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172790
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130790.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132997.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134446.5
L13a-mediated translational silencing of Ceruloplasmin expression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172784
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143249.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172786
Dscam and Sidekick proteins direct lamina-specific synaptic connections in vertebrate retina
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172787
Neurite arborization and mosaic spacing in the mouse retina require DSCAM
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172808
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146932.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172810
COPII (Coat Protein 2) Mediated Vesicle Transport
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172852
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172882
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128442.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427523
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123272.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427497
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125546.2
The transport of pyruvate in rat liver mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113518
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132856.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154046
Disease-causing missense mutations affect enzymatic activity, stability and oligomerization of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH)
Heparin and heparan sulfate: biosynthesis, structure and function
Dissecting and manipulating the pathway for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134169.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172858
Cleavage and activation of p21-activated protein kinase gamma-PAK by CPP32 (caspase 3). Effects of autophosphorylation on activity
Translocation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase involves a ternary complex with caveolin-1 and NOSTRIN
Phosphoinositide phosphatases in a network of signalling reactions
Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications
MCM8 is an MCM2-7-related protein that functions as a DNA helicase during replication elongation and not initiation
Inorganic pyrophosphatase 2, mitochondrial
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090069
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122401.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131242.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168682
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137393.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090080
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122786.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168753
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132169.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1678743
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122943.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121472.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090033
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124820.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134578.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171657
FGFR1 is fused with a novel zinc-finger gene, ZNF198, in the t(8;13) leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138027.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2090040
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125281.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121754.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1678617
G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma
TRAF6 Mediated Induction of proinflammatory cytokines
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168696
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168693
Purification, characterization and inhibition of D-3-aminoisobutyrate aminotransferase from the rat liver
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168690
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168686
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168688
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168684
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168276
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137409.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168265
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147663.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168710
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168705
Mammalian frataxin: an essential function for cellular viability through an interaction with a preformed ISCU/NFS1/ISD11 iron-sulfur assembly complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168319
The human homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mcm10 interacts with replication factors and dissociates from nuclease-resistant nuclear structures in G(2) phase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168290
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168282
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168278
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168277
Kit- and Fc epsilonRI-induced differential phosphorylation of the transmembrane adaptor molecule NTAL/LAB/LAT2 allows flexibility in its scaffolding function in mast cells
Human hexokinase II gene: exon-intron organization, mutation screening in NIDDM, and its relationship to muscle hexokinase activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149679
Emerging role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149733
Regulation of fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation: possible mechanism for coordinated control of glycolysis and glycogenolysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139570.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149728
Epidermal growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase domain mutations exhibit reduced Cbl association, poor ubiquitylation, and down-regulation but are efficiently internalized
Role of semaphorins during axon growth and guidance
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171985
Integrated signalling pathways for mast-cell activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162647
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171982
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128370.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162649
Mechanism of RNA polymerase II--specific initiation of transcription in vitro: ATP requirement and uncapped runoff transcripts.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172835
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171998
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131571.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171997
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127766.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171990
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131268.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171992
Neuronal phosphoproteins. Mediators of signal transduction
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149721
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149719
Human ESCRT-II complex and its role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 release
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172833
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115033.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149712
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149711
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149710
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149717
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149713
Activation of TM7SF2 promoter by SREBP-2 depends on a new sterol regulatory element, a GC-box, and an inverted CCAAT-box
Sterol transfer by ABCG5 and ABCG8: in vitro assay and reconstitution
Molecular mechanism of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes: implications for detoxification
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171918
Effects of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) expression on IL-1 signaling are independent of its kinase activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171909
Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3
Isolation of a human cDNA for heme A:farnesyltransferase by functional complementation of a yeast cox10 mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171901
Transport of phosphoenolpyruvate by the tricarboxylate transporting system in mammalian mitochondria
Allelism, non-allelism, and genetic compounds among the mucopolysaccharidoses
Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex
The bisecting GlcNAc on N-glycans inhibits growth factor signaling and retards mammary tumor progression
Human mitochondrial pyrophosphatase: cDNA cloning and analysis of the gene in patients with mtDNA depletion syndromes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172459
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147522.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172176
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128339.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172829
Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141217
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126764.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172460
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136120.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150461
STIM1 clusters and activates CRAC channels via direct binding of a cytosolic domain to Orai1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171852
High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis of epithelial ovarian cancer reveals numerous microdeletions and amplifications
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171856
Atherosclerosis and sterol 27-hydroxylase: evidence for a role of this enzyme in elimination of cholesterol from human macrophages
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172825
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130948.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172369
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126098.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143671.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172847
Evolution of the Glx-tRNA synthetase family: the glutaminyl enzyme as a case of horizontal gene transfer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171835
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171833
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171844
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171883
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137252.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171885
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135311.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171888
Targeting death and decoy receptors of the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171891
Shared as well as distinct roles of EHD proteins revealed by biochemical and functional comparisons in mammalian cells and C. elegans
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171899
The human nm23-H4 gene product is a mitochondrial nucleoside diphosphate kinase
RNA editing by adenosine deaminases that act on RNA.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171866
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152587.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171862
Control of elongation by RNA polymerase II.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161827
From the background to the spotlight: TASK channels in pathological conditions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171871
AMP (dAMP) kinase from human erythrocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165455
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171875
Guanylate kinases from human erythrocytes, hog brain, and rat liver
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146398
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5617.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146395
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5790.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81068.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146399
Structural and functional organization of the animal fatty acid synthase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146511
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3673.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3064.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112165
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114917.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146512
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113171.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174999
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110551.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175000
Activation of NF-kappa B requires proteolysis of the inhibitor I kappa B-alpha: signal-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha alone does not release active NF-kappa B
Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization of a human 5-HT6 serotonin receptor
E2F-enabled inhibition of pre-replication complex formation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=72084
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87395.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146393
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3913.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5393.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86608.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146394
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141455.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111676
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2823.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146500
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2672.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112158
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5389.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146993
Human erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase, PN-I
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146529.5
Amplification of signal from the kinetochores
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3032.1
Molecular basis for ADP-induced platelet activation. II. The P2Y1 receptor mediates ADP-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and shape change in platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143488
The nuclear poly(A) binding protein (PABPN1), which binds the growing poly(A) tails once it has reached a length of about ten nucleotides. Stimulation of poly(A) polymerase by both CPSF and PABPN1 is synergistic and results in processive elongation of the RNA (the polymerase adds AMP residues without dissociating from the RNA). The processive reaction is terminated when the tail has reached a length of about 250 nucleotides.
CF I, which appears to be composed of two subunits, one of several related larger polypeptides and a common smaller one, also binds RNA, but with unknown specificity. RNA recognition by these proteins is cooperative. Cleavage also requires CF II, composed of at least two subunits, and poly(A) polymerase, the enzyme synthesizing the poly(A) tail in the second step of the reaction.
Endonucleolytic cleavage separates the pre-mRNA into an upstream fragment destined to become the mature mRNA and a downstream fragment that is rapidly degraded. Polyadenylation and cleavage occur concurrently, with complexes co-assembling, cleavage depends on two signals in the RNA, a highly conserved hexanucleotide, AAUAAA, 10 to 30 nucleotides upstream of the cleavage site, and a poorly conserved GU- or U-rich downstream element. Additional sequences, often upstream of AAUAAA, can enhance the efficiency of the reaction. Cleavage occurs most often after a CA dinucleotide. A single gene can have more than one 3' processing site. Cleavage is preceded by the assembly of a large processing complex, the composition of which is poorly defined. ATP, but not its hydrolysis, is required for assembly. Cleavage depends on a number of protein factor. CPSF, a heterotetramer, binds specifically to the AAUAAA sequence. The heterotrimer CstF binds the GU- or U-rich downstream element.
Poly(A) polymerase has no specificity for any particular RNA sequence, as well as a very low affinity for the RNA. Under physiological conditions, the activity of poly(A) polymerase depends on two auxiliary factors, both of which bind to specific RNA sequences and recruit the poly(A) polymerase by a direct contact. One of these proteins is the heterotetrameric CPSF, which binds the AAUAAA sequence and is also essential for 3' cleavage.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143929
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is synthesized when phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) are converted into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) followed by conversion into PI and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Stuhne-Sekalec et al 1986, Lykidis et al. 1997).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143927
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) aka LPIAT acylates 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) to form phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143926
Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6B protein
Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A protein
At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, CDP-diacylglycerol--glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase (PGS1) converts cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP). This event is inferred from rats. The enzyme PGS1 has been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2 (CDS2) converts phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). Both ER and mitochondrial membranes have the capability to synthesise cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) with phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 and 2 (CDS1 and CDS2) (Lykidis et al. 1997, Schlame & Haldar 1993). However, transport of CDP-DAG between organelles cannot be ruled out (Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986).
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is synthesised at the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) are converted into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), which in turn is converted with glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) into phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP). Finally, PGP is dephosphorylated to PG. In addition, PG can be synthesised at the endoplamic reticulum (ER) membrane when phospholipase D transphosphatidylates phosphatidylcholine (PC) with glycerol to displace choline (Cho) and form PG (Piazza & Marmer 2007, Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986, Lykidis et al. 1997, Cao & Hatch 1994).
At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, PTPMT1 (phosphatidylglycerophosphatase and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP) to phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The biochemical properties of human PTPMT1 have not been determined; this reaction is inferred from the one catalyzed by the homologous mouse protein (Zhang et al. 2011).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferase 7 (MBOAT7) aka LPIAT acylates 2-acyl lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) to form phosphatidylinositol (PI) (Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143903
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phospholipase D1-4,6 (PLD1-4,6) transphosphatidylates phosphatidylcholine (PC) with glycerol to displace choline (Cho) and form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). This reaction is inferred from rats, but PLD enzymes are present in humans (Hammond et al. 1995, Steed et al. 1998, Cao et al. 1997).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143930
In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylinositol (PI) is hydrolyzed by phospholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002, Gijon et al. 2008, Lee et al. 2008).
This class of mRNAs is expressed from genes that lack introns yet the transcripts end in polyA tails. These tails are formed by a mechanism similar to that for pre-mRNAs containing introns. It is believed that there is a cis-element that replaces the 3ââ¬â¢ splice site that normally serves to activate polyadenylation of intron containing pre-mRNAs.
There are two well-documented trans-acting factors required for histone pre-mRNA processing. These are: 1 Stem-loop binding protein (SLBP), also termed hairpin binding protein (HBP). This 32 kDa protein is likely the first protein that binds to the histone pre-mRNA as it is being transcribed. The U7 snRNP. This particle contains the U7 snRNA, the smallest of the snRNAs which varies from 57-70 nts long depending on the species. The 5ââ¬â¢ end of U7 snRNA binds to a sequence 3ââ¬â¢ of the stemloop, termed the histone downstream element (HDE). There are a number of proteins found in the U7 snRNP. There are 7 Sm proteins, as are present in the spliceosomal snRNP. Five of these proteins are the same as ones found in the spliceosomal snRNPs and there are 2, Lsm10 and Lsm11 that are unique to U7 snRNP. A third protein joins the U7 snRNP, ZFP100, a large zinc finger protein. ZFP100 interacts with SLBP bound to the histone pre-mRNA and with Lsm11 and likely plays a critical role in recruiting U7 snRNP to the histone pre-mRNA. It should be noted that there must be other trans-acting factors, including the factor that catalyzes the cleavage reaction. The cleavage occurs in the presence of EDTA as does the cleavage reaction in polyadenylation, it is likely that this reaction is catalyzed by a protein. There may well be additional proteins associated with U7 snRNP, and since under some conditions in vitro processing occurs in the absence of SLBP, it is possible that all of the other factors required for processing are associated with the active form of U7 snRNP.
The U7 snRNP. This particle contains the U7 snRNA, the smallest of the snRNAs which varies from 57-70 nts long depending on the species. The 5ââ¬â¢ end of U7 snRNA binds to a sequence 3ââ¬â¢ of the stemloop, termed the histone downstream element (HDE). There are a number of proteins found in the U7 snRNP. There are 7 Sm proteins, as are present in the spliceosomal snRNP. Five of these proteins are the same as ones found in the spliceosomal snRNPs and there are 2, Lsm10 and Lsm11 that are unique to U7 snRNP.
The 32 kDa stem-loop binding protein (SLBP), also termed hairpin binding protein (HBP) is likely the first protein that binds to the histone pre-mRNA as it is being transcribed.
The U7 snRNP. This particle contains the U7 snRNA, the smallest of the snRNAs which varies from 57-70 nts long depending on the species. The 5ââ¬â¢ end of U7 snRNA binds to a sequence 3ââ¬â¢ of the stemloop, termed the histone downstream element (HDE). There are a number of proteins found in the U7 snRNP. There are 7 Sm proteins, as are present in the spliceosomal snRNP. Five of these proteins are the same as ones found in the spliceosomal snRNPs and there are 2, Lsm10 and Lsm11 that are unique to U7 snRNP. A third protein joins the U7 snRNP, ZFP100, a large zinc finger protein. ZFP100 interacts with SLBP bound to the histone pre-mRNA and with Lsm11 and likely plays a critical role in recruiting U7 snRNP to the histone pre-mRNA.
Transport of mRNA through the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) is a dynamic process involving distinct machinery and receptor subsets. The separation of the two compartments and the regulation of this transport provide spatial and temporal control over mRNA expression and ultimately control over translation. It should be noted that mRNA export does not rely on a specific motif in the mRNA molecule, but rather transport appears to be coupled to processing and regulation. The specific proteins that are bound to the mRNA determine when it will be transported to the cytoplasm. This limitation insures that transport overwhelmingly favors transport of fully processed mRNA molecules.
Co-transcriptional pre-mRNA splicing is not obligatory. Pre-mRNA splicing begins co-transcriptionally and often continues post-transcriptionally. Human genes contain an average of nine introns per gene, which cannot serve as splicing substrates until both 5' and 3' ends of each intron are synthesized. Thus the time that it takes for pol II to synthesize each intron defines a minimal time and distance along the gene in which splicing factors can be recruited. The time that it takes for pol II to reach the end of the gene defines the maximal time in which splicing could occur co-transcriptionally. Thus, the kinetics of transcription can affect the kinetics of splicing.Any covalent change in a primary (nascent) mRNA transcript is mRNA Processing. For successful gene expression, the primary mRNA transcript needs to be converted to a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide. Eucaryotic mRNAs undergo a series of complex processing reactions; these begin on nascent transcripts as soon as a few ribonucleotides have been synthesized during transcription by RNA Polymerase II, through the export of the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm, and culminate with mRNA turnover in the cytoplasm.
The cytoplasmic 3' polyadenylated, capped intronless mRNA and TAP are released from the NPC into the cytosol. Cytosolic TAP will be recycled to the nucleous, while the 3' polyadenylated, capped intronless mRNA is bound by eIF4E and destined for translation.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71998
Transport of mature mRNAs derived from intronless transcripts require some of the same protein complexes as mRNAs derived from intron containing complexes, including TAP and Aly/Ref. However a number of the splicing related factors are lacking from the intronless derived mRNAs, as they required no splicing.
Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing.
Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6C protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113819.8
In the cytosol, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1, also known as GDE5) hydrolyzes glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) to produce choline (Cho) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This event has been inferred from mice. GPCPD1 has also been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143496
Cellular distribution, post-translational modification, and tumorigenic potential of human group III secreted phospholipase A(2)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143931
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3713.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143932
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 (CDS1) converts phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) into cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). Both ER and mitochondrial membranes have the capability to synthesize cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) with phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 1 and 2 (CDS1 and CDS2) (Lykidis et al. 1997). However, transport of CDP-DAG between organelles cannot be ruled out (Stuhne-Sekalec et al. 1986).
In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolysed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002, Cao et al. 2008; Hishikawa et al. 2008).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylserine (PS) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) to form phosphatidylserine (PS). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) to form phosphatidylserine (PS). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is synthesized by facilitating the exchange of L-Serine (L-Ser) with the choline (Cho) head group in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and with the ethanolamine (ETA) head group in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (Saito et al. 1998, Tomohiro et al. 2009).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by facilitating the exchange of L-Serine (L-Ser) with the choline (Cho) head group (Saito et al. 1998, Tomohiro et al. 2009).
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is hydrolyzed by phospholipases to produce glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) which is in turn hydrolyzed by glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase to produce choline (Cho) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) (Yamashita et al. 2009, Yamashita et al. 2005, Ghomashchi et al. 2010).
At some point eIF4E binds the mature mRNA. While TAP and Aly/Ref are released and will be reycled back to the nucleoplasm.
Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA through the nuclear pore.
The polyadenylated, capped transcript and TAP dock at the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC. The Cap Binding Complex (CBC) and CPSF complexes are released back into the nucleoplasm.
The nucleoplasmic 3' polyadenylated, capped intronless mRNA and TAP are transported through the NPC to the cyotplasmic side of the pore.
Transport of U7 snRNP and stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) processed mRNA.
Histone mRNAs are exported by a mechanism that requires TAP, the key factor requires for transport of polyadenylated mRNAs. How TAP is recruited to the histone mRNAs is not known, but it is clear that transport can occur in the absence of either the stemloop or of SLBP. The mature transcript docks at the NPC, in the course of transport CBC will be lost from the mRNA cap, and remain in the nucleous.
The mature SLBP independent intronless histone mRNA is transported through the nucler pore to the cytoplasmic side.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase (CDIPT) converts cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) and inositol (Ins) into phosphatidylinositol (PI) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Lykidis et al. 1997).
Once the transport complex is fully assembled the mature mRNA can be translocated from the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm. The assembled complex starts at the nucleoplasmic basket, travels through the pore, and ends it journey at the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex.
Histone mRNAs are exported by a mechanism that requires TAP, the key factor requires for transport of polyadenylated mRNAs. How TAP is recruited to the histone mRNAs is not known, but it is clear that transport can occur in the absence of either the stemloop or of SLBP. The stemloop and SLBP enhance the rate of transport of histone mRNAs in Xenopus oocytes, but are not essential for transport
Seven novel mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and genotype/phenotype correlations in severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase (CEPT1) converts CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, active membrane-bound choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A (PCYT1A) or B (PCYT1B) homodimer condenses phosphocholine (PCho) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) (Lykidis et al. 1998).
Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein, is highly selective and closely coupled to correct RNA processing. This coupling is achieved by the nuclear pore complex, which recognizes and transports only completed mRNAs.
De novo (Kennedy pathway) synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) involves phosphorylation of choline (Cho) to phosphocholine (PCho) followed by condensing with cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to form CDP-choline (CDP-Cho). Diacylglycerol (DAG) and CDP-ETA together then form PC. Alternatively, PC is formed when phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is methylated by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) (Henneberry et al. 2002; Wright & McMaster 2002).
At the Golgi membrane, cholinephosphotransferase 1 (CHPT1) converts CDP-choline (CDP-Cho) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form phosphatidylcholine (PC). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) (Shindou et al. 2006); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off by a phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/zeta (PLA2G4A/B/D/F) (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Clarke et al. 1991, Sharp et al. 1994, Song et al. 1999, Chiba et al. 2004), 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form phosphatidylcholine (PC). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) (Shindou et al. 2006); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008).
The process in which excision of introns from the primary transcript of messenger RNA (mRNA) is followed by ligation of the two exon termini exposed by removal of each intron, is called mRNA splicing. Most of the mRNA is spliced by the major pathway, involving the U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs. A minor fraction, about 1 %, of the mRNAs are spliced via the U12 dependent pathway.
In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolysed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002, Cao et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008).
The upstream fragment generated by 3' cleavage of the pre-mRNA receives a poly(A) tail of approximately 250 AMP residues in a reaction depending on the AAUAAA sequence 10 to 30 nucleotides upstream of the 3' end. Polyadenylation is carried out by three proteins: Poly(A) polymerase carries the catalytic activity. The enzyme has no specificity for any particular RNA sequence, and it also has a very low affinity for the RNA. Under physiological conditions, the activity of poly(A) polymerase thus depends on two auxiliary factors, both of which bind to specific RNA sequences and recruit the enzyme by a direct contact. One of these proteins is the heterotetrameric CPSF, which binds the AAUAAA sequence and is also essential for 3' cleavage. The second is the nuclear poly(A) binding protein (PABPN1), which binds the growing poly(A) tails once this has reached a length of about ten nucleotides. Stimulation of poly(A) polymerase by both proteins is synergistic and results in processive elongation of the RNA, i.e. the polymerase adds AMP residues without dissociating from the RNA. The processive reaction is terminated when the tail has reached a length of about 250 nucleotides.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by membrane-associated phospholipase B1 (PLB1) (Maury et al. 2002, Gassama-Diagne et al. 1992).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATAC C Complex with lariat containing 5'-end cleaved mRNA' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'U6 ATAC snRNP', 1 molecule of 'post exon ligation complex', 1 molecule of 'U12 snRNP', 1 molecule of 'U11 snRNP', and 1 molecule of 'U5 snRNP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
The splicing of a subset of pre-mRNA introns occurs by a second pathway, designated the AT-AC or U12-dependent splicing pathway. AT-AC introns have highly conserved, non-canonical splice sites that are removed by the AT-AC spliceosome, which contains distinct snRNAs (U11, U12, U4atac, U6atac) that are structurally and functionally analogous to the major spliceosome. U5 snRNA as well as many of the protein factors appear to be conserved between the two spliceosomes.
In this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Export Receptor bound mature mRNA Complex' is translocated from nucleoplasm to cytosol. This reaction takes place in the 'nuclear envelope'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'eIF4E', and 1 molecule of 'Export Receptor bound mature mRNA Complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'THOC4(Aly/Ref)', 1 molecule of 'Mature mRNP Complex', 1 molecule of 'SRm160', and 1 molecule of 'TAP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytoplasm'.
The 3' ends of eukaryotic mRNAs are generated by posttranscriptional processing of an extended primary transcript. For almost all RNAs, 3'-end processing consists of two steps: (i) the mRNA is first cleaved at a particular phosphodiester bond downstream of the coding sequence, (ii) the upstream fragment then receives a poly(A) tail of approximately 250 adenylate residues, whereas the downstream fragment is degraded. The two partial reactions are coupled so that reaction intermediates are usually undetectable. While 3' processing can be studied as an isolated event in vitro, it appears to be connected to transcription, splicing, and transcription termination in vivo. The only known exception to the rule of cleavage followed by polyadenylation are the major histone mRNAs, which are cleaved but not polyadenylated.
Aly/Ref recruits TAP to the Exon Junction Complex. This makes the mRNP complex ready for export to the cytoplasm.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATAC C Complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATAC C Complex with lariat containing 5'-end cleaved mRNA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143658
The U4atac/U6atac enters the spliceosome and U6atac snRNA forms base pairing interactions with the 5' ss and also forms base pairing interactions with U12 and U4atac is partially displaced. U5 snRNP, the only snRNP common to both the major and minor splicing pathways, also joins the spliceosome to form the B complex and interacts with nucleotides within the 3' end of the exon flanking the 5' ss.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al., 2005); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143659
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATAC B Complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'U4 ATAC snRNP', and 1 molecule of 'ATAC C Complex' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, and has one of its acyl chains cleaved off, by phospholipase A2 to form 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). The phospholipases are either cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha/beta/delta/epsilon/zeta (PLA2G(4A/B/D/E/F) (Ghosh et al. 2006, Yamashita et al. 2009, Yamashita et al. 1999, Ghomashchi et al. 2010), 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2G6) (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999), group XVI phospholipase A2 (PLA2G16) (Duncan et al. 2008), or Phospholipase B-like 1 (PLBD1) (Xu et al. 2009). PLBD1 acts as a phospholipase A2 but in addition has the propensity to hydrolyze the lysophospholipid formed in its initial reaction.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143916
De novo (Kennedy pathway) synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) involves phosphorylation of ethanolamine (ETA) to phosphoethanolamine (PETA) followed by condensing with cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to form CDP-ethanolamine (CDP-ETA). Diacylglycerol (DAG) and CDP-ETA together then form PE. Alternatively, PE is formed when phosphatidylserine (PS) is decarboxylated by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme (PISD) (Henneberry et al. 2002, Vance 1991, Vance 1990).
In the cytosol, glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1, also known as GDE5) hydrolyzes glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) to produce ethanolamine (ETA) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This event has been inferred from mice. GPCPD1 has also been characterized in humans (Ota et al. 2004).
In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002, Cao et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to form phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophospholipid acyltransferase 1 (MBOAT1) aka LPEAT1 (Gijon et al. 2008, Hishikawa et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2 (MBOAT2) aka LPCAT4 (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008); lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5 (LPCAT3) (Hishikawa et al. 2008, Zhao et al. 2008, Gijon et al. 2008, Jain et al. 2009, Kazachkov et al. 2008).
In addition to the methylation of the 5'-cap, there is methylation of internal nucleotides in the mRNA. This methylation can occur in translated and untranslated regions. One to three methyl groups have been seen per mRNA molecule, but methylation is non-stoichiometric. The most frequent methylation observed is at the N6 position of adenosine. The function of mRNA internal methylation, if any, is unknown.
The formation of the B complex is ATP-dependent, and both the 5' and 3' splice sites are essential for B complex assembly. The U4 and U6 snRNPS are extensively base-paired, and this U4:U6 complex associates with the U5 snRNP to form a tri-snRNP particle. This tri-snRNP particle then binds to the spliceosomal A complex, to form the spliceosomal B complex.
In the cytosol, the phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase (PHOSPHO1) dephosphorylates phosphocholine (PCho) to choline (Cho) (Roberts et al. 2004).
In the cytosol, choline kinase alpha subunit (CHKA) homodimer, choline kinase beta subunit (CHKB) dimer, or CHKA:CHKB heterodimer phosphorylates choline (Cho) to produce phosphocholine (PCho) (Malito et al. 2006, Gallego-Ortega et al. 2009).
The spliceosomal C complex is a very short-lived intermediate; the splicing intermediates are rapidly converted to splicing products. Also, the spliced products are released very rapidly, and no complex containing both the splicing products has been isolated. Conversion of the spliceosomal B complex to the spliceosomal C complex requires ATP. The extensive base-pairing between the U4 and U6 snRNAs is disrupted during the formation of the C complex, which is thought to require helicase-type activity associated with the DEAD box factors.
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is hydrolyzed by phospholipases to produce glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPETA) which is in turn hydrolyzed by glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase to produce ethanolamine (ETA) and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) (Yamashita et al. 2009, Yamashita et al. 2005).
The active C complex is formed due to a conformational change in the intermediate C complex. After formation of the active C complex, the splicing reactions occur very rapidly.
In the first catalytic step of mRNA splicing, the 2' OH group of the bulged A at the branch site performs a nucleophilic attack on the 5' splice site phosphodiester bond, resulting in cleavage of the bond between the 5' exon and the 5' end of the intron, and formation of a new bond between the 5' end of the intron and the branch site A. This results in a lariat-shaped intermediate, with the intron still attached to the 3' exon. The branch site A has a 2'-5' phosphodiester bond with the G at the beginning of the intron, in addition to the usual 5'-3' and 3'-5'phosphodiester bonds.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Magoh-Y14 complex', and 1 molecule of 'Spliceosomal active C complex with lariat containing, 5'-end cleaved pre-mRNP:CBC complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Exon Junction Complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleoplasm'.
The splicing of pre-mRNA occurs within a large, very dynamic complex, designated the 'spliceosome'. The 50-60S spliceosomes are estimated to be 40-60 nm in diameter, and have molecular weights in the range of 3-5 million kDa. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6, are some of the best characterized components of spliceosomes, and are known to play key roles not only in spliceosomal assembly, but also in the two catalytic steps of the splicing reaction. Over 150 proteins have been detected in spliceosomes, and only a subset of these has been characterized. The characterization, and the determination of the functions of the protein components of the spliceosome, is still work in progress. During spliceosome assembly, the snRNAs and the spliceosomal proteins assemble on the pre-mRNA in a stepwise pathway. First the E complex forms, followed by complexes A and B; the C complex forms next and contains the products of the first step of the splicing reaction. Complexes called i and D form as a consequence of the second step of the splicing reaction, which contain the excised intron and the spliced exons, respectively.
Interferon-inducible double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activator A
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha (PIP5K1A), beta (PIP5K1B), and gamma (PIP5K1C) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) to produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3). This is a minor reaction, however, and its physiological role is uncertain. The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIP5K1A (Zhang et al. 1997, Tolias et al. 1998), PIP5K1B (Zhang et al. 1997, Tolias et al. 1998), and PIP5K1C (Wenk et al. 2001, Di Paolo et al. 2002, Krauss et al. 2003).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunits form complexes with regulatory subunits. These complexes phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) (Stephens et al. 1997). The PI(4,5)P2 3-kinase complexes involved are: PI(4,5)P2 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) bound to PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/gamma (PIK3R1/2/3); beta (PIK3CB) bound to PIK3R1/2/3; delta (PIK3CD) bound to PIK3R1/2/3; and gamma (PIK3CG) bound to PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 (PIK3R5) or 6 (PIK3R6). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIK3CA:PIK3R1, PIK3CA:PIK3R2, PIK3CA:PIK3R3 (Dey et al. 1998, Vanhaesebroeck et al. 1997, Meier et al. 2004); PIK3CB:PIK3R1, PIK3CB:PIK3R2, PIK3CB:PIK3R3 (Meier et al. 2004); PIK3CD:PIK3R1, PIK3CD:PIK3R2, PIK3CD:PIK3R3 (Vanhaesebroeck et al. 1997, Meier et al. 2004); and PIK3CG:PIK3R5, PIK3CG:PIK3R6 (Voigt et al. 2006, Suire et al. 2005, Stoyanov et al. 1995).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) 3-kinase catalytic subunits form complexes with regulatory subunits. These complexes along with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunits alpha (PIK3C2A), beta (PIK3C2B), and gamma (PIK3C2G) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2). The PI(4,5)P2 3-kinase complexes involved are: PI(4,5)P2 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) bound to PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/gamma (PIK3R1/2/3); beta (PIK3CB) bound to PIK3R1/2/3; delta (PIK3CD) bound to PIK3R1/2/3; and gamma (PIK3CG) bound to PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 (PIK3R5) or 6 (PIK3R6). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIK3C2A (Arcaro et al. 2000); PIK3C2B (Arcaro et al. 2000, Arcaro et al. 1998); PIK3C2G (Misawa et al. 1998, Ono et al. 1998); PIK3CA:PIK3R1, PIK3CA:PIK3R2, PIK3CA:PIK3R3 (Vanhaesebroeck et al. 1997); PIK3CB:PIK3R1, PIK3CB:PIK3R2, PIK3CB:PIK3R3 (Meier et al. 2004, Guo et al. 1997); PIK3CD:PIK3R1, PIK3CD:PIK3R2, PIK3CD:PIK3R3 (Vanhaesebroeck et al. 1997); and PIK3CG:PIK3R5, PIK3CG:PIK3R6 (Suire et al. 2005, Stoyanov et al. 1995).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2). The phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphatases involved are: inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase K (INPP5K) aka SKIP (Ijuin et al. 2000, Gurung et al. 2003), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A (INPP5J) aka PIPP (Gurung et al. 2003, Mochizuki & Takenawa 1999), phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (INPP5D) aka SHIP1 (Drayer et al. 1995, Kavanaugh et al. 1996, Dunant et al. 2000), and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 (INPPL1) aka SHIP2 (Habib et al. 1998, Wisniewski et al. 1999, Pesesse et al. 2001).
At the plasma membrane, Synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1) and -2 (SYNJ2), inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase K (INPP5K) aka SKIP, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A (INPP5J) aka PIPP dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to form phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). SYNJ1/2 both have an N-terminal Sac1-like domain, a central 5-phosphatase domain and a C-terminal proline-rich segment, with this latter part being the most divergent part of the protein sequence. The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: SYNJ1 (Johenning et al. 2004, Haffner et al. 1997, Guo et al. 1999, Mani et al. 2007), SYNJ2 (Malecz et al. 2000), INPP5K (Injuin et al. 2000, Gurung et al. 2003), and INPP5J (Gurung et al. 2003, Mochizuki & Takenawa 1999).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha (PIP5K1A), beta (PIP5K1B), and gamma (PIP5K1C) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) to produce phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIP5K1A (Halstead et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 1997), PIP5K1B (Zhang et al. 1997), and PIP5K1C (Di Paolo et al. 2002). This reaction is of particular interest because its regulation by small GTPases of the RHO and ARF families, not yet annotated here, ties the process of phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthesis to regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and vesicular trafficking, and hence to diverse aspects of cell motility and signalling (Oude Weernink et al., 2004, 2007).
In the final step of the capping reaction, the methyltransferase takes a methyl group from S-adenosyl-methionine to the N7 position of the cap guanine. N7G-methyltransferase (MT) mediated reaction can be represented as: GpppN(pN)n + S-adenosylmethionine (Adomet) ->m7GpppN(pN)n + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Adohcy).
GMP capped mRNA transcript dissociates from GT for further modification.
The diphosphate 5'-end of the mRNA is joined to the GMP, releasing it from the enzyme. At this time, it is unclear how the RNA diphosphate end is transferred from the active site of the triphosphatase to the guanylyltransferase site. The covalent enzyme-GMP complex can form in the absence of RNA. Guanylyltransferase (GT) catalyzed second reaction can be represented as:ppN(pN)n + GTP -> GpppN(pN)n + PPi
A highly conserved lysine within the guanylyltransferase (GT) site of the mRNA capping enzyme attacks the alpha-phosphate of GTP. An enzyme-GMP covalent intermediate is formed.
After the capping complex is formed, the RNA triphosphatase activity of the capping enzyme hydrolyzes the 5'-end phosphate group of the nascent mRNA transcript to a diphosphate. The RNA triphosphatase (RTP) domain of mammalian capping enzyme is a member of a superfamily of phosphatases that include the protein tyrosine phosphatases, some lipid phosphatases, and several nucleic acid phosphatases. This family uses a conserved nucleophilic cysteine residue to attack the target phosphate. A transient phospho-cysteinyl enzyme intermediate is then hydrolyzed to regenerate the enzyme active site. It should be noted that while higher eukaryotic capping enzymes use PTP-like triphosphatase domains, the yeast triphosphatases are a completely different class of enzymes. The yeast RTPs are metal-dependent phosphatases. RNA 5'-triphosphatase (RTP) catalyzed first reaction can be represented as:pppN(pN)n + GTP -> ppN(pN)n + Pi; (n=20-25)
The capping enzyme binds the 5'-end of the nascent transcript soon after it is synthesized on the DNA template, and results in the formation of the capping complex along with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, and Spt5.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase aka phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) (Myers et al. 1998, Das et al. 2003).
The 5'-ends of all eukaryotic pre-mRNAs studied thus far are converted to cap structures. The cap is thought to influence splicing of the first intron, and is bound by 'cap-binding' proteins, CBP80 and CBP20, in the nucleus. The cap is important for translation initiation, and it also interacts with the poly(A)terminus, via proteins, resulting in circularization of the mRNA to facilitate multiple rounds of translation. The cap is also important for mRNA stability, protecting it from 5' to 3' nucleases, and is required for mRNA export to the cytoplasm. The capping reaction usually occurs very rapidly on nascent transcripts; after the synthesis of only a few nucleotides by RNA polymerase II. The capping reaction involves the conversion of the 5'-end of the nascent transcript from a triphosphate to a diphosphate by a RNA 5'-triphosphatase, followed by the addition of a guanosine monophosphate by the mRNA guanylyltransferase, to form a 5'-5'-triphosphate linkage. This cap is then methylated by 2'-O-methyltransferases.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha (PIP4K2A) and beta (PIP4K2B) homodimers and heterodimers (Clarke et al. 2010), along with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha (PIP5K1A), beta (PIP5K1B), and gamma (PIP5K1C) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIP4K2A (Zhang et al. 1997, Rameh et al. 1997, Clarke et al. 2008), PIP4K2B (Zhang et al. 1997, Rameh et al. 1997), PIP5K1A (Zhang et al. 1997, Tolias et al. 1998), PIP5K1B (Zhang et al. 1997, Tolias et al. 1998), and PIP5K1C (Wenk et al. 2001, Di Paolo et al. 2002).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'CBP80', and 1 molecule of 'CBP20' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Cap Binding Complex (CBC)' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the plasma membrane, synaptojanin-1 aka Synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SYNJ1) (Guo et al. 1999), -2 (SYNJ2) and some myotubularins (MTMs) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol (PI). The MTMs involved are: myotubularin (MTM1) (Cao et al. 2007, Tronchere et al. 2004, Schaletzky et al. 2003, Laporte et al. 2002, Kim et al. 2002) and myotubularin-related proteins 1 (MTMR1) (Kim et al. 2002, Tronchere et al. 2004), 3 (MTMR3) (Kim et al. 2002, Zhao et al. 2001, Walker et al. 2001, Lorenzo et al. 2005), 6 (MTMR6) (Schaletzky et al. 2003, Kim et al. 2002, Choudhury et al. 2006), and 14 (MTMR14) (Tosch et al. 2006).
The cap binding complex binds to the methylated GMP cap on the nascent mRNA transcript.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha (PIP5K1A) and beta (PIP5K1B) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P) (Tolias et al. 1998).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 (SACM1L) dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol (PI) but not as efficiently as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) dephosphorylation. No significant activity of this enzyme towards phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) was detected (Rohde et al. 2003).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3) aka VPS34 is bound to phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 (PIK3R4). This PIK3C3:PIK2R4 complex and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (PIK3C2A) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIK3C3:PIK2R4 (Panaretou et al. 1997, Volinia et al. 1995) and PIK3C2A (Arcaro et al. 2000, Domin et al. 2000).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 (SACM1L) efficiently dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), and to a lesser extent phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), to phosphatidylinositol (PI). No significant activity of this enzyme towards phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) was detected (Rohde et al. 2003).
At the Golgi membrane, activated phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4KB) complexed to ADP-ribosylation factor 1/3 (ARF1/3) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) (Suzuki et al. 1997).
At the Golgi membrane, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 and 3 (ARF1 and ARF3) complexed to GTP bind to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4KB) and activate it (Haynes et al. 2007, Wong et al. 1997, Godi et al. 1999).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) is primarily generated from phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Other phosphoinositides are also generated by the action of various kinases and phosphatases such as: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2), phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) (Godi et al. 1999, Minogue et al. 2001, Rohde et al. 2003, Sbrissa et al. 2007, Sbrissa et al. 2008, Domin et al. 2000, Arcaro et al. 2000).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (PIK3C2A) (Domin et al. 2000, Arcaro et al. 2000) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit gamma (PIK3C2G) (Ono et al. 1998, Rozycka et al. 1998, Misawa et al. 1998) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2). PIK3C2G phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) and PI4P but not phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1 (OCRL) (Choudhury et al. 2009, Suchy et al. 1995, Zhang et al. 1995) and 72 kDa inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5E) (Bilas et al. 2009) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to form phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). INPP5E is located in the Golgi membrane, mediated by its N-terminal proline-rich domain (Kong et al. 2000).
At the Golgi membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger (Sbrissa et al. 2002). The PIKFYVE kinase component phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate PI(3,5)P2 (Sbrissa et al. 1999, McEwen et al. 1999). The PAS complex is present in the cytosol and is recruited to the membrane (Sbrissa et al. 2007). VAC14 acts as a scaffolding protein via its C-terminal domain (Sbrissa et al. 2008).
At the Golgi membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger. The FIG4 phosphatase component dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) (Sbrissa et al. 2007, Sbrissa et al. 2008).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009). Although this reaction is reversible, the net effect of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase reactions drives it towards the formation of LPE and CL.
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), the trifunctional enzyme HADH (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase), an octamer of four alpha (HADHA) and four beta (HADHB) subunits, acylates monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to cardiolipin (CL) (Taylor & Hatch 2009).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009).
Acyl chain remodeling of cardiolipin (CL) occurs in the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) via hydrolysis by phopholipases and subsequent reacylation by acyltransferases. At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane the situation is more complicated with monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) involved in hydrolysis and subsequent reacylation back to CL (Zachman et al. 2010, Malhotra et al. 2009, Xu et al. 2003, Taylor & Hatch 2009, Cao et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2009, Buckland et al. 1998).
Glycerophospholipids are important structural and functional components of biological membranes and constituents of serum lipoproteins and the pulmonary surfactant. In addition, glycerophospholipids act as precursors of lipid mediators such as platelet-activating factor and eicosanoids. Cellular membranes contains a distinct composition of various glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipin (CL), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysobisphosphatidic acid (also known as bis(monoacylglycerol) hydrogen phosphate - BMP). Glycerophospholipids are first formed by the de novo (Kennedy) pathway using fatty acids activated as acyl-CoA donors. However, the acyl groups of glycerophospholipids are highly diverse and distributed in an asymmetric manner. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are usually esterified at the sn-1 position, whereas polyunsaturated acyl groups are esterified at the sn-2 position. Subsequent acyl chain remodeling (Lands cycle) generates the diverse glycerophospholipid composition and asymmetry characteristic of cell membranes. In the de novo pathway of glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as LPAAT), then PA is metabolized into two types of glycerol derivatives. The first is diacylglycerol (DAG) which is converted to triacylglycerol (TAG), PC, and PE. Subsequently, PS is synthesized from PC or PE. The second is cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), which is processed into PI, PG, CL, and BMP. Each glycerophospholipid is involved in acyl chain remodeling via cleavage by phospholipases followed by reacylation by an acyltransferase. Most of the glycerophospholipids are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), however, some, most notably cardiolipin, and BMP are synthesized in the mitochondrial and endosomal membranes respectively. Since the most of the glycerophospholipids are found in all membrane compartments, there must be extensive network of transport of glycerophospholipids from one membrane compartment to another via various mechanisms including diffusion through the cytosol, formation of transportation complexes, and diffusion via membrane contact sites (MCS) (Osman et al. 2011, Lebiedzinska et al. 2009, Lev 2010, Scherer & Schmitz 2011, Orso et al. 2011, Hermansson et al. 2011, Vance & Vance 2008).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha (PI4KA) (Wong et al. 1997, Gehrmann et al. 1999) or phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta (PI4K2B) (Wei et al. 2002) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, transmembrane protein phosphatidylinositide phosphatase SAC1 (SACM1L) efficiently dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), and to a lesser extent phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), to phosphatidylinositol (PI). No significant activity of this enzyme towards phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) was detected (Rohde et al. 2003).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) are interconverted (Wong et al. 1997, Gehrmann et al. 1999, Wei et al. 2002, Rohde et al. 2003).
At the Golgi membrane, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha (PI4KA) (Gehrmann et al. 1999, Godi et al. 1999), or phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha/beta (PI4K2A/B) (Balla et al. 2002, Minogue et al. 2001, Wei et al. 2002) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P).
At the inner mitochondrial (IR) membrane, cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) acylates 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Nie et al. 2010).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006), lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) (Yang et al. 2004).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, lysophospholipid acyltransferases acylate 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The lysophospholipid acyltransferases involved are: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) (Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006), lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4 (LPCAT4) aka LPEAT2 (Cao et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2005); or acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase (LPGAT1) (Yang et al. 2004).
In the acyl chain remodelling pathway (Lands cycle), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed by phopholipases and subsequently reacylated by acyltransferases. These cycles modify the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids to generate diverse molecules asymmetrically distributed in the cell membrane. The events occur additionally in the inner mitochondria membranes (IM) as well as in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002, Cao et al. 2008, Yang et al. 2004, Nie et al. 2010).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) converts phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) into cardiolipin (CL) (Lu et al. 2006, Houtkooper et al. 2006).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), cardiolipin synthase (CRLS1) acylates 2-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) to form phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (Nie et al. 2010).
MTMR4 attenuates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling by dephosphorylating R-Smads in endosomes
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Group III (PLA2G3) (Murakami et al. 2003, Murakami et al. 2005); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), tafazzin (TAZ) converts monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) to cardiolipin (CL) and 1-acyl lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (Xu et al. 2003, Xu et al. 2006, Malhotra et al. 2009). Although this reaction is reversible, the net effect of the phospholipase A and acyltransferase reactions drives it towards the formation of LPC and CL.
Negative regulation of dE2F1 by cyclin-dependent kinases controls cell cycle timing
Cardiolipin(CL) is synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), when phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) are converted into CL (Lu et al. 2006, Houtkooper et al. 2006).
At the inner mitochondrial membrane (IM), calcium-independent phospholipase A2 gamma (PLA2G6) hydrolyzes, removing one of the acyl chains, cardiolipin (CL) to form monolysocardiolipin (MLCL). This reaction is inferred from rats. PLA2G6 has also been characterized in humans (Larsson et al. 1998, Ma et al. 1999, Larsson Forsell et al. 1999).
The detailed annotation of this section will be completed in the next release.
Unstable kinetochore-microtubule capture and chromosomal instability following deletion of CENP-E
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'mRNA capping enzyme', and 1 molecule of 'Pol II transcription complex with (ser5) phosphorylated CTD containing extruded transcript to +30' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA Pol II with phosphorylated CTD: CE complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II transcription complex containing transcript to +30' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II transcription complex containing extruded transcript to +30' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Phosphorylation of serine 5 residue at the CTD of pol II largest subunit is an important step signaling the end of initiation and escape into processive elongation processes. Cdk7 protein subunit of TFIIH phosphorylates RNA Pol II CTD serine 5 residues on its heptad repeats.
Cdk-9 is the kinase subunit of P-TEFb that phosphorylates Serine 2 on the heptapeptide repeats of Pol II CTD alleviating the negative action of DSIF-NELF complex. This reaction is considered to be a rate limiting step for processive elongation. P-TEFb complex, that has a DRB-sensitive cyclin-dependent kinase activity, is composed of ~43 kDa, Cdk9 kinase (PITALRE), and either Cyclin T1, Cyclin T2a, Cyclin T2b, or Cyclin K. The exact mechanism by which P-TEFb removes the inhibition of elongation by DSIF-NELF is not yet known. P-TEFb is also capable of phosphorylating Spt5 subunit of DSIF complex. A P-TEFb complex (which contains only the Cyclin T1) is implicated in the efficient synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) transcripts. Cyclin T1 subunit of the P-TEFb(Cyclin T1:Cdk9) complex interacts with HIV-1 encoded Tat protein that binds to the transactivation response (TAR) element in the nascent HIV-1 transcript (reviewed in Price,2000). The mechanism by which DSIF, NELF and P-TEFb or TAK/P-TEFb act together in Pol II-regulated elongation is yet to be fully understood. Various biochemical evidences point to a model in which DSIF and NELF negatively regulate elongation through interactions with polymerase containing a hypophosphorylated CTD. Subsequent phosphorylation of the Pol II CTD by P-TEFb might promote elongation by inhibiting interactions of DSIF and NELF with the elongation complex.
Transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is controlled by a number of trans-acting transcription elongation factors as well as by cis-acting elements. Transcription elongation is a rate-limiting step for proper mRNA production in which the phosphorylation of Pol II CTD is a crucial biochemical event. The role of CTD phosphorylation in transcription by Pol II is greatly impaired by protein kinase inhibitors such as 5,6-dichloro-1- ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), which block CTD phosphorylation and induce arrest of elongating Pol II. DRB-sensitive activation Pol II CTD during elongation has enabled the isolation of two sets of factors -Negative Elongation Factors (NELF) and DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF). P-Tefb is a DRB-sensitive, cyclin-dependent CTD kinase composed of Cdk9 that carries out Serine-2 phosphorylation of Pol II CTD during elongation. The mechanism by which DSIF, NELF and P-TEFb act together in Pol II-regulated elongation is yet to be fully understood. Various biochemical evidences point to a model in which DSIF and NELF negatively regulate elongation through interactions with polymerase containing a hypophosphorylated CTD. Subsequent phosphorylation of the Pol II CTD by P-Tefb might promote elongation by inhibiting interactions of DSIF and NELF with the elongation complex.
NELF complex is a ~ 300 kDa multiprotein complex composed of 5 peptides (A - E): ~66,61,59,58 and 46 kDa. All these peptides are required for NELF-mediated inhibition of Pol II elongation. NELF complex has been reported to bind to the pre-formed DSIF:RNA Pol II complex that may act as a scaffold for its binding. NELF-A is suspected to be involved in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Binding of DSIF:NELF to RNA Pol II CTD results in abortive termination of early elongation steps by the growing transcripts.
DSIF is a heterodimer consisting of hSPT4 (human homolog of yeast Spt4- p14) and hSPT5 (human homolog of yeast Spt5-p160). DSIF association with Pol II may be enabled by Spt5 binding to Pol II creating a scaffold for NELF binding (Wada et al.,1998). Spt5 subunit of DSIF can be phosphorylated by P-TEFb.
FCP1 dephosphorylates RNAP II in ternary elongation complexes as well as in solution and, therefore, is thought to function in the recycling of RNAP II during the transcription cycle. Biochemical experiments suggest that human FCP1 targets CTDs that are phosphorylated at serine 2 (CTD-serine 2) and/or CTD-serine 5. It is also observed to stimulate elongation independent of its catalytic activity. Dephosphorylation of Ser2 - phosphorylated Pol II results in hypophosphorylated form that disengages capping enzymes (CE).
To facilitate co-transcriptional capping, and thereby restrict the cap structure to RNAs made by RNA polymerase II, the capping enzymes bind directly to the RNA polymerase II. The C-terminal domain of the largest Pol II subunit contains several phosphorylation sites on its heptapeptide repeats. The capping enzyme guanylyltransferase and the methyltransferase bind specifically to CTD phosphorylated at Serine 5 within the CTD. Kinase subunit of TFIIH, Cdk7, catalyzes this phosphorylation event that occurs near the promoter. In addition, it has been shown that binding of capping enzyme to the Serine-5 phosphorylated CTD stimulates guanylyltransferase activity in vitro.
The capping enzyme interacts with the Spt5 subunit of transcription elongation factor DSIF. This interaction may couple the capping reaction with promoter escape or elongation, thereby acting as a ââ¬Åcheckpointââ¬Â to assure that capping has occurred before the polymerase proceeds to make the rest of the transcript.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA Pol II with phosphorylated CTD: CE complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA Pol II with phosphorylated CTD: CE complex with activated GT' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FACT complex', 1 molecule of 'Elongin Complex', 1 molecule of 'Early elongation complex with hyperphosphorylated Pol II CTD', 1 molecule of 'TFIIH', 1 molecule of 'RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL', and 1 molecule of 'TFIIS protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongation complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
TFIIS is a transcription factor involved in different phases of transcription, occurring in a major ubiquitous form and other tissue specific forms. TFIIS stimulates RNA Pol II complex out of elongation arrest. Other transcription factors like ELL, Elongin family members and TFIIF interact directly with elongating Pol II and increase its elongation rate. These factors have been observed to act on naked DNA templates by suppressing transient pausing by the enzyme at all or most steps of nucleotide addition. In Drosophila, ELL is found at a large number of transcriptionally active sites on polytene chromosomes. In general, ELL is suspected to have more unidentified functions. Elongin is a heterotrimeric protein complex that stimulates the overall rate of elongation. In addition, Elongin may act as an E3 Ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitylation of RNA Pol II occurs rapidly after genotoxic assault by UV light or chemicals, and results in degradation by proteasome. The FACT complex appears to promote elongation by facilitating passage of polymerase through chromatin. All these factors contribute to the formation of a processive elongation complex centered around the RNA Pol II complex positioned on the DNA:RNA hybrid. This enables the RNA Pol II elongation complex to function as a platform that coordinates mRNA processing and export (Reviewed by Shilatifard et al., 2003).
Processing is initiated once the U7 snRNP is loaded onto the pre-mRNA. The pre-mRNA HDE makes base-pairing contacts with the 5ââ¬Â² end of U7 snRNA. Binding of the U7 snRNP to the pre-mRNA is stabilized by interactions between a U7 snRNP protein, hZFP100 and other trans-acting factors, including the factor that catalyzes the cleavage reaction, which have yet to be defined. The cleavage occurs in the presence of EDTA as does the cleavage reaction in polyadenylation, it is likely that this reaction is catalyzed by a protein. There may well be additional proteins associated with the U7 snRNP, since the in vitro processing occurs in the absence of SLBP, it is possible that all the other factors required for processing are associated with the active form of the U7 snRNP.
Processing is initiated once the SLBP (bound to the stem loop) and the U7 snRNP (bound to the HDE) are both loaded onto the pre-mRNA. The pre-mRNA HDE makes base-pairing contacts with the 5ââ¬Â² end of U7 snRNA. Binding of the U7 snRNP to the pre-mRNA is stabilized by interactions between a U7 snRNP protein, hZFP100 and SLBP. It should be noted that there must be other trans-acting factors, including the factor that catalyzes the cleavage reaction, which have yet to be defined. The cleavage occurs in the presence of EDTA as does the cleavage reaction in polyadenylation, it is likely that this reaction is catalyzed by a protein. There may well be additional proteins associated with the U7 snRNP, and since in some conditions in vitro processing occurs in the absence of SLBP, it is possible that all the other factors required for processing are associated with the active form of the U7 snRNP.
This section includes the cleavage of both polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated transcripts. In the former case polyadenylation has to precede transcript cleavage, while in the latter case there is no polyadenylation.
The polypeptide catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond remains to be identified. Cleavage produces a 3'-OH on the upstream fragment and a 5'-phosphate on the downstream fragment. At some unknown point after cleavage, the downstream fragment, CstF, CF I and CF II are thought to be released, whereas CPSF and poly(A) polymerase remain to carry out polyadenylation.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongation complex prior to separation' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongation complex with separated and uncleaved transcript' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Processive elongation complex', and 1 molecule of 'NTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongation complex prior to separation', and 1 molecule of 'NTP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Endonucleolytic cleavage separates the pre-mRNA into an upstream fragment destined to become the mature mRNA, and a downstream fragment that is rapidly degraded. Cleavage depends on two signals in the RNA, a highly conserved hexanucleotide, AAUAAA, 10 to 30 nucleotides upstream of the cleavage site, and a poorly conserved GU- or U-rich downstream element. Additional sequences, often upstream of AAUAAA, can enhance the efficiency of the reaction. Cleavage occurs most often after a CA dinucleotide. A single gene can have more than one 3' processing site. Cleavage is preceded by the assembly of a large processing complex, the composition of which is poorly defined. ATP, but not its hydrolysis, is required for assembly. Cleavage at the 3'-end of mRNAs depends on a number of protein factors. CPSF, a heterotetramer, binds specifically to the AAUAAA sequence. The heterotrimer CstF binds the downstream element. CF I, which appears to be composed of two subunits, one of several related larger polypeptides and a common smaller one, also binds RNA, but with unknown specificity. RNA recognition by these proteins is cooperative. Cleavage also requires CF II, composed of at least two subunits, and poly(A) polymerase, the enzyme synthesizing the poly(A) tail in the second step of the reaction. The polypeptide catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond remains to be identified. Cleavage produces a 3'-OH on the upstream fragment and a 5'-phosphate on the downstream fragment. At some unknown point after cleavage, the downstream RNA fragment, CstF, CF I and CF II are thought to be released, whereas CPSF and poly(A) polymerase remain to carry out polyadenylation.
The mechanisms governing the process of elongation during eukaryotic mRNA synthesis are being unraveled by recent studies. These studies have led to the expected discovery of a diverse collection of transcription factors that directly regulate the activities of RNA Polymerase II and unexpected discovery of roles for many elongation factors in other basic processes like DNA repair, recombination, etc. The transcription machinery and structural features of the major RNA polymerases are conserved across species. The genes active during elongation fall under different classes like, housekeeping, cell-cycle regulated, development and differentiation specific genes etc. The list of genes involved in elongation has been growing in recent times, and include: -TFIIS,DSIF, NELF, P-Tefb etc. that are involved in drug induced or sequence-dependent arrest - TFIIF, ELL, elongin, elongator etc. that are involved in increasing the catalytic rate of elongation by altering the Km and/or the Vmax of Pol II -FACT, Paf1 and other factors that are involved chromatin modification - DNA repair proteins, RNA processing and export factors, the 19S proteasome and a host of other factors like Spt5-Spt5, Paf1, and NELF complexes, FCP1P etc. (Arndt and Kane, 2003). Elongation also represents processive phase of transcription in which the activities of several mRNA processing factors are coupled to transcription through their binding to RNA polymerase (Pol II). One of the key events that enables this interaction is the differential phosphorylation of Pol II CTD. Phosphorylation pattern of CTD changes during transcription, most significantly at the beginning and during elongation process. TFIIH-dependent Ser5 phosphorylation is observed primarily at promoter regions while P-Tefb mediated Ser2 phosphorylation is seen mainly in the coding regions, during elongation. Experimental evidence suggests a dynamic association of RNA processing factors with differently modified forms of the polymerase during the transcription cycle. (Komarnitsky et al., 2000). [Komarnitsky et al 2000, Arndt & Kane 2003, Shilatifard et al 2003]
High-resolution structures of free, catalytically active yeast Pol II and of an elongating form reveal that Pol II elongation complex includes features like: - RNA-DNA hybrid, an unwound template ahead of 3'-OH terminus of growing transcript and an exit groove at the base of the CTD, possibly for dynamic interaction of processing and transcriptional factors. - a cleft or channel created by Rpb1 and Rpb2 subunits to accommodate DNA template, extending to Mg2+ ion located deep in the enzyme core -a 50 kDa "clamp" with open confirmation in free polymerase, allowing entry of DNA strands but closed in the processive elongation phase. The clamp is composed of portions of Rpb1,Rpb2 and Rpb3 , five loops or "switches" that change from unfolded to well-folded structures stabilizing the elongation complex, and a long "bridging helix" that emanates from Rpb1 subunit, crossing near the Mg2+ ion. The bridging helix is thought to "bend" to push on the base pair at the 3'-end of RNA-DNA hybrid like a ratchet, translocating Pol II along the DNA (Cramer et al.,2001; Gnatt et al.,2001).In addition to its dynamic biochemical potential, Pol II possess a repertoire of functions to serve as a critical platform of recruiting and coordinating the actions of a host of additional enzyme and proteins involved in various pathways.
Retroconversion of C24:6(n-3) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3) involves the initial oxidation of tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA to an intermediate 1-(2E,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosaheptaenoyl)-CoA (delta2-THA-CoA). This step is catalysed by the peroxisomal enzyme Straight-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (SCOX) (Ferdinandusse et al. 2001).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pol II open pre-initiation complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pol II closed pre-initiation complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Delta2-THA-CoA is hydrated to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate 1-(3-hydroxy-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA by HSD17B4/DBP (d-bifunctional protein) dimer.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Processive elongation complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DSIF complex', 1 molecule of 'FACT complex', 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (hyperphosphorylated)', 1 molecule of 'damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid', 1 molecule of 'Elongin Complex', 1 molecule of 'FCP1P protein', 1 molecule of 'P-TEFb complex', 1 molecule of 'NELF complex', 1 molecule of 'RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL', 1 molecule of 'NTP', 1 molecule of 'TFIIS protein', and 1 molecule of 'TFIIF' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
3-hydroxy tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA undergoes dehydrogenation to form 1-(3-oxo-6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl)-CoA, catalysed by DBP. DBP is a bifunctional enzyme, involved in the hydration of a variety of trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA's but also mediating dehydrogenation of a variety of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA's (Jiang et al. 1997).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Arrested processive elongation complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Aborted elongation complex after arrest' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3(n-3)) is an omega-3 fatty acid, supplied through diet as it cannot be synthesized by humans. ALA has an important role in human health. It is converted to long chain more unsaturated n-3 fatty acids by a series of alternating desaturation and elongation reactions. Omega-3 products of ALA such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduce inflammation and may help lower risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and arthritis. All the desaturation and elongation steps occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) except for the final step which requires translocation to peroxisomes for partial beta-oxidation. The alpha-linolenic acid pathway involves the following steps: 18:3(n-3)--> 18:4(n-3)-->20:4(n-3)-->20:5(n-3)-->22:5(n-3)-->24:5(n-3)-->24:6(n-3)-->22:6(n-3). Two desaturation enzymes are involved in this process: delta-6 desaturase that converts 18:3(n-3) to 18:4(n-3) and 24:5(n-3) to 24:6(n-3) respectively, delta-5 desaturase 20:4(n-3) to 20:5(n-3). (Sprecher 2002).
Although TBP (TATA box binding factor) is necessary and sufficient for initiation of basal transcription, the other subunits of the general transcription factor TFIID, the TBP-associated factors, are required for response to transcriptional activators. TBP binds to the TATA box (a core promoter element), and bends the DNA 80 degrees toward the major groove. This conformation of TBP-TATA box provides the proper topology for the binding of the general transcription factor TFIIB. Transcriptional activators function by affecting the kinetics of binding of TBP to the promoter DNA.
At the late endosome membrane, myotubularin (MTM1), myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2), myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4), and myotubularin-related protein 7 (MTMR7) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol (PI). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: MTM1 (Cao et al. 2007, Cao et al. 2008, Tsujita et al. 2004, Tronchere et al. 2004, Kim et al. 2002); MTMR2 (Cao et al. 2008, Kim et al. 2002); MTMR4 (Lorenzo et al. 2006); and MTMR7 (Mochizuki & Majerus 2003, Lorenzo et al. 2006).
At the late endosome membrane, the primary event is the dephosphorylation of the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P) (Sbrissa et al. 2007, Sbrissa et al. 2008, Cao et al. 2007, Cao et al. 2008, Arcaro et al. 2000, Kim et al. 2002).
Phosphatidylinositol (PI), a membrane phospholipid, can be reversibly phosphorylated at the 3, 4, and 5 positions of the inositol ring to generate seven phosphoinositides: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P), phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate PI(3,4)P2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate PI(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate PI(3,5)P2, and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3). These seven phosphoinositides, which are heterogeneously distributed within cells, can serve as signature components of different intracellular compartment membranes and so help to mediate specificity of membrane interactions. Phosphoinositide levels are tightly regulated spatially and temporally by the action of various kinases and phosphatases whilst PI(4,5)P2 is also a substrate for phospholipase C. The differential localisation of each of these enzymes on specific compartment membranes ensures maintenance of the heterogeneous distribution of phosphoinositides despite the continuous membrane flow from one compartment to another. PI is primarily synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum from where the phospholipid is exported to other compartments via membrane traffic or via cytosolic phospholipid transfer proteins. Phosphorylation of PI to PI4P primarily occurs in the Golgi, where PI4P plays an important role in the biogenesis of transport vesicles such as the secretory vesicle involved in its transport to the plasma membrane. At this place, PI4P has a major function acting as a precursor of PI(4,5)P2, which is located predominantly at this membrane. PI(4,5)P2 binds and regulates a wide range of proteins that function on the cell surface and serves as a precursor for second messengers. Additionally, it helps define this membrane as a target for secretory vesicles, functions as a coreceptor in endocytic processes, and functions as a cofactor for actin nucleation. At the plasma membrane, PI(4,5)P2 is further phosphorylated to PI(3,4,5)P3, another phosphoinositide with important signalling functions including stimulating cell survival and proliferation. The inositol 3-phosphatase, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) regenerates PI (4,5)P2, while the 5-phosphatases convert PI(3,4,5)P3 into the phosphoinositide, PI(3,4)P2, propagating the signal initiated by PI(3,4,5)P3. PI(3,4)P2 is further dephosphorylated in the endocytic pathway by inositol 4-phosphatases to PI3P, the signature phosphoinositide of the early endosomal compartment and a ligand for numerous endosomal proteins. However, the bulk of PI3P is generated directly in the endosomes by phosphorylation of PI. The subsequent endosomal phosphorylation of PI3P to PI(3,5)P2 is believed to generate docking sites for recruitment of cytosolic factors responsible for the control of outgoing traffic from the endosomes. The main localisation and function of the low abundance phosphoinositide PI5P, that can be generated by several pathways, remains to be determined (Krauss & Haucke 2007, Leventis & Grinstein 2010, Roth 2004, Gees et al. 2010, De Matteis & Godi 2004, van Meer et al. 2008, Vicinanza et al. 2008, Lemmon 2008, Kutaleladze 2010, Robinson & Dixon 2006, Blero et al. 2007, Liu & Bankaitis 2010, McCrea & De Camilli 2009, Vicinanza et al. 2008, Di Paolo & De Camilli, 2006).
Phospholipids contain a polar head group and two long-chain fatty acyl moieties, one of which is generally unsaturated. The head group is a glycerol or serine phosphate attached to a polar group such as choline. These molecules are a major constituent of cellular membranes, where their diverse structures and asymmetric distributions play major roles in determining membrane properties (Dowhan 1997). The four major classes of phospholipids in human plasma membranes are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. The first three are derivatives of glycerol while sphingomyelin is a derivative of serine. Here, pathways for the metabolism of glycerophospholipids, phosphphatidylinositol (PI), and sphingolipids are annotated.
In the first step the precursor apha-linolenic (9,12,15-18:3(n-3)) acid is activated to a high energy form known as alpha-linolenoyl-CoA (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA) by the iron enzyme long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA-ligase (acyl-CoA synthetase 1, ACSL1) and coenzyme A.
The 24-carbon tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA (6,9,12,15,18,21-24:6(n-3) is transported to peroxisomes to undergo a putative single cycle of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, producing Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (Sprecher 2002, Luthria et al. 1996).
The general transcription factor TFIIB is a single polypeptide of approximately 35 kDa. There is a Zn-binding domain near the N terminus of TFIIB, and the C-terminal domain encompasses two imperfect repeats; between the N and C termini is a phylogenetically conserved region. The C terminus interacts with TBP and RNA Polymerase II, whereas the N terminus interacts with factor TFIIF and RNA polymerase II. TFIIB is a sequence-specific factor, and it interacts with the BRE element within the promoter. TFIIB interacts with the Rpb1 subunit of RNA polymerase II to define transcription strat sites. Several activators directly bind TFIIB, and stimulate transcription. The N-terminus and the C-terminus can participate in intramolecular interactions, and this can be disrupted by specific activators by causing a conformational change in TFIIB. TFIIA also binds the preinitiation complex along with TFIIB. However, TFIIA is not required for accurate initiation, but rather functions as a coactivator of transcription.
The general transcription factor TFIIF has a high affinity for the RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme. TFIIF stabilizes the preinitiation complex, and suppresses non-specific binding of RNA Pol II to DNA, and is thus critical for start site recognition.
After assembly of the complete RNA polymerase II-preinitiation complex, the next step is separation of the two DNA strands. This isomerization step is known as the closed-to-open complex transition and occurs prior to the initiation of mRNA synthesis. In the RNA polymerase II system this step requires the hydrolysis of ATP or dATP into Pi and ADP or dADP (in contrast to the other RNA polymerase systems) and is catalyzed by the XPB subunit of TFIIH. The region of the promoter, which becomes single-stranded , spans from ââ¬â10 to +2 relative to the transcription start site. Negative supercoiling in the promoter region probably induces transient opening events and can alleviate requirement of TFIIE, TFIIH and ATP-hydrolysis for open complex formation. ATP is also used in this step by the cdk7-subunit of TFIIH to phosphorylate the heptad repeats of the C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) on serine-2
Factor TFIIE enters the preinitiation complex after TFIIF recruits RNA Polymerase II. TFIIE is composed of two subunits of 56 kDA and 34 kDa. TFIIE facilitates the recruitment of factor TFIIH to the preinitiation complex, and it also stimulates the phosphorylation of the RNA Polymerase II CTD by TFIIH.
The binding of TFIIH completes the assembly of the preinitiation complex (PIC) for RNA Polymerase II transcription. Although RNA polymerase binds the TATA box on the promoter DNA, no initiation of transcription occurs until TFIIH is bound to the PIC. TFIIH is the only factor with known enzymatic activities.
Compartmentation of hexokinase in human blood cells. Characterization of soluble and particulate enzymes.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II initiation complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II Initiation complex with phosphodiester-PPi intermediate' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Thromboxane synthase (TBXAS1) aka CYP5A1 mediates the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (Miyata et al. 2001, Chevalier et al. 2001). This reaction is not coupled with any P450 reductase proteins nor consumes NADPH.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pol II open pre-initiation complex', and 2 molecules of 'NTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II initiation complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
Formation of the open complex exposes the template strand to the catalytic center of the RNA polymerase II enzyme. This facilitates formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which marks transcription initiation. As a result of this, the TFIIB basal transcription factor dissociates from the initiation complex. The open transcription initiation complex is unstable and can revert to the closed state. Initiation at this stage requires continued (d)ATP-hydrolysis by TFIIH. Dinucleotide transcripts are not stably associated with the transcription complex. Upon dissociation they form abortive products. The transcription complex is also sensitive to inhibition by small oligo-nucleotides. Dinucleotides complementary to position -1 and +1 in the template can also direct first phosphodiester bond formation. This reaction is independent on the basal transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIH and does not involve ââ¬Åfullââ¬Â open complex formation. This reaction is sensitive to inhibition by single-stranded oligonucleotides.
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) aka PGFS is the enzyme involved in NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase activity of reducing prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) to 11-epi-Prostaglandin F2alpha (11-epi-PGF2a) (Liston & Roberts 1985, Koda et al. 2004).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II Initiation complex with phosphodiester-PPi intermediate' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pyrophosphate', and 1 molecule of 'pol II transcription complex' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) oxidises prostaglandins D2 (PGD2), E2 (PGE2), and F2alpha (PGF2a) to 15-keto-prostaglandin D2 (15k-PGD2), E2 (15k-PGE2), and F2alpha (15k-PGF2a) respectively (Cho et al. 2006). This reaction is inferred from rabbits (Bergholte & Okita 1986).
Prior to this reaction all the enzymes involved in the desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid are located in the ER, but for this last step tetracosapentaenoyl-CoA must be transferred to the peroxisomes for partial beta-oxidation to docosapentaenoyl-CoA (DPA-CoA, 4,7,10,13,16-22:5(n-6)) (Su et al. 2001).
Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2(n-6)) is an omega-6 fatty acid obtained through diet, mainly from vegetable oils. Omega-6 fatty acids helps stimulate skin and hair growth, maintain bone health, regulate metabolism, and maintain the reproductive system. All the desaturation and elongation steps occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) except for the final step which requires translocation to peroxisomes for partial beta-oxidation. The linoleic acid pathway involves the following steps: 18:2(n-6)-->18:3(n-6)--> 20:3(n-6)-->20:4(n-6)-->22:4(n-6)-->24:4(n-6)-->24:5(n-6)-->22:5(n-6). Two desaturation enzymes are involved in this process: delta-6 desaturase which converts 18:2(n-6) to 18:3 (n-6) and 24:4(n-6) to 24:5(n-6) respectively, and delta-5 desaturase which converts 20:3(n-6) to 20:4(n-6). (Sprecher 2002).
The dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) linoleic acid (LA) is activated to a high energy form known as linoleoyl-CoA by the action of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs). Thioesterification of long-chain fatty acids into their acyl-CoA derivatives is considered to be the first committed step in fatty acid metabolism. Formation of acyl-CoA allows an otherwise non-reactive fatty acid to participate in biosynthetic or catabolic pathways. This acyl CoA form is converted to its longer-chain polyunsaturated products by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions (Ellis et al. 2010, Watkins 2008).
Prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) requires glutathione (GSH) as an essential cofactor for its enzymatic activity, and together they isomerise prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Jegerschold et al. 2008). After PGH2 has been produced by the prostaglandin G/H synthases (PTGS1 and 2) on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum, it diffuses through the membrane to the active site of PTGES located on the cytoplasmic side.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most abundant prostanoid in the body and is a major mediator of inflammation in diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The product of arachidonic acid, prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) serves as the substrate for the isomerization to PGE2. The conversion is carried out by prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), of which there are three forms. Two are membrane-bound enzymes and are designated as mPGES-1 (functionally linked with COX-2) and mPGES-2 (golgi membrane-associated, functionally coupled with both COX-1 and COX-2). The other is cytosolic (cPGES, PTGES3) and functionally linked to COX-1 to produce PGE2 immediately. In this reaction, cPGES is used for conversion of PGH2 to PGE2.
There are two major classes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): the omega-3 (n-3) and the omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, where the number corresponds to the position of the first double bond proximate to the methyl end of the fatty acid. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids. Humans cannot synthesize them, instead they are supplied through diet. Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2(n-6)), a major component of omega-6 fatty acids and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:2(n-3)) a major component of omega-3 fatty acids are the two main dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs) in humans. ALA and LA obtained from diet are converted in the body into their longer chain and more unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 products by a series of desaturation and elongation steps. Metabolism of ALA and LA to their corresponding products is mediated via common enzyme systems. In humans ALA is finally converted to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6(n-3)), and LA is converted to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5(n-6)). The intermediary omega-3 and omega-6 series fatty acids play a significant role in health and disease by generating potent modulatory molecules for inflammatory responses, including eicosanoids (prostaglandins, and leukotrienes), and cytokines (interleukins) and affecting the gene expression of various bioactive molecules (Kapoor & Huang 2006, Sprecher 2002, Burdge 2006).
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) aka PGFS is responsible for the reduction of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a) (Suzuki-Yamamoto et al. 1999, Komoto et al. 2004, Komoto et al. 2006). There is an additional way of achieving this reaction involving the prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase, FAM213B and thioredoxin (TRX).
Formation of the second phosphodiester bond creates a 3-nt product. This short transcript is still loosely associated with the RNA polymerase II initiation complex and can dissociate to yield abortive products, which are not further extended. The transcription complex still requires continued ATP-hydrolysis by TFIIH and remains sensitive to single-stranded oligo-nucleotide inhibition. The open region (ââ¬Åtranscription bubbleââ¬Â) expands concomitant with the site of RNA-extension. In this case this region spans positions -9 to +3.
Formation of the third phosphodiester bond creates a 4-nt product. This commits the initiation complex to promoter escape. The short 4-nt transcript is still loosely associated with the RNA polymerase II initiation complex and can dissociate to yield abortive products, which are not further extended. Inhibition of ATP-hydrolysis by TFIIH does not lead to collapse of the open region any longer. The transcription complex has lost the sensitivity to single-stranded oligo-nucleotide inhibition. However, ATP-hydrolysis and TFIIH are required for efficient promoter escape. The open region (ââ¬Åtranscription bubbleââ¬Â) expands concomitant with the site of RNA-extension. In this case this region spans positions -9 to +4.
Formation of the second phosphodiester bond creates a 3-nt product. This transcript is still loosely associated with the RNA polymerase II initiation complex and can dissociate to yield abortive products, which are not further extended. At this stage pausing by RNA polymerase II may result in repeated slippage and reextension of the nascent RNA. The transcription complex still requires continued ATP-hydrolysis by TFIIH for efficient promoter escape. Basal transcription factor TFIIE dissociates from the initiation complex before position +10. Basal transcription factor TFIIF may reassociate and can stimulate transcription elongation at multiple stages. The open region (ââ¬Åtranscription bubbleââ¬Â) expands concomitant with the site of RNA-extension, eventually reaching an open region from -9 to +9.
Formation of phosphodiester bonds nine and ten creates RNA products, which do not dissociate from the RNA pol II initiation complex. The transcription complex has enter the productive elongation phase. TFIIH and ATP-hydrolysis are required for efficient promoter escape. The open region (ââ¬Åtranscription bubbleââ¬Â) expands concomitant with the site of RNA-extension. The region upstream from the transcription start site (-9 to -3) collapses to the double-stranded state. TFIIH remains associated to the RNA pol II initiation complex.
Human HRD1 promoter carries a functional unfolded protein response element to which XBP1 but not ATF6 directly binds
RNA polymerase II transcription complexes are susceptible to transcriptional stalling and arrest, when extending nascent transcripts to 30-nt. This susceptibility depends on presence on down-stream DNA, the particular DNA-sequence of the template and presence of transcription factors. Transcription factor TFIIH remains associated to the RNA pol II elongation complex until position +30. At this stage transcription elongation factor TFIIS can rescue stalled transcription elongation complexes. The transcription bubble varies between 13- and 22-nt in size.
RNA Polymerase II promoter escape occurs after the first phosphodiester bond has been created.
Loss-of-function fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 mutations in melanoma
At the early endosome membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger. The FIG4 phosphatase component dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) (Sbrissa et al. 2007, Sbrissa et al. 2008).
Thirteen of the ~80 different proteins present in the respiratory chain of human mitochondria are encoded by the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). The circular mtDNA, which is present in 1000 to 10000 copies in the human cell, also encodes for 2 ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs. The double-stranded mitochondrial genome lacks introns and the longer non-coding region contains the control elements for transcription and replication of mtDNA (Shadel and Clayton, 1997). The two mtDNA strands are referred to as the heavy (H-strand) and the light (L-strand) due to their differing G+T content. In human cells, each strand contains one single promoter for transcriptional initiation, the light-strand promoter (LSP) or the heavy-strand promoter (HSP). Transcription from the mitochondrial promoters produce polycistronic precursor RNA encompassing all the genetic information encoded in each of the specific strands. The primary transcripts are processed to produce the individual tRNA and mRNA molecules (Clayton, 1991; Ojala et al., 1981). There is likely a second initiation site for heavy strand transcription, which produces RNAs spanning the rDNA region. The resulting transcript including the genes for the two mitochondrial rRNAs and ends at the boundary between the 16 S rRNA and the tRNALeu(UUR) genes (Montoya et al., 1982; Montoya et al.,1983; Christianson and Clayton 1986). The existence of such a separate transcription unit may explain why the steady-state levels of rRNAs are much higher than the steady state levels of mRNAs.
At the early endosome membrane, myotubularin (MTM1), myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2) and myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: MTM1 (Cao et al. 2007, Cao et al. 2008), MTMR2 (Cao et al. 2008), and MTMR4 (Lorenzo et al. 2006).
Human mtDNA is transcribed by a dedicated mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), which displays significant sequence similarity to the monomeric RNA polymerases found in bacteriophages. In contrast to the phage T7 RNA polymerase, POLRMT cannot interact with promoter DNA and initiate transcription on its own, but requires the presence of the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and either transcription factor B1 (TFB1M) or B2 (TFB2M). The 4 proteins of the basal mitochondrial transcription machinery have been purified in recombinant form and used to reconstitute transcription in vitro with a promoter containing DNA fragment (Falkenberg et al., 2002). Although both TFB1M and TFB2M can support in vitro transcription with POLRMT, TFB2M is at least two orders of magnitude more active than TFB1M and the physiological role of TFB1M in mitochondrial transcription has not yet been completely defined. The TFB1M and TFB2M display primary sequence similarity to a family of rRNA methyltransferases, which dimethylates two adjacent adenosine bases near the 3ââ¬â¢ end of the small subunit rRNA during ribosome biogenesis (Falkenberg et al., 2002; McCulloch et al., 2002). Human TFB1M is, in fact, a dual function protein, which not only support mitochondrial transcription in vitro, but also acts as a rRNA methyltransferase (Seidel-Rogol et al., 2003). The methyltransferase activity is not required for transcription, since point mutations in conserved methyltransferase motifs of TFB1M revealed that it stimulates transcription in vitro independently of S-adenosylmethionine binding and rRNA methyltransferase activity.
Studies of human LSP have revealed that a minimal DNA fragment corresponding to position -28 to +16 relative to the transcription initiation site is able to support transcription initiation in a mitochondrial extract (Chang and Clayton, 1984). TFAM interacts directly with nucleotides between positions -35 and -17 (Fisher et al., 1987), and the exact distance between the TFAM-binding site and the transcription start site is essential for promoter activity (Dairaghi et al., 1995).
RNA polymerase III is one of three types of nuclear RNA polymerases present in eucaryotic cells. About 10% of the total transcription in dividing cells can be attributed to its activity. It synthesizes an eclectic collection of catalytic or structural RNA molecules, some of which are involved in protein synthesis, pre-mRNA splicing, tRNA processing, and the control of RNA polymerase II elongation, whereas some others have still unknown functions. Like other RNA polymerases, RNA polymerase III cannot recognize its target promoters directly. Instead it is recruited to specific promoter sequences through the help of transcription factors. There are three basic types of RNA polymerase III promoters, called types 1, 2, and 3(Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 1992). Although in vivo, RNA polymerase III may be recruited to these promoters as part of a large complex (holo RNA polymerase III) containing the polymerase and its initiation factors (Wang et al., 1997), in vitro the reaction can be divided into several steps. First, the promoter elements are recognized by DNA binding factors, which then recruit a factor known as TFIIIB. TFIIIB itself then directly contacts RNA polymerase III. In human cells but not in S. cerevisiae, there are at least two versions of TFIIIB. One contains TBP, Bdp1, and Brf1 (Brf1-TFIIIB), and the other TBP, Bdp1, and Brf2 (Brf2-TFIIIB) (Schramm et al., 2000; Teichmann et al., 2000).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha (PI4K2A) (Balla et al. 2002, Minogue et al. 2001) and beta (PI4K2B) (Balla et al. 2002, Wei et al. 2002) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P).
Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins.
At the plasma membrane, synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 aka Synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1) (Guo et al. 1999, Mani et al. 2007, Johenning et al. 2004) and -2 (SYNJ2) (Malecz et al. 2000) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) phosphatidylinositol (PI). The SAC1 domains of SYNJ1 and SYNJ2 demonstrate 4-phosphatase activity.
Pol III initiation complexes open the promoter spontaneously similar to the mechanism employed in archaeal and bacterial transcription.
At the plasma membrane, subsequent phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) produces phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) while the actions of various other kinases and phosphatases produces phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P), phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) (Zhang et al. 1997, Gurung et al. 2003, Guo et al. 1999, Vanhaesebroeck et al. 1997, Tolias et al. 1998, Schaletzky et al. 2003, Kim et al. 2002, Clarke et al. 2010).
The principal cleavage products are dinucleotides, and they are produced in large stoichiometric excess over complete transcripts. Overall productive RNA chain elongation proceeds quite rapidly. This event is inferred from an event in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
At the early endosome membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger (Sbrissa et al. 2002, Cao et al. 2007). The PIKFYVE kinase component phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate PI(3,5)P2 (Sbrissa et al. 1999). The PAS complex is present in the cytosol and is recruited to the membrane (Sbrissa et al. 2007).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha (PIP5K1A) and beta (PIP5K1B) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) (Tolias et al. 1998).
At the plasma membrane, synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 aka synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1) (Guo et al. 1999, Mani et al. 2007) and -2 (SYNJ2) (Malecz et al. 2000) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P).
At the plasma membrane, synaptojanin-1 aka Synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SYNJ1) (Guo et al. 1999), -2 (SYNJ2) and some myotubularins (MTMs) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P). The MTMs involved are: myotubularin (MTM1) (Cao et al. 2007, Tronchere et al. 2004, Schaletzky et al. 2003, Laporte et al. 2002) and myotubularin-related proteins 1 (MTMR1) (Tronchere et al. 2004), 3 (MTMR3) (Walker et al. 2001, Lorenzo et al. 2005), 6 (MTMR6) (Schaletzky et al. 2003, Choudhury et al. 2006), and 14 (MTMR14) (Tosch et al. 2006).
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha (PIP4K2A) and beta (PIP4K2B) homodimers and heterodimers (Clarke et al. 2010) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIP4K2A (Rameh et al. 1997, Clarke et al. 2008) and PIP4K2B (Rameh et al. 1997).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pol II transcription complex containing 4-9 nucleotide long transcript' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'template DNA:4-9 nucleotide transcript hybrid', 1 molecule of 'TFIIH', 1 molecule of 'TFIIE', and 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase II (unphosphorylated):TFIIF complex' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Pol II Promoter Escape Complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TFIIA', 1 molecule of 'TFIIH', 1 molecule of 'TFIIE', 1 molecule of 'TFIID', 1 molecule of 'TFIIB', 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase II (unphosphorylated):TFIIF complex', and 1 molecule of 'DNA containing Pol II promoter with transcript with 2 or 3 nucleotides' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pol II transcription complex' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TFIIA', 1 molecule of 'TFIIH', 1 molecule of 'TFIIE', 1 molecule of 'TFIID', 1 molecule of 'TFIIB', 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase II (unphosphorylated):TFIIF complex', and 1 molecule of 'template DNA with first transcript dinucleotide, opened to +8 position' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongin A1 protein', and 1 molecule of 'Elongin B:C complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongin Complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Cdk 9 protein', 1 molecule of 'Cyclin T1', and 1 molecule of 'Cyclin T2' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'P-TEFb complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the late endosome membrane, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3) aka VPS34 binds to phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 (PIK3R4). The PIK3C3:PIK3R4 complex and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (PIK3C2A) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIK3C3:PIK3R4 (Panaretou et al. 1997, Volinia et al. 1995, Cao et al. 2007) and PIK3C2A (Arcaro et al. 2000, Domin et al. 2000).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongin B protein', and 1 molecule of 'Elongin C protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Elongin B:C complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the late endosome membrane, myotubularin (MTM1), myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2), myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4), and myotubularin-related protein 7 (MTMR7) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: MTM1 (Cao et al. 2007, Cao et al. 2008, Tsujita et al. 2004, Tronchere et al. 2004), MTMR2 (Cao et al. 2008), MTMR4 (Lorenzo et al. 2006), and MTMR7 (Mochizuki & Majerus 2003, Lorenzo et al. 2006).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'SUPT5H protein', and 1 molecule of 'SPT4H1 protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DSIF complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the late endosome membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger. The PIKFYVE kinase component phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate (PI5P) (Sbrissa et al. 1999, Sbrissa et al. 2002). The PAS complex is present in the cytosol and is recruited to the membrane.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'NELF-A protein', 1 molecule of 'RD protein', 1 molecule of 'NELF-B protein', and 1 molecule of 'NELF-C/D protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'NELF complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the late endosome membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger (Sbrissa et al. 2002, Cao et al. 2007). The PIKFYVE kinase component phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate PI(3,5)P2 (Sbrissa et al. 1999). The PAS complex is present in the cytosol and is recruited to the membrane (Sbrissa et al. 2007).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FACT 140 kDa subunit', and 1 molecule of 'FACT 80 kDa subunit' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FACT complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the late endosome membrane, the PAS complex, consisting of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKFYVE), yeast VAC14 homologue (VAC14), and polyphosphoinositide phosphatase aka SAC3 (FIG4), binds to the membrane via PIKFYVE's FYVE finger. The FIG4 phosphatase component dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) (Sbrissa et al. 2007, Sbrissa et al. 2008).
At the early endosome membrane, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (PIK3C2A) (Kraq et al. 2010, Arcaro et al. 2000) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) to phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2).
At the early endosome membrane, phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2) is generated in two steps from phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate PI(3,4)P2 by the action of various kinases and phosphatases (Sbrissa et al. 2007, Sbrissa et al. 2008, Cao et al. 2007, Cao et al. 2008, Arcaro et al. 2000, Kim et al. 2002).
Model of the ran-RCC1 interaction using biochemical and docking experiments
At the early endosome membrane, myotubularin (MTM1), myotubularin-related protein 2 (MTMR2), and myotubularin-related protein 4 (MTMR4) dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) to phosphatidylinositol (PI). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: MTM1 (Cao et al. 2007, Cao et al. 2008, Kim et al. 2002), MTMR2 (Cao et al. 2008, Kim et al. 2002), and MTMR4 (Lorenzo et al. 2006, Zhao et al. 2001).
At the early endosome membrane, phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha/beta (PI4K2A/B) (Balla et al. 2002) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P).
At the early endosome membrane, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3) aka VPS34 binds to phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 (PIK3R4). The PIK3C3:PIK3R4 complex and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (PIK3C2A) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: PIK3C3:PIK3R4 complex (Panaretou et al. 1997, Volinia et al. 1995, Cao et al. 2007) and PIK3C2A (Arcaro et al. 2000, Domin et al. 2000).
Expression, purification and kinetic properties of human recombinant phospholipase C delta 3
Pol II pausing is believed to result from reversible backtracking of the Pol II enzyme complex by ~2 to 4 nucleotides. This leads to misaligned 3'-OH terminus that is unable to be an acceptor for the incoming NTPs in synthesis of next phosphodiester bond (reviewed by Shilatifard et al., 2003).
TFIIS reactivates arrested RNA Pol II directly interacting with the enzyme resulting in endonucleolytic excision of nascent transcript ~7-14 nucleotides upstream of the 3' end. This reaction is catalyzed by the catalytic site and results in the generation of a new 3'-OH terminus that could be used for re-extension from the correctly base paired site (reviewed by Shilatifard et al., 2003).
RNA Pol II arrest is believed to be a result of irreversible backsliding of the enzyme by ~7-14 nucleotides. It is suggested that, arrest leads to extrusion of displaced transcripts 3'-end through the small pore near the Mg2+ ion. Pol II arrest may lead to abortive termination of elongation due to irreversible trapping of the 3'-end of the displaced transcript in the pore (reviewed by Shilatifard et al., 2003).
In the early elongation phase, shorter transcripts typically of ~30 nt in length are generated due to random termination of elongating nascent transcripts. This abortive cessation of elongation has been observed mainly in the presence of DSIF-NELF bound to Pol II complex. (Reviewed in Conaway et al.,2000; Shilatifard et al., 2003 ).
Recovery from pausing occurs spontaneously after a variable length of time as the enzyme spontaneously slides forward again. This renders the transcript's 3'-OH terminus realigned with the catalytic Mg2+ site of the enzyme. TFIIS is capable of excising the nascent transcript at 2 or 3 nucleotides upstream of the transcript's 3'-end to reinitiate processive elongation (reviewed by Shilatifard et al., 2003).
Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes
Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters
Multiple splice variants of the human HIF-3 alpha locus are targets of the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
Cdc42 regulates Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis through the activation and phosphorylation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and neural-WASP
Inwardly rectifying potassium channels: their structure, function, and physiological roles
Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143706
Core exosome-independent roles for Rrp6 in cell cycle progression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143707
Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
Analysis of the biogenesis of heparan sulfate acetyl-CoA:alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase provides insights into the mechanism underlying its complete deficiency in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC
Cloning and characterization of three human cDNAs encoding mRNA (guanine-7-)-methyltransferase, an mRNA cap methylase.
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143777
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143801
Novel mutations in COX15 in a long surviving Leigh syndrome patient with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143791
'DP-1:E2F1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Activation of E2F target genes at G1/S'
'Myc/Max heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Activation of Cdc25A by c-myc'
PP2A-regulatory subunit B55 alpha isoform
'ChREBP:MLX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Transcriptional activation of GP-acyl transferase gene by ChREBP:MLX'
'ChREBP:MLX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Transcriptional activation of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase by ChREBP:MLX'
'ChREBP:MLX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Transcriptional activation of FAS monomer gene by ChREBP:MLX'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146405
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3793.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3845.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77087
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101219.9
The 12-eicosatetraenoic acids: 12-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HpETE), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and 12-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxoETE) are formed after the initial step of arachidonic acid oxidation by the arachidonate 12 and 15 lipoxygenases (ALOX12, ALOX12B and ALOX15 respectively). This part of the pathway is bifurcated at the level of 12S-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HpETE), which can either be reduced to 12S-hydro-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE) or converted to hepoxilins (Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008).
HuR phosphorylated on ser221 and ser318 binds AU-rich regions of mRNAs. Phosphorylation on ser318 appears to affect RNA binding and phosphorylation of ser221 affects nucleocytoplasmic shuttling.
The role of cis-trans isomerization of peptide bonds in the coil leads to and comes from triple helix conversion of collagen
HuR (ELAV1) phosphorylated on serine221 and serine158 binds COX-2 mRNA in the nucleus. The phosphorylation of serine 158 appears to affect RNA-binding while phosphorylation on serine 221 affects nucleocytoplasmic shuffling.
Protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) phosphorylates HuR (ELAVL1) at serine 221 and serine 318.
KSRP (KHSRP) binds AU-rich regions of target RNAs via its four K-homology (KH) domains.
KSRP is phosphorylated by activated protein kinase B/AKT at serine 193. Phosphorylation does not prevent KSRP from binding RNA.
Eicosanoids, oxygenated, 20-carbon fatty acids, are autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules that modulate physiological processes including pain, fever, inflammation, blood clot formation, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, and the release of gastric acid. Eicosanoids are synthesized in humans primarily from arachidonic acid (all-cis 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) that is released from membrane phospholipids. Once released, arachidonic acid is acted on by prostaglandin G/H synthases (PTGS, also known as cyclooxygenases (COX)) to form prostaglandins and thromboxanes, by arachidonate lipoxygenases (ALOX) to form leukotrienes, epoxygenases (cytochrome P450s and epoxide hydrolase) to form epoxides such as 15-eicosatetraenoic acids, and omega-hydrolases (cytochrome P450s) to form hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008). Levels of free arachidonic acid in the cell are normally very low so the rate of synthesis of eicosanoids is determined primarily by the activity of phospholipase A2, which mediates phospholipid cleavage to generate free arachidonic acid. The enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism are typically constitutively expressed so the subset of these enzymes expressed by a cell determines the range of eicosanoids it can synthesize. Eicosanoids are unstable, undergoing conversion to inactive forms with half-times under physiological conditions of seconds or minutes. Many of these reactions appear to be spontaneous.
Phosphorylated BRF1 interacts with 14-3-3, becomes localized to the cytoskeleton, and no longer promotes RNA degradation. Phosphorylated BRF1 is, however, still able to bind RNA.
Butyrate Response Factor 1 (BRF1, ZFP36L1, not to be confused with transcription factor IIIB) binds AU-rich elements in the 3' region of mRNAs. After binding, BRF1 recruits exonucleases (XRN1 and the exosome) and decapping enzymes (DCP1a and DCP2) to hydrolyze the RNA. The ability of BRF1 to direct RNA degradation is controlled by phosphorylation of BRF1. Protein kinase B/AKT1 phosphorylates BRF1 at serines 92 and 203. Phosphorylated BRF1 can still bind RNA but is sequestered by binding 14-3-3 protein, preventing BRF1 from destabilizing RNA. BRF1 is also phosphorylated by MK2 at serines 54, 92, 203, and at an unknown site in the C-terminus. It is unknown if this particular phosphorylated form of BRF1 binds 14-3-3.
KSRP binds to AU-rich sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs. KSRP causes the bound mRNA to be targeted for hydrolysis by recruiting exonucleases and decapping enzymes. The activity of KSRP is regulated by phosphorylation. Protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylates KSRP at serine193. The phosphorylation inhibits the ability of KSRP to destabilize mRNA. KSRP phosphorylated at serine193 binds 14-3-3zeta which causes KSRP to be retained in the nucleus.
Protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) phosphorylates HuR (ELAVL1) on serine221 and serine 158.
Three conformationally distinct domains in the amino-terminal segment of type III procollagen and its rapid triple helix leads to and comes from coil transition
KSRP phosphorylated at serine193 binds 14-3-3zeta which impairs the ability of KSRP to destabilize RNA. Thus the RNAs become stabilized. KSRP is able to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 14-3-3zeta is nucleoplasmic. Binding of KSRP to 14-3-3zeta causes KSRP to be retained in the nucleus.
Activated MAPK p38 alpha and beta phosphorylate KSRP at threonine692. The phosphorylation interferes with the ability of KSRP to bind and destabilize RNA. Thus RNAs become stabilized.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5201.3
Lipoxins A4 (LXA4) and B4 (LXB4), structurally characterized from human neutrophils incubated with 15-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HpETE), each contain three hydroxyl moieties and a conjugated tetraene. The third hydroxyl of LXA4 is positioned at C-6, and of LXB4 at C-14. The action of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), in concert with an arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) or arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) activity, has been shown to produce lipoxins by three distinct pathways. Neutrophil ALOX5 can produce and secrete leukotriene A4 (LTA4) that is taken up by platelets, where it is acted upon by ALOX12 to form lipoxins. Likewise, ALOX15s can generate either 15-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HpETE) or 15-hydro-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) that can be taken up by monocytes and neutrophils, where highly expressed ALOX5 uses it to generate lipoxins. Finally, aspirin acetylated prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), rendered unable to synthesize prostaglandins, can act as a 15-lipoxygenase. This leads to the formation of 15R-HETE and culminates in creation of epi-lipoxins, which have altered stereochemistry at the C-15 hydroxyl but similar biological potency (Chiang et al. 2006, Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008).
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) converted lipoxin A4 (LXA4) to 15-oxo lipoxin A4 aka 15-keto-LXA4 (15k-LXA4) (Clish et al. 2000).
Several cytochrome P450s (CYPs) convert arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). The CYPs and their references are as follows: CYP4A11 (Gainer et al. 2005, Powell 1998); CYP4F2 (Powell et al. 1998, Kikuta et al. 2002); CYP2U1 (Chuang et al. 2004); CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 (Choudhary et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77502
Several cytochrome P450s (CYPs) convert arachidonic acid to 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (19-HETE). The CYPs and their references are as follows: CYP2C8 (Bylund et al. 1998); CYP2C9 (Bylund et al. 1998); CYP2C19 (Bylund et al. 1998); CYP4A11 (Gainer et al. 2005); CYP2U1 (Chuang et al. 2004); CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 (Choudhary et al. 2004).
Several cytochrome P450s (CYPs) convert arachidonic acid to 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET). The CYPs and their references are as follows: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 (Choudhary et al. 2004); CYP2J2 (Wu et al. 1996).
Similar to the lipoxygenases, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyse the hydroxylation and epoxygenation of arachidonic acid. However, whereas lipoxygenases use an active non-heme iron to abstract hydrogen directly from arachidonic acid, CYPs contain a heme-iron active site that oxidizes its substrate by a different mechanism. They hydroxylate arachidonic acid between C-5 and C-15 to produce lipoxygenase-like hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and add a hydroxyl moiety to the sp3-hybridized omega-carbons to form a unique class of HETEs. The transfer of oxygen to the unstable arachidonic acid intermediate terminates the reaction by forming HETE or epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid (EETs), respectively (Capdevila et al. 2000, Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008).
The epoxidation of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) results in the formation of unique bioactive lipid mediators termed epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Each double bond has been shown to be susceptible to oxidation, resulting in 5,6-EET, 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET. The majority of the EET biological activities are diminished by the hydrolysis to the corresponding dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Capdevila et al. 2000, Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008).
Several cytochrome P450s (CYPs) convert arachidonic acid to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (8,9-, 11,12-, 14,15-EETs). The CYPs and their references are as follows: CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 (Choudhary et al. 2004); CYP2C8, CYP2C9 (Rifkind et al. 1995); CYP2C19 (Bylund et al. 1998, Rifkind et al. 1995); CYP2J2 (Wu et al. 1996).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146411
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93915.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146410
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114256.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175093
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114026.8
MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) phosphorylates BRF1 at serine 54, serine 92, serine 203, and an unknown site in the C terminus. Phosphorylation inhibits the ability of BRF1 to cause degradation of RNA. It is unknown if tetraphosphorylated BRF1 binds 14-3-3 in the same way as diphosphorylated BRF1 does.
A short double-stranded RNA is passed from Dicer to an Argonaute and rendered single-stranded by removal and loss of the passenger strand. All Argonautes (AGO1, AGO2, AGO3, AGO4) can remove the passenger strand without cleaving it. AGO2 (EIF2C2) possesses endonucleolytic activity and cleaves the passenger strand of siRNAs, which facilitates but is not required for removal of the passenger strand (Matranga et al. 2005). RNA helicase A is associated with the RISC loading complex can facilitate removal of the passenger strand. The mechanism that selects which strand is retained as the guide RNA is not well understood in humans. Overhanging nucleotides and strength of base-pairing at each end of the input duplex are observed to influence strand selection. Argonaute proteins directly or indirectly bind many other proteins and appear to be present in more than one distinct complex.
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are 21-25 nucleotide single-stranded RNAs produced by cleavage of longer double-stranded RNAs by the enzyme Dicer. Typically the long double-stranded substrates originate from viruses or repetitive elements in the genome and the two strands of the substrate are exactly complementary. After cleavage by Dicer the 21-25 nucleotide double-stranded product is loaded into an Argonuate protein (humans contain 4 Argonautes) and rendered single-stranded.
Human Argonaute2 (AGO2, EIF2C2) possesses ribonucleolytic activity in its PIWI domain and cleaves target RNAs that are exactly complementary to the guide RNA at a location around 10 nucleotides from the 5' end of the match with the guide RNA. The products of cleavage have a 5' phosphate and a 3' hydroxyl group. Both complexes containing siRNAs and miRNAs are capable of cleavage. Although Argonaute proteins interact with many other proteins, the complex of AGO2 and the guide RNA are sufficient to direct cleavage of target RNAs in vitro. In vivo, cleavage requires interaction of AGO2 with a TNRC6 protein and MOV10.
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) (Bryant et al. 1982, Sutherland et al. 2001), 2 (GPX2) (Chu et al. 1993), and 4 (Bryant et al. 1982, Sutherland et al. 2001) are involved in converting 12S-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HpETE) to 12S-hydro-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE). GPXs are selenoenzymes that are responsible for reducing the cellular peroxide. Cellular GPXs compete with hepoxilins A3 (HXA3) synthase for 12S-HpETE as substrate either to produce 12S-HETE or to convert to HXA3, respectively.
RISCs can bind target RNAs that do not exactly match the guide RNA carried by Argonaute. Binding is especially dependent on base-pairing between the target RNA and the eight 5' nucleotides of the guide RNA (miRNA or siRNA). After binding, Argonautes1,3, and 4 are incapable of cleavage in all cases. Argonaute2 is capable of cleaving the target RNA but not if mismatches exist in the middle of the guide (centered about 10 nucloetides from the 5' end of the guide RNA). In the absence of cleavage the target RNA remains bound by the RISC, which inhibits translation of the target RNA and causes the RNA to enter the decay pathway. In vivo, inhibition of translation requires interaction of AGO with a TNRC6 protein and MOV10.
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) (Bryant et al. 1982, Sutherland et al. 2001), 2 (GPX2) (Chu et al. 1993), and 4 (Bryant et al. 1982, Sutherland et al. 2001) are involved in converting 12R-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12R-HpETE) to 12R-hydro-eicosatetraenoic acid (12R-HETE).
RISCs containing Argonautes1, 3, and 4 (AGO1/3/4) bind to target RNAs by base-pairing between the target RNA and the guide RNA of the RISC. AGO1/3/4 do not possess ribonuclease activity therefore exact matches between the guide and the target do not result in cleavage of the target. Rather, the effect of binding is inhibition of translation followed by decay of the target RNA. Argonaute proteins have been shown to interact with ribosomal proteins and with components of processing bodies (P-bodies) where RNA degradation occurs. Direct interaction between AGO and a TNRC6 protein is required for inhibition of translation and targeting to P-bodies in vivo.
Small RNAs act with components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to repress expression of mRNAs (reviewed in Nowotny and Yang 2009, Chua et al. 2009). Two mechanisms exist: 1) cleavage of target RNAs by complexes containing Argonaute2 (AGO2, EIF2C2) and a guide RNA that exactly matches the target mRNA and 2) inhibition of translation of target RNAs by complexes containing AGO2 and an inexactly matching guide RNA or by complexes containing a nonendonucleolytic Argonaute (AGO1, AGO3, or AGO4) and a guide RNA of exact or inexact match. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) can serve as guide RNAs in both types of mechanism. RNAi also appears to direct chromatin modifications that cause transcriptional gene silencing (reviewed in Verdel et al. 2009).
In this module, the biology of various types of regulatory non-coding RNAs are described. Currently, biogenesis and functions of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs are annotated.
Butyrate response factor 1 (BRF1) binds AU-rich elements in the 3' untranslated region of mRNAs.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85081.9
BRF1 is phosphorylated at Serine92 and Serine203 by Protein kinase B/AKT. Protein kinase B is activated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Phosphorylation of BRF1 does not interfere with the ability of BRF1 to bind RNA or interact with enzymes that catalyze RNA degradation therefore larger complexes may contain phosphorylated BRF1.
The reversible conversion of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) to leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is catalysed by gamma-glutamyl transferases 1 (GGT1) and 5 (GGT5). GGTs are present on the outer surface of plasma membranes and are a heterodimer of a heavy and a light chain. Its action involves the cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl peptide bond of glutathione conjugates, releasing glutamate (Anderson et al. 1982, Wickham et al. 2011).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77507
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is a monomeric, soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the allylic epoxide leukotriene A4 (LTA4) to the dihydroxy acid leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (Radmark et al. 1984, McGee & Fitzpatrick 1985).
The bioactive prostaglandin (PG) signalling molecules, including PGA2, PGE2, PGF2a, and PGI2 (prostacyclin) are synthesised from arachidonic acid and its products by various prostaglandin synthase type enzymes. Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) is the starting point for the synthesis of Thromboxanes (TXs) (Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008). PGs and TXs are collectively known as the prostanoids. Two enzymes, PTGS1 and 2 (COX1 and 2) both catalyze the two-step conversion of arachidonic acid to PGH2. PTGS1 is constitutively expressed in many cell types while PTGS2 is induced in response to stress and mediates the syntheses of prostaglandins associated with pain, fever, and inflammation. Aspirin irreversibly inactivates both enzymes (though it acts more efficiently on PTGS1), explaining both its antiinflammatory effects and side effects like perturbed gastic acid secretion. Drugs like celecoxib, by specifically inhibiting PTGS2, have a strong anti-inflammatory effect with fewer side effects. These PTGS2-specific drugs, however, probably because of their effects on the balance of prostaglandin synthesis in platelets and endothelial cells, can also promote blood clot formation (Buczynski et al. 2009; Stables & Gilroy 2011).
Thromboxane synthase (TBXAS1) aka CYP5A1 facilitates rearrangement of the PGH2 endoperoxide bridge by a complementary mechanism to prostacyclin synthase, interacting with the C-9 oxygen to promote endoperoxide bond cleavage. The C-11 oxygen radical initiates intramolecular rearrangement, resulting in either the formation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) or 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12S-HHT) and malonaldehyde (MDA) (Wang et al. 2001).
5-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE), 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE) and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxoETE) are formed after the initial step of arachidonic acid oxidation by arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) (Buczynski et al. 2009, Vance & Vance 2008).
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) (Bryant et al. 1982, Sutherland et al. 2001), 2 (GPX2) (Chu et al. 1993), and 4 (Bryant et al. 1982, Sutherland et al. 2001) reduce 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE) to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) in the presence of glutathione (GSH). This reaction is inferred from the event in rabbit involving the protein GPX1 (Chiba et al. 1999).
Leukotrienes (LTs) are biologically active molecules formed in response to inflammatory stimuli. They cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscles, stimulation of vascular permeability, and attraction and activation of leukocytes. LTs were discovered in 1938 and were termed the "slow release substance" (SRS) until their structures were determined in 1979 and they were then renamed to leukotrienes. LTs are derived from arachidonic acid through action by arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5). Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) are generated as products derived from leukotriene A4 (LTA4). Eoxins are generated from leukotrienes (LTs) and resemble cysteinyl leukotrienes but have a different three-dimensional structure (Murphy & Gijon 2007, Hammarstrom 1983, MA.Claesson 2009, Vance & Vance 2008, Buczynski et al. 2009).
Another outer surface membrane-bound, homodimeric enzyme, dipeptidase, existing in two forms DPEP1 (Adachi et al. 1989) and DPEP2 (Lee et al. 1983, Raulf et al. 1987), further hydrolyses leukotriene D4 (LTD4) to leukotriene E4 (LTE4), cleaving a glycine residue in the process.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30916.10
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm4
Multiphospho-CERT retains its affinity for VAPA or VAPB (VAMP-associated proteins A or B) and PPM1L (protein phosphatase 1-like) in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and can associate with them to form a membrane-associated complex (Saito et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143297
PPM1L (protein phosphatase 1-like) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of multiphospho-âCERTâ (ceramide transfer protein) that is complexed with it in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (Saito et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143295
SPTLC (serine palmitoyltransferase) enzyme complexes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyze the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and serine to form 3-ketosphinganine. SPTLC2 and SPTLC3 polypeptides exhibit enzyme activity when either is complexed with SPTLC1. SPTLC1 and 2 are abundant and widely expressed in human tissues, while SPTLC3 is expressed only in a smaller group of tissues and at variable levels. Results of studies in which siRNA was used to reduce levels of the three endogenous mRNAs differentially suggest that SPTLC2 and 3 both encode active serine palmitoyltransferases (Hornemann et al. 2006). Neither human nor mouse SPTLC1 has detectable enzyme activity, but the protein has an essential function, as mutations that disrupt it are associated with hereditary neuropathy (Dawkins et al. 2001). Studies of mouse and hamster proteins support the hypothesis that heterodimerization with SPTLC1 stabilizes SPTLC2 (or 3) and mediates its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (Hanada et al. 2000; Weiss and Stoffel 1997). Analyses of complexes extracted from human placenta, and of cultured human cells over-expressing various SPTLC constructs, suggest that these heterodimers may associate into larger complexes (Hanada et al. 2000; Weiss and Stoffel 1997; Hornemann et al. 2006, 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143293
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm5
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143289
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3578.1
Once the 60S subunit joins the translation initiation complex, eIF5B hydrolyzes its GTP and is released from the now 80S monosome. The fully assembled 80s ribosome is now ready to start elongation of the polypeptide chain.
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm6
Once the Met-tRNAi has recognized the AUG, eIF2-bound GTP is hydrolyzed. The reaction is catalyzed by eIF5 (or eIF5B) and is thought to cause dissociation of all other initiation factors and allow joining of the large 60S ribosomal subunit. Release of the initiation factors from 40S leaves the Met-tRNAi in the ribosomal P-site base-paired to the start codon on the mRNA.
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm3
The 80S ribosome bound to the mRNA moves along the mRNA molecule from its initial site to the initiation codon and forms a 48S complex, in which the initiation codon is base paired to the anticodon of the Met-tRNAi. Proper recognition of the AUG initiation codon depends on base pairing with the anticodon of the Met-tRNAi and requires eIF1, eIF1A, eIF2 and eIF5.
The AUG initiation codon in the mRNA is recognized by base pairing with the anticodon of the Met-tRNAi. This reaction requires eIF1, eIF1A, eIF2 and eIF5.
The mRNA-bound ribosomal complex moves along the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of the mRNA from its initial site to the initiation codon to form a 48S complex, in which the initiation codon (AUG) is base paired to the anticodon of the Met-tRNAi. It is not known whether eIF4A (or another ATPase, such as DED1) facilitates scanning by melting mRNA secondary structures or by actively propelling the ribosome.
The translation initiation complex forms when the 43S complex binds the mRNA that is associated with eIF4F, eIF4B and eIF4H. eIF4G in the eIF4F complex can directly contact eIF3 in the 43S complex. eIF1A is necessary for the formation of this complex.
The cap-binding complex is constituted by the initiation factors eIF4A, eIF4G and eIF4E. First, eIF4E must be released from the inactive eIF4E:4E-BP complex. Then eIF4A interacts with eIF4G, and eIF4E binds to the amino-terminal domain of eIF4G, resulting in the formation of the cap-binding complex eIF4F. eIF4A together with eIF4B or eIF4H is thought to unwind RNA secondary structures near the 5'-end of the mRNA. The translation initiation complex is formed when the 43S complex binds the cap-bound mRNA.
The DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, together with the RNA-binding proteins eIF4B or eIF4H, is thought to unwind RNA secondary structures near the 5'-end of the mRNA and in the presence of ATP.
eIF4A interacts with eIF4G, and eIF4E interacts with the amino-terminal domain of eIF4G to form the cap-binding complex eIF4F.
The factor eIF4E within the eIF4F (cap-binding) complex directly binds the 5'-cap on eukaryotic mRNAs. Note that the mRNA is in complex with cytoplasmic proteins constituting an mRNP complex.
PPAP2A (phosphatidate phosphohydrolase type 2A) enzyme associated with the plasma membrane catalyzes the hydrolysis of extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate to form sphingosine and orthophosphate (Roberts et al 1998).
PPAP2A, B, and C (phosphatidate phosphohydrolase type 2A, B, and C) enzymes associated with the plasma membrane catalyze the hydrolysis of cytosolic sphingosine 1-phosphate to form sphingosine and orthophosphate (Roberts et al 1998).
SGPL1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1), associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the cleavage of cytosolic sphingosine 1-phosphate to form phosphoethanolamine and hexadec-2-enal (Van Veldhoven et al. 2000; Fyrst and Saba 2008).
LASS (âlongevity assurance homologâ, also known as ceramide synthase, CerS) enzymes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyze the reaction of sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA such as stearyl-CoA to form a dihydroceramide and CoASH (Pewzner-Jung et al. 2006). Six human LASS genes have been identified; they differ in the identities of the fatty acyl CoAs that they use most efficiently as substrates (Lahiri and Futerman 2005; Laviad et al. 2008).
SPHK1 and 2 (sphingosine kinases 1 and 2) each catalyze the reaction of sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) and ATP to form dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate and ADP. Both enzymes are found in the cytosol (although they are also present in membrane-associated forms). Both enzymes also catalyze the phosphorylation of sphingosine (Liu et al. 2000; Nava et al. 2000; Pitson et al. 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143756
SPHK1 and 2 (sphingosine kinases 1 and 2) catalyze the reaction of sphingosine and ATP to form sphingosine 1-phosphate and ADP. Both enzymes are found in the cytosol (although they are also present in membrane-associated forms). Both enzymes also catalyze the phosphorylation of sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) (Liu et al. 2000; Nava et al. 2000; Pitson et al. 2000).
SGPL1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1), associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the cleavage of cytosolic sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) 1-phosphate to form phosphoethanolamine and hexadecanal (Van Veldhoven et al. 2000; Fyrst and Saba 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143484
KDSR (3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase) enzyme associated with the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the reduction of 3-ketosphinganine by NADPH to form sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) (Kihara and Igarashi 2004).
Cytosolic PRKD1 (protein kinase D1) catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine residue 132 of âCERTâ (ceramide transfer protein) (Fugmann et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143760
Cloning and expression of a human placenta inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143511
U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm7
The ternary complex (Met-tRNAi:eIF2:GTP) binds to the complex formed by the 40S subunit, eIF3 and eIF1A, to form the 43S complex. eIF1A promotes binding of the ternary complex to the 40S subunit within 43S. The initiator methionyl-tRNA from the ternary complex is positioned at the ribosomal P site.
The ternary complex forms upon binding of the initiator methionyl-tRNA to the active eIF2:GTP complex.
eIF4E gets released from the inactive eIF4E:4EBP complex.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143752
Binding of the methionyl-tRNA initiator to the active eIF2:GTP complex results in the formation of the ternary complex. Subsequently, this Met-tRNAi:eIF2:GTP (ternary) complex binds to the complex formed by the 40S subunit, eIF3 and eIF1A, to form the 43S complex.
eIF3 and eIF1A bind to the 40S ribosomal subunit.
Glycosylation and palmitoylation of Wnt-3a are coupled to produce an active form of Wnt-3a
The 80S ribosome dissociates into free 40S (small) and 60S (large) ribosomal subunits. Each ribosomal subunit is constituted by several individual ribosomal proteins and rRNA.
Activation of eIF2 through direct binding of GTP.
HuR binds AU-rich elements of mRNAs. Bound HuR can form oligomers on longer AU-rich elements. Phosphorylated HuR binds mRNA more tightly than unphosphorylated HuR does.
HuR (ELAVL1) is a ubiquitous protein that binds AU-rich elements in mRNAs and acts to stabilize the mRNAs. HuR activity is controlled by phosphorylation, with PKC alpha and PCK delta enhancing the ability of HuR to bind and stabilize mRNAs. Binding of mRNAs occurs in the nucleus and HuR then interacts with the CRM1 export pathway to transfer the mRNA to the cytoplasm. The mechanism by which HuR shields the mRNA from degradation is unknown. HuR also regulates translation of some mRNAs, in some cases repressing translation and in some cases enhancing translation of bound mRNAs by recruiting them to polysomes. HuR binds and regulates mRNAs encoding Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2, PTGS2), Cyclin A (CCNA, CCNA2), Cyclin D1 (CCND1), Cyclin B1 (CCNB1), CD83 antigen (CD83), and proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS). HuR is a member of a family of proteins that also contains HuD (ELAVL4), HuB (ELAVL2), and HuC (ELAVL3). HuB, HuC, and HuD are specifically expressed in neural tissue. HuR participates in apoptosis. During lethal stress HuR becomes mostly cytoplasmic and is a target of Caspase-3 and Caspase-7. The cleavage products of HuR in turn promote apoptosis.
RNA elements rich in adenine and uracil residues (AU-rich elements) bind specific proteins which either target the RNA for degradation or, more rarely, stabilize the RNA. The activity of the AU-element binding proteins is regulated, usually by phosphorylation but also by subcellular localization.
80S monosomes dissociate into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits. eIF1A promotes this dissociation.
Cytosolic CSNK1G2 (casein kinase 1, gamma 2) catalyzes the phosphorylation of multiple serine and threonine residues of âCERTâ (ceramide transfer protein) already phosphorylated on serine-132 (Tomishige et al. 2009). This reaction has the effect of inhibiting ceramide transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus as multiphospho-CERT is unable to bind ceramides or associate with the Golgi membrane.
DEGS2 (sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase 2 / âdegenerative spermatocyte homolog 2â) enzyme associated with the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum catalyzes the hydroxylation of dihydroceramide to form phytoceramide (Mizutani et al. 2004). Sequence similarity to the bifunctional mouse DEGS2 enzyme suggests that human DEGS2 protein might also catalyze the C4-dehydrogenation of dihydroceramide, but this hypothesis has not been tested experimentally.
DEGS1 (sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase 1 / âdegenerative spermatocyte homolog 1â) enzyme associated with the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum catalyzes the desaturation of dihydroceramide to form ceramide (Cadena et al. 1997; Ternes et al. 2002). The stoichiometry and cofactor requirements of the reaction are inferred from those observed in studies of ceramide synthesis in vitro catalyzed by rat liver microsomes (Michel et al. 1997). DEGS1 may also catalyze the 4-hydroxylation of dihydroceramide to form 4-hydroxysphinganine, but with low efficiency.
ACER2 (alkaline ceramidase 2), associated with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus, catalyzes the hydrolysis of ceramide to yield a free fatty acid (annotated here as stearate) and sphingosine. ACER2 mRNA is widely expressed in the body, although only at low levels except in placenta (Xu et al. 2006).
ACER1 (alkaline ceramidase 1), associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of ceramide to yield a free fatty acid (annotated here as stearate) and sphingosine (Sun et al. 2008).
âCERTâ (ceramide transfer protein), associated with the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a complex with VAPA or VAPB (VAMP-associated proteins A or B) (Kawano et al. 2006) and PPM1L (protein phosphatase 1-like) (Saito et al. 2008), can bridge the gap between the ER and the Golgi apparatus via its PH domain and transfer a molecule of ceramide extracted from the ER membrane to the Golgi (Hanada et al. 2003; Saito et al. 2008). âCERTâ-mediated ceramide transfer is positively regulated by OSBP (oxysterol binding protein), by an unknown mechanism (Perry and Ridgway 2006).
âCERTâ (ceramide transfer protein) can dissociate from its complex in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane with VAPA or VAPB (VAMP-associated proteins A or B) and PPM1L (protein phosphatase 1-like) and is released into the cytosol (Kawano et al. 2006).
âCERTâ (ceramide transfer protein), an isoform of COL4A3BP, mediates the translocation of ceramides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to the membrane of the Golgi apparatus. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that âCERTâ is associated with the ER membrane as part of a complex with PPM1L (protein phosphatase 1-like) (Saito et al. 2008) and VAPA or VAPB (VAMP-associated proteins A or B) (Kawano et al. 2006). The carboxyterminal âSTARTâ domain of âCERTâ protein specifically binds ceramides (Hanada et al. 2003; Kudo et al. 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171322
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171316
Ceramide kinase (CERK) mediates the phosphorylation of ceramide (CERA) to the lipid second messenger, ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) (Sugiura et al. 2002).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171317
Sphingolipids are derivatives of long chain sphingoid bases such as sphingosine (trans-1,3-dihydroxy 2-amino-4-octadecene), an 18-carbon unsaturated amino alcohol which is the most abundant sphingoid base in mammals. Amide linkage of a fatty acid to sphingosine yields ceramides. Esterification of phosphocholine to ceramides yields sphingomyelin, and ceramide glycosylation yields glycosylceramides. Introduction of sialic acid residues yields gangliosides. These molecules appear to be essential components of cell membranes, and intermediates in the pathways of sphingolipid synthesis and breakdown modulate processes including apoptosis and T cell trafficking. While sphingolipids are abundant in a wide variety of foodstuffs, these dietary molecules are mostly degraded by the intestinal flora and intestinal enzymes. The body primarily depends on de novo synthesis for its sphingolipid supply (Hannun and Obeid 2008; Merrill 2002). De novo synthesis proceeds in four steps: the condensation of palmitoyl-CoA and serine to form 3-ketosphinganine, the reduction of 3-ketosphinganine to sphinganine, the acylation of sphinganine with a long-chain fatty acyl CoA to form dihydroceramide, and the desaturation of dihydroceramide to form ceramide. Other sphingolipids involved in signaling are derived from ceramide and its biosynthetic intermediates. These include sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) 1-phosphate, phytoceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate. Sphingomyelin is synthesized in a single step in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus from ceramides generated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and transferred to the Golgi by CERT (ceramide transfer protein), an isoform of COL4A3BP that is associated with the ER membrane as a complex with PPM1L (protein phosphatase 1-like) and VAPA or VAPB (VAMP-associated proteins A or B). Sphingomyelin synthesis appears to be regulated primarily at the level of this transport process through the reversible phosphorylation of CERT (Saito et al. 2008).
The steps involved in the synthesis of glycosphingolipids (sphingolipids with one or more sugars attached) are annotated here (Gault et al. 2010).
4-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase, mitochondrial (COQ2) catalyses the combination of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, aka para-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB) with the polyisoprenoid tail all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate (all-E-10PrP2) to form 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) (Forsgren et a l. 2004, Tekle et al. 2008). This reaction is irreversible and occurs in the mitochondria.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171313
The polyprenyl diphosphate synthase consists of a tetramer comprising two units of decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase subunit 1 (PDSS1) and two units of decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase subunit 2 (PDSS2). It catalyses the combination of 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPPP) to form the polyisoprenoid tail all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate (all-E-10PrP2) (Saiki et al. 2005, Tekle et al. 2008).
The Lsm1-7 complex forms a heptameric ring that binds the 3' oligoadenylated ends of mRNAs that have been deadenylated. The bound Lsm1-7 may prevent access of the exosome (a 3' to 5' exonuclease) to the 3' end and thereby direct the mRNA to the 5' to 3' exonuclease pathway. The yeast Lsm1-7 complex has a preference for oligoadenylated RNA compared to polyadenylated RNA, however other determinants of binding by Lsm1-7 are unknown.
A flavin-dependent monooxygenase involved in ubiquinone/ubiquinol biosynthesis, COQ6 (Heeringa et al. 2011) catalyses the C5-hydroxylation of 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) to 3,4-dihydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid (DHDB). COQ6 is a peripheral membrane protein that localizes to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane (Gin et al. 2003). This reaction involving COQ6 is inferred from the equivalent reaction in yeast (Ozeir et al. 2011, Gin et al. 2003).
The degradation of mRNA from 3' to 5' occurs in two steps. First, the exosome exoribonuclease complex binds the 3' end of the oligoadenylated mRNA and hydrolyzes it from 3' to 5', yielding ribonucleotides having 5'-monophosphates, until a capped oligoribonucleotide remains. Second, the scavenging decapping enzyme DCPS hydrolyzes the 7-methylguanosine cap.
Mitochondrial COQ3 is an O-methyltransferase required in the reaction to convert 3,4-dihydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid (DHDB) to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid (MHDB) (Jonassen & Clarke 2000).
The scavenging nuclease DCPS hydrolyzes the triphosphate bond between the 7-methylguanosine cap and the remaining oligoribonucleotide body of the mRNA. The products are 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate and an oligoribonucleotide with a 5'-diphosphate.
2-methoxy-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol methylase, mitochondrial (COQ5) catalyses the C-methyltransferase conversion of 2-methoxy-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol (MDMQ10H2) to 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQ10H2). This reaction is inferred from the equivalent reaction in yeast (Barkovich et al. 1997).
The exosome complex hydrolyzes capped, deadenylated mRNA from 3' to 5' and yields ribonucleotides having 5'-monophosphates. In yeast the Ski2-Ski3-Ski8 complex assists degradation by the exosome complex, however little is known about the function of the homologous Ski complex in mammals. Although many exosomal components contain exonuclease signatures, only two components have been shown to degrade RNA. Rrp6/PMSCL-100 has been shown to be involved in the 3â-5â decay of nuclear mRNAs in yeast. Rrp6 may also function in the absence of the core exosomal components. The Rrp44/dDis3 component of the core exosome has been shown to possess both 3â-5â exonuclease activity along with endonuclease activity via its PIN domain.
Ubiquinone biosynthesis protein COQ7 homolog (COQ7) (Vajo et al. 1999) catalyses the hydroxylation of 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol (DMQ10H2) to 3-demethylubiquinol-10 (DeMQ10H2). This reaction is inferred from the equivalent reaction in yeast (Marbois & Clarke 1996, Tran et al. 2006).
Mitochondrial COQ3 is an O-methyltransferase required in the reaction to convert 3-demethylubiquinol-10 (DeMQ10H2) to ubiquinol-10 (Q10H2) (Jonassen & Clarke 2000).
YARS2 (mitochondrial tyrosyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of tyrosine, mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr), and ATP to form Tyr-tRNA(Tyr), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer (Bonnefond et al. 2005).
WARS2 (mitochondrial tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of tryptophan, mitochondrial tRNA(Trp), and ATP to form Trp-tRNA(Trp), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class I tRNA synthetase (Jorgensen et al. 2000).
Deadenylation of mRNA proceeds in two steps. According to current models, in the first step the poly(A) tail is shortened from about 200 adenosine residues to about 80 residues by the PAN2-PAN3 complex. In the second step the poly(A) tail is further shortened to 10-15 residues by either the CCR4-NOT complex or by the PARN exoribonuclease. How a particular mRNA is targeted to CCR4-NOT or PARN is unknown. A number of other deadenylase enzymes can be identified in genomic searches. One particularly interesting one is nocturin, a protein that is related to the CCR-1 deadenylase and plays a role in circadian rhythms. There is also evidence for networking between deadenylation and other aspects of gene expression. CCR4-NOT, for example, is known to be a transcription factor. PARN is part of a complex that regulates poly(A) tail length and hence translation in developing oocytes.
The PAN2-PAN3 exoribonuclease complex hydrolyzes the poly(A) tail of a mRNA, shortening the tail from about 200 adenosine residues to about 80 adenosine residues and yielding adenosine 5'-monophosphate. PAN2 is the exoribonuclease component of the complex; PAN3 is required for cellular localization. The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) interacts with PAN3 and recruits the PAN2-PAN3 complex to mRNA.
tRNA synthetases catalyze the ligation of tRNAs to their cognate amino acids in an ATP-dependent manner. The reaction proceeds in two steps. First, amino acid and ATP form an aminoacyl adenylate molecule, releasing pyrophosphate. The aminoacyl adenylate remains associated with the synthetase enzyme where, in the second step it reacts with tRNA to form aminoacyl tRNA and AMP. The rapid hydrolysis of pyrophosphate makes these reactions essentially irreversible under physiological conditions (Fersht and Kaethner 1976a). Specificity of the tRNA charging reactions is achieved both by specific recognition of amino acid and tRNA substrates by the synthetase, and by an editing process in which incorrect aminoacyl adenylate molecules (e.g., valyl adenylate associated with isoleucyl tRNA synthetase) are hydrolyzed rather than conjugated to tRNAs in the second step of the reaction (Baldwin and Berg 1966a,b; Fersht and Kaethner 1976b). The tRNA synthetases can be divided into two structural classes based on conserved amino acid sequence features (Burnbaum and Schimmel 1991). A single synthetase mediates the charging of all of the tRNA species specific for any one amino acid but, with three exceptions, glycine, lysine, and glutamine, the synthetase that catalyzes aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAs is encoded by a different gene than the one that acts on mitochondrial tRNAs. Both mitochondrial and cytosolic tRNA synthetase enzymes are encoded by genes in the nuclear genome. A number of tRNA synthetases are known to have functions distinct from tRNA charging (reviewed by Park et al. 2005). Additionally, mutations in several of the tRNA synthetases, often affecting protein domains that are dispensable in vitro for aminoacyl tRNA synthesis, are associated with a diverse array of neurological and other diseases (Antonellis and Green 2008; Park et al. 2008). These findings raise interest into the role of these enzymes in human development and disease.
Mitochondrial tRNA synthetases act in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the reactions of tRNAs encoded in the mitochondrial genome, their cognate amino acids, and ATP to form aminoacyl-tRNAs, AMP, and pyrophosphate (Schneider et al. 2000). The synthetase enzymes that catalyze these reactions are all encoded in the nuclear genome. In three cases, glycine, lysine, and glutamine, a single gene encodes two enzyme isoforms, one cytosolic and one mitochondrial. All other mitochondrial tRNA synthetases are encoded by genes different from the ones encoding the corresponding cytosolic enzymes.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171282
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171288
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128594.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171284
Alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) (Bishop et al. 1986) removes the terminal galactose residue from glycolipids or glycoproteins resulting in galactose and an alcohol. An example is the Fabry disease substrate globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) which is hydrolysed to form galactose and lactosylceramide. GLA functions as a homodimer (Garman & Garboczi 2004) and defects in this enzyme lead to Fabry disease (FD) (MIM:301500), a rare X-linked sphingolipidosis disease where glycolipids such as GB3 accumulate in many tissues (Garman & Garboczi 2004, Eng et al. 1993). Multiple mutations in GLA can cause the disease symptoms of Fabry disease (Shabeer et al. 2006).
Beta-galactosidase can hydrolyse a galactose moeity from globosides to form cerebrosides. Here, lactosylceramide is hydrolysed to glucosylceramide (Asp et al. 1969).
Downstream Signaling Events Of B Cell Receptor (BCR)
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids in which oligosaccharide chains containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) are attached to a ceramide. The prototypical ganglioside GM1 can be hydrolysed to the GM2 ganglioside by beta-galactosidase (GLB1), cleaving off the terminal galactose (Asp et al. 1969). Defects in GLB1 causes the lysosomal storage diseases GM1-gangliosidosis (Yoshida et al. 1991) and Morquio syndrome B (Oshima et al. 1991).
The main steps involved in de novo sphingolipid synthesis are annotated here (Merrill 2002, Gault et al. 2010).
ER membrane-bound sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 4 (SMPD4) hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide (Krut et al. 2006).
Human glucosylceramidase 2 (GBA2) hydrolyses the glucosidic bond of glucocerebrosides to form ceramide at the plasma membrane (Matern et al. 2001, Boot et al. 2007).
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (SMPD1), also called acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), is a lysosomal phosphodiesterase that hydrolyses sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphocholine (Schuchman et al. 1991, Schuchman et al. 1992). Defects in SMPD1 are the cause of two types of Niemann-Pick disease. Type A (NPDA, Niemann-Pick disease classical infantile form) (MIM:257200) (Ferlinz et al. 1991) and type B (NPDB, Niemann-Pick disease visceral form) (MIM:607616) (Rodriguez-Pascau et al. 2009).
The mammalian brain-specific, Mg2+-dependent, neutral sphingomyelin phosphodiesterases 2 (Tomiuk et al. 1998, Hofmann et al. 2000) and 3 (Marchesini et al. 2003) (SMPD2 and 3) hydrolyse sphingomyelin (SPHM) to ceramide (CERA) at the plasma membrane.
Neutral ceramidase (ASAH2) is an enzyme localised to the plasma membrane that catalyses the hydrolysis of ceramide to sphingosine and free fatty acid (Hwang et al. 2005, Galadari et al. 2006).
Ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) catalyses the first glycosylation step in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis by the transfer of glucose to ceramide (Ichikawa et al. 1996).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170637
In the case of AGO2 (EIF2C2), cleavage of one strand (the "passenger" strand) of the 21-25 nucleotide double-stranded RNA facilitates the loss of the passenger strand and the retention of the guide strand (Matranga et al. 2005). RNA helicase A has also been shown to enhance this reaction. AGO2 of humans may contain either miRNAs or siRNAs. The mechanism that selects which strand is retained as the guide RNA is not well understood in humans. Overhanging nucleotides and strength of base-pairing at each end of the input duplex are observed to influence strand selection. Argonaute proteins directly or indirectly bind many other proteins and appear to be present in more than one distinct complex.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170636
The duplex siRNA is transferred from Dicer to an Argonaute protein. A complex appears to transiently form that contains Dicer, the duplex miRNA, TRBP, and an Argonaute. After transfer of the duplex siRNA the Argonaute:duplex siRNA complex dissociates. Duplex and single-stranded small RNAs can be transferred to Argonaute in the absence of Dicer so formation of the Dicer:miRNA:TRBP:Argonaute complex may not be obligatory.
Dicer is an RNase III enzyme which cleaves double-stranded RNAs to yield short double-stranded RNAs of 21-25 nucleotides. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are produced by Dicer and are similar to miRNAs in their final structure but differ from miRNAs in their source: siRNAs are produced from long double stranded RNAs that originate from viruses, transposable elements, centromeric repeats and other repetitive structures.
Biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNAs) can be summarized in five steps (reviewed in Ketting 2011, Nowotny and Yang 2009, Kim et al. 2009, Chua et al. 2009, Hannon and He 2004): 1. Transcription. miRNA transcripts may come from autonomously transcribed genes, they may be contained in cotranscripts with other genes, or they may be located in introns of host genes. Most miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, however a few miRNAs originate as RNA polymerase III cotranscripts with neighboring repetitive elements. The initial transcript, termed a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA), contains an imperfectly double-stranded region within a hairpin loop. Longer sequences extend from the 5' and 3' ends of the hairpin and may also contain double-stranded regions. 2. Cleavage by Drosha. The 5' and 3' ends of the pri-miRNA are removed during endoribonucleolytic cleavage by the Drosha nuclease in a complex with the RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (the Microprocessor complex). The cleavage product is a short hairpin of about 60 to 70 nt called the pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA). 3. Nuclear export by Exportin-5. The resulting pre-miRNA is bound by Exportin-5 in a complex with Ran and GTP. The complex translocates the pre-miRNA through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. 4. Cleavage by Dicer. Once in the cytoplasm the pre-miRNA is bound and cleaved by the Dicer ribonuclease in complex with the RNA-binding protein TRBP (TAR binding protein). The product is an imperfectly double-stranded miRNA of about 21 to 23 nucleotides. At this stage the double-stranded miRNA has protruding single-stranded 3' ends of 2-3 nt. 5. Strand selection and incorporation into RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). At this stage the miRNA has two strands: the passenger strand, which will be removed and degraded, and the guide strand, which will be retained and guides the RISC to target mRNAs. An Argonaute protein is already bound to the Dicer:miRNA complex or subsequently binds the complex (the order is unknown). The human genome encodes 4 Argonaute proteins, however only Argonaute2 can cleave target mRNAs with perfect or nearly perfect complementarity to the guide miRNA. In mammalian cells, such endogenous interactions are very rare; most miRNAs only cause translational repression. For complexes that contain Argonaute2, cleavage of the passenger strand of the double-stranded miRNA accompanies removal of the passenger strand. Complexes containing other Argonautes may use a helicase to remove the passenger strand but this is not fully known. The resulting single-stranded miRNA (the guide strand) remains in a complex containing Argonaute, Dicer, TRBP, and other proteins termed the RNA-induced Silencing Complex (RISC). The full set of proteins composing RISC is not yet known.
A short double-stranded RNA is passed from Dicer to an Argonaute and rendered single-stranded by removal and loss of the passenger strand. All Argonautes (AGO1, AGO2, AGO3, AGO4) can remove the passenger strand without cleaving it and most miRNAs are processed in this way. AGO2 (EIF2C2) can cleave the passenger strand of a subset of miRNAs that have no mismatches in the central region (Shin 2008). RNA helicase A is associated with the RISC loading complex can facilitate removal of the passenger strand. The mechanism that selects which strand is retained as the guide RNA is not well understood in humans. Overhanging nucleotides and strength of base-pairing at each end of the input duplex are observed to influence strand selection. Argonaute proteins directly or indirectly bind many other proteins and appear to be present in more than one distinct complex.
The duplex miRNA (miRNA-miRNA*) is transferred from Dicer to an Argonaute protein. A complex appears to transiently form that contains Dicer, the duplex miRNA, TRBP, and an Argonaute. After transfer of the duplex miRNA the Argonaute:duplex miRNA complex dissociates. Duplex and single-stranded small RNAs can be transferred to Argonaute in the absence of Dicer so formation of the Dicer:miRNA:TRBP:Argonaute complex may not be obligatory.
The pre-miRNA substrate has an internal loop and a protruding 3' end created by cleavage by Drosha:DGCR8. The Dicer:TRBP complex recognizes this structure and the Dicer component cleaves the pre-miRNA near the loop. The product is a double-stranded RNA of 21-25 nucleotides having 2-nucleotide protrusions at each 3' end. The products have 5' phosphates and 3' hydroxyl groups.
Nuclear Export by Exportin-5. The pre-microRNA is bound by the Exportin-5:RanGTP complex in the nucleus and the complex is translocated through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the process GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP.
Exportin-5 binds pre-microRNAs having 2-nucleotide overhangs at the 3' end. Binding is independent of sequence and depends on GTP.
Nuclear processing by Drosha Microprocessor complex. The primary-microRNA (pri-miRNA) is recognized by the Microprocessor complex (Drosha:DGCR8) and both strands of the pri-miRNA are cleaved by Drosha near the free 5' and 3' ends of the pri-miRNA, that is, at the ends distal from the internal loop. The product is a double-stranded RNA having 2 nucleotides protruding at the 3' end and having an internal loop.
Transcription of miRNA genes. Most miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The miRNAs may be autonomous transcription units or they may be located in other transcripts, including locations within introns and other untranslated regions. Of the polymerase II transcribed miRNAs, about 60% are located in introns of protein coding genes, 12 % are in introns of non-coding RNAs, 18% are in exons of non-coding RNAs, and 10% uncertain. A second class of miRNA genes are associated with Alu and other repetitive elements and are cotranscribed with these elements by RNA polymerase III. There are currently only a few proven examples of polymerase III transcribed miRNAs.
PAB-dependent poly(A)-specific ribonuclease subunit 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146401
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97196.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111344
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5463.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111349
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4307.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146404
Nonsense-mediated decay has been observed with mRNAs that do not have an exon junction complex (EJC) downstream of the termination codon (reviewed in Isken and Maquat 2007, Chang et al. 2007, Behm-Ansmant et al. 2007, Rebbapragada and Lykke-Andersen 2009, Nicholson et al. 2010). In these cases the trigger is unknown but a correlation with the length of the 3' UTR has sometimes been seen. The current model posits a competition between PABP and UPF1 for access to eRF3 at the terminating ribosome (Ivanov et al. 2008, Singh et al. 2008, reviewed in Bhuvanagiri et al. 2010). Abnormally long 3' UTRs may prevent PABP from efficiently interacting with eRF3 and allow UPF1 to bind eRF3 instead. Long UTRs with hairpin loops may bring PABP closer to eRF3 and help evade NMD (Eberle et al. 2008). The pathway of degradation taken during EJC-independent NMD has not been elucidated. It is thought that phosphorylation of UPF1 by SMG1 and recruitment of SMG6 or SMG5 and SMG7 are involved, as with EJC-enhanced NMD, but this has not yet been shown.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146402
Nonsense-mediated decay of an mRNA can be triggered even if the termination codon does not precede an exon junction (Buhler et al. 2006, Eberle et al. 2008, Silva et al. 2008, Singh et al. 2008, Ivanov et al. 2008). UPF1 and PABP seem to modulate the efficiency of translation termination and PABP in the proximity of a termination codon prevents NMD likely by outcompeting UPF1 for interaction with eRF3 (Singh et al. 2008, Ivanov et al. 2008, Silva et al. 2008). Factors in the competition may be the length and secondary structure of the 3' UTR (Buhler et al. 2006, Eberle et al. 2008). UPF1 preferentially binds some but not all longer UTRs (Hogg and Goff 2010). Interaction of eRF3 with PABP stimulates ribosome dissociation and initiation of a new round of translation on the mRNA. Interaction of eRF3 with UPF1 appears to promote nonsense-mediated decay. It is possible but not yet demonstrated that all components of the SURF complex (SMG1, UPF1, eRF1, eRF3) are assembled on an mRNA without an exon junction complex and that UPF1 is phosphorylated by SMG1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111345
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100378.9
The Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway activates the destruction of mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTCs) (reviewed in Isken and Maquat 2007, Chang et al. 2007, Behm-Ansmant et al. 2007, Neu-Yilik and Kulozik 2008, Rebbapragada and Lykke-Andersen 2009, Bhuvanagiri et al. 2010, Nicholson et al. 2010, Durand and Lykke-Andersen 2011). In mammalian cells a termination codon can be recognized as premature if it precedes an exon-exon junction by at least 50-55 nucleotides or if it is followed by an abnormal 3' untranslated region (UTR). While length of the UTR may play a part, the qualifications for being "abnormal" have not been fully elucidated. Also, some termination codons preceding exon junctions are not degraded by NMD so the criteria for triggering NMD are not yet fully known (reviewed in Rebbapragada and Lykke-Andersen 2009). While about 30% of disease-associated mutations in humans activate NMD, about 10% of normal human transcripts are also degraded by NMD (reviewed in Stalder and Muhlemann 2008, Neu-Yilik and Kulozik 2008, Bhuvanagiri et al. 2010, Nicholson et al. 2010). Thus NMD is a normal physiological process controlling mRNA stability in unmutated cells. Exon junction complexes (EJCs) are deposited on an mRNA during splicing in the nucleus and are displaced by ribosomes during the first round of translation. When a ribosome terminates translation the A site encounters the termination codon and the eRF1 factor enters the empty A site and recruits eRF3. Normally, eRF1 cleaves the translated polypeptide from the tRNA in the P site and eRF3 interacts with Polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) bound to the polyadenylated tail of the mRNA. During activation of NMD eRF3 interacts with UPF1 which is contained in a complex with SMG1, SMG8, and SMG9. NMD can arbitrarily be divided into EJC-enhanced and EJC-independent pathways. In EJC-enhanced NMD, an exon junction is located downstream of the PTC and the EJC remains on the mRNA after termination of the pioneer round of translation. The core EJC is associated with UPF2 and UPF3, which interact with UPF1 and stimulate NMD. Once bound near the PTC, UPF1 is phosphorylated by SMG1. The phosphorylation is the rate-limiting step in NMD and causes UPF1 to recruit either SMG6, which is an endoribonuclease, or SMG5 and SMG7, which recruit ribonucleases. SMG6 and SMG5:SMG7 recruit phosphatase PP2A to dephosphorylate UPF1 and allow further rounds of degradation. How EJC-independent NMD is activated remains enigmatic but may involve competition between PABP and UPF1 for eRF3.
SMG1 phosphorylates UPF1 in vitro and in vivo (Denning et al. 2001, Yamashita et al. 2001, Kashima et al. 2006). Serines 1073, 1078, 1096, and 1116 in isoform 2 (Serines 1084, 1089, 1107, 1127 in isoform 1) are phosphorylated in vitro and phosphorylation at serines 1078 and 1096 has been confirmed in vivo (Yamashita et al. 2001, Ohnishi et al. 2003, Kashima et al. 2006). UPF1 also contains additional serine and threonine residues that could be phosphorylated. SMG8 and SMG9 associate with SMG1 and regulate the kinase activity of SMG1 (Yamashita et al. 2009). The phosphorylation reaction is rate-limiting in nonsense-mediated decay and is therefore regarded as a licensing step (reviewed in Rebbapragada and Lykke-Andersen 2009). Phosphorylation is enhanced by the exon junction complex, which can interact with UPF1 via UPF2 and/or UPF3 (Kashima et al. 2006, Ivanov et al. 2008) or via Y14:Magoh (Ivanov et al. 2008). SMG8 and SMG9 bind SMG1 and regulate its kinase activity (Yamashita et al. 2009, Fernandez et al. 2011).
After undergoing rounds of translation, mRNA is normally destroyed by the deadenylation-dependent pathway. Though the trigger is unclear, deadenylation likely proceeds in two steps: one catalyzed by the PAN2-PAN3 complex that shortens the poly(A) tail from about 200 adenosine residues to about 80 residues and one catalyzed by the CCR4-NOT complex or by the PARN enzyme that shortens the tail to about 10-15 residues. After deadenylation the mRNA is then hydrolyzed by either the 5' to 3' pathway or the 3' to 5' pathway. It is unknown what determinants target a mRNA to one pathway or the other. The 5' to 3' pathway is initiated by binding of the Lsm1-7 complex to the 3' oligoadenylate tail followed by decapping by the DCP1-DCP2 complex. The 5' to 3' exoribonuclease XRN1 then hydrolyzes the remaining RNA. The 3' to 5' pathway is initiated by the exosome complex at the 3' end of the mRNA. The exosome processively hydrolyzes the mRNA from 3' to 5', leaving only a capped oligoribonucleotide. The cap is then removed by the scavenging decapping enzyme DCPS.
During normal translation termination eRF3 associates with the ribosome and then interacts with PABP bound to the polyadenylate tail of the mRNA to release the ribosome and allow a new round of translation to commence. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is triggered if eRF3 at the ribosome interacts with UPF1, which may compete with PABP (reviewed in Isken and Maquat 2007, Chang et al. 2007, Behm-Ansmant et al. 2007, Rebbapragada and Lykke-Andersen 2009, Bhuvanagiri et al. 2010, Nicholson et al. 2010, Durand and Lykke-Andersen 2011). An exon junction located 50-55 nt downstream of a termination codon is observed to enhance NMD. Exon-junction complexes (EJCs) are deposited on the mRNA during splicing in the nucleus, remain on mRNAs after transport to the cytosol, and are dislodged by the ribosome as it progresses along the mRNA during the pioneer round of translation (Gehring et al. 2009). EJCs contain the core factors eIF4A-III, Magoh-Y14, and CASC3 as well as the peripheral factors RNPS1, UPF2, and UPF3. UPF2 and UPF3 recruit UPF1 to eRF3 at the terminating ribosome. Thus an EJC downstream of a termination codon will not have been dislodged during translation and will recruit UPF1, triggering NMD. UPF1 is believed to form a complex containing SMG1, SMG8, and SMG9. In the key regulatory step of NMD SMG1 phosphorylates UPF1. The phosphorylated UPF1 then recruits either SMG6 or SMG5 and SMG7. SMG6 is itself an endoribonuclease that cleaves the mRNA. SMG5 and SMG7 do not have endoribonuclease activty, but are thought to recruit ribonucleases. Nonsense-mediated decay has been observed to involve deadenlyation, decapping, and both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' exonuclease activities, but the exact degradative pathways taken by a given mRNA are not yet known. UPF1 also plays roles in Staufen-mediated decay, histone mRNA decay, telomere maintenance, genome integrity, and may play a role in normal termination of translation.
Expression, purification, and kinetic characterization of recombinant human adenylosuccinate lyase
SMG6 is an endoribonuclease which cleaves the mRNA bound by UPF1 near the premature termination codon (Glavan et al. 2006, Eberle et al. 2009).
The DCP1-DCP2 decapping complex binds the 7-methylguanosine cap of mRNA and hydrolyzes the triphosphate bond to yield 7-methylguanosine 5'-diphosphate and RNA with 5'-monophosphate. The DCP2 subunit of the complex catalyzes the hydrolysis. DCP2 has higher affinity for some subsets of mRNA.
Degradation of mRNA from 5' to 3' occurs in three steps. First, the mRNA is bound at its 3' end by the Lsm1-7 complex. The bound Lsm1-7 may prevent nucleases from accessing the 3' end. Second, the 7-methylguanosine cap of the mRNA is hydrolyzed by the DCP1-DCP2 complex. Third, the 5' end of the decapped mRNA is attacked by the XRN1 exoribonuclease which digests the remainder of the mRNA from 5' to 3'. These processes may be physically connected by PATL1, the homolog of yeast Pat1, which stably binds the Lsm1-7 complex and interacts with the DCP1-DCP2 decapping complex and the Ccr4-NOT deadenylation complex (Ozgur et al. 2010).
The XRN1 exoribonuclease hydrolyzes decapped mRNA from 5' to 3' and yields ribonucleotides having 5'-monophosphates. In yeast Xrn1 associates with the Lsm1-7 complex.
SARS2 (mitochondrial seryl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of serine, mitochondrial tRNA(Ser), and ATP to form Ser-tRNA(Ser), AMP, and pyrophosphate. SARS2 is a class II tRNA synthetase inferred from the biochemical properties of its bovine homologue to function as a dimer (Yokogawa et al. 2000).
TARS2 (mitochondrial threonyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of threonine, mitochondrial tRNA(Thr), and ATP to form Thr-tRNA(Thr), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The TARS2 gene has been identified by computational analysis of the human genome sequence; its function has been inferred from those of the biochemically characterized mitochondrial aspartyl and tyrosyl tRNA synthetases (Bonnefond et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171330
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145089.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171326
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141010.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171328
Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic nerve endings in the pancreas causes a potentiation of insulin release when glucose is present at concentrations greater than about 7 mM. Acetylcholine binds the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 on pancreatic beta cells. The binding has two effects: an increase in permeability of the cell to Na+ ions through an unknown mechanism, and the activation of Phospholipase C beta-1 through a heterotrimeric G protein, G(q). After acetylcholine binds the Muscarinic Acetycholine Receptor M3, the receptor activates the G protein Gq by causing the alpha subunit of Gq to exchange GDP for GTP. Activation of Gq in turn activates Phospholipase C beta-1. Phospholipase C beta-1 hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond at the third position of phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, producing diacylglycerols (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. DAG remains in the cell membrane and causes Protein Kinase C alpha (PKC alpha) to translocate from the cytosol to the membrane. This results in the activation of PKC alpha which then phosphorylates target proteins on serine and threonine residues. One known target of PKC alpha is Myristoylated Alanine-rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS), which is believed to affect vesicle transport and may be responsible for the increased traffic of insulin granules seen in response to acetylcholine. Inositol trisphophate binds a receptor, the IP3 receptor, on calcium stores in the cell (probably the endoplasmic reticulum). The release of calcium into the cytosol stimulates the exocytosis of insulin granules.
Intrapancreatic parasympathetic (vagal) nerve endings release acetylcholine during preabsorptive and absorptive phases of feeding. The acetylcholine binds Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 on pancreatic islet beta cells (inferred from experiments with knockout mice).
Activated adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of one molecule of ATP to one molecule of 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and one molecule of pyrophosphate.
Cloning and characterization of a novel class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase containing C2 domain
By analogy with adenylyl cyclases I and II, adenylyl cyclase VIII is activated by G(s) alpha:GTP by protein-protein interaction between G(s) alpha and the C2 region of adenylyl cyclase VIII, forming a complex. Adenylyl cyclase VIII is present in beta cells of rat and is activated by both G(s) alpha:GTP and calcium:calmodulin, thus integrating signals from both GLP-1 via G(s) alpha and glucose via calcium. Human beta cells contain adenylyl cyclases V and VI, which are also activated by G(s) alpha:GTP, and may contain additional adenylyl cyclases.
Each molecule of Epac1 binds 1 molecule of cAMP. Epac1 binds cAMP less tightly than PKA binds cAMP so it is believed that Epac1 binds cAMP after PKA is saturated. The binding of cAMP by Epac1 activates the guanyl nucleotide exchange activity of Epac1. Epac1 has also been shown to bind the SUR1 subunit of ATP-gated potassium channels (KATP channels) in beta cells so Epac1 may participate in direct regulation of potassium transport. Epac1 also interacts with the calcium sensor Piccolo in a complex with Rim2 at the cell membrane. This may influence exocytosis of insulin.
Protein kinase A acts to antagonize voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) by increasing the polarizing voltage required to open them. Maintenance of the Kv channels in the closed state prolongs depolarization and insulin secretion. The exact mechanism of the interaction between PKA and the Kv channels is unknown.
Each molecule of Epac2 binds 2 molecules of cAMP. Epac2 binds cAMP less tightly than PKA binds cAMP so it is believed that Epac2 binds cAMP after PKA is saturated. The binding of cAMP by Epac2 activates the guanyl nucleotide exchange activity of Epac2. Epac2 has also been shown to directly bind the SUR1 subunits of ATP-gated potassium channels (KATP channels) in beta cells so Epac2 may regulate potassium transport. Epac2 interacts with the calcium sensor Piccolo in a complex with Rim2 at the cell membrane. This may influence exocytosis of insulin. Epac2 also interacts with the ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel on the ER membrane and may cause release of calcium from the ER into the cytosol.
The length of the polyisoprenoid chain of ubiquinone aka coenzyme Q (Q), varies depending on the species involved: it is 6 in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (Q6) and 10 in humans (Q10). Most ubiquinone is naturally reduced to ubiquinol (Q10H2 in humans) and it is this form which dominates in most human tissues. It functions as an ubiquitous coenzyme in redox reactions and its ability both to associate with complexes I and III of the electron transport chain and to move freely in the inner mitochondrial membrane are central to its role in electron transport. In eukaryotes ubiquinones/ubiquinols are also found in other membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles, lysosomes and peroxisomes. Ubiquinol/ubiquinone is synthesized in the following way. Initially, the polyisoprenoid tail is assembled by a polyprenyl diphosphate synthase. Next, 4 hydroxybenzoate polyprenyltransferase (COQ2) catalyses the formation of the covalent linkage between the benzoquinone head group and the tail to produce 4 hydroxy 3 polyprenyl benzoic acid intermediate (DHB, 3 decaprenyl 4 hydroxybenzoic acid in humans). There follows modifications of the aromatic ring starting with hydroxylation, followed by O methylation, and decarboxylation to form the 2 methoxy 6 polyprenyl phenol intermediate (DMPhOH ; 2 methoxy 6 decaprenylphenol in humans). Following this, two additional methylations, one C methylation, and one O methylation step, finally generate the fully substituted hydroquinone, ubiquinol (Szkopinska 2000, Kagan & Quinn 2000, Tran & Clarke 2007, Kawamukai 2009).
The catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) inhibit insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Four effects are seen in the cells: 1. Inhibition of exocytosis of secretory granules, the major effect. 2. Opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) and repolarization of the cell. 3. Closing of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and inhibition of calcium influx. 4. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. The first event in adrenaline/noradrenaline signaling in beta cells is the binding of adrenaline or noradrenaline to alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors. Binding activates the alpha subunits in heterotrimeric Gi and Go complexes to exchange GDP for GTP, forming the active G alpha:GTP complex. Experiments using specific antibodies against the alpha subunits in mice show that Gi alpha-1, Gi alpha-2, and Go alpha-2 are responsible for adrenergic effects. The exact beta and gamma subunits of the heterotrimeric G-proteins are unknown. After activation by GTP, the heterotrimeric complex dissociates into the G alpha:GTP complex and the beta:gamma complex. The G alpha:GTP complex causes the inhibition of exocytosis by an unknown mechanism that involves protein acylation. This is responsible for most of the observed inhibition of insulin secretion. Additionally, the G alpha:GTP complex activates (opens) KATP channels, allowing the cell to repolarize. The beta:gamma complex inhibits (closes) voltage-dependent calcium channels, reducing the intracellular calcium concentration, and inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reducing the intracellular cAMP concentration.
Lipids are hydrophobic but otherwise chemically diverse molecules that play a wide variety of roles in human biology. They include ketone bodies, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sphingolipids, eicosanoids, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, and fat-soluble vitamins. They function as a major source of energy (fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and ketone bodies), are major constituents of cell membranes (cholesterol and phospholipids), play a major role in their own digestion and uptake (bile salts), and participate in numerous signaling and regulatory processes (steroid hormones, eicosanoids, phosphatidylinositols, and sphingolipids). Because of their poor solubility in water, most lipids in extracellular spaces in the human body are found as complexes with specific carrier proteins. Regulation of the formation and movement of these lipoprotein complexes is a critical aspect of human lipid metabolism, and lipoprotein abnormalities are associated with major human disease processes including atherosclerosis and diabetes. The central steroid in human biology is cholesterol, obtained from animal fats consumed in the diet or synthesized de novo from acetyl-coenzyme A. (Vegetable fats contain various sterols but no cholesterol.) Cholesterol is an essential constituent of lipid bilayer membranes and is the starting point for the biosyntheses of bile acids and salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D. Bile acids and salts are mostly synthesized in the liver. They are released into the intestine and function as detergents to solubilize dietary fats. Steroid hormones are mostly synthesized in the adrenal gland and gonads. They regulate energy metabolism and stress responses (glucocorticoids), salt balance (mineralocorticoids), and sexual development and function (androgens and estrogens). At the same time, chronically elevated cholesterol levels in the body are associated with the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and hence increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. The human body lacks a mechanism for degrading excess cholesterol, although an appreciable amount is lost daily in the form of bile salts and acids that escape recycling. Aspects of lipid metabolism currently annotated in Reactome include lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport; fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and ketone body metabolism; peroxisomal lipid metabolism; phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism; cholesterol biosynthesis; bile acid and bile salt metabolism; and steroid hormone biosynthesis.
Cloning of the rat and human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferases (BCATm)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171325
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175870
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139787.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171349
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126086.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171350
Glucagon and insulin are peptide hormones released from the pancreas into the blood, that normally act in complementary fashion to stabilize blood glucose concentration. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin release stimulates glucose uptake from the blood, glucose breakdown (glycolysis), and glucose storage as glycogen. When blood glucose levels fall, glucagon release stimulates glycogen breakdown and de novo glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis), while inhibiting glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. At a molecular level, the binding of glucagon to the extracellular face of its receptor causes conformational changes in the receptor that allow the dissociation and activation of subunits Gs and Gq. The activation of Gq leads to the activation of phospholipase C, production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, and subsequent release of intracellular calcium. The activation of Gs leads to activation of adenylate cyclase, an increase in intracellular cAMP levels, and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Active PKA phosphorylates key enzymes of glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis, modifying their activities. These signal transduction events, and some of their downstream consequences, are illustrated below (adapted from Jiang and Zhang, 2003).
Adenylate cyclase catalyses the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. In the absence of cAMP, protein kinase A (PKA) exists as inactive tetramers of two catalytic subunits and two regulatory subunits. cAMP binding to PKA tetramers causes them to dissociate and release their catalytic subunits as active monomers. Four isoforms of the regulatory subunit are known, that differ in their tissue specificity and functional characteristics, but the specific isoform activated in response to glucagon signaling has not yet been identified.
Activated adenylate cyclase associated with the plasma membrane catalyzes the reaction of cytosolic ATP to form 3',5'-cyclicAMP and pyrophosphate.
Pancreatic beta cells integrate signals from several metabolites and hormones to control the secretion of insulin. In general, glucose triggers insulin secretion while other factors can amplify or inhibit the amount of insulin secreted in response to glucose. Factors which increase insulin secretion include the incretin hormones Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), acetylcholine, and fatty acids. Factors which inhibit insulin secretion include adrenaline and noradrenaline. Increased blood glucose levels from dietary carbohydrate play a dominant role in insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas. Glucose catabolism in the beta cell is the transducer that links increased glucose levels to insulin release. Glucose uptake and glycolysis generate cytosolic pyruvate; pyruvate is transported to mitochondria and converted both to oxaloacetate which increases levels of TCA cycle intermediates, and to acetyl-CoA which is oxidized to CO2 via the TCA cycle. The rates of ATP synthesis and transport to the cytosol increase, plasma membrane ATP-sensitive inward rectifying potassium channels (KATP channels) close, the membrane depolarizes, and voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open (Muoio and Newgard 2008; Wiederkehr and Wollheim 2006). Elevated calcium concentrations near the plasma membrane cause insulin secretion in two phases: an initial high rate within minutes of glucose stimulation and a slow, sustained release lasting longer than 30 minutes. In the initial phase, 50-100 insulin granules already docked at the membrane are exocytosed. Exocytosis is rendered calcium-dependent by Synaptotagmin V/IX, a calcium-binding membrane protein located in the membrane of the docked granule, although the exact action of Synapototagmin in response to calcium is unknown. Calcium also causes a translocation of reserve granules within the cell towards the plasma membrane for release in the second, sustained phase of secretion. Human cells contain L-type (continually reopening), P/Q-type (long burst), R-type (long burst), and T-type (short burst) calcium channels and these partly account for differences between the two phases of secretion. Other factors that distinguish the two phases are not yet fully known (Bratanova-Tochkova et al. 2002; Henquin 2000; MacDonald et al. 2005).
ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein) doubly phosphorylated at threonine 666 and serine 196 is inactive and is localized to the cytosol. Removal of the phosphate residue at serine 196 allows ChREBP to translocate between the cytosol and the nucleoplasm.
In its active (unphosphorylated) form, ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein) binds so-called ChRE (Carbohydrate Response Element) DNA sequence motifs found upstream of several genes involved in glucose utilization and lipid synthesis, activating transcription of these genes. Phosphorylation of ChREBP at threonine residue 666 by PKA (protein kinase A) blocks this binding activity, and thus has the effect of down-regulating expression of the target genes. ChREBP phosphorylation can be reversed by the action of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).
A family of antiport, ATP-ADP translocases, preferentially export ATP from the matrix while importing ADP from the cytosol, thereby maintaining a high ADP:ATP ratio in the matrix. When there are increased energy demands on the body, such as under heavy exercise, cytosolic ADP rises and is exchanged with mitochondrial matrix ATP via the transmembrane ADP:ATP translocase. Increased ADP causes the proton-motive force to be discharged and protons enter via ATPase, thereby regenerating the ATP pool. There are 3 isoforms of translocases in humans; isoform 1 is the heart/skeletal muscle form, isoform 2 is the fibroblast form and isoform 3 is the liver form. All isoforms exist as homodimers. The translocase can adopt 2 different conformations, called the CATR (carboxyatractyloside) and BA (bongkrekic acid) conformations. Amongst the endogenous nucleotides, only ADP and ATP can trigger the rapid conversion between the CATR and BA conformations. The reaction can be summed as below: ADPout + ATPin <-> ADPin + ATPout
Human pancreatic beta cells express glucose transporters 1 and (GLUT1, GLUT2), which are responsible for uptake of glucose from the extracellular medium into the cytosol. (Rodent pancreatic beta cells express only Glut2.)
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by L-cells in the intestine in response to glucose and fatty acids. GLP-1 circulates to the beta cells of the pancreas where it binds a G-protein coupled receptor, GLP-1R, on the plasma membrane. The binding activates the heterotrimeric G-protein G(s), causing the alpha subunit of G(s) to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the beta and gamma subunits. The activated G(s) alpha subunit interacts with Adenylyl Cyclase VIII (Adenylate Cyclase VIII, AC VIII) and activates AC VIII to produce cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP then has two effects: 1) cAMP activates Protein Kinase A (PKA), and 2) cAMP activates Epac1 and Epac2, two guanyl nucleotide exchange factors. Binding of cAMP to PKA causes the catalytic subunits of PKA to dissociate from the regulatory subunits and become an active kinase. PKA is known to enhance insulin secretion by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels, closing voltage-gated potassium channels, releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, and affecting insulin secretory granules. The exact mechanisms for PKA's action are not fully known. After prolonged increases in cAMP, PKA translocates to the nucleus where it regulates the PDX-1 and CREB transcription factors, activating transcription of the insulin gene. cAMP produced by AC VIII also activates Epac1 and Epac2, which catalyze the exchange of GTP for GDP on G-proteins, notably Rap1A.. Rap1A regulates insulin secretory granules and is believed to activate the Raf/MEK/ERK mitogenic pathway leading to proliferation of beta cells. The Epac proteins also interact with RYR calcium channels on the endoplasmic reticulum, the SUR1 subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and the Piccolo:Rim2 calcium sensor at the plasma membrane.
Epac1 and Epac2 are activated by binding cAMP and positively regulate the exchange of GDP for GTP by the small GTPase Rap1A. The downstream effects of Rap1A:GTP in beta cells are uncertain but may involve increasing the number of "restless newcomer" secretory granules near the plasma membrane and thereby increasing secretion of insulin. Other effects of Rap1A :GTP may include regulating beta cell proliferation through activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK mitogenic cascade and activation of the PI3 Kinase/PDK/PKC cell growth pathway.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171291
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171352
The role of EF-hand domains and C2 domain in regulation of enzymatic activity of phospholipase Czeta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171295
Upon dissociation of protein kinase A (PKA) tetramers in the presence of cAMP, the released PKA catalytic monomers phosphorylate specific serine and threonine residues of several metabolic enzymes. These target enzymes include glycogen phosphorylase kinase, glycogen synthase and PF2K-Pase. PKA also phosphorylates ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein), preventing its movement into the nucleus and thus its function as a positive transcription factor for genes involved in glycolytic and lipogenic reactions.
One of the downstream effects of insulin, mediated via protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is increased synthesis of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, an allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1). PFK1 in turn catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis so the net effect of this whole sequence of events set off by insulin is to increase cytosolic concentrations of the small molecules formed in the course of glycolysis. This in turn drives the increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-phosphate, itself a positive regulator of PP2A.
Xylulose-5-phosphate binds to Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), activating it. This regulatory step may be the crucial physiological link explaining the coordinately increased rates of glycolysis and lipogenesis generally observed in individuals consuming high-carbohydrate diets.
Phosphorylation of ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein) at serine 196 by PKA inhibits its nuclear translocation. This reaction has been studied in detail using mouse proteins (Kawaguchi et al. 2001); the human version of the reaction is inferred from these studies.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pChREBP (Ser 196, Thr 666)' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orthophosphate', and 1 molecule of 'pChREBP (Thr 666)' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'phosphatidate phosphatase activity' of 'PP2A-ABdeltaC complex'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H2O', and 1 molecule of 'Editosome (ADAR2) complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'NH3', and 1 molecule of 'A to I edited RNA:Editosome (ADAR2) complex' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity' of 'ADAR2 homodimer'.
It is still unclear how ADAR 1 and ADAR 2 proteins form the editosomes with the target RNA. Other components of these editosomes for A to I editing are unknown.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'dsRNA duplex', and 1 molecule of 'ADAR2 homodimer' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Editosome (ADAR2) complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'AMPK heterotrimer (inactive)', and 1 molecule of 'AMP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'AMPK heterotrimer:AMP' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 2 molecules of 'ADAR2 protein' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ADAR2 homodimer' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
LKB1 phosphorylates threonine residue 172 of the alpha subunit of the AMPK heterotrimer, activating it. LKB1, a serine/threonine kinase, was first identified as the gene whose mutation is associated with the Peutz-Jeghers familial cancer syndrome. This disease phenotype is consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction between LKB1 and AMPK normally plays a key role in the negative regulation of cell growth (Hardie 2004).
Co-transcriptional pre-mRNA splicing is not obligatory. Pre-mRNA splicing begins co-transcriptionally and often continues post-transcriptionally. Human genes contain an average of nine introns per gene, which cannot serve as splicing substrates until both 5' and 3' ends of each intron are synthesized. Thus the time that it takes for pol II to synthesize each intron defines a minimal time and distance along the gene in which splicing factors can be recruited. The time that it takes for pol II to reach the end of the gene defines the maximal time in which splicing could occur co-transcriptionally. Thus, the kinetics of transcription can affect the kinetics of splicing. There are two classes of intronless pre-mRNAs (mRNAs expressed from genes that lack introns). The first class encodes the replication dependent histone mRNAs. These mRNAs have unique 3' ends that do not have a polyA tail. The replication dependent histone mRNAs in all metazoans, as well as Chlamydomonas and Volvox fall into this class. The second class of mRNAs end in polyA tails, which are formed by a mechanism similar to that which poly-adenylate pre-mRNAs containing introns. In the intronless genes there is a different method of replacing the 3' splice site that activates polyadenylation.
In the nucleus, activated AMPK phosphorylates serine residue 568 of ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein). Phosphorylated ChREBP does not bind to ChRE chromosomal DNA sequence elements and thus loses its ability to promote transcription of genes involved in glycolysis and lipogenesis.
The 3' ends of eukaryotic mRNAs are generated by posttranscriptional processing of an extended primary transcript. For almost all RNAs, 3' processing consists of two steps: The mRNA is first cleaved at a particular phosphodiester bond downstream of the coding sequence. The upstream fragment then receives a poly(A) tail of approximately 250 adenylate residues whereas the downstream fragment is degraded. The two partial reactions are coupled so that reaction intermediates are usually undetectable. While 3' processing can be studied as an isolated event in vitro, it appears to be connected to transcription, splicing and transcription termination in vivo.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy levels. A high cellular ratio of AMP:ATP triggers the phosphorylation and activation of AMPK. Activated AMPK in turn phosphorylates a wide array of target proteins, as shown in the figure below (reproduced from (Hardie et al. 2003), with the permission of D.G. Hardie). These targets include ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein), whose inactivation by phosphorylation reduces transcription of key enzymes of the glycolytic and lipogenic pathways.
AARS (cytosolic alanyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of alanine, tRNA(ala), and ATP to form Ala tRNA(Ala), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a monomer (Shiba et al. 1995). A mutation in the editing domain of the mouse Aars gene results in misincorporation of non-cognate amino acids into cellular proteins. This is associated with protein misfolding in Purkinje cells and a phenotype consistent with human ataxia (Lee et al. 2006).
RARS (cytosolic arginyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of arginine, tRNA(Arg), and ATP to form Arg-tRNA(Arg), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a monomer found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (Ling et al. 2005).
In humans the deamination of adenosines to inosines is the most common editing event. It is particularly prevalent in the brain, where it leads to amino acid changes that affect the conductance of several ion channels. Inosines are recognized by the translation machinery as if they were guanosines. ADARs (Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA) modify pre-mRNA, acting as single peptides and recognize structural determinants in the RNA. To date 3 members of this deaminase family are known: ADAR 1, ADAR 2, and ADAR 3 that share a common modular domain structure. ADAR 1 and 2 contain a catalytic deaminase domain, a double-stranded RNA binding domain and exhibit RNA editing activity. ADAR1 activity is found in various mammalian tissues with the highest concentration in brain. An increasing number of mammalian genes have been found to undergo deamination by ADARs. Deamination by editing in pre-mRNAs encoding subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) is another well studied example. An editing event at the Q/R site of the GluR2 (GluRB) subunit of AMPA ââ¬âreceptors converts a Gln codon CAG to an Arg codon CIG rendering the heteromeric receptor impermeable to Ca 2+ ions. Another example is the editing of 5-HT2C subtype serotonin receptor mRNA resulting in receptor isoforms with reduced G-protein coupling efficiency (reviewed by Gerber and Keller, 2001). In mice, the editosomes with ADAR proteins require some cis-acting elements like an intronic 'editing-site complementary sequence (ECS)'. Although evolutionarily conserved, the actual role of ECS is not yet elucidated in humans. The editing complex can be generally represented as:
After transcription, some RNA molecules are altered to contain bases not encoded in the genome. Most often this involves the editing or modification of one base to another, but in some organisms can involve the insertion or deletion of a base. Such editing events alter the coding properties of mRNA. RNA editing can be generally defined as the co- or post transcriptional modification of the primary sequence of RNA from that encoded in the genome through nucleotide deletion, insertion, or base modification mechanisms. There are two pathways of RNA editing: the substitution/conversion pathway and the insertion/deletion pathway. The insertion/deletion editing occurs in protozoans like Trypanosoma, Leishmania; in slime molds like Physarum spp., and in some viral categories like paramyxoviruses, Ebola virus etc. To date, the substitution/conversion pathway has been observed in human along with other mammals, Drosophila, and some plants. The RNA editing processes are known to create diversity in proteins involved in various pathways like lipid transport, metabolism etc. and may act as potential targets for therapeutic intervention (Smith et al., 1997). The reaction mechanisms of cytidine and adenosine deaminases is represented below. In both these reactions, NH3 is presumed to be released:
Hydrolytic deamination of adenosine leads to inosine. Ammonia is presumed to be released during this reaction.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131563.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2065213
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124370.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2065269
At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'citrate lyase monomer' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Fatty acid synthase ' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
A member of the PP2A family of phosphatases dephosphorylates both cytosolic and nuclear forms of ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Elemant Binding Protein). In the nucleus, dephosphorylated ChREBP complexes with MLX protein and binds to ChRE sequence elements in chromosomal DNA, activating transcription of genes involved in glycolysis and lipogenesis. The phosphatase is activated by Xylulose-5-phosphate, an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway (Kabashima et al. 2003). The rat enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and shown by partial amino acid sequence analysis to differ from previously described PP2A phosphatases (Nishimura and Uyeda 1995) - the human enzyme has not been characterized.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ChREBP protein', and 1 molecule of 'MLX protein' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ChREBP:MLX' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pChREBP(Ser 568)' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orthophosphate', and 1 molecule of 'ChREBP protein' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'phosphatidate phosphatase activity' of 'PP2A-ABdeltaC complex'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'pChREBP (Thr 666)' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Orthophosphate', and 1 molecule of 'ChREBP protein' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'phosphatidate phosphatase activity' of 'PP2A-ABdeltaC complex'.
QARS (cytosolic glutaminyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of glutamine, tRNA(Gln), and ATP to form Gln-tRNA(Gln), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex. The same gene encodes both the cytosolic and mitochondrial QARS enzymes (Lamour et al. 1994).
DARS (cytosolic aspartyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of aspartate, tRNA(Asp), and ATP to form Asp-tRNA(Asp), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (Escalante and Yang 1993).
ChREBP (Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein) is a large multidomain protein containing a nuclear localization signal near its amino terminus, polyproline domains, a basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper domain, and a leucine-zipper-like domain (Uyeda et al., 2002). Its dephosphorylation in response to molecular signals associated with the well-fed state allows it to enter the nucleus, interact with MLX protein, and bind to ChRE DNA sequence motifs near Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Fatty acid synthase, and Pyruvate kinase (L isoform) genes (Ishi et al.2004). This sequence of events is outlined schematically in the picture below (adapted from Kawaguchi et al. (2001) - copyright (2001) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.).
NARS (cytosolic asparaginyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of asparagine, tRNA(Asn), and ATP to form Asn-tRNA(Asn), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class I tRNA synthetase (Beaulande et al. 1998).
Many hormones that affect individual physiological processes including the regulation of appetite, absorption, transport, and oxidation of foodstuffs influence energy metabolism pathways. While insulin mediates the storage of excess nutrients, glucagon is involved in the mobilization of energy resources in response to low blood glucose levels, principally by stimulating hepatic glucose output. Small doses of glucagon are sufficient to induce significant glucose elevations. These hormone-driven regulatory pathways enable the body to sense and respond to changed amounts of nutrients in the blood and demands for energy. Glucagon and Insulin act through various metabolites and enzymes that target specific steps in metabolic pathways for sugar and fatty acids. The processes responsible for the long-term control of fat synthesis and short term control of glycolysis by key metabolic products and enzymes are annotated in this module as six specific pathways: Pathway 1. Glucagon signalling in metabolic pathways: In response to low blood glucose, pancreatic alpha-cells release glucagon. The binding of glucagon to its receptor results in increased cAMP synthesis, and Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation. Pathway 2. PKA mediated phosphorylation:PKA phosphorylates key enzymes, e.g., 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase /Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PF2K-Pase) at serine 36, and regulatory proteins, e.g., Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein (ChREBP) at serine 196 and threonine 666. Insulin mediated responses to high blood glucose will be annotated in future versions of Reactome. In brief, the binding of insulin to its receptor leads to increased protein phosphatase activity and to hydrolysis of cAMP by cAMP phosphodiesterase. These events counteract the regulatory effects of glucagon. Pathway 3: Insulin stimulates increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-phosphate (Xy-5-P). Activation of the insulin receptor results indirectly in increased Xy-5-P synthesis from Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and Fructose-6-phosphate. Xy-5-P, a metabolite of the pentose phosphate pathway, stimulates protein phosphatase PP2A. Pathway 4: AMP Kinase (AMPK) mediated response to high AMP:ATP ratio: In response to diet with high fat content or low energy levels, the cytosolic AMP:ATP ratio is increased. AMP triggers a complicated cascade of events. In this module we have annotated only the phosphorylation of ChREBP by AMPK at serine 568, which inactivates this transcription factor. Pathway 5: Dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors by PP2A: Xy-5-P activated PP2A efficiently dephosphorylates phosphorylated PF2K-Pase resulting in the higher output of F-2,6-P2 that enhances PFK activity in the glycolytic pathway. PP2A also dephosphorylates (and thus activates) cytosolic and nuclear ChREBP. Pathway 6: Transcriptional activation of metabolic genes by ChREBP: Dephosphorylated ChREBP activates the transcription of genes involved in glucose metabolism such as pyruvate kinase, and lipogenic genes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, acyl CoA synthase and glycerol phosphate acyl transferase. The illustration below summarizes this network of events. Black lines are metabolic reactions, red lines are negative regulatory events, and green lines are positive regulatory events (figure reused with permission from Veech (2003) - Copyright (2003) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.).
Multifunctional EPRS (cytosolic glutamyl prolyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of glutamate, tRNA(Glu), and ATP to form Glu tRNA(Glu), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The same enzyme also catalyzes the charging of tRNA(Pro) with proline. The enzyme is found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex (Kaiser et al. 1994).
At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 ' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
CARS (cytosolic cysteinyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of cysteine, tRNA(cys), and ATP to form Cys-tRNA(Cys), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a homomultimer, probably a dimer (Davidson et al. 2001).
At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha ' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
IARS (cytosolic aspartyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of isoleucine, tRNA(Ile), and ATP to form Ile-tRNA(Ile), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (Shiba et al. 1994).
LARS (cytosolic leucyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of leucine, tRNA(Leu), and ATP to form Leu-tRNA(Leu), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (Ling et al. 2005).
KARS (cytosolic lysyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of lysine, tRNA(Lys), and ATP to form Lys-tRNA(Lys), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex. The same gene encodes both cytosolic and mitochondrial KARS enzymes (Shiba et al. 1997).
MARS (cytosolic methionyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of methionine, tRNA(Met), and ATP to form Met-tRNA(Met), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a monomer found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (Kaminska et al. 2001).
GARS (cytosolic glycyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of glycine, tRNA(Gly), and ATP to form Gly tRNA(Gly), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a dimer. Cytosolic and mitochondrial glycyl tRNA synthetase enzymes are both encoded by the same gene; the cytosolic protein lacks an aminoterminal 54 residue sequence found in the mitochondrial protein. Mutations in GARS are associated with Charcot Marie Tooth disease and distal spinal muscular atrophy, two diseases characterized by axonal dysfunction (Antonellis et al. 2006)
HARS (cytosolic histidyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of histidine, tRNA(His), and ATP to form His-tRNA(His), AMP, and pyrophosphate (Lee et al. 2002).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171339
A glycine residue (Gly2) at the N-terminus of eNOS is myristoylated, providing membrane localization.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171341
DHHC-21 is a Golgi-localized acyl transferase that palmitoylates eNOS, which targets eNOS to plasmalemmal caveolae. Localization to this microdomain is likely to optimize eNOS activation and the extracellular release of nitric oxide.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171340
Palymitoylated, myristoylated eNOS forms a dimer and is transported from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Transport is thought to be mediated by intracellular vesicles, but the details remain unknown.
HSP90 serves as a scaffold to promote productive interaction between AKT1 and eNOS. Due to the proximity of these proteins once complexed with HSP90, AKT1 phosphorylates eNOS at Ser1177. When Ser1177 is phosphorylated, the level of NO production is elevated two- to three-fold above basal level.
The cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) ensures endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) couples electron transfer to L-arginine oxidation (Berka et al. 2004). During catalysis, electrons derived from NADPH transfer to the flavins FAD and FMN in the reductase domain of eNOS and then on to the ferric heme in the oxygenase domain of eNOS. BH4 can donate an electron to intermediates in this electron transfer and is oxidised in the process, forming the BH3 radical. This radical can be reduced back to BH4 by iron, completing the cycle and forming ferrous iron again. Heme reduction enables O2 binding and L-arginine oxidation to occur within the oxygenase domain (Stuehr et al. 2009).
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from L-arginine by the family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) enzymes, forming the free radical NO and citrulline as byproduct. The cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential requirement for the delivery of an electron to the intermediate in the catalytic cycle of NOS.
BH2 may compete with BH4 to bind eNOS, uncoupling eNOS leading to the formation of superoxide rather than nitric oxide. BH2, the oxidised form of BH4, cannot contribute electrons to heme in the reductase domain of eNOS, thereby uncoupling it from arginine oxidation and producing superoxide from oxygen instead (Vasquez-Vivar et al. 2002).
TARS (cytosolic threonyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of threonine, tRNA(Thr), and ATP to form Thr-tRNA(Thr), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer (Pan et al. 1982).
Increases in intracellular calcium and calmodulin stimulate depalmitoylation of eNOS by acyl protein thioesterase 1, which displaces eNOS from the membrane. This might be a mechanism to downregulate NO production following intense stimuli.
SARS (cytosolic seryl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of serine, tRNA(Ser), and ATP to form Ser-tRNA(Ser), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer (Hartlein and Cusack 1995; Vincent et al. 1997).
Once depalmitoylated, it's proposed that eNOS is displaced from the plasma membrane and redistributed to other intracellular membranes, including the Golgi, where re-palmitoylation occurs. The mechanism of transport from the plasma membrane is still unknown.
Multifunctional EPRS (cytosolic glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of proline, tRNA(Pro), and ATP to form Pro-tRNA(Pro), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The same enzyme also catalyzes the charging of tRNA(Glu) with glutamate. The enzyme is found in the cell as a component of the mutienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (Kaiser et al. 1994).
eNOS activity is regulated by numerous post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and acylation, which also modulate its interactions with other proteins and its subcellular localization. In general, following myristoylation and palmitoylation, eNOS localizes to caveolae in the plasma membrane, where in resting cells, it is bound to caveolin and remains inactive. Several agonists that raise intracellular calcium concentrations promote calmodulin binding to eNOS and the dissociation of caveolin from the enzyme, leading to an activated eNOS-calmodulin complex. Phosphorylation plays a significant role in regulating eNOS activity, especially the phosphorylation of Ser1177, located within the reductase domain, which increases enzyme activity by enhancing reductase activity and calcium sensitivity. In unstimulated, cultured endothelial cells, Ser1177 is rapidly phosphorylated following a variety of stimuli: fluid shear stress, insulin, estrogen, VEGF, or bradykinin. The kinases involved in this process depend upon the stimuli applied. For instance, shear stress phosphorylates Ser1177 by activating Akt and PKA; insulin activates both Akt and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); estrogen and VEGF mainly phosphorylate eNOS via Akt; whereas the bradykinin-induced phosphorylation of Ser1177 is mediated by CaMKII. When Ser1177 is phosphorylated, NO production is increased several-fold above basal levels. The phosphorylation of a threonine residue (Thr 495), located in the CaM binding domain, is associated with a decrease in eNOS activity. When this residue is dephosphorylated, substantially more CaM binds to eNOS and elevates enzyme activity. Stimuli associated with dephosphorylation of Thr495 (e.g., bradykinin, histamine, and Ca2+ ionophores) also increase Ca2+ levels resulting in the phosphorylation of Ser1177. Additional phosphorylation sites, such as Ser114 and Ser633, and tyrosine phosphorylation have all been detected, but their functional relevance remains unclear. It is speculated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of eNOS is unlikely to affect enzyme activity directly, but more likely to impact the protein-protein interactions with associated scaffolding and regulatory proteins.
FARS (cytosolic phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of phenylalanine, tRNA(Phe), and ATP to form Phe-tRNA(Phe), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits (Moor et al. 2002).
YARS (cytosolic tyrosyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of tyrosine, tRNA(Tyr), and ATP to form Tyr tRNA(Tyr), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer (Yang et al. 2003). Mutations in the YARS gene are associated with dominant-intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease â a form of peripheral neuropathy characterized by axon and Schwann cell dysfunction (Jordanova et al. 2006).
VARS (cytosolic valyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of valine, tRNA(Val), and ATP to form Val-tRNA(Val), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class I tRNA synthetase (Vilalta et al. 1993).
WARS (cytosolic tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of tryptophan, tRNA(Trp), and ATP to form Trp-tRNA(Trp), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer (Bange et al. 1992; Rubin et al. 1991; Yu et al. 2004).
NARS2 (mitochondrial asparaginyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of asparagine, mitochondrial tRNA(Asn), and ATP to form Asn-tRNA(Asn), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The NARS2 gene has been identified by computational analysis of the human genome sequence; its function has been inferred from those of the biochemically characterized mitochondrial aspartyl and tyrosyl tRNA synthetases (Bonnefond et al. 2005).
DARS2 (mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of aspartate, mitochondrial tRNA(Asp), and ATP to form Asp tRNA(Asp), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer (Bonnefond et al. 2005). Homozygosity for DARS2 mutations is associated with leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement plus lactate elevation (Scheper et al 2007).
Cytosolic tRNA synthetases catalyze the reactions of tRNAs encoded in the nuclear genome, their cognate amino acids, and ATP to form aminoacyl-tRNAs, AMP, and pyrophosphate. Eight of the tRNA synthetases, those specific for arginine, aspartate, glutamate and proline, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and methionine, associate to form a complex with three accessory proteins. Each of the component synthetases is active in vitro as a purified protein; complex formation is thought to channel aminoacylated tRNAs more efficiently to the site of protein synthesis in mRNA:ribosome complexes (Quevillon et al. 1999; Wolfe et al. 2003, 2005).
RARS2 (mitochondrial arginyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of arginine, mitochondrial tRNA(Arg), and ATP to form Arg tRNA(Arg), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class I tRNA synthetase. Homozygosity for RARS2 mutations has been associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia â a disease characterized by a severe reduction in cerebellum and brainstem size (Edvardson et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171348
eNOS-interacting protein (NOSIP) is a 34-kDa nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that binds to the COOH-terminal region (amino acids 366-486) of the eNOS oxygenase domain. This protein association promotes translocation of eNOS from the plasma membrane caveolae to the cytoskeleton and inhibits eNOS activity. Studies have found that NOSIP accumulates in the cytoplasm specifically during the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171347
NOSTRIN interacts with the actin nucleation promoting factor N-WASP by means of its SH3 domain.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171346
NOSIP (eNOS interacting protein) binds to the carboxyl-terminal region of the eNOS oxygenase domain. Note that the eNOS binding sites for caveolin and NOSIP overlap.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171345
NOSIP promotes translocation of eNOS from the plasma membrane to intracellular sites, thereby uncoupling eNOS from plasma membrane caveolae and inhibiting NO synthesis. eNOS appears to be shifted to intracellular sites that colocalize with Golgi and/or cytoskeletal marker proteins.
The first and rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin de novo biosynthesis is GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1, GTPCHI). Three different isoforms are produced but only isoform 1 is functionally active (Gütlich et al. 1994). GCH1 is functional as a homodecamer. First, a monomer of GCH1 forms a dimer. Then five dimers arrange into a ring-like structure to form the homodecamer (Nar et al. 1995).
6-pyruvoyl tetrahydrobiopterin synthase (PTPS) (Takikawa et al. 1986) catalyses the second step in BH4 biosynthesis, the dephosphorylation of DHNTP to 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin (PTHP). PTPS is believed to function as a homohexamer (Nar et al. 1994, Bürgisser et al. 1994) and has a requirement for Zn2+ (one Zn2+ ion bound per subunit) and Mg2+ ions for activity (Bürgisser et al. 1995). The phosphorylation of Ser-19 is an essential modification for enzyme activity (Scherer-Oppliger et al. 1999).
NOSTRIN translocates eNOS from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicular structures. NOSTRIN internalization of eNOS is proposed to occur via vesicle fission and caveolar transport through cooperation with dynamin and N-WASP.
eNOS traffic inducer (NOSTRIN) is a novel 506-amino acid eNOS-interacting protein. Along with a decrease in eNOS activity, NOSTRIN causes translocation of eNOS from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicular structures. NOSTRIN functions as an adaptor protein through homotrimerization and recruitment of eNOS, dynamin-2, and N-WASP to its SH3 domain. Studies indicated that NOSTRIN may facilitate vesicle fission and endocytosis of eNOS by coordinating the function of dynamin and N-WASP, which in turn, recruits the Arp2/3 complex, initiating actin filament polymerization. Overall, this process is thought to occur via caveolar endocytosis.
EARS2 (mitochondrial glutamyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of glutamate, mitochondrial tRNA(Glu), and ATP to form Glu-tRNA(Glu), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The EARS2 gene has been identified by computational analysis of the human genome sequence; its function has been inferred from those of the biochemically characterized mitochondrial aspartyl and tyrosyl tRNA synthetases (Bonnefond et al. 2005).
CARS2 (mitochondrial cysteinyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of cysteine, mitochondrial tRNA(Cys), and ATP to form Cys-tRNA(Cys), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The CARS2 gene has been identified by computational analysis of the human genome sequence; its function has been inferred from those of the biochemically characterized mitochondrial aspartyl and tyrosyl tRNA synthetases (Bonnefond et al. 2005).
Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) (Ichinose et al. 1991) reduces DHNTP to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4).
QARS (mitochondrial glutaminyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of glutamine, tRNA(Gln), and ATP to form Gln-tRNA(Gln), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class I tRNA synthetase. The same gene encodes both the cytosolic and mitochondrial QARS enzymes (Lamour et al. 1994).
The oxidation product of BH4, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2), can compete with BH4 for binding to eNOS. This can lead to the uncoupling of eNOS and can result in the formation of reactive oxygen species (Vasquez-Vivar et al. 2002).
GARS (mitochondrial glycyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of glycine, tRNA(Gly), and ATP to form Gly-tRNA(Gly), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a dimer. Cytosolic and mitochondrial glycyl tRNA synthetase enzymes are both encoded by the same gene; the cytosolic protein lacks an aminoterminal 54-residue sequence found in the mitochondrial protein. Mutations in GARS are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (Antonellis et al. 2007).
HARS2 (mitochondrial histidyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of histidine, mitochondrial tRNA(His), and ATP to form His-tRNA(His), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class II tRNA synthetase (O'Hanlon et al. 1995).
IARS2 (mitochondrial isoleucyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of isoleucine, mitochondrial tRNA(Ile), and ATP to form Ile-tRNA(Ile), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is a class I tRNA synthetase (Degoul et al. 1995).
LARS2 (mitochondrial leucyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of leucine, mitochondrial tRNA(Leu), and ATP to form Leu-tRNA(Leu), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a monomer (Bullard et al. 2000).
KARS (mitochondrial lysyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of lysine, tRNA(Lys), and ATP to form Lys-tRNA(Lys), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a homodimer. The same gene encodes both cytosolic and mitochondrial KARS enzymes (Shiba et al. 1997).
MARS2 (mitochondrial methionyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of methionine, mitochondrial tRNA(Met), and ATP to form Met-tRNA(Met), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class I tRNA synthetase, is a monomer (Spencer et al. 2004).
FARS2 (mitochondrial phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of phenylalanine, mitochondrial tRNA(Phe), and ATP to form Phe-tRNA(Phe), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The enzyme, a class II tRNA synthetase, is a monomer (Bullard et al. 1999).
PARS2 (mitochondrial prolyl tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of proline, mitochondrial tRNA(Pro), and ATP to form Pro-tRNA(Pro), AMP, and pyrophosphate. The PARS2 gene has been identified by computational analysis of the human genome sequence; its function has been inferred from those of the biochemically characterized mitochondrial aspartyl and tyrosyl tRNA synthetases (Bonnefond et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169471
The CCT/TRiC chaperonin is required for maturation of sphingosine kinase 1
Tandem phosphorylation of serine 221 and 318 by PKC{delta} coordinates mRNA binding and nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 shows novel features in genomic structure, ligand binding and signal transduction
PEX19 binds multiple peroxisomal membrane proteins, is predominantly cytoplasmic, and is required for peroxisome membrane synthesis
Molecular cloning and expression of glucuronyltransferase I involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans
Studies on the initiation and elongation reactions in the simian virus 40 DNA replication system.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105022.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111260
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4724.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75901
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5290.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145974
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100344.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143283
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87062.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143273
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109232.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147443
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81662.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175074
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77879.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146990
EGFR and FGFR signaling through FRS2 is subject to negative feedback control by ERK1/2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5593.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145934
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29155.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75888
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5461.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145935
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28131.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102376.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147420
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32792.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143284
The ALAS1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated in the cytosol to yield precursor protein. The ALAS1 precursor is imported into the mitochodrial matrix where it catalyzes the synthesis of 5-aminolevulinate from glycine and succinyl-CoA as part of heme biosynthesis.
The CPT2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The ACOX1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The ACSL1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96991.9
The ABCB4 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147436
The ACADM gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97522.9
FAD-linked mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2, alias: mGPDH) and its NAD-linked cytosolic isoform (GPD1, alias:cGPDH) constitute glycerol phosphate shuttle. GPD2 catalyzes the unidirectional conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) with concomitant reduction of the enzyme-bound FAD. Impaired activity of GPD2 has been suggested to be one of the primary causes of insulin secretory defects in beta-cells and thus it is a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175244
The HMGCR gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GRHL1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The FATP1 (SLC27A1) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147411
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112722.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147369
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2594.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113424
D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase tetramer (BDH1) in the mitochondrial matris catalyzes the reversible reaction of acetoacetate with NADH + H+ to form D-beta hydroxybutyrate and NAD+ (Marks et al. 1992).
In a healthy, well-nourished individual, the production of ketone bodies occurs at a relatively low rate. During periods of normal physiological responses to carbohydrate shortages, the liver increases the production of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA generated from fatty acid oxidation. This allows heart and skeletal muscle to use ketone bodies as the primary source of energy, thereby preserving the limited glucose supply for use in brain tissue. In untreated diabetes mellitus, a huge buildup of ketone bodies occurs due to an increase in fatty acid oxidation. The production of ketone bodies exceeds the ability of peripheral tissues to oxidize them, and results in lowering the pH of blood. Blood acidification is dangerous, chiefly as it impairs the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen. Ketone body synthesis proceeds via the synthesis of ccetoacetic acid in three steps from acetyl CoA, followed by the reduction of acetoacetic acid to beta-hydroxybutyrate. In the body, these reactions occur in the mitochondria of liver cells (Sass 2011).
D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase tetramer (BDH1) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reversible reaction of D-beta hydroxybutyrate and NAD+ to form acetoacetate and NADH + H+ (Marks et al. 1992).
3-Oxoacid CoA-transferase dimer (OXCT1) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reversible reaction of acetoacetate and succinyl-CoA to form acetoacetyl-CoA and succinate (Kassovska-Bratinova et al. 1996).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112408.8
Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase tetramer (ACAT1) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reversible reaction of two molecules of acetyl-CoA to form acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA (Middleton et al. 1986).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175242
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase tetramer (HMGCS2) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to form beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) and CoA (Aledo et al. 2001).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113984.8
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase dimer (HMGCL) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) to form acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate (Mitchell et al. 1993).
The levels of acetone in ketone bodies are much lower than those of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Acetone cannot be converted back to acetyl-CoA, and is excreted in urine, or breathed out through the lungs. Extrahepatic tissues utilize ketone bodies by converting the beta-hydroxybutyrate successively to acetoacetate, acetoacetatyl-CoA, finally to acetyl-CoA (Sass 2011).
Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase tetramer (ACAT1) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reversible reaction of acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA to form two molecules of acetyl-CoA (Middleton et al. 1986).
Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone collectively are called ketone bodies. The first two are synthesized from acetyl-CoA, in the mitochondria of liver cells; acetone is formed by spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate. Ketone body synthesis in liver is effectively irreversible because the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA is not present in liver cells. Ketone bodies, unlike fatty acids and triglycerides, are water-soluble. They are exported from the liver, and are taken up by other tissues, notably brain and skeletal and cardiac muscle. There, they are broken down to acetyl-CoA which is oxidized via the TCA cycle to yield energy. In a normal person, this pathway of ketone body synthesis and utilization is most active during extended periods of fasting. Under these conditions, mobilization and breakdown of stored fatty acids generates abundant acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA in liver cells for synthesis of ketone bodies, and their utilization in other tissues minimizes the demand of these tissues for glucose (Sass 2011).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146377
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77857.9
The sixth pass through the beta-oxidation spiral picks up where the last left off with the saturated fatty acid hexanoyl-CoA and produces butanoyl-CoA. Four enzymatic steps are required starting with SCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Short Chain) activity, followed by the enoyl-CoA hydratase activity of crotonase, the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of the short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), and completed by the ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity, present in the mitochondrial membrane associated trifunctional protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146371
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FAD', and 1 molecule of 'Butanoyl-CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Crotonoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FADH2' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'SCAD acyl-CoA dehydrogenase homotetramer'.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146378
Once fatty acids have been imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the carnitine acyltransferases, the beta-oxidation spiral begins. Each turn of this spiral concludes with the repetitive removal of two carbon units from the fatty acyl chain. beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids (fatty acids with even numbered carbon chains and no double bonds) involves four different enzymatic steps: oxidation, hydration, a second oxidation, and a concluding thiolysis step, resulting in the two-carbon acetyl-CoA and a newly CoA primed acyl-CoA for the next turn of the spiral.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146375
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA ' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'dodecenoyl-CoA delta-isomerase activity' of '3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase Homodimer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Crotonoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'enoyl-CoA hydratase hexamer'.
The seventh and final pass through the beta-oxidation spiral picks up where the last left off with the saturated fatty acid butanoyl-CoA and at the third step produces acetoacetyl-CoA, which can be used to generate 2 acetyl-CoA molecules or can be turned toward the synthesis of ketone bodies pathway. Four enzymatic steps are required starting with SCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Short Chain) activity, followed by the enoyl-CoA hydratase activity of crotonase, the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of the short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD). The final enzymatic step, creating two acetyl-CoA molecules requires a specific ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase.
Beta-oxidation begins once fatty acids have been imported into the mitochondrial matrix by carnitine acyltransferases. The beta-oxidation spiral of fatty acids metabolism involves the repetitive removal of two carbon units from the fatty acyl chain. There are four steps to this process: oxidation, hydration, a second oxidation, and finally thiolysis. The last step releases the two-carbon acetyl-CoA and a ready primed acyl-CoA that takes another turn down the spiral. In total each turn of the beta-oxidation spiral produces one NADH, one FADH2, and one acetyl-CoA. Further oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the tricarboxylic acid cycle generates additional FADH2 and NADH. All reduced cofactors are used by the mitochondrial electron transport chain to form ATP. The complete oxidation of a fatty acid molecule produces numerous ATP molecules. Palmitate, used as the model here, produces 129 ATPs. Beta-oxidation pathways differ for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids requires four different enzymatic steps. Beta-oxidation produces and consumes intermediates with a trans configuration; unsaturated fatty acids that have bonds in the cis configuration require three separate enzymatic steps to prepare these molecules for the beta-oxidation pathway.
The complete beta-oxidation spiral produces and consumes intermediates with a trans configuration. Mitochondrial beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids leads to intermediates not compatible with the four enzymatic steps responsible for the beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids that have bonds in the cis configuration require three separate enzymatic steps to prepare these molecules for the beta-oxidation pathway. The further processing of these intermediates requires additional enzymes, depending on the position of the double bonds in the original fatty acids. Described here is the beta-oxidation of linoleoyl-CoA.
Once the second of the two double bonds has been reached 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase, changes the spatial conformation of the second double bond from cis to trans. This step yields trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA, which then enters the saturated beta-oxidation pathway.
4-cis-decenoyl-CoA transits through the first step of the saturated beta-oxidation spiral to yield 2-trans-4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109877.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146385
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96305.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175094
Nucleotide-sugar transporters: structure, function and roles in vivo
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103086.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146391
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'trans-Dec-2-enoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-Hydroxydecanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'enoyl-CoA hydratase hexamer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'Octanoyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'transferase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
The fourth pass through the beta-oxidation spiral picks up where the last left off with the saturated fatty acid decanoyl-CoA and produces octanoyl-CoA. Four enzymatic steps are required starting with MCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Medium Chain) activity, followed by the enoyl-CoA hydratase activity of crotonase, the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of the short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), and completed by the ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity, present in the mitochondrial membrane associated trifunctional protein. Note that the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of SCHAD is not actually limited to short chain fatty acids, in fact SCHAD has a broad substrate specificity.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Octanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FAD' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FADH2', and 1 molecule of 'trans-Oct-2-enoyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'MCAD acyl-CoA dehydrogenase homotetramer'.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30624.10
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H2O', and 1 molecule of 'trans-Oct-2-enoyl-CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-Hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'enoyl-CoA hydratase hexamer'.
The fifth pass through the beta-oxidation spiral picks up where the last left off with the saturated fatty acid octanoyl-CoA and produces hexanoyl-CoA. Four enzymatic steps are required starting with MCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Medium Chain) activity, followed by the enoyl-CoA hydratase activity of crotonase, the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of the short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), and completed by the ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity, present in the mitochondrial membrane associated trifunctional protein.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Hexanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'transferase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'trans-Hex-2-enoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'enoyl-CoA hydratase hexamer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Hexanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FAD' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'trans-Hex-2-enoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FADH2' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'SCAD acyl-CoA dehydrogenase homotetramer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'Butanoyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'transferase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
Cytokines and chemokines in autoimmune disease: an overview
The third pass through the beta-oxidation spiral picks up where the last left off with the saturated fatty acid lauroyl-CoA and produces decanoyl-CoA. Four enzymatic steps are required starting with LCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Long Chain) activity, followed by the enoyl-CoA hydratase activity of crotonase, the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of the short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD), and completed by the ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity, present in the mitochondrial membrane associated trifunctional protein. Note that the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity of SCHAD is not actually limited to short chain fatty acids, in fact SCHAD has a broad substrate specificity.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Decanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FAD' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'trans-Dec-2-enoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FADH2' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'MCAD acyl-CoA dehydrogenase homotetramer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Lauroyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'transferase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
The second pass through the beta-oxidation spiral starts with the saturated fatty acid myristoyl-CoA (from the first swing through the beta oxidation spiral) and produces lauroyl-CoA. Four enzymatic steps are required starting with LCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Long Chain) activity, followed by three enzymatic steps, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities, all present in the mitochondrial membrane associated trifunctional protein.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '2-trans-Dodecenoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'enoyl-CoA hydratase hexamer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Decanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'transferase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
This first pass through the beta-oxidation spiral starts with the saturated fatty acid palmitoyl-CoA and produces myristoyl-CoA. Four enzymatic steps are required, starting with VLCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Very Long Chain) activity, followed by three enzymatic steps, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activities, all present in the mitochondrial membrane associated trifunctional protein.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Acetyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'myristoyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'transferase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'NAD+', and 1 molecule of '(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H+', 1 molecule of '3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'NADH' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the '3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'trans-Tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'NAD+', and 1 molecule of '(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-Oxopalmitoyl-CoA', 1 molecule of 'H+', and 1 molecule of 'NADH' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the '3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'palmitoyl-CoA', and 1 molecule of 'FAD' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'FADH2', and 1 molecule of 'trans-Hexadec-2-enoyl-CoA' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity' of 'VLCAD acyl-CoA dehydrogenase homodimer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H2O', and 1 molecule of 'trans-Hexadec-2-enoyl-CoA' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'mitochondrial matrix' and is mediated by the 'enoyl-CoA hydratase activity' of 'Trifunctional Protein'.
The phosphorylated AMPK inactivates ACC2 in muscle cells by phophorylation. This results in decreased levels of malonyl CoA.
The mitochondrial carnitine system catalyzes the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix where they undergo beta oxidation. This transport system consists of the malonyl-CoA sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) localized in the mitochondrial outer membrane, the carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase, an integral inner membrane protein, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II localized on the matrix side of the inner membrane. (Kerner and Hoppel, 2000).
CPT2, associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes the reaction of palmitoylcarnitine and CoASH to form palmitoyl-CoA and carnitine (Verderio et al. 1995).
Cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA) catalyzes the reaction of bicarbonate, ATP, and acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA, ADP, and orthophosphate. The reaction is positively regulated by citrate. The human ACACA cDNA has been cloned (Abu-Elheiga et al. 1995) and the biochemical properties of the human enzyme have recently been described (Cheng et al. 2007; Locke et al. 2008). Four ACACA isoforms generated by alternative splicing have been identified as mRNAs - the protein product of the first has been characterized experimentally.
The carnitine-acylcarnitine transporter (SLC25A20 / CACT), embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the exchange of palmitoyl-carnitine (and other acylcarnitine esters) and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane (Huizing et al., 1997).
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA from the cytosol with carnitine in the mitochondrial intermembrane space to form palmitoylcarnitine and CoASH. Two CPT1 isoforms exist, encoded by two different genes. In the body, CPT1A is most abundant in liver while CPT1B is abundant in muscle. Both CPT1A and CPT1B are inhibited by malonyl-CoA (Morillas et al. 2002, 2004; Zammit et al. 2001; Zhu et al. 1997). Mutations in CPT1A are associated with defects in fatty acid metabolism and fasting intoilerance, consistent with the role assigned to CPT1 from studies in vitro and in animal models (IJlst et al. 1998; Gobin et al. 2003).
The overall process of triglyceride (triacylglycerol) biosynthesis consists of four biochemical pathways: fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis, conversion of fatty acyl-CoA to phosphatidic acid, conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol, and conversion fo diacylglycerol to triacylglycerol.
Very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules are synthesized from palmitic acid (C16) or other fatty acids that are synthesized de novo or obtained from the diet. Before they can be elongated, these fatty acids are activated by conversion to fatty acyl-CoAs in reactions catalyzed by the five members of the ACSL (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain) enzyme family. Elongation proceeds by a four-step reaction sequence parallel to that responsible for the synthesis of palmitate (C16) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA: a molecule of malonyl-CoA condenses with the long chain fatty acyl-CoA forming a 3-oxoacyl-CoA containing two more carbon atoms than the starting long chain fatty acyl-CoA and CO2. This reaction is catalyzed by one of the seven members of the ELOVL (Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein) enzyme family. The 3-oxoacyl-CoA is reduced to a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by HSD17B12 (hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA is dehydrated to a trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, and the trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA is reduced to a fatty acid two carbon atoms longer than the input one by TECR (trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase) enzyme. All of these enzyme activities are associated with separate polypeptides associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, unlike the multifunctional and cytosolic FAS complex responsible for synthesis of palmitic acid (Jakobsson ea 2006; Nugteren 1965). The specific reactions annotated here mediate the synthesis of stearoyl-CoA (3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA) from palmitate, as well as the activation and condensation with malonyl-CoA of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid that plays a central role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and related hormones. Human cells contain a wide range of very long chain fatty acids, and the enzymes involved in these reactions are believed to have broader substrate specificities than are shown in these annotations, but few direct experimental data are available to support more extensive annotations.
Mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 in achondroplasia
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis involves following steps: -Palmitate synthesis catalyzed by Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Fatty acid synthase -Conversion of palmitic acid to long chain fatty acids and -Conversion of long chain fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthases.
Glycerol can be a source for glycerol-3-phosphate, in which case, a phosphate form ATP is transferred to glycerol by glycerol kinase forming glycerol-3-phosphate and ADP.
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is acylated to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by the enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (AGPAT6) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Cao et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2008).
Either of GPAM or GPAT2 (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial; glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial) associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane catalyzes the reaction of cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate and acyl-CoA to form 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate and CoASH. The biochemical properties and location of human GPAM have been established through studies of the recombinant protein (Chen et al. 2008); those features of GPAT2 have been inferred from the properties of its rat homologue and those of GPAM. GPAM and GPAT2 differ in their their preferences for acyl-CoA substrates (Shindou & Shimizu 2009) and in their expression patterns in the body (Takeuchi & Reue 2009).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, 1-acyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is acylated to phosphatidic acid (PA) by the enzymes 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (AGPAT1 through 11), and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1) (Aguado and Campbell 1998). See recent review by Agarwal (2012, in press). AGPAT1, 2, 3 and LPCAT1 have been characterized biochemically (AGPAT1, 2: Yamashita et al. 2007, West et al. 1997, Aguado and Campbell 1998, Gale et al. 2006; AGPAT3: Agarwal et al. 2006; LPCAT1: Nakanishi et al. 2006, Chen et al. 2006). Two additional proteins, AGPAT4 and AGPAT5, are inferred to have such activity based on studies of homologous mouse enzymes (Lu et al. 2005). These enzymes differ in their tissue specific patterns of expression in the body and in their preferences for specific acyl CoA molecules (Shindou and Shimizu 2009; Takeuchi and Reue 2009).
Lipin proteins LPIN1, 2, and 3, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, can each catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidate to yield 1,2-diacyl-glycerol and orthophosphate. The activities of LPIN1 and LPIN2 have been established experimentally (Grimsey et al. 2008); that of LPIN3 is inferred from its structural similarities both to its human paralogues and to its mouse ortholog (Donkor et al. 2007). Only LPIN1 has been shown to be stably associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, but all three enzymes appear to be catalytically active at that location (Grimsey et al. 2008; Donkor et al. 2007).
Tetrameric diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the reaction of 1,2-diacyl-glycerol and acyl-CoA to form triacylglycerol + CoASH (Cheng et al. 2001).
Trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase (TECR) catalyzes the reaction of trans-octadec-2-enoyl-CoA and NADPH + H+ to form stearoyl-CoA and NADP+. This activity of TECR protein and its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane was established in studies of transfected cells expressing the protein (Moon and Horton 2003).
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7 (ELOVL7) catalyzes the reaction of arachidoyl-CoA (C20:0) and malonyl-CoA to form 3-oxobehenoyl-CoA, CO2, and CoASH. ELOVL7 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in transfected cells expressing the cloned cDNA (Tamura et al. 2009).
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6 (ELOVL6) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA), CO2, and CoASH (Shimamura et al. 2009). The localization of ELOVL6 to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is inferred from that experimentally determined for the homologous mouse protein (Moon et al. 2001; Matsuzaka et al. 2002).
A human homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV3 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase zeta.
Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the reaction of arachidonate, CoASH, and ATP to form arachidonyl-CoA, AMP, pyrophosphate, and water (Longo et al. 2003; Meloni et al. 2003).
Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5 (ACSL5) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane catalyzes the reaction of palmitate, CoASH, and ATP to form palmitoyl-CoA, AMP, pyrophosphate, and water (Gassler et al. 2007).
Membrane-associated acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1) catalyzes the reaction of palmitate, CoASH, and ATP to form palmitoyl-CoA, AMP, pyrophosphate, and water. Human ACSL1 has not been characterized in detail, but available data suggest that it is associated specifically with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and that it can act on oleic acid as well as on palmitic acid (Malhotra et al. 1999).
Membrane-associated acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 (ACSL3) catalyzes the reaction of palmitate, CoASH, and ATP to form palmitoyl-CoA, AMP, pyrophosphate, and water. The enzyme is probably associated specifically with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and can also associate with lipid droplets. It is active on oleic acid as well as on palmitic acid (Fujimoto ea 2007).
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 3 (ELOVL3) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA), CO2, and CoASH. Indirect data from studies of transfected cells expressing ELOVL3 are consistent with its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum and activity on palmitoyl-CoA (Kobayashi et al. 2007).
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 4 (ELOVL4) catalyzes the reaction of lignoceroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form 3-oxocerotoyl-CoA, CO2, and CoASH. ELOVL4 is abundant in retinal cells, where it is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (Grayson and Molday 2005). The catalytic activity of ELOVL4 has not been examined directly but is inferred from that of the homologous mouse protein, which is also active on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (Agbada et al. 2008).
Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6 (ACSL6) associated with the plasma membrane catalyzes the reaction of palmitate, CoASH, and ATP to form palmitoyl-CoA, AMP, pyrophosphate, and water. In the body, ACSL6 is found in red blood cells. It is active on oleic acid as well as palmitic acid (Malhotra et al. 1999).
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1 (ELOVL1) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to form 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA (3-oxostearoyl-CoA), CO2, and CoASH. Limited data are available for human ELOVL1 protein. Its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and catalytic activity are inferred from the properties of better-studied human ELOVL proteins (Jakobsson et al. 2006; Shimamura et al. 2009).
Cytosolic fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA with 7 malonyl-CoA and 14 NADHP + 14 H+ to form a molecule of palmitate and 7 CO2, 14 NADP+, 8 CoASH, and 6 H2O. The process proceeds via the successive condensations of malonyl groups onto the growing acyl chain,each followed by loss of CO2 and three steps of reduction (Smith et al. 2003).
Processes annotated here include the digestion of dietary lipids, sterol uptake, the formation and turnover of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL), and the mobilization of fatty acids through the action of hormone-sensitive lipase.
Triacylglycerol is a major energy store in the body and its hydrolysis to yield fatty acids and glycerol is a tightly regulated part of energy metabolism. A central part in this regulation is played by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), a neutral lipase abundant in adipocytes and skeletal and cardiac muscle, but also abundant in ovarian and adrenal tissue, where it mediates cholesterol ester hydrolysis, yielding cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis. The hormones to which it is sensitive include catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), ACTH, and glucagon, all of which trigger signaling cascades that lead to its phosphorylation and activation, and insulin, which sets off events leading to its dephosphorylation and inactivation (Holm et al. 2000; Kraemer and Shen 2002). The processes of triacylglycerol and cholesterol ester hydrolysis are also regulated by subcellular compartmentalization: these lipids are packaged in cytosolic particles and the enzymes responsible for their hydrolysis, and perhaps for additional steps in their metabolism, are organized at the surfaces of these particles (e.g., Brasaemle et al. 2004). This organization is dynamic: the inactive form of HSL is not associated with the particles, but is translocated there after being phosphorylated. Conversely, perilipin, a major constituent of the particle surface, appears to block access of enzymes to the lipids within the particle; its phosphorylation allows greater access. Here, HSL-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis is described as a pathway containing twelve reactions. The first six of these involve activation: phosphorylation of HSL, dimerization of HSL, disruption of CGI-58:perilipin complexes at the surfaces of cytosolic lipid particles, phosphorylation of perilipin, association of phosphorylated HSL with FABP, and translocation of HSL from the cytosol to the surfaces of lipid particles. The next four reactions are the hydrolysis reactions themselves: the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters, and the successive removal of three fatty acids from triacylglycerol. The last two reactions, dephosphorylation of perilipin and HSL, negatively regulate the pathway. These events are outlined in the figure below. Inputs (substrates) and outputs (products) of individual reactions are connected by black arrows; blue lines connect output activated enzymes to the other reactions that they catalyze. Despite the undoubted importance of these reactions in normal human energy metabolism and in the pathology of diseases such as type II diabetes, they have been studied only to a limited extent in human cells and tissues. Most experimental data are derived instead from two rodent model systems: primary adipocytes from rats, and mouse 3T3-L1 cells induced to differentiate into adipocytes.
While fatty acid synthesis from acetyl CoA proceeds in the cytosol, most acetyl CoA in the cell is generated within the mitochondria, by oxidative decarboxylation of the pyruvate derived from glycolysis, as well as from a number of reactions of amino acid catabolism. Mitochondrial Acetyl-CoA is transported to cytoplasm as citrate to participate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Mitochondrial citrate synthase, a tricarboxylic acid transporter in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and cytosolic citrate lyase are involved in this transport.
SLC25A1, in the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the exchange of mitochondrial citrate for cytosolic malate.
Activated rat HSL at the lipid particle hydrolyzes triacylglycerol to yield diacylglycerol + fatty acid. In vitro, activated partially purified HSL catalyzes this reaction at only about two times the rate measured with non-activated enzyme (Fredrikson et al. 1981). The much greater rate increase caused by HSL phosphorylation in vivo appears to be due to its phosphorylation-dependent translocation to the surface of the lipid particle (Birnbaum 2003). HSL-mediated triacylglycerol hydrolysis in humans has not been studied in detail, so the human reaction is inferred from the well-studied rat one.
Activated rat HSL hydrolyzes cholesterol ester to yield cholesterol + fatty acid (Fredrikson et al. 1981). The human reaction has not been studied in detail, and is inferred from the well-characterized rat one.
Protein kinase A has two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits which are held together to form the holoenzyme and is activated upon binding of cAMP within the regulatory subunits. Once cAMP binds the regulatory subunits, the catalytic subunits are released to carry out phosphorylation of CREB at serine133.
Rat HSL is inactivated by dephosphorylation. The catalyst of this reaction is unknown. Protein phosphatases 1 and 2A are both abundant in rat adipocytes and both are active on HSL (Olsson and Belfrage 1987; Wood et al. 1993). Whether these enzymes act on phosphate groups attached to serine residues 659 and 660 of HSL is unknown, however (Holm et al. 2000). Although the reaction is annotated as though the phosphatase acts on phosphorylated HSL monomers, this also is unknown: does the HSL:FABP complex dissociate before HSL dephosphorylation (as implied here), or does dephosphorylation of HSL drive dissociation of the complex? Dephosphorylation of human HSL has not been studied in detail, so the human reaction is inferred from the well-studied rat one.
Rat HSL catalyzes the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol to yield 2-acylglycerol + fatty acid (Fredrikson and Belfrage 1983). The human event has not been studied in detail and is inferred from the rat one.
Ca2+ influx through the NMDA receptor initiates subsequent molecular pathways that have a defined role in establishing long-lasting synaptic changes. The molecular signaling initiated by a rise in Ca2+ within the spine leads to phosphorylation of Cyclic AMP Response Element binding protein (CREB) at serine 133 which is involved in the transcription of genes that results in long lasting changes in the synapse. The phosphorylation of CREB by increased Ca2+ can be brought about by distinct molecular pathways that may involve MAP kinase, activation of adenylate cyclase, activation of CaMKII and/or the activation of CaMKIV.
Ca2+ fluxes through NMDA receptors in the post-synaptic neuron facilitate binding of Ca2+/Calmodulin to adenylate cyclase type 1, 3 or 8, resulting in its activation. Once activated, cAMP is produced which further activates PKA.
Ribosomal S6 kinase has four isoforms in humans and each of the isoforms have sic conserved phosphorylation sites (S221, S363, S380,S749, T359,T573) out of which four are important for its activity (S221, S363, 380,T573). Phosphorylation and activation of ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) occurs at the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Phosphorylation of RSK first occurs at residue T573 followed by S363 an S380 by activated MAPK/ERK . This form is then phosphorylated by PDK1, which is active in the plasm membrane by an autophosphorylation event.
CREB is phosphorylated at serine 133 by any of the four isoforms of ribosomal S6 kinase.
Activated MAPK/ERK activates RSK in its C terminal kinase domain by sequentially phosphorylating T573, S363 and 380.
Association of cytosolic FAS into multimers is linked to increased catalytic activity (Locke et al. 2008).
PDK1 activates ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) by phosphorylating S221. The binding site for PDK1 on RSK is available after RSK phosphorylation by MAPK/ERK. PDK1 is present in the activated form at the plasma membrane where the phosphorylation occurs. The activation of RSK occurs in the cytoplasm, plasma membrane and in the nucleus where it finally activates CREB by phosphorylation.
Requirement of the MRN complex for ATM activation by DNA damage.
Raf is a downstream effector of ras. Raf is activated upon phosphorylation at S338, oligomerization and membrane localization. Membrane localization is facilitated by ras. Interaction of ras with raf is a necessary step but not sufficient for raf activation. Other unknown protein partner interactions are required for raf activation. Raf further activates MAP kinase.
Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and implications for brain function
MAPK/ERK is phosphorylated at threonine 185 and tyrosine 187 by membrane associated activated raf kianse leading to the activation of MAPK/ERK kinase. The activated MAPK/ERK in turn activates ribosomal S6 kinase.
Nuclear targeting of CaMKII depends on several factors including the phosphorylation in the regulatory domain of CaMKII and induction of other signal transduction pathways.
Ca2+ signal generated through NMDA receptor in the post-synaptic neuron activates adenylate cyclase signal transduction, leading to the activation of PKA and phosphorylation and activation of CREB-induced transcription. The isoforms of adenylate cyclase that are activated by Ca2+ in the brain are I, III and IX.
Mutant fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 induces intracellular signaling and cellular transformation in a cell type- and mutation-specific manner
Cytosolic rat HSL is phosphorylated on serine residues 659 and 660 by protein kinase A catalytic subunit (Anthonsen et al. 1998; Su et al. 2003). Three isoforms of protein kinase A are known, but with no known differences in substrate specificity or tissue specific expression patterns, so a generic PKA (with all three forms as instances) is annotated as the catalyst of this reaction. Other serine residues in HSL can be phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo, and while these other phosphorylations appear not to affect triacylglycerol hydrolysis by HSL directly, they may affect the efficiency with which serines 659 and 660 themselves are phosphorylated, or affect the efficiency with which HSL is translocated to cytosolic lipid particles (Holm et al. 2000). Phosphorylation of human HSL has not been studied in detail, so the human reaction is inferred from the well-studied rat one. By BLAST alignment, human HSL residues 649 and 650 correspond to rat serines 659 and 660.
Because of their hydrophobicity, lipids are found in the extracellular spaces of the human body primarily in the form of lipoprotein complexes. Chylomicrons form in the small intestine and transport dietary lipids to other tissues in the body. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) form in the liver and transport triacylglycerol synthesized there to other tissues of the body. As they circulate, VLDL are acted on by lipoprotein lipases on the endothelial surfaces of blood vessels, liberating fatty acids and glycerol to be taken up by tissues and converting the VLDL first to intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and then to low density lipoproteins (LDL). IDL and LDL are cleared from the circulation via a specific cell surface receptor, found in the body primarily on the surfaces of liver cells. High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, initially formed primarily by the liver, shuttle several kinds of lipids between tissues and other lipoproteins. Notably, they are responsible for the so-called reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to LDL for return to the liver. Three aspects of lipoprotein function are currently annotated in Reactome: chylomicron-mediated lipid transport, LDL endocytosis and degradation, and HDL-mediated lipid transport.
LDL (low density lipoproteins) are complexes of a single molecule of apoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) non-covalently associated with triacylglycerol, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. LDL complexes contain single molecules of apoB-100, but their content of lipids is variable (Chapman et al. 1988; Mateu et al. 1972; Tardieu et al. 1976). High levels of LDL in the blood are strongly correlated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, and recent studies have raised the possibility that this risk is further increased in individuals whose blood LDL population is enriched in high-density (low lipid content) LDL complexes (Rizzo and Berneis 2006). The LDL complex annotated here is given a lipid composition that is the average of those measured in the studies by Chapman, Mateu, Tardieu and their colleagues. Annotation of LDL biology in Reactome to date is largely centered on the process of LDL endocytosis. As outlined in the figure below, extracellular low density lipoprotein (LDL) complexes bind to LDL receptors associated with coated pits at the cell surface (a), forming complexes that are internalized and passed via clathrin-coated vesicles (b) to endosomes (c), where they dissociate. The LDL particles move into lysosomes (d) and are degraded while the LDL receptors are returned to the cell surface (e). This process occurs in most cell types but is especially prominent in hepatocytes. It plays a major role in returning cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. Familial hypercholesterolemia due to mutations affecting the LDL receptor (or, rarely, the apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) component of LDL or the LDLRAP1 accessory protein involved in receptor uptake into clathrin-coated vesicles) is one of the commonest human genetic diseases, affecting approximately one person in 500 in many populations worldwide (Hobbs et al. 1990; Jeon and Blacklow 2005).
LDL receptors in the endosome membrane are quickly returned to the cell surface (Goldstein et al. 1979).
HDL particles play a central role in the reverse transport of cholesterol, the process by which cholesterol in tissues other than the liver is returned to the liver for conversion to bile salts and excretion from the body and provided to tissues such as the adrenals and gonads for steroid hormone synthesis (Tall et al. 2008). HDL particles are heterogeneous and can be fractionated into sub-populations based on their electrophoretic mobility, their density, or their content of various apolipoproteins. Sub-populations yielded by any one fractionation strategy, however, remain heterogeneous with respect to the other two parameters (Kontush and Chapman 2006). All HDL particles share two key features: they are assembled on a protein scaffold provided by apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and they are recycled to allow a net flow of lipids from peripheral tissues to the liver and steroidogenic tissues while allowing apoA-I molecules to be re-used. The HDL life cycle annotated here does not capture the full complexity of HDL structure and function but rather is an attempt to outline the key steps by which HDL particles assemble and transfer their lipid content. These steps include the assembly of nascent (discoidal) HDL particles on newly synthesized apoA-I, a process that in the body occurs primarily in the liver, the loading of discoidal HDL with additional lipid through interaction with cells carrying excess cholesterol (transformation to spherical HDL), the conversion of HDL-associated cholesterol to cholesterol esters (remodeling of spherical HDL), the transfer of HDL lipids to target cells with the regeneration of pre-beta HDL (lipid-poor apoA-I), and the conversion of pre-beta HDL to discoidal HDL to complete the cycle. Additional reactions provide houekeeping functions needed for the efficient operation of the cycle: binding and release of CETP, dispersal of byproducts of the CETP reaction, and export and degradation of excess apoA-I protein. Finally, the function of torcetrapib as an inhibitor of CETP function is annotated.
LCAT activated by apoA-I catalyzes the reaction of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine to yield cholesterol esterified with a long-chain fatty acid and 2-lysophosphatidylcholine. While this reaction was first studied in vitro using purified proteins in solution, it occurs in vivo on the surfaces of HDL particles where transiently-bound LCAT is activated by HDL-associated apoA-I protein and consumes HDL-associated cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine. The cholesterol ester reaction product is strongly associated with the HDL particle because of its increased hydrophobicity, while the 2-lysophosphatidylcholine product is released from the particle (Fielding et al. 1972 [2 references]; Adimoolam et al. 1998).
In an ATP-dependent reaction, ABCG1 mediates the movement of intracellular cholesterol to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. In a tissue culture model system, the active form of ABCG1 is predominantly a tetramer (Vuaghan and Oram 2005). The number of lipid molecules transported per ATP consumed is not known.
Rat FABPA associates with HSL and increases the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis, possibly by sequestering the released fatty acids (Shen et al. 1999; Shen et al. 2001). A similar association of HSL and FABP4 at the lipid droplet surface has been demonstrated in human adipocytes (Smith et al. 2004). The stoichiometry of the fatty acid:FABP complex is unknown. This model implies that HSL-associated FABP loaded with fatty acid should exchange with unloaded, unassociated FABP, allowing HSL to continue to work efficiently while moving newly generated fatty acids away from the lipid particle. To date, there is no evidence for or against such a shuttling process.
In primary adipocytes from young rats and in adipocytes derived from 3T3-L1 cells in vitro, phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase translocates from the cytosol to the surfaces of lipid particles following the phosphorylation of perilipin (Clifford et al. 2000; Su et al. 2003; Sztalryd et al. 2003) The human reaction is inferred from the well-studied rat one.
While both monomeric and homodimeric forms of rat HSL protein have been detected, the predominant species, and the one with substantially greater catalytic activity when activated by phosphorylation, is the homodimer so HSL-mediated lipolysis is annotated in Reactome with dimeric phosphorylated enzyme as the catalyst. Phosphorylation appears to be required for dimerization to proceed (Shen et al. 2000). Dimerization of human HSL has not been studied in detail, so the human reaction is inferred from the well-studied rat one.
At resting membrane potential the NMDA receptor is blocked by extracellular Mg2+ ions and therefore is not activated in this state by ligands (glutamate, glycine, NMDA). The voltage block is removed upon depolarization of the post-synaptic cell membrane by the influx of Na+ and efflux of K+ from the cell, Mg2+ is expelled from the NMDA receptor can now be activated by the ligands. The depolarization of the membrane maybe due to activation of Ca2+ impermeable AMPA receptors, which facilitates Na+ influx, contributing to the unblocking of NMDA receptors.
The role of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in cardiolipin remodeling in the spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rat heart
A recurrent mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 causes hypochondroplasia
The class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K-C2alpha is concentrated in the trans-Golgi network and present in clathrin-coated vesicles
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143895
Purification and functional characterization of aquaporin-8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143902
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34213.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175243
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92836.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147429
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4890.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30284.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113714
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5639.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147422
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100466.9
Dynamic coupling of the putative coiled-coil domain of ORAI1 with STIM1 mediates ORAI1 channel activation
Transcription and replication of mitochondrial DNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71994
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3227.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143826
Direct phosphorylation of IkappaB by IKKalpha and IKKbeta: discrimination between free and NF-kappaB-bound substrate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143835
The molecular basis of Sanfilippo syndrome type B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143844
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143852
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143847
Recapitulation of embryonic neuroendocrine differentiation in adult human pancreatic duct cells expressing neurogenin 3
The isomerization of 3,7,24THCA-CoA to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA, catalyzed by 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase, occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143735
In the body, 24-hydroxycholesterol is synthesized in the brain, exported to the liver, and converted there to bile acids and bile salts. This pathway is only a minor source of bile acids and bile salts, but appears to be critical for the disposal of excess cholesterol from the brain (Bjorkhem et al. 1998; Javitt 2002). In the liver, conversion of 24-hydroxycholesterol to bile acids and bile salts is initiated with hydroxylation and oxidoreductase reactions to form 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one. The pathway then branches: hydroxylation of 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one to 4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one leads ultimately to the formation of cholate, while its reduction to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one leads to chenodeoxycholate formation. In both branches, reactions in the cytosol, the mitochondrial matrix, and the peroxisomal matrix result in modifications to the ring structure, shortening and oxidation of the side chain, conversion to a Coenzyme A derivative, and conjugation with the amino acids glycine or taurine (Russell 2003). These reactions are outlined in the figure below. The final three reactions are identical to ones of bile salt synthesis initiated by 7alpha-hydroxylation and are shown as arrows with no substrates.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143737
The isomerization of 25(R) TetraHCA-CoA to (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA, catalyzed by 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase, occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
4-Cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one, NADPH, and H+ react to form 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one and NADP+. This reaction is catalyzed by AKR1D1 (3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase). AKR1D1 is localized to the cytosol, and in the course of the reaction its steroid substrate moves from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol. It is unclear whether this translocation results simply from its increased hydrophilicity or is mediated by the enzyme or another transport protein (Russell 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143743
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha,12a,27-triol-3-one and NADPH + H+ form 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12a,27-tetrol and NAPDP+. The reaction is catalyzed by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4), a cytosolic enzyme belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family (Dufort et al. 2001). Biochemical studies with rat proteins raise the possibility that other related enzymes may also carry out this reaction in vivo (Russell 2003).
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol and NAD+ react to form 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one and NADH + H+, in a reaction catalyzed by HSD3B7 (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7) in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Its function in vivo has been confirmed in studies of patients with defects in bile acid synthesis (Schwarz et al. 2000).
4-Cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one and NADPH + H+ react to form 5beta-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one + NADP+. This reaction is catalyzed by AKR1D1 (3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase). AKR1D1 is localized to the cytosol, and in the course of the reaction its steroid substrate moves from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol. It is unclear whether this translocation results simply from its increased hydrophilicity or is mediated by the enzyme or another transport protein (Russell 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=72073
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5157.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143733
In a healthy adult human, about 500 mg of cholesterol is converted to bile salts daily (Russell 2003). The major pathway for bile salt synthesis in the liver begins with the conversion of cholesterol to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Bile salt synthesis can also begin with the synthesis of an oxysterol - 24-hydroxycholesterol or 27-hydroxycholesterol. In the body, the initial steps of these two pathways occur in extrahepatic tissues, generating intermediates that are transported to the liver and converted to bile salts via the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol pathway. These extrahepatic pathways contribute little to the total synthesis of bile salts, but are thought to play important roles in cholesterol homeostasis (Javitt 2002).
In the body, 27-hydroxycholesterol is synthesized in multiple tissues, exported to the liver, and converted there to bile acids and bile salts. This pathway is only a minor source of bile acids and bile salts, but may play a significant role particularly in the mobilization of cholesterol from lung phagocytes (Bjorkhem et al. 1994; Babiker et al. 1999; Javitt 2002). In the liver, conversion of 27-hydroxycholesterol to bile acids and bile salts is initiated with hydroxylation and oxidoreductase reactions to form 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one. The pathway then branches: hydroxylation of 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one to 4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one leads ultimately to the formation of cholate, while its reduction to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one leads to chenodeoxycholate formation. In both branches, reactions in the cytosol, the mitochondrial matrix, and the peroxisomal matrix result in modifications to the ring structure, shortening and oxidation of the side chain, conversion to a Coenzyme A derivative, and conjugation with the amino acids glycine or taurine (Russell 2003). These reactions are outlined in the figure below. The final nine reactions are identical to ones of bile salt synthesis initiated by 7alpha-hydroxylation and are shown as arrows with no substrates.
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one and NADPH + H+ form 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol and NAPDP+. The reaction is catalyzed by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4), a cytosolic enzyme belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family (Dufort et al. 2001). Biochemical studies with rat proteins raise the possibility that other related enzymes may also carry out this reaction in vivo (Russell 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143545
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA and NAD+ react to form 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA, NADH, and H+. This oxidation reaction, catalyzed by the peroxisomal D-bifunctional enzyme (Huyghe et al. 2006), occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143729
(24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA and NAD+ react to form 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-one-CoA, NADH, and H+. This oxidation reaction, catalyzed by the peroxisomal D-bifunctional enzyme (Huyghe et al. 2006), occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
A molecule of glycocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, taurocholate, or taurochenodeoxycholate is transported from the cytosol to the extracellular space, coupled to the hydrolysis of a molecule of cytosolic ATP to ADP and orthophosphate. This reaction is mediated by ABCB11 (bile salt export pump). In the body, this reaction mediates the release of bile salts from the liver cells into the bile (Kullak-Ublick et al. 2004); the role of ABCB11 in the reaction is confirmed by the observed failure of bile salt export in patients in whom the transporter is defective (Noe et al. 2005).
In the liver, synthesis of bile acids and bile salts is initiated with the conversion of cholesterol to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and of 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one. The pathway then branches: hydroxylation of 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one to 4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one leads ultimately to the formation of cholate, while its reduction to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one leads to chenodeoxycholate formation. The amounts of substrate following each branch appear to be determined by abundance of the hydroxylase enzyme: in human liver, cholate synthesis predominates. In both branches, reactions in the cytosol, the mitochondrial matrix, and the peroxisomal matrix result in modifications to the ring structure, shortening and oxidation of the side chain, conversion to a Coenzyme A derivative, and conjugation with the amino acids glycine or taurine. In the body, glycocholate, taurocholate, glycochenodeoxycholate, and taurochenodeoxycholate are released from hepatocytes into the bile and ultimately into the lumen of the small intestine, where they function as detergents to solubilize dietary fats. The liver synthetic pathway also yields small amounts of bile acids, cholate and deoxycholate, which may play a feedback role in regulating the bile acid synthetic pathway (Russell 2003). These reactions are outlined in the figure below.
Cholesterol, NADPH + H+, and O2 react to form 24-hydroxycholesterol , NADP+, and H2O. This reaction is catalyzed by CYP46A1 in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. In the body, this enzyme is expressed predominantly in the brain and is thought to play a major role in cholesterol turnover there (Javitt 2002).
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol and NAD+ react to form 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one and NADH + H+, catalyzed by HSD3B7 (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7) in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Its function in vivo has been confirmed in studies of patients with defects in bile acid synthesis (Schwarz et al. 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143728
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143726
4-Cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one, NADPH, and H+ react to form 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one and NADP+. This reaction is catalyzed by AKR1D1 (3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase). AKR1D1 is localized to the cytosol, and in the course of the reaction its steroid substrate moves from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol. It is unclear whether this translocation results simply from its increased hydrophilicity or is mediated by the enzyme or another transport protein (Russell 2003).
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one and NADPH + H+ react to form 5beta-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one and NADP+. This reaction is catalyzed by AKR1D1 (3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase). AKR1D1 is localized to the cytosol, and in the course of the reaction its steroid substrate moves from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol. It is unclear whether this translocation results simply from its increased hydrophilicity or is mediated by the enzyme or another transport protein (Russell 2003).
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one and NADPH + H+ form 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol and NAPDP+. The reaction is catalyzed by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4), a cytosolic enzyme belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family (Dufort et al. 2001). Biochemical studies with rat proteins raise the possibility that other related enzymes may also carry out this reaction in vivo (Russell 2003).
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one and NADPH + H+ form 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol and NAPDP+. The reaction is catalyzed by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4), a cytosolic enzyme belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family (Dufort et al. 2001). Biochemical studies with rat proteins raise the possibility that other related enzymes may also carry out this reaction in vivo (Russell 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143553
FRS2 alpha attenuates FGF receptor signaling by Grb2-mediated recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143722
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2708.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=72156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143645
The N-terminal domain of SREBP1A/1C/2 (SREBF1A/1C/2) dimerizes and is imported from the cytosol into the nucleus by importin-beta (Nagoshi et al. 1999, Nagoshi and Yoned 2001, Lee et al. 2003). In the nucleus the dimers bind DNA (Parraga et al. 1998) and activate transcription (Datta and Osborne 2005).
SREBP1A/1C/2 (SREBF1A/1C/2) dimer dissociates from Importin beta-1 in response to Ran-GTP in the nucleoplasm (Nagoshi et al. 1999).
The ACACA gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The ACACB gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
NF449 is a novel inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling active in chondrocytes and multiple myeloma cells
The MVD gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The ELOVL6 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The FDPS gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
S2P(MBTPS2), a membrane-bound protease in the Golgi, cleaves within the transmembrane region of SREBP1A/1C/2 (SREBF1A/1C/2), releasing the N-terminal domain of SREBP1A/1C/2 into the cytosol.
SREBP1A/1C/2 (SREBF1A/1C/2) dimer binds Importin beta-1 via the helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain of SREBP1A/1C/2 (Nagoshi et al. 1999).
The N-terminal domains of SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) dimerize via interaction of their helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domains (Nagoshi and Yoneda 2001).
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol and NADPH + H+ react to form 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol and NADP+, catalyzed by LBR in the nuclear envelope. LBR protein spans the inner nuclear envelope, has an aminoterminal region with properties of a laminin receptor and a carboxyterminal domain with sequence similarity to sterol delta14-reductases (Holmer et al. 1998). Studies of material from an individual with HEM/Greenberg skeletal dysplasia indicate that LBR catalyzes the sterol delta14-reductase step of cholesterol biosynthesis in vivo. DNA sequencing revealed homozygosity for a mutant LBR allele encoding a truncated protein in the affected individual, and cells from the individual accumulated cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol in culture. Transfection of wild-type LBR into the cultured cells reversed the accumulation of cholesta-8,14-dien-3beta-ol (Waterham et al. 2003). This observation is surprising because a second gene, TM7SF2, encodes an efficient sterol delta14-reductase that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum whose expression is up-regulated in response to sterol depletion (Bennati et al. 2006). The physiological roles of LBR and TM7SF2 in vivo remain to be determined.
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol and NADPH + H+ react to form 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol and NADP+, catalyzed by TM7SF2 in the endoplasmic reticulum. TM7SF2 protein has sterol delta14-reductase activity in vitro, and expression of the gene is induced by sterol starvation in human cells, as expected for a gene involved in sterol biosynthesis (Bennati et al. 2006). However, molecular studies of material from an individual with HEM/Greenberg skeletal dysplasia indicate that LBR, a protein that spans the inner nuclear membrane and has both laminin receptor and sterol delta14-reductase activities, is required for normal sterol 14delta-reductase activity in human cells. It remains to be determined whether both LBR and TM7SF2 catalyze this reaction in vivo, and whether the role of TM7SF2 is essential (Waterham et al. 2003).
The family of enzymes called prenyltransferases is involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. Two members of this family are known to catalyse the sequential condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP: farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase (GGPPS) (Kavanaugh et al, 2006).
Further condensation of an isopentenyl pyrophosphate with geranyl pyrophosphate to form farnesyl pyrophosphate is catalyzed by the prenyltransferases FPP synthase and GGPP synthase. (Kavanagh et al, 2006)
In low concentrations of cholesterol SCAP interacts with Sec24 of the CopII coat complex causing SCAP:SREBP1A/1C/2 to be transported with the CopII complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
S1P (MBTPS1, SKI-1), a membrane-bound protease in the Golgi, cleaves the intralumenal loop of SREBP1A/1C/2 (SREBF1A/1C/2), releasing the N-terminal domain of SREBP1A/1C/2, which remains bound to the membrane.
Cholesterol is synthesized de novo from from acetyl CoA. The overall synthetic process is outlined in the figure below. Enzymes whose regulation plays a major role in determining the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the body are highlighted in red, and connections to other metabolic processes are indicated. The transformation of lanosterol into cholesterol requires multiple steps, including the removal of three methyl groups, the reduction of one double bond and the migration of another. These reactions may not occur in a single fixed order in the body, so the linear pathway laid out here following the work of Gaylor and colleagues (Gaylor 2002) is an oversimplification of the process that occurs in vivo. Defects in several of the enzymes involved in this process are associated with human disease and have provided useful insights into the regulatory roles of cholesterol and its synthetic intermediates in human development (Herman 2003; Song et al. 2005).
SREBPs (SREBP1A, SREBP1C, SREBP2, also known as SREBFs) are transmembrane proteins that bind SCAP in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. In the presence of cholesterol or oxysterols SCAP:SREBP1A/1C/2 binds INSIG and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. At cholesterol concentrations below 5 mol% SCAP changes conformation, SCAP:SREBP1A/1C/2 loses interaction with INSIG, binds the CopII coat complex, and is translocated to the Golgi.
Cytosolic isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPP isomerase) catalyzes an essential activation step in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. It rearranges isopentenyl pyrophosphate into its highly electrophilic isomer, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). IPP isomerase may also be located in human peroxisomes but it's function there is not clear.
Mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MPD) decarboxylates mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate into isopentenyl pyrophosphate while hydrolysing ATP to ADP and orthophosphate.
Differential actions of follistatin and follistatin-like 3
25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA is hydrated to form (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA. This reaction, catalyzed by the peroxisomal D-bifunctional enzyme (Huyghe et al. 2006), occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
Molecular cloning, functional expression, and mRNA tissue distribution of the human 5-hydroxytryptamine2B receptor
The isomerization of 25(R) DHCA-CoA to 25(S) DHCA-CoA, catalyzed by 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase, occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
25(S) THCA-CoA and O2 react to form 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA) and H2O2. This dehydrogenation reaction occurs in the peroxisomal matrix. It is catalyzed by the FAD-containing peroxisomal enzyme branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX2). The enzyme transfers electrons to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide is produced as a byproduct.
25(S) DHCA-CoA and O2 react to form 25(S) 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA and H2O2. This dehydrogenation reaction occurs in the peroxisomal matrix. It is catalyzed by the FAD-containing peroxisomal enzyme branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX2). The enzyme transfers electrons to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide is produced as a byproduct.
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA) is hydrated to form (24R, 25R) 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA. This reaction, catalyzed by the peroxisomal D-bifunctional enzyme (Huyghe et al. 2006), occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha-diol-3-one and NADPH + H+ form 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol and NAPDP+. The reaction is catalyzed by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4), a cytosolic enzyme belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family (Dufort et al. 2001). Biochemical studies with rat proteins raise the possibility that other related enzymes may also carry out this reaction in vivo (Russell 2003).
4-Cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one, NADPH, and H+ react to form 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one and NADP+. This reaction is catalyzed by AKR1D1 (3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase). AKR1D1 is localized to the cytosol, and in the course of the reaction its steroid substrate moves from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol. It is unclear whether this translocation results simply from its increased hydrophilicity or is mediated by the enzyme or another transport protein (Russell 2003).
The isomerization of 25(R) THCA-CoA to 25(S) THCA-CoA, catalyzed by 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase, occurs in the peroxisomal matrix.
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one and NADPH + H+ form 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha-diol and NAPDP+. The reaction is catalyzed by 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C4), a cytosolic enzyme belonging to the aldo-keto reductase family (Dufort et al. 2001). Biochemical studies with rat proteins raise the possibility that other related enzymes may also carry out this reaction in vivo (Russell 2003).
4-Cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one and NADPH + H+ react to form 5beta-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha-diol-3-one + NADP+. This reaction is catalyzed by AKR1D1 (3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase). AKR1D1 is localized to the cytosol, and in the course of the reaction its steroid substrate moves from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosol. It is unclear whether this translocation results simply from its increased hydrophilicity or is mediated by the enzyme or another transport protein (Russell 2003).
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs, SREBFs) respond to low cholesterol concentrations by transiting to the nucleus and activating genes involved in cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis (reviewed in Brown and Goldstein 2009, Osborne and Espenshade 2009, Weber et al. 2004). Newly synthesized SREBPs are transmembrane proteins that bind SCAP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. SCAP binds cholesterol which causes a conformational change that allows SCAP to interact with INSIG, retaining the SCAP:SREBP complex in the ER. INSIG binds oxysterols, which cause INSIG to bind SCAP and retain SCAP:SREBP in the endoplasmic reticulum. In low cholesterol (below about 5 mol%) SCAP no longer interacts with cholesterol or INSIG and binds Sec24 of the CopII coat complex instead. Thus SCAP:SREBP transits with the CopII complex from the ER to the Golgi. In the Golgi SREBP is cleaved by S1P and then by S2P, releasing the N-terminal fragment of SREBP into the cytosol. The N-terminal fragment is imported to the nucleus by importin-beta and then acts with other factors, such as SP1 and NF-Y, to activate transcription of target genes. Targets of SREBP include the genes encoding all enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis and several genes involved in lipogenesis. SREBP2 most strongly activates cholesterol biosynthesis while SREBP1C most strongly activates lipogenesis.
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and NAD+ react to form 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one, NADH, and H+, in a reaction catalyzed by HSD3B7 (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7) in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Its function in vivo has been confirmed in studies of patients with defects in bile acid synthesis (Schwarz et al. 2000).
The TM7SF2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
After transiting to the nucleus SREBPs (SREBP1A/1C/2, SREBFs) bind short sequences, sterol regulatory elements (SREs), in the promoters of target genes (reviewed in Eberle et al. 2004, Weber et al. 2004). SREBPs alone are relatively weak activators of transcription, with SREBP1C being significantly weaker than SREBP1A or SREBP2. In combination with other transcription factors such as SP1 and NF-Y the SREBPs are much stronger activators. SREBP1C seems to more specifically target genes involved in fatty acid synthesis while SREBP2 seems to target genes involved in cholesterol synthesis (Pai et al. 1998).
The MVK gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The PMVK gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The IDI1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GPAM gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GGPS1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The FASN gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III 17.1 kDa polypeptide ', 1 molecule of 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase I 135 kDa polypeptide ', 1 molecule of 'DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III 7.0 kDa polypeptide ', 1 molecule of 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase I 16 kDa polypeptide ', 1 molecule of 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase I 40 kDa polypeptide ', and 1 molecule of 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase I largest subunit ' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase I Holoenzyme (Human)' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleolus'.
Peroxisomal CROT catalyzes the reaction of 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA and carnitine to form 4,8-dimethylnonanoylcarnitine and CoASH (Ferdinandusse et al. 1999).
After the assembly of the RNA Polymerase I Holoenzyme, Rrn3 binding occurs.
Peroxisomal HSD17B4 dimer catalyzes the reaction of 3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA and NAD+ to form 3-ketoxypristanoyl-CoA and NADH + H+. The enzyme is bifunctional - an aminoterminal domain catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a variety of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA's, the reaction annotated here, and a carboxyterminal domain catalyzes the hydration of a variety of trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA's (Jiang et al. 1996, 1997). Defects in the enzyme are associated with a severe disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism in humans (Ferdinandusse et al. 2006).
In the nucleus, SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer complex acts as a transcriptional regulator. The activity of SMAD2/3 complex is regulated both positively and negatively by association with other transcription factors (Chen et al. 2002, Varelas et al. 2008, Stroschein et al. 1999, Wotton et al. 1999). In addition, the activity of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex can be inhibited by nuclear protein phosphatases and ubiquitin ligases (Lin et al. 2006, Dupont et al. 2009).
OVERVIEW OF TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION: Detailed studies of gene transcription regulation in a wide variety of eukaryotic systems has revealed the general principles and mechanisms by which cell- or tissue-specific regulation of differential gene transcription is mediated (reviewed in Naar, 2001. Kadonaga, 2004, Maston, 2006, Barolo, 2002; Roeder, 2005, Rosenfeld, 2006). Of the three major classes of DNA polymerase involved in eukaryotic gene transcription, Polymerase II generally regulates protein-encoding genes. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the various components involved in cell-specific regulation of Pol-II gene transcription. Core Promoter: Pol II-regulated genes typically have a Core Promoter where Pol II and a variety of general factors bind to specific DNA motifs: i: the TATA box (TATA DNA sequence), which is bound by the "TATA-binding protein" (TBP). ii: the Initiator motif (INR), where Pol II and certain other core factors bind, is present in many Pol II-regulated genes. iii: the Downstream Promoter Element (DPE), which is present in a subset of Pol II genes, and where additional core factors bind. The core promoter binding factors are generally ubiquitously expressed, although there are exceptions to this. Proximal Promoter: immediately upstream (5') of the core promoter, Pol II target genes often have a Proximal Promoter region that spans up to 500 base pairs (b.p.), or even to 1000 b.p.. This region contains a number of functional DNA binding sites for a specific set of transcription activator (TA) and transcription repressor (TR) proteins. These TA and TR factors are generally cell- or tissue-specific in expression, rather than ubiquitous, so that the presence of their cognate binding sites in the proximal promoter region programs cell- or tissue-specific expression of the target gene, perhaps in conjunction with TA and TR complexes bound in distal enhancer regions. Distal Enhancer(s): many or most Pol II regulated genes in higher eukaryotes have one or more distal Enhancer regions which are essential for proper regulation of the gene, often in a cell or tissue-specific pattern. Like the proximal promoter region, each of the distal enhancer regions typically contain a cluster of binding sites for specific TA and/or TR DNA-binding factors, rather than just a single site. Enhancers generally have three defining characteristics: i: They can be located very long distances from the promoter of the target gene they regulate, sometimes as far as 100 Kb, or more. ii: They can be either upstream (5') or downstream (3') of the target gene, including within introns of that gene. iii: They can function in either orientation in the DNA. Combinatorial mechanisms of transcription regulation: The specific combination of TA and TR binding sites within the proximal promoter and/or distal enhancer(s) provides a "combinatorial transcription code" that mediates cell- or tissue-specific expression of the associated target gene. Each promoter or enhancer region mediates expression in a specific subset of the overall expression pattern. In at least some cases, each enhancer region functions completely independently of the others, so that the overall expression pattern is a linear combination of the expression patterns of each of the enhancer modules. Co-Activator and Co-Repressor Complexes: DNA-bound TA and TR proteins typically recruit the assembly of specific Co-Activator (Co-A) and Co-Repressor (Co-R) Complexes, respectively, which are essential for regulating target gene transcription. Both Co-A's and Co-R's are multi-protein complexes that contain several specific protein components. Co-Activator complexes generally contain at lease one component protein that has Histone Acetyl Transferase (HAT) enzymatic activity. This functions to acetylate Histones and/or other chromatin-associated factors, which typically increases that transcription activation of the target gene. By contrast, Co-Repressor complexes generally contain at lease one component protein that has Histone De-Acetylase (HDAC) enzymatic activity. This functions to de-acetylate Histones and/or other chromatin-associated factors. This typically increases the transcription repression of the target gene. Adaptor (Mediator) complexes: In addition to the co-activator complexes that assemble on particular cell-specific TA factors, - there are at least two additional transcriptional co-activator complexes common to most cells. One of these is the Mediator complex, which functions as an "adaptor" complex that bridges between the tissue-specific co-activator complexes assembled in the proximal promoter (or distal enhancers). The human Mediator complex has been shown to contain at least 19 protein distinct components. Different combinations of these co-activator proteins are also found to be components of specific transcription Co-Activator complexes, such as the DRIP, TRAP and ARC complexes described below. TBP/TAF complex: Another large Co-A complex is the "TBP-associated factors" (TAFs) that assemble on TBP (TATA-Binding Protein), which is bound to the TATA box present in many promoters. There are at least 23 human TAF proteins that have been identified. Many of these are ubiquitously expressed, but TAFs can also be expressed in a cell or tissue-specific pattern. Specific Coactivator Complexes for DNA-binding Transcription Factors. A number of specific co-activator complexes for DNA-binding transcription factors have been identified, including DRIP, TRAP, and ARC (reviewed in Bourbon, 2004, Blazek, 2005, Conaway, 2005, and Malik, 2005). The DRIP co-activator complex was originally identified and named as a specific complex associated with the Vitamin D Receptor member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors (Rachez, 1998). Similarly, the TRAP co-activator complex was originally identified as a complex that associates with the thyroid receptor (Yuan, 1998). It was later determined that all of the components of the DRIP complex are also present in the TRAP complex, and the ARC complex (discussed further below). For example, the DRIP205 and TRAP220 proteins were show to be identical, as were specific pairs of the other components of these complexes (Rachez, 1999). In addition, these various transcription co-activator proteins identified in mammalian cells were found to be the orthologues or homologues of the Mediator ("adaptor") complex proteins (reviewed in Bourbon, 2004). The Mediator proteins were originally identified in yeast by Kornberg and colleagues, as complexes associated with DNA polymerase (Kelleher, 1990). In higher organisms, Adapter complexes bridge between the basal transcription factors (including Pol II) and tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs) bound to sites within upstream Proximal Promoter regions or distal Enhancer regions (Figure 1). However, many of the Mediator homologues can also be found in complexes associated with specific transcription factors in higher organisms. A unified nomenclature system for these adapter / co-activator proteins now labels them Mediator 1 through Mediator 31 (Bourbon, 2004). For example, the DRIP205 / TRAP220 proteins are now identified as Mediator 1 (Rachez, 1999), based on homology with yeast Mediator 1. Example Pathway: Specific Regulation of Target Genes During Notch Signaling: One well-studied example of cell-specific regulation of gene transcription is selective regulation of target genes during Notch signaling. Notch signaling was first identified in Drosophila, where it has been studied in detail at the genetic, molecular, biochemical and cellular levels (reviewed in Justice, 2002; Bray, 2006; Schweisguth, 2004; Louvri, 2006). In Drosophila, Notch signaling to the nucleus is thought always to be mediated by one specific DNA binding transcription factor, Suppressor of Hairless. In mammals, the homologous genes are called CBF1 (or RBPJkappa), while in worms they are called Lag-1, so that the acronym "CSL" has been given to this conserved transcription factor family. There are at least two human CSL homologues, which are now named RBPJ and RBPJL. In Drosophila, Su(H) is known to be bifunctional, in that it represses target gene transcription in the absence of Notch signaling, but activates target genes during Notch signaling. At least some of the mammalian CSL homologues are believed also to be bifunctional, and to mediate target gene repression in the absence of Notch signaling, and activation in the presence of Notch signaling. Notch Co-Activator and Co-Repressor complexes: This repression is mediated by at least one specific co-repressor complexes (Co-R) bound to CSL in the absence of Notch signaling. In Drosophila, this co-repressor complex consists of at least three distinct co-repressor proteins: Hairless, Groucho, and dCtBP (Drosophila C-terminal Binding Protein). Hairless has been show to bind directly to Su(H), and Groucho and dCtBP have been shown to bind directly to Hairless (Barolo, 2002). All three of the co-repressor proteins have been shown to be necessary for proper gene regulation during Notch signaling in vivo (Nagel, 2005). In mammals, the same general pathway and mechanisms are observed, where CSL proteins are bifunctional DNA binding transcription factors (TFs), that bind to Co-Repressor complexes to mediate repression in the absence of Notch signaling, and bind to Co-Activator complexes to mediate activation in the presence of Notch signaling. However, in mammals, there may be multiple co-repressor complexes, rather than the single Hairless co-repressor complex that has been observed in Drosophila. During Notch signaling in all systems, the Notch transmembrane receptor is cleaved and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) translocates to the nucleus, where it there functions as a specific transcription co-activator for CSL proteins. In the nucleus, NICD replaces the Co-R complex bound to CSL, thus resulting in de-repression of Notch target genes in the nucleus (Figure 2). Once bound to CSL, NICD and CSL proteins recruit an additional co-activator protein, Mastermind, to form a CSL-NICD-Mam ternary co-activator (Co-A) complex. This Co-R complex was initially thought to be sufficient to mediate activation of at least some Notch target genes. However, there now is evidence that still other co-activators and additional DNA-binding transcription factors are required in at least some contexts (reviewed in Barolo, 2002). Thus, CSL is a good example of a bifunctional DNA-binding transcription factor that mediates repression of specific targets genes in one context, but activation of the same targets in another context. This bifunctionality is mediated by the association of specific Co-Repressor complexes vs. specific Co-Activator complexes in different contexts, namely in the absence or presence of Notch signaling.
Peroxisomal carnitineacetyltransferase (CRAT) catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA and carnitine to form acetylcarnitine and CoASH. The active form of the enzyme is a monomer (Bloisi et al. 1990; Wu et al. 2003).
As the active RNA Polymerase I complex leaves the promoter Rrn3 dissociates from the complex. RNA polymerase I Promoter Clearance is complete and Chain Elongation begins.
Promoter clearance is one of the rate-limiting steps in Polymerase I transcription. This step is composed of three phases, promoter opening, transcription initiation and promoter escape.
During initiation the double-stranded DNA must be melted and transcription begins. SL1 forms and interacts with UBF-1 and the rDNA promoter. It is this platform that will recruit active RNA polymerase I to the SL1:phosphorlated UBF-1:rDNA promoter complex. Mammalian rRNA genes are preceded by a terminator element that is recognized by the SL1 complex. This SL1 modulated acetylation of the basal Pol I transcription machinery has functional consequences suggesting that the reversible acetylation may be one way to regulate rDNA transcription.
Upon transcription initiation it is thought that RRN3 is inactivated and dissociates from the Loss of Rrn3 from the RNA Polymerase I promoter escape complex. SL1 and UBF are thought to remain bound to the promoter for multiple rounds of transcription initiation
The peroxisomal membrane transport protein PMP34 mediates the exchange of adenine nucleotides between the cytosol and the peroxisomal matrix. The localization of PMP34 has been established by immunofluoresence studies (Wylin et al. 1998). The cloned human protein restores adenine nucleotide transport in yeast whose endogenous peroxisomal transporter has been disrupted, and has adenine nucleotide transport activity in reconstituted lipid vesicles in vitro (Visser et al. 2002), consistent with its hypothesized role in vivo (Wanders and Waterham 2006).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'elongating pre-rRNA transcript', and 1 molecule of 'NTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'elongating pre-rRNA transcript' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleolus' and is mediated by the 'DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity' of 'RNA Polymerase I promoter escape complex'.
Phytanic acid arises through ruminant metabolism of chlorophyll and enters the human diet as a constituent of dairy products (Baxter 1968). It can act as an agonist for PPAR and other nuclear hormone receptors, but its normal role in human physiology, if any, is unclear. It is catabolized via a five-step alpha-oxidation reaction sequence that yields pristanoyl-CoA, which is turn is a substrate for beta-oxidation. These reactions take place in the peroxisomal matrix and their failure is associated with Refsum disease (Wanders et al. 2003).
Peroxisomal HACL1 catalyzes the reaction of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA to form pristanal and formyl-CoA. The active form of the enzyme is a homotetramer, with one Mg++ and one molecule of thiamin pyrophosphate bound to each monomer (Croes et al. 1997; Foulon et al. 1999).
In human liver and kidney tissue, monomeric peroxisomal ACOX2 catalyzes the reaction of (2S)-pristanoyl-CoA and O2 to form trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA and H2O2 (Vanhove et al. 1993; Baumgart et al. 1996).
Peroxisomal 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) catalyzes the isomerization of (2R)-pristanoyl-CoA to form (2S)-pristanoyl-CoA. The active form of the enzyme is a monomer (Schmitz et al. 1995; Amery et al. 2000; Ferdinandusse et al. 2000).
Peroxisomal HSD17B4 dimer catalyzes the reaction of trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA and H2O to form 3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA. The enzyme is bifunctional - an aminoterminal domain catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a variety of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA's and a carboxyterminal domain catalyzes the hydration of a variety of trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA's, the reaction annotated here (Jiang et al. 1996, 1997). Defects in the enzyme are associated with a severe disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism in humans (Ferdinandusse et al. 2006).
Peroxisomal ACOX3 catalyzes the reaction of (2S)-pristanoyl-CoA and O2 to form trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA and H2O2. ACOX3 protein and enzyme activity have been observed in prostate tumors, but are undetectable in normal prostate tissue as well as in liver and kidney (where ACOX2 catalyzes the oxidation of pristanoyl-CoA) (Zha et al. 2005; Vanhooren et al. 1997). The physiological consequences of this differential gene expression are unknown.
The rRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I, one of three eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases. The polymerase is a multisubunit complex, composed of two large subunits (the most conserved portions include the catalytic site that shares similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases) and a number of smaller subunits. Under a number of experimental conditions the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, in vivo however, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template. In humans the RNA transcript (45S) is approximately 13,000 nucleotides long. Before leaving the nucleus as assembled ribosomal particles, the 45S rRNA is cleaved to give one copy each of the 28S rRNA, the 18S rRNA, and the 5.8S rRNA. Equal quantities of the three rRNAs are produced by initially transcribing them as one transcript.
The reactions involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and of the triacylglycerols and ketone bodies derived from them form a closely interrelated, coordinately regulated module that plays a central role in human energy metabolism.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) is the major regulator of fatty acid oxidation in the liver. PPARalpha is also the target of fibrate drugs used to treat abnormal plasma lipid levels. PPAR-alpha is a type II nuclear receptor (its subcellular location does not depend on ligand binding). PPAR-alpha forms heterodimers with Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), another type II nuclear receptor. PPAR-alpha is activated by binding fatty acid ligands, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids having 18-22 carbon groups and 2-6 double bonds. The PPAR-alpha:RXR-alpha heterodimer binds peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in and around target genes. Binding of fatty acids and synthetic ligands causes a conformational change in PPAR-alpha such that it releases the corepressors and binds coactivators (CBP-SRC-HAT complex, ASC complex, and TRAP-Mediator complex) which initiate transcription of the target genes. Target genes of PPAR-alpha participate in fatty acid transport, fatty acid oxidation, triglyceride clearance, lipoprotein production, and cholesterol homeostasis.
The set of genes regulated by PPAR-alpha is not fully known in humans, however many examples have been found in mice. Genes directly activated by PPAR-alpha contain peroxisome proliferator receptor elements (PPREs) in their promoters and include: 1) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis (Acox1, Cyp4a, Acadm, Hmgcs2); 2) genes involved in fatty acid transport (Cd36, , Slc27a1, Fabp1, Cpt1a, Cpt2); 3) genes involved in producing fatty acids and very low density lipoproteins (Me1, Scd1); 4) genes encoding apolipoproteins (Apoa1, Apoa2, Apoa5); 5) genes involved in triglyceride clearance ( Angptl4); 6) genes involved in glycerol metabolism (Gpd1 in mouse); 7) genes involved in glucose metabolism (Pdk4); 8) genes involved in peroxisome proliferation (Pex11a); 9) genes involved in lipid storage (Plin, Adfp). Many other genes are known to be regulated by PPAR-alpha but whether their regulation is direct or indirect remains to be found. These genes include: ACACA, FAS, SREBP1, FADS1, DGAT1, ABCA1, PLTP, ABCB4, UGT2B4, SULT2A1, Pnpla2, Acsl1, Slc27a4, many Acot genes, and others (reviewed in Rakhshandehroo et al. 2010).
The TRIB3 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The HMGCS2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The HMGCS1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The TIAM2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The RGL1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The PEX11A gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The ME1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Novel mutations in Sanfilippo A syndrome: implications for enzyme function
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'TFIIIB:TFIIIC:Type 2 Promoter Complex', and 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'RNA Polymerase III:TFIIIB:TFIIIC:Type 2 Promoter Complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus'.
The type 2 promoters can recruit TFIIIC without the help of TFIIIA because TFIIIC binds directly to the A and B boxes. As for the type 1 promoters, this then allows the binding of Brf1-TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III. Importantly, in the yeast system, once Brf1-TFIIIB has been recruited to type 1 or 2 promoters, TFIIIA and/or TFIIIC can be stripped from the DNA with high salt or heparin treatment. Brf1-TFIIIB remains bound to the DNA and is sufficient to direct multiple rounds of transcription .
Cross-linking experiments performed in the yeast system have shown that within the transcription initiation complex, eight RNA polymerase III subunits can be cross-linked to DNA (Bartholomew et al., 1993). The C34 subunit, which is known to be required specifically for transcription initiation but not elongation (Wang and Roeder, 1997; Werner et al., 1993), maps the furthest upstream of the transcription start site, in close proximity to Brf1-TFIIIB (Bartholomew et al., 1993). Indeed, this subunit interacts with Brf1 (Khoo et al., 1994; Werner et al., 1993). The figure illustrates this and other protein-protein contacts involving RNA polymerase III subunits and either TFIIIC or Brf1-TFIIIB subunits. The contacts identified with S. cerevisiae proteins are indicated by stippled arrows, those identified with human protein by solid arrows. Both the S. cerevisiae RNA polymerase III subunits C53 and ABC10a interact with Tfc4 (Dumay et al., 1999; Flores et al., 1999), and both C17 and C34 interact with Brf1. The human subunit RPC62 interacts with TIIIC63, and RPC39 with the TFIIIC subunits TFIIIC90 and TFIIIC63 (Hsieh et al., 1999a) and the Brf1-TFIIIB subunits Brf1 and TBP (Wang and Roeder, 1997). The contacts between RNA polymerase III and TFIIIC subunits are not absolutely required for transcription in vitro with the S. cerevisiae system, in which TFIIIC can be stripped from the DNA after assembly of TFIIIB without compromising transcription (Kassavetis et al., 1990) or, indeed, where transcription can be performed in the absence of TFIIIC on TATA box-containing promoters (Kassavetis et al., 1995; Rth et al., 1996). Nevertheless, they may contribute to the recruitment of RNA polymerase III in vivo.
The type 1 promoters recruit TFIIIA, the founding member of the C2H2 zinc finger family of DNA-binding proteins (Engelke et al., 1980; Sakonju et al., 1981). The binding of TFIIIA then allows the binding of TFIIC (Lassar et al., 1983), a complex consisting of five subunits (which differs from the six subunits in S. cerevisiae) in human cells and S. pombe. Once the DNA/TFIIIA/TFIIIC complex is formed, Brf1-TFIIIB joins the complex and this in turn allows the recruitment of RNA polymerase III (Bieker et al., 1985; Setzer and Brown, 1985).
Abortive initiation, the repetitive formation of short oligonucleotides, is a ubiquitous feature of transcriptional initiation. This Pathway contains events inferred from events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
TFIIIA contains nine C2H2 zinc fingers (Arakawa et al., 1995). It binds to both the ICR region of the 5S RNA genes and to 5S RNA to form the 7S storage ribonucleoprotein particle (Pelham and Brown, 1980). Upon TFIIIA binding to the 5S gene, the TFIIIA zinc fingers are aligned over the length of the ICR with the C-terminal zinc fingers in proximity to the 5 end, and the N-terminal zinc fingers in proximity to the 3 end, of the ICR. Zinc fingers 1-3 contact the C block within the ICR and have been reported to contribute most of the binding energy of the full-length protein (Clemens et al., 1992). However, TFIIIA fragments containing zinc fingers 4-9 bind to the A block and intermediate element within the ICR with affinities close to those of the full-length protein. This and other observations suggest that simultaneous binding by all nine TFIIIA zinc fingers requires energetically unfavorable distortions within the DNA, the protein, or both (Kehres et al., 1997).
Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) catalyzes the reversible, ATP-dependent phosphorylation of mevalonate-5-phosphate, producing mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate.
Efficient transcript production requires efficient release of RNA polymerase at the terminator; slow release at the terminator of a short transcription unit quickly becomes rate limiting for transcription at steady state. Although pol III autonomously recognizes sequence terminators, proteins that help to rapidly detach pol III from the terminator can affect the productivity of transcription if they eliminate termination as the rate-limiting step. La, NF1 family proteins, PC4 and topoisomerase I have been proposed as accessory pol III transcription factors that facilitate multi-cycle transcription by hspol III, and are hence described as positive regulators of termination.
RNA Polymerase III terminates transcription at extremely simple sites, consistent with its role in producing small transcripts. These sites are essentially "Tn" (in the non-transcribed strand).
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A synthase (HMG-CoA synthase) catalyzes the condensation of acetyl CoA with acetoacetyl CoA to produce HMG-CoA. There are two forms of this enzyme, cytosolic and mitochondrial. The cytosolic form is ubiquitous in the body and is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and synthesis of other isoprenoid products. The mitochondrial form, found solely in the liver and kidney, is involved in the ketogenic pathway.
In humans, the catabolism of phytanate, pristanate, and very long chain fatty acids as well as the first four steps of the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are catalyzed by peroxisomal enzymes. Defects in any of these enzymes or in the assembly of peroxisomes are associated with severe developmental disorders (Wanders and Watherham 2006).
Mevalonate kinase (MK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate to mevalonate-5-phosphate.
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the four-electron reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Mevalonate concentrations in the cell are tightly controlled through the activity of HMGR, which is one of the most highly regulated enzymes known (Goldstein and Brown 1990).
Peroxisomal IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) homodimer catalyzes the reaction of isocitrate and NADP+ to form 2-oxoglutarate, CO2, and NADPH + H+. The same enzyme can also localize to the cytosol in at least some cell types (Geisbrecht and Gould 1999; Xu et al. 2004).
1-Acylglycerol-3-phosphate is synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an acyl CoA molecule and NADPH + H+ in four reactions catalyzed by peroxisomal enzymes, either in the matrix of the organelle or associated with its membrane. These reactions are annotated here for palmityl (C16:0) CoA. In a series of less well-characterized reactions in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, these molecules are converted to ether lipids (plasmalogens). The functions of plasmalogens are not well understood. They are an abundant subclass of phospholipids, however, and defects in their metabolism are associated with serious human disease (de Vet et al. 1999; Nagan and Zoeller 2001).
The conversion of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) with the concomitant synthesis of NADPH from NADP+ is thought to play a significant role in supplying NADPH for other reactions in both the cytosol and the peroxisome (Geisbrecht and Gould 1999).
Cytosolic IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) homodimer catalyzes the reaction of isocitrate and NADP+ to form 2-oxoglutarate, CO2, and NADPH + H+. The same enzyme can also localize to peroxisomes (Geisbrecht and Gould 1999; Xu et al. 2004).
Peroxisomal alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) catalyzes the reaction of 1-palmitoylglycerone phosphate and hexadecanol to form O-hexadecylglycerone phosphate and palmitate. The active form of the enzyme is post-translationally cleaved to remove its 58 aminoterminal residues, has a molecule of FAD as a cofactor, and occurs in the peroxisome as a complex with glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) (Biermann et al. 1999; Bierman and van den Bosch 1999; de Vet et al. 2000).
The transition from abortive to productive transcription may occur at bp +5. The primary transcripts of pol III-transcribed genes are short, ~90 to 120 nt for tRNA and 5s RNA genes (which constitute the great majority of products) and even the longest transcripts (e.g. the RNA of the signal recognition particles) are only ~500 nt. This event is inferred from an event in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
There are three basic types of RNA polymerase III promoters. The three types of RNA polymerase III promoters are known as type 1, type 2, and type 3 promoters. Type 1 promoters are found in the 5S genes and consist of a gene-internal element called the internal control region (ICR), that is subdivided into A block, intermediate element, and C block (Bogenhagen, 1985; Sakonju et al., 1980). Type 2 promoters are found in tRNA genes, Adenovirus 2 VAI gene, and other genes (Galli et al., 1981; Sharp et al., 1981). These promoters consists of two gene-internal elements called the A and the B boxes. Type 3 promoters consist of a distal sequence element (DSE) that serves as an enhancer, a proximal sequence element (PSE), and a TATA box (Baer et al., 1989; Lobo and Hernandez, 1989). Some promoters combine elements from type 2 and 3 promoters. For example, the S. cerevisiae U6 promoter, also shown in the figure, contains the TATA box typical of type 3 promoters and the A and B boxes typical of type 2 promoters. Moreover, in S. pombe, nearly all tRNA and 5S genes contain a TATA box in addition to gene-internal elements, and the TATA box is required for transcription. ÃÂ
Proteasome-mediated degradation of p21 via N-terminal ubiquitinylation
The metazoan-specific type 3 promoters, which are exemplified by the human U6 promoter, recruit a complex variously called the snRNA activating protein complex (SNAPc) (Sadowski et al., 1993), the PSE binding protein (PBP) (Waldschmidt et al., 1991), or the PSE transcription factor (PTF) (Murphy et al., 1992). The complex contains five types of subunits and binds to the PSE. Type 3 promoters also recruit Brf2-TFIIIB through a combination of protein-protein contacts with SNAPc and a direct association of the TBP component of Brf2-TFIIIB with the TATA box. This then allows RNA polymerase III to join the complex. The down stream element (DSE) of type 3 promoters, which enhances transcription from the core promoter, almost invariably contains an octamer sequence and an SPH element (also called NONOCT element)(Cheung et al., 1993; Danzeiser et al., 1993; Kunkel et al., 1996; Myslinski et al., 1992). The octamer sequence recruits the POU domain protein Oct-1 (Herr et al., 1988; Sturm et al., 1988), and the SPH element recruits a zinc finger protein known as Staf or SPH binding factor (SBF), which has been cloned from humans (Myslinski et al., 1998; Rincon et al., 1998).
Isolation, characterization and inactivation of the mouse Mgat3 gene: the bisecting N-acetylglucosamine in asparagine-linked oligosaccharides appears dispensable for viability and reproduction
Pol III initiation complexes open the promoter spontaneously. Indeed, this is the general case for DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Only pol II, with its requirement for TFIIH-directed and ATP-dependent promoter opening is exceptional. TFIIH introduces a layer of mechanism that is not in the repertoire of any other transcriptase. Thus, it is pol III-mediated transcription that is, from a mechanistic perspective, most directly comparable with archaeal and also bacterial transcription. As promoter opening has been analyzed only in the S. cerevisiae this event is Inferred from the homologous pathway in yeast.
Productive transcription is accompanied by retractive RNase activity at U-tract pause sites and at the terminator. The principal cleavage products are dinucleotides, and they are produced in large stoichiometric excess over complete transcripts, despite the rapid overall rate of productive RNA chain elongation. This event is inferred from an event in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Abortive initiation, the repetitive formation of short oligonucleotides, is a ubiquitous feature of transcriptional initiation. This event is inferred from an event in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Peroxisomal glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and DHAP to form 1-palmitoyl glycerone phosphate (1-palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and CoASH. The active form of the enzyme is one subunit of a heterotrimer with two molecules of the alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) enzyme (Biermann et al. 1999). It was first purified and characterized biochemically by Ofman and Wanders (1994). Mutations in the GNPAT gene are associated with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia type 2 (Ofman et al. 1998, 2001).
Peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 2 (FAR2) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and 2 NADPH + 2 H+ to form hexadecanol, CoASH, and 2 NADP+. As judged from mRNA levels, FAR2 is not widely expressed in the body but is abundant in brain (Cheng and Russell 2004).
Peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (FAR1) catalyzes the reaction of palmitoyl-CoA and 2 NADPH + 2 H+ to form hexadecanol, CoASH, and 2 NADP+. As judged from mRNA levels, FAR1 is widely expressed in the body (Cheng and Russell 2004).
Linear fatty acids containing more than 18 carbons are broken down by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes to yield acetyl-CoA and medium chain-length fatty acyl CoA's such as octanoyl-CoA (Wanders and Waterham 2006).
Peroxisomal HSD17B4 dimer catalyzes the reaction of 3-hydroxyhexacosanoyl-CoA and NAD+ to form 3-ketohexacosanoyl-CoA and NADH + H+. The enzyme is bifunctional - an aminoterminal domain catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a variety of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA's, the reaction annotated here, and a carboxyterminal domain catalyzes the hydration of a variety of trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA's (Jiang et al. 1996, 1997). Defects in the enzyme are associated with a severe disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism in humans (Ferdinandusse et al. 2006).
Peroxisomal HSD17B4 dimer catalyzes the reaction of trans-2,3-dehydrohexacosanoyl-CoA and H2O to form 3-hydroxyhexacosanoyl-CoA. The enzyme is bifunctional - an aminoterminal domain catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a variety of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA's and a carboxyterminal domain catalyzes the hydration of a variety of trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA's, the reaction annotated here (Jiang et al. 1996, 1997). Defects in the enzyme are associated with a severe disorder of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism in humans (Ferdinandusse et al. 2006).
Transcription by pol III initiates at characteristic, simple start sequences. The universal core of these start sites is a pyrimidine-purine step, transcription initiating most frequently with ATP or GTP. This event is inferred from an event in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Peroxisomal ACOX1 catalyzes the reaction of hexacosanoyl-CoA and O2 to form trans-2,3-dehydrohexacosanoyl-CoA and H2O2. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer with FAD as a cofactor (Chu et al. 1995). Mutations in the ACOX1 gene are asociated with accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Two isoforms of ACOX1, generated by alternative splicing are known; a mutation affecting specifically the second isoform blocks the oxidation of very long chain fatty acids (Ferdinandusse et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143873
Homodimeric ABCD1 associated with the peroxisomal membrane mediates the uptake of cytosolic very long chain fatty acyl CoAs such as hexacosanoyl-CoA into the peroxisomal matrix. While the requirement for this uptake step in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids is well-established, direct evidence for the function of ABCD1 as a transporter comes only from studies of its ability to restore peroxisomal long chain fatty acid catabolism in yeast strains whose endogenous transporters have been disrupted by mutation. ABCD1 is inferred to function as a dimer like other members of the ABCD transporter family. The energy requirements of peroxisomal fatty acid uptake (other ABCD transporter-mediated reactions are coupled to ATP hydrolysis) have not been established (van Roermund et al. 2008).
Pristanoyl-CoA, generated in the peroxisome by alpha-oxidation of dietary phytanic acid, is further catabolized by three cycles of peroxisomal beta-oxidation to yield 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA and two molecules of propionyl-CoA. These molecules in turn are converted to carnitine conjugates, which can be transported to mitochondria (Wanders and Waterham 2006, Verhoeven et al. 1998, Ferdinandusse et al. 1999).
Peroxisomal carnitineacetyltransferase (CRAT) catalyzes the reaction of propionyl-CoA and carnitine to form propionylcarnitine and CoASH. The active form of the enzyme is a monomer (Bloisi et al. 1990; Wu et al. 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143880
Kainate receptors are either Ca2+ permeable or impermeable depending on the composition of the receptor and the editing status of subunits GluR5 and GluR6 (GRIK1 and 2).
Kainate receptors bind glutamate in the ligand binding domain in the extracellular, N terminal region.
Kainate receptors that are formed by subunits GRIK1 and or GRIK2 that are edited at the Q/R and other editing sites in GRIK2 are Ca2+ impermeable. They permit the passage of Na+ ions. Glutamine in GRIK1 at position 636 is replaced by arginine by an editing step which occurs posttranscriptioanlly. GRIK2 is glutamine 621 is edited to arginine. GRIK2 is also edited at 571 (Y/C) where a tyrosine residue is changed to cysteine and 567 (I/V) where an isoleucine is changed to valine. All three sites are edited postranscriptionally. A fully edited GRIK2 at all three sites is impermeable to calcium ions.
The activation of Kainate receptors by glutamate in the postsynaptic neuron leads to influx of Na+ ions resulting in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
NMDA receptors are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are specifically activated by a glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Activation of NMDA receptor involves opening of the ion channel that allows the influx of Ca2+. NMDA receptors are central to activity dependent changes in synaptic strength and are predominantly involved in the synaptic plasticity that pertain to learning and memory. A unique feature of NMDA receptor unlike other glutamate receptors is the requirement of dual activation of the NMDA receptor, which require both voltage dependent and ligand dependent activation. At resting membrane potential the NMDA receptors are blocked by Mg2+. The voltage dependent Mg2+ block is relieved upon depolarization of the post-synpatic membrane . The ligand dependent activation of the NMDA receptor requires co-activation by two ligands, namely glutamate and glycine. NMDA receptors are coincidence detector, and are activated only if there is simultaneous activation of both pre and post-synaptic cell. Upon activation NMDA receptors allow the influx of Ca2+ that initiates various molecular signaling cascades that are involved in the process of learning and memory.
Transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration after NMDA receptor activation leads to the activation of the CaMKIV via the activation of CaM-kinase kinase. CaM-kinase kinase and CaMKIV are both activated upon binding Ca2+/Calmodulin after Ca2+ influx through activated NMDA receptor.
CaMKK is fully activated upon binding Ca2+/Calmodulin after intracellular Ca2+ levels increase. Once CaMKK binds Ca2+/Calmodulin it autophosphorylates, resulting in activation. CaMKK is negatively regulated by phosphorylation of S74 and T108 by PKA. Once activated CaMKK phosphorylates CaMKIV in a Ca2+/Calmodulin dependent manner.
CaMKII is an important regulator of neuronal plasticity. CaMKII shows distinct subcellular localization and acts quickly in a spatio-temporal manner. CaMKII shows fast synaptic localization upon synaptic activity and also nuclear localization, where it phosphorylates CREB at serine 133 to activate transcription of set of genes that results in long lasting structural changes at the synapse.
GABA B receptors are metabotropic receptors that are functionally linked to C type G protein coupled receptors.? GABA B receptors are activated upon ligand binding. The GABA B1 subunit binds ligand and GABA B2 subunit modulates the activity of adenylate cyclase via the intracellular loop.? GABA B receptors show inhibitory activity via Galpha/G0 subunits via the inhibition of adenylate cyclase or via the activity of Gbeta/gamma subunits that mediate the inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels.
Functional GABA B receptors are heteromers of GABA B1 and B2 subunits, complexed with G protein alpha-i, 0, beta, and gamma subunits. They function as metabotropic receptors. When GABA is bound to the B1 sub-unit, the B2 subunit undergoes a conformational change that releases the G alpha-i G0 dimer (which binds and inactivates cytosolic adenylate cyclase) and the G beta G gamma dimer (which activates the GIRK (KIR3) potassium channel) (Pinard et al. 2010).
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are the major inhibitory receptors in human synapses. They are of two types. GABA A receptors are fast-acting ligand gated chloride ion channels that mediate membrane depolarization and thus inhibit neurotransmitter release (G Michels et al Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 42, 2007, 3-14). GABA B receptors are slow acting metabotropic Gprotein coupled receptors that act via the inhibitory action of their Galpha/Go subunits on adenylate cyclase to attenuate the actions of PKA. In addition, their Gbeta/gamma subunits interact directly with N and P/Q Ca2+ channels to decrease the release of Ca2+. GABA B receptors also interact with Kir3 K+ channels and increase the influx of K+, leading to cell membrane hyperpolarization and inhibition of channels such as NMDA receptors (A Pinard et al Adv Pharmacol, 58, 2010, 231-55).
The neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft released by the pre-synaptic neuron binds specific receptors located on the post-synaptic terminal. These receptors are either ion channels or G protein coupled receptors that function to transmit the signals from the post-synaptic membrane to the cell body.
Binding of G beta gamma activates the GIRK/Kir3 channels that allow the efflux of K+ out of the cell resulting in a hyperpolarized membrane potential. This negative membrane potential prevents the activation of voltage dependent Ca2+ channels.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. GABA exerts its effects through two ligand-gated channels and a the GPCR GABAB (Kaupmann K et al, 1998), which acts through G proteins to regulate potassium and calcium channels. GABAB can only bind GABA once it forms a heterodimer composed of the GABABR1 and GABABR2 receptors (White JH et al, 1998). The effects of this dimer are mediated by coupling to the G protein alpha i subunit, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase.
GABA B receptors are coupled to Gproteins and function by increasing the K+ and decreasing the Ca2+ inside the cell. The increase in K+ increases the negative membrane potential of the cell thereby hyper polarizing the cell which inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. The decrease in Ca2+ also inhibits neurotransmitter in two ways; first by preventing the fusion of synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter with the plasma membrane and second by decreasing the Ca2+ dependent recruitment of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane. In particular GABA B receptors inhibit voltage gated Ca2+ channels via the activity of Gbeta/Ggamma subunits of G proteins.
Kainate receptors are found both in the presynaptc terminals and the postsynaptic neurons. Kainate receptor activation could lead to either ionotropic activity (influx of Ca2+ or Na+ and K+) in the postsynaptic neuron or coupling of the receptor with G proteins in the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neurons. Kainate receptors are tetramers made from subunits GRIK1-5 or GluR5-7 and KA1-2. Activation of kainate receptors made from GRIK1 or KA2 release Ca2+ from the intracellular stores in a G protein-dependent manner. The G protein involved in this process is sensitive to pertussis toxin.
Kainate receptors in the presynaptic neuron are involved in modulating the release of neurotransmitters like glutamate and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). This activity of Kainate receptors is independent of ionic fluxes through the channel. Homomeric kainate receptors containing GRIK3 are shown to be involved in this process. Kainate receptors in these neurons bind G-protein coupled receptors that activate phospholipase C which eventually triggers the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores. The released Ca2+ further initiates the fusion and release of vesicles containing the neurotransmitter.
GABA B receptors are G protein coupled receptors that are activated by GABA binding to the B1 subunit and B2 subunit alters the activity of adenylate cyclase by interacting with the G alpha i/alpha 0 subunit of the pertussis toxin sensitive G protein. The activation of GABA B receptors results in the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity decreasing the levels of cyclic AMP production and hence the activity of Protein kinase A.
The GABA(A) receptor (GABR) family belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily (LGIC). Its endogenous ligand is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. There are six alpha subunits (GABRA) (Garrett et al. 1988, Schofield et al. 1989, Hadingham et al. 1993, Edenberg et al. 2004, Hadingham et al. 1993, Yang et al. 1995, Wingrove et al. 1992, Hadingham et al. 1996), three beta subunits (GABRB) (Schofield et al. 1989, Hadingham et al. 1993, Wagstaff et al. 1991) and 2 gamma subunits (GABRG) (Khan et al. 1993, Hadingham et al. 1995) characterized. GABA(A) functions as a heteropentamer, the most common structure being 2 alpha subunits, 2 beta subunits and a gamma subunit (2GABRA:2GABRB:GABRG). Upon binding of GABA, this complex conducts chloride ions through its pore, resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. This causes an inhibitory effect on neurotransmission by reducing the chances of a successful action potential occurring.
Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channel are activated by membrane hyperpolarization and cAMP binding. HCN channels are homotetramers of four subunits HCN1-4. HCN channels conduct Na and K current with a permeability of 1:4. The current flowing through HCN channels is call funny current. HCN channels are involved in controlling the rhythmic activity of pacemaker current in autorythymic cells in heart and neuronal processes such as dendritic integration and synaptic transmission.
Homotetramers of Kir 1.1 function as inwardly rectifying potassium transport channels. Ki 1.1 are found on the apical side of the cells in the ascending limp of loop of henle and upon activation transport K+ into the extracellular space. Heterotetramers of Kir 4.1 and Ki 5.1 are found on the basolateral side of cells in the distal convoluted tube. Activation of kir 4.1 and 5.1 heterotetramers leads to efflux of K+ into the extracellular space.
Inwardly rectifying potassium transport are tetrameric channels that are found in kidney in the nephron. Kir 1.1 works as a homotetramer, however, Kir 4.1 and 5.1 work as heterotetramers. These channels transport K+ from cytosol to the lumen of the tubules.
Activation of Kir 3 channels occurs after binding of G beta gamma subunits of GPCR. Activation of Kir3/GIRK leads to K+ efflux. The dissociation of GPCR into G alpha and G beta gamma subunits is activated by the activation of GABA B receptor by GABA binding.
Inwardly rectifying G protein activated K+ channels (GIRK) are tetrameric assemblies of Ki3 3 family subunits (Kir 3.1, 3.2 3.3 and 3.4). The activation of G protein coupled receptor by ligand results in the liberation of G alpha and G beta gamma subunits. Gbeta gamma subunits interact and activate GIRK channels.
Of the 20-40 grams of bile salts released daily by the liver, all but approximately 0.5 grams are reabsorbed from the intestine, returned to the liver, and re-used. This recycling involves a series of transport processes: uptake by enterocytes mediated by ASBT (SLC10A2), traversal of the enterocyte cytosol mediated by ileal bile acid binding protein (I-BABP - FABP6), efflux from enterocytes mediated by MRP3 (ABCC3), travel through the portal blood as a complex with albumin, and uptake by hepatocytes mediated by Na+-taurocholate transporting protein (NTPC - SLC10A1) and, to a lesser extent by organic anion transporting proteins A, C, and 8 (OATPA - SLCO1A2, OATPC - SLCO1B1, and OATP-8 - SLCO1B3). Once returned to the hepatocyte cytosol, bile acids (generated in the intestine by the action of bacteria on secreted bile salts) are activated by conjugation with coenzyme A, then coupled to glycine or taurine, regenerating bile salts for re-export into the bile, mediated by the bile salt export pump, ABCB11 (Kullak-Ublick et al. 2004; Mihalik et al. 2002; Trauner and Boyer 2003). Unmodified bile salts returned to the hepatocyte cytosol can be re-exported by ABCB11 without further modification.
In a healthy adult human, about 500 mg of cholesterol is converted to bile salts daily. Newly synthesized bile salts are secreted into the bile and released into the small intestine where they emulsify dietary fats (Russell 2003). About 95% of the bile salts in the intestine are recovered and returned to the liver (Kullak-Ublick et al. 2004; Trauner and Boyer 2002). The major pathway for bile salt synthesis in the liver begins with the conversion of cholesterol to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Bile salt synthesis can also begin with the synthesis of an oxysterol - 24-hydroxycholesterol or 27-hydroxycholesterol. In the body, the initial steps of these two pathways occur in extrahepatic tissues, generating intermediates that are transported to the liver and converted to bile salts via the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol pathway. These extrahepatic pathways contribute little to the total synthesis of bile salts, but are thought to play important roles in extrahepatic cholesterol homeostasis (Javitt 2002).
Steroid hormones are synthesized primarily in the adrenal gland and gonads. They regulate energy metabolism and stress responses (glucocorticoids), salt balance (mineralocorticoids), and sexual development and function (androgens and estrogens). All steroids are synthesized from cholesterol. Steroid hormone synthesis is largely regulated at the initial steps of cholesterol mobilization and transport into the mitochondrial matrix for conversion to pregnenolone. In the body, the fate of pregnenolone is tissue-specific: in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex it is converted to cortisol, in the zona glomerulosa to aldosterone, and in the gonads to testosterone and then to estrone and estradiol. These pathways are outlined in the figure below, which also details the sites on the cholesterol molecule that undergo modification in the course of these reactions. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is a steroid hormone that plays a role in regulating calcium and bone metabolism. The processes by which it is synthesized, modified, and transported in the body are annotated here.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is converted to 1-acyl glycerone 3-phosphate (GO3P) by the enzyme dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (GNPAT) (de Vet et al. 1999, Ofman et al. 1994). This reaction step links Glycerolipid metabolism to Ether lipid metabolism.
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is acylated to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by the enzymes glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAT, also known as GPAM) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 (GPAT2), at the outer mitochondrial (OM) membrane (Shindou & Shimizu 2009, Chen et al. 2008, Takeuchi & Reue 2009).
Ca2+ activated potassium channels are expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue such as smooth muscle, epithelial cell and sensory cells. Ca2+ activated potassium channels are activated when the Ca2+ ion concentration increased, The efflux of K+ via these channels leads to repolarization/hyperpolarization of the membrane potential which limits the Ca2+ influx though voltage activated Ca2+ channels (VGCC) thereby regulating the influx of Ca2+ flow via VGCC.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline (Cho) by the enzymes phospholipase D1/2 (PLD1/2), at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (Lopez et al. 1998, Hammond et al. 1995).
Small conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channels (SKca) are solely activated by intracellular Ca2+ concentration. SKca channels form functional tetramers. SKca channels control the contractility of uterus, maintian vascular tone, modulate hormone secretion, control cell volume in red blood cells and activation of microglia and lymphocytes. Actiavtion of SKca channels is triggered by increase in the intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration. Activation of Skca channels leads to relatively small K+ ion effluxes.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidic acid (PA) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups, to 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by secretory phospholipase A2 proteins (Singer et al. 2002, Ishizaki et al. 1999). These include: Group IB (PLA2G1B) (Grataroli et al. 1982); Group IIA (PLA2G2A) (Seilhamer et al. 1989); Group IID (PLA2G2D) (Ishizaki et al. 1999); Group IIE (PLA2G2E) (Suzuki et al. 2000); Group IIF (PLA2G2F) (Valentin et al. 2000); Calcium-dependent Group V (PLA2G5) (Chen et al. 1994); Group X (PLA2G10) (Cupillard et al. 1997, Pan et al. 2002); and Group XIIA (PLA2G12A) (Gelb et al. 2000, Murakami et al. 2003).
Intermediate conductance K+ channels are restricted to non neuronal tissues like epithelia, blood cells and are activated by intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration. Activation of Ca2+ activated K+ channels with intermediate conductance leads to K+ efflux in to the extracellular space.
In the de novo synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is initially formed by the esterification of sn-1 by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) from glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P). Next, LPA is converted to PA by a LPA acyltransferase (AGPAT, also known as LPAAT). In addition to this, PA is also formed when phosphatidylcholine (PC) is hydrolyzed by phospholipase D1/2 (PLD1/2). PA is involved in acyl chain remodeling via cleavage by phospholipases followed by reacylation by acyltransferases (Ghomashchi et al. 2010, Singer et al. 2002, Prasad et al. 2011, Shindou & Shimizu 2009, Cao et al. 2006).
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions that are used for communication between neurons, neurons and muscle or gland cells. The synapse involves a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron, muscle cell or glad cell. The pre and the post-synaptic cell are separated by a gap of 20nm called the synaptic cleft. The signals pass in a unidirection from pre-synaptic to post-synaptic. The pre-synaptic neuron communicates via the release of neurotransmitter which bind the receptors on the post-synaptic cell.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, triacylglycerol (TAG) is hydrolyzed, removing one of its acyl groups to form diacylglycerol (DAG) by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) (He et al. 2010, Jenkins et al. 2004, Basantani et al. 2011).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, diacylglycerol (DAG) is acylated and forms triacylglycerol (TAG) by the action of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) tetramer or by diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) (Wakimoto et al. 2003, Oelkers et al. 1998, Cases et al. 2001).
HCN channels are activated upon hyperpolarization of membrane potential and cAMP binding leading to K+ efflux.
HCN channels require cAMP binding and hyperpolarization of membrane potential for channel opening.
TASK are tandem repeat K+ channels that are sensitive to extracellular pH. Activation of TASK results in efflux of K+ into the extracellular space.
TASK 1 and 3 are closely related both structurally and functionally. TASK1 and TASK3 are activated by extracellular acidification and inhibited by decrease in pH. TASK 1 and Task 3 form functional homodimers and heterodimers, however the biophysical properties of TAS1 and TASK3 heteromers are different form parent subunit properties.
TALK is activated by increase in pH alkalinity in the extracellular fluid. Potassium is pumped out into the extracellular fluid.
TWIK related alkaline pH activated K+ channels are activated by increase in the extracellular pH. TALK1 and TALK 2 are members of the TALK subfamily and are both are activated by rise in extracellular pH. TALK 2 is expressed in proximal tubule cells and collecting duct cells. TASK 2 is involved in the resorption of bicarbonate.
TRESK is expressed in spinal cord and brain and is involved in K+ efflux. TRESK activation may be mediated by calcineurin.
TRESK subfamily of tandem domain K+ channels has one only member. TRESK is regulated by Ca/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) hydrolyze diacylglycerol (DAG), removing an acyl group to form 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) (He et al. 2010, Jenkins et al. 2004, Basantani et al. 2011).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, two 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) molecules are transacylated by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) and glycerol (Jenkins et al. 2004).
In the cytosol, ethanolamine (ETA) is phosphorylated to phosphoethanolamine (PETA) by choline kinase (CHK) dimer or by ethanolamine kinase 1/2 (ETNK1/2) (Lykidis et al. 2001, Gallego-Ortega et al. 2009). CHK dimer consists of either choline kinase alpha subunit (CHKA) or beta subunit (CHKB) homodimer, or of CHKA:CHKB heterodimer.
Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) correcting protein from HeLa cells has a thymine dimer bypass DNA polymerase activity.
In the cytosol, phosphoethanolamine (PETA) is dephosphorylated to ethanolamine (ETA) by phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase (PHOSPHO1) (Roberts et al. 2004).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, a 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) molecule and a diacylglycerol (DAG) molecule are transacylated by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3). This forms triacylglycerol (TAG) and glycerol (Jenkins et al. 2004).
Acyl chain remodeling of triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) progresses through their hydrolysis by patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing proteins 2/3 (PNPLA2/3). DAG is reacylated back to TAG by acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1/2 (DGAT1/2), while DAG and its hydrolysis product 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) are transacylated back to TAG by PNPLA2/3. In addition, the DAG hydrolysis product 2-MAG is subsequently hydrolyzed to fatty acid and glycerol by monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) (Jenkins et al. 2004).
Classical Kir channels are inwardly rectifying K+ channels with strong inwardly rectifying currents that contribute to highly negative resting membrane potential, prolonged action potential plateau and rapid repolarization in the final stage of action potential. Classical Kir channels are found in various cells such as cardiac myocytes, purkinje fibers, atrial and ventricular tissues. Rectification is caused by intracellular Mg2+ ions and polyamines.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1) or ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1 (EPT1) converts CDP- ethanolamine (CDP-ETA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (Horibata et al. 2007, Wright et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 1999, Henneberry et al. 2002, Henneberry et al. 2000).
Activation of classical kir channels results in K+ efflux which contributes to repolarization and resetting of the membrane potential.
At the inner mitochondrial (IM) membrane, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase proenzyme (heterodimer of two chains from the same protein) (PISD) decarboxylates phosphatidylserine (PS) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This event has been inferred from rats and limited data for a human PISD (Forbes et al. 2007).
Activation of voltage gated potassium channel is triggered by membrane potential changes that is sensed by the channel assembly. Activation of voltage-gated potassium channel leads to selective outward current of K+ ions.
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, active membrane-bound ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (PCY2) dimer condenses phosphoethanolamine (PETA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to produce CDP-ethanolamine (CDP-ETA) (Zhu et al. 2008, Nakashima et al. 1997).
Inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir channels) show an inward rather than outward (like the voltage gated K+ channels) flow of K+ thereby contributing to maintenance of resting membrane potential and regulation of action potential in excitable tissue. Kir channels are found in a variety of cell types such as cardiac myocytes, neurons, blood cells, osteoblasts, glial cells, epithelial cells, and oocytes. Kir channels can be functionally divided into ATP sensitive K+ channels (Kir 6.1 and Kir 6.2), classical kir channels (Kir 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1) G protein gated K+ channels (Kir 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) and K+ transport channels (Kir1.1, 7.1, 4.2, 4.1).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphatidate phosphatase 1-3 (LPIN) dephosphorylates phosphatidic acid (PA) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) (Grimsey et al. 2008, Donkor et al. 2007).
Voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv) determine the excitability of heart, brain and skeletal muscle cells. Kv form octameric channel with alpha subunits that forms the pore of the channel and associated beta subunits. The alpha subunits associate with beta subunits with a stoichiometry of alpha4beta4.The alpha subunits have been classified into 12 families, 1-12 with several representatives from each family. Members of Kv 1-4 form both homotetramers and heterotetramers, however, members of Kv 5-12 form functional heterotetramers. Kv's are expressed in the axon, at axon nodes, somatodendritic sites and axon termini.
Speed, sensitivity, and stability of the light response in rod and cone photoreceptors: facts and models
The phosphorylated C-terminal tail of R-SMAD induces a conformational change in the MH2 domain (Qin et al. 2001, Chacko et al. 2004), which now acquires high affinity towards Co-SMAD i.e. SMAD4 (common mediator of signal transduction in TGF-beta/BMP signaling). The R-SMAD:Co-SMAD complex (Nakao et al. 1997) most likely is a trimer of two R-SMADs with one Co-SMAD (Kawabata et al. 1998). It is important to note that the Co-SMAD itself cannot be phosphorylated as it lacks the C-terminal serine motif. ZFYVE16 (endofin) promotes SMAD heterotrimer formation. ZFYVE16 can bind TGFBR1 and facilitate SMAD2 phosphorylation, and it can also bind SMAD4, but the exact mechanism of ZFYVE16 (endofin) action in the context of TGF-beta receptor signaling is not known (Chen et al. 2007).
YAP1 and WWTR1 (TAZ) are transcriptional co-activators, both homologues of the Drosophila Yorkie protein. They both interact with members of the TEAD family of transcription factors, and WWTR1 interacts as well with TBX5 and RUNX2, to promote gene expression. Their transcriptional targets include genes critical to regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Their subcellular location is regulated by the Hippo signaling cascade: phosphorylation mediated by this cascade leads to the cytosolic sequestration of both proteins (Murakami et al. 2005; Oh and Irvine 2010).
The CTGF gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein. Transcription of the CTGF gene is increased by both YAP1:TEAD and WWTR1(TAZ):TEAD transcriptional coactivator:transcription factor complexes, so that CTFG is one of the many genes whose expression is downregulated by the action of the hippo cascade (Zhang et al. 2009; Zhao et al. 2008).
In the nucleus the WWTR1 (TAZ) transcriptional coactivator can bind the RUNX2 transcription factor to form a complex. This interaction has not been experimentally characterized in human cells but is inferred from properties of the homologous mouse proteins. The stoichiometry of this complex is unknown (Cui et al. 2003).
In the nucleus the YAP1 transcriptional coactivator can bind any one of the four TEAD transcription factors to form a complex. The stoichiometry of this complex is unknown (Chan et al. 2009).
In the nucleus the WWTR1 (TAZ) transcriptional coactivator can bind any one of the four TEAD transcription factors to form a complex. The stoichiometry of this complex is unknown (Chan et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2009).
A classic example of bifunctional transcription factors is the family of Nuclear Receptor (NR) proteins. These are DNA-binding transcription factors that bind certain hormones, vitamins, and other small, diffusible signaling molecules. The non-liganded NRs recruit specific corepressor complexes of the NCOR/SMRT type, to mediate transcriptional repression of the target genes to which they are bound. During signaling, ligand binding to a specific domain the NR proteins induces a conformational change that results in the exchange of the associated CoR complex, and its replacement by a specific coactivator complex of the TRAP / DRIP / Mediator type. These coactivator complexes typically nucleate around a MED1 coactivator protein that is directly bound to the NR transcription factor. A general feature of the 49 human NR proteins is that in the unliganded state, they each bind directly to an NCOR corepressor protein, either NCOR1 or NCOR2 (NCOR2 was previously named "SMRT"). This NCOR protein nucleates the assembly of additional, specific corepressor proteins, depending on the cell and DNA context. The NR-NCOR interaction is mediated by a specific protein interaction domain (PID) present in the NRs that binds to specific cognate PID(s) present in the NCOR proteins. Thus, the human NRs each take part in an NR-NCOR binding reaction in the absence of binding by their ligand. A second general feature of the NR proteins is that they each contain an additional, but different PID that mediates specific binding interactions with MED1 proteins. In the ligand-bound state, NRs each take part in an NR-MED1 binding reaction to form an NR-MED1 complex. The bound MED1 then functions to nucleate the assembly of additional specific coactivator proteins, depending on the cell and DNA context, such as what specific target gene promoter they are bound to, and in what cell type. The formation of specific MED1-containing coactivator complexes on specific NR proteins has been well-characterized for a number of the human NR proteins (see Table 1 in (Bourbon, 2004)). For example, binding of thyroid hormone (TH) to the human TH Receptor (THRA or THRB) was found to result in the recruitment of a specific complex of Thyroid Receptor Associated Proteins - the TRAP coactivator complex - of which the TRAP220 subunit was later identified to be the Mediator 1 (MED1) homologue. Similarly, binding of Vitamin D to the human Vitamin D3 Receptor was found to result in the recruitment of a specific complex of D Receptor Interacting Proteins - the DRIP coactivator complex, of which the DRIP205 subunit was later identified to be human MED1.
The human brain contains at least 100 billion neurons, each with the ability to influence many other cells. Clearly, highly sophisticated and efficient mechanisms are needed to enable communication among this astronomical number of elements. This communication occurs across synapses, the functional connection between neurons. Synapses can be divided into two general classes: electrical synapses and chemical synapses. Electrical synapses permit direct, passive flow of electrical current from one neuron to another. The current flows through gap junctions, specialized membrane channels that connect the two cells. Chemical synapses enable cell-to-cell communication using neurotransmitter release. Neurotransmitters are chemical agents released by presynaptic neurons that trigger a secondary current flow in postsynaptic neurons by activating specific receptor molecules. Neurotransmitter secretion is triggered by the influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated channels, which gives rise to a transient increase in Ca2+ concentration within the presynaptic terminal. The rise in Ca2+ concentration causes synaptic vesicles (the presynaptic organelles that store neurotransmitters) to fuse with the presynaptic plasma membrane and release their contents into the space between the pre- and postsynaptic cells.
THE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-MED1 REACTION: The Nuclear Receptor (NR) proteins are a highly conserved family of DNA-binding transcription factors that bind certain hormones, vitamins, and other small, diffusible signaling molecules. The non-liganded NRs recruit specific corepressor complexes of the NCOR/SMRT type, to mediate transcriptional repression of the target genes to which they are bound. During signaling, ligand binding to a specific domain in the NR proteins induces a conformational change that results in the exchange of the associated corepressor complex, and its replacement by a specific coactivator complex of either the TRAP/DRIP/Mediator type, or the p160/SRC type. The Mediator coactivator complexes typically nucleate around the MED1 coactivator protein, which is directly bound to the NR transcription factor (reviewed in Freedman, 1999; Malik, 2005). A general feature of the NR proteins is that they each contain a specific protein interaction domain (PID), or domains, that mediates the specific binding interactions with the MED1 proteins. In the ligand-bound state, NRs each take part in an NR-MED1 binding reaction to form an NR-MED1 complex. The bound MED1 then functions to nucleate the assembly of additional specific coactivator proteins, depending on the cell and DNA context, such as what specific target gene promoter or enhancer they are bound to, and in what cell type. The formation of specific MED1-containing coactivator complexes on specific NR proteins has been well-characterized for a number of the human NR proteins. For example, binding of Vitamin D to the human Vitamin D3 Receptor was found to result in the recruitment of a specific complex of D Receptor Interacting Proteins - the DRIP coactivator complex (Rachez, 1998). Within the DRIP complex, the DRIP205 subunit was later renamed human "MED1", based on sequence similarities with yeast MED1 (reviewed in Bourbon, 2004). Similarly, binding of thyroid hormone (TH) to the human TH Receptor (THRA or THRB) was found to result in the recruitment of a specific complex of Thyroid Receptor Associated Proteins - the TRAP coactivator complex (Yuan, 1998). The TRAP220 subunit was later identified to be the Mediator 1 (MED1) homologue (summarized in Bourbon, et al., 2004; Table 1). The 48 human NR proteins each contain the PID(s) known to mediate interaction with the human MED1 protein. Direct NR-MED1 protein-protein interactions have been shown for a number of the NR proteins. The MED1-interacting PIDs are conserved in all of the human NRs. Therefore, each of the human NRs is known or expected to interact with MED1 in the appropriate cell context, depending on the cell type, the cell state, and the target gene regulatory region involved.
Tandem pore domain K+ channels (K2p) produce leak K+ current which stabilizes negative membrane potential and counter balances depolarization. These channels are regulated by voltage independent mechanisms such as membrane stretch, pH, temperature. Tandem pore domain K+ channels have been classified into six subfamilies; tandem pore domains in weak rectifying K+ channel (TWIK), TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK), TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK), TWIK-related alkaline pH-activated K+ channel (TALK), tandem pore domain halothane-inhibted K+ channel (THIK), TWIK-releated spinal cord K+ channel).
Potassium channels are tetrameric ion channels that are widely distributed and are found in all cell types. Potassium channels control resting membrane potential in neurons, contribute to regulation of action potentials in cardiac muscle and help release of insulin form pancreatic beta cells. Broadly K+ channels are classified into voltage gated K+ channels, Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated K+ channels (HCN), Tandem pore domain K+ channels, Ca2+ activated K+ channels and inwardly rectifying K+ channels.
TGF-beta (TGFB1) stimulates formation of a complex of SP1 transcription factor and SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer. SMAD2 and SMAD4 bind to SP1 directly, through their C- and N-terminus, respectively (Feng et al. 2000).
In response to TGF-beta stimulation, a complex composed of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer and RBL1 (p107), E2F4/5 and DP1/2 can be detected in the nucleus. Formation of this complex was confirmed by both co-immunoprecipitation of the endogenous complex from the human keratinocyte cell line HaCat and by protein interaction studies using tagged recombinant proteins. It is possible that cells contain pre-assembled cytosolic complexes of SMAD2/3, RBL1 (p107) and E2F4/5, that translocate to the nucleus after TGF-beta stimulation, when phosphorylated SMAD2/3 recruit SMAD4. The MH2 domain of SMAD3 establishes independent contacts with the N-termini of E2F4 (or E2F5) and unphosphorylated RBL1 (p107). RBL2 (p130), RB1 and E2F1 do not interact with SMAD2/3 (Chen et al. 2002).
After phosphorylated SMAD2 and/or SMAD3 form a heterotrimer with SMAD4, SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex translocates to the nucleus (Xu et al. 2000, Kurisaki et al. 2001, Xiao et al. 2003). In the nucleus, linker regions of SMAD2 and SMAD3 within SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex can be phosphorylated by CDK8 associated with cyclin C (CDK8:CCNC) or CDK9 associated with cyclin T (CDK9:CCNT). CDK8/CDK9-mediated phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 enhances transcriptional activity of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex, but also primes it for ubiquitination and consequent degradation (Alarcon et al. 2009). The transfer of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex to the nucleus can be assisted by other proteins, such as WWTR1. In human embryonic cells, WWTR1 (TAZ) binds SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer and mediates TGF-beta-dependent nuclear accumulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4. The complex of WWTR1 and SMAD2/3:SMAD4 binds promoters of SMAD7 and SERPINE1 (PAI-1 i.e. plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) genes and stimulates their transcription (Varelas et al. 2008). Stimulation of SMAD7 transcription by SMAD2/3:SMAD4 represents a negative feedback loop in TGF-beta receptor signaling. SMAD7 can be downregulated by RNF111 ubiquitin ligase (Arkadia), which binds and ubiquitinates SMAD7, targeting it for degradation (Koinuma et al. 2003). SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer also binds the complex of RBL1 (p107), E2F4/5 and TFDP1/2 (DP1/2). The resulting complex binds MYC promoter and inhibits MYC transcription. Inhibition of MYC transcription contributes to anti-proliferative effect of TGF-beta (Chen et al. 2002). SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer also associates with transcription factor SP1. SMAD2/3:SMAD4:SP1 complex stimulates transcription of a CDK inhibitor CDKN2B (p15-INK4B), also contributing to the anti-proliferative effect of TGF-beta (Feng et al. 2000). MEN1 (menin), a transcription factor tumor suppressor mutated in a familial cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, forms a complex with SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer, but transcriptional targets of SMAD2/3:SMAD4:MEN1 have not been elucidated (Kaji et al. 2001, Sowa et al. 2004, Canaff et al. 2012). JUNB is also an established transcriptional target of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex (Wong et al. 1999).
MEN1 (menin), a transcription factor tumor suppressor mutated in a familial cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, binds SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer through interaction with SMAD3. MEN1 likely acts as a trancriptional cofactor for SMAD2/3:SMAD4 and may be involved in transcriptional regulation of some SMAD2/3:SMAD4 target genes (Kaji et al. 2001, Sowa et al. 2004, Canaff et al. 2012).
E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF111 (Arkadia) binds SMAD7 in the nucleus (Koinuma et al. 2003).
TGF-beta-dependent nuclear accumulation of SMAD2/3 and SMAD4 is mediated by WWTR1 (TAZ). WWTR1 does not affect phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 or the formation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 trimers.
After ubiquitination by RNF111 (Arkadia), ubiquitinated SMAD7 is degraded in a proteasome dependent way. Therefore, RNF111 has a positive effect on trancription initiated by TGF-beta signaling. However, TGF-beta signaling ultimately results in a decrease of RNF111 mRNA level, enabling negative-feedback regulation of TGF-beta signal by SMAD7. RNF111 may fine tune the duration of cellular response to TGF-beta signal. Initially, RNF111 may enable signal propagation by inhibiting negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling, SKI/SKIL and SMAD7. Subsequent negative regulation of RNF111 expression by TGF-beta may allow the signaling cascade to be turned off (Koinuma et al. 2003).
RNF111 (Arkadia) polyubiquitinates SMAD7 (Koinuma et al. 2003). This was inferred from studies using recombinant mouse Smad7 and recombinant mouse Rnf111 expressed in human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293.
The phosphorylated R-SMAD:CO-SMAD complex rapidly translocates to the nucleus (Xu et al. 2000, Kurisaki et al. 2001, Xiao et al. 2003) where it binds directly to DNA and interacts with a plethora of transcription co-factors. Regulation of target gene expression can be either positive or negative. A classic example of a target gene of the pathway are the genes encoding for I-SMADs. Thus, TGF-beta/SMAD signaling induces the expression of the negative regulators of the pathway (negative feedback loop).
CDK8 in complex with cyclin C (CDK8:CCNC) and CDK9 in complex with cyclin T (CDK9:CCNT) are able to phosphorylate the linker region of SMAD2 and SMAD3. In SMAD3, CDK8/CDK9 preferentially targets threonine residue T179, although serine residues S208 and S213 can also be phosphorylated. In SMAD2, CDK8/9 preferentially targets threonine residue T220 (corresponds to T190 in the short isoform of SMAD2, SMAD2-2). Phosphorylation of serine residues that correspond to serines S208 and S213 of SMAD3 has not been examined. Phosphorylation of the linker region of SMAD2 and SMAD3 by CDK8/CDK9 enhances transcriptional activity of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex, but also primes SMAD2 and SMAD3 for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation (Alarcon et al. 2009).
In the cytosol of human embryonic stem cells, WWTR1 (TAZ) binds heterotrimer composed of two R-SMADs (SMAD2 and/or SMAD3) and SMAD4. This interaction involves the C-terminus of WWTR1 (TAZ) and the MH1 domain of SMAD proteins.
E3 ubiqutin ligases RNF111 (Arkadia) (Levy et al. 2007, Nagano et al. 2007) and SMURF2 (Bonni et al. 2001) ubiquitinate SKI/SKIL transcriptional repressors bound to activated SMAD2/3. The role of RNF111 was inferred from experiments that used recombinant mouse RNF111 and endogenous human SMADs and SKI/SKIL. The role of SMURF2 was inferred from experiments involving human proteins only.
SMAD4 monoubiquitinated by TRIM33 translocates from the nucleus to the cytosol (Dupont et al. 2009, Dupont et al. 2005).
TRIM33 (also known as Ecto, Ectodermin or Tif1-gamma) monoubiquitinates nuclear SMAD4 on lysine residue K519. This leads to disruption of heterotrimeric complexes composed of SMAD4 and two phosphorylated R-SMADs (SMAD2 and/or SMAD3). TRIM33 inhibits SMAD activity without affecting steady state levels of SMAD4 (Dupont et al. 2009, Dupont et al. 2005).
E3 ubiquitin protein ligase TRIM33 (also known as Ecto, Ectodermin or Tif1-gamma) binds to the SMAD heterotrimer, composed of SMAD4 and two phosphorylated R-SMADs (SMAD2 and/or SMAD3), in the nucleus (Dupont et al. 2009, Dupont et al. 2005, He et al. 2006).
SKI/SKIL ubiquitinated by RNF111 (Levy et al. 2007, Nagano et al. 2007) or SMURF2 (Bonni et al. 2001) are degraded in a proteasome dependent way, enabling transcription of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 target genes.
NEDD4L ubiquitinates nuclear SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylated at the linker region by CDK8 or CDK9, targeting SMAD2 and SMAD3 for degradation.
Phosphorylation of the linker region of SMAD2 and SMAD3 by CDK8 or CDK9 creates a docking site for E3-ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L.
USP9X (FAM) deubiquitinates SMAD4, thereby opposing the negative regulatory activity of TRIM33 (Ectodermin) (Dupont et al. 2009).
In the cytosol, a ubiquitin hydrolase USP9X (FAM) binds to ubiquitinated SMAD4 (Dupont et al. 2009).
SKI and SKIL (SNO) are able to recruit NCOR and possibly other transcriptional repressors to SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex, inhibiting SMAD2/3:SMAD4-mediated transcription (Sun et al. 1999, Luo et al. 1999, Strochein et al. 1999). Experimental findings suggest that SMAD2 and SMAD3 may target SKI and SKIL for degradation (Strochein et al. 1999, Sun et al. 1999 PNAS, Bonni et al. 2001), and that the ratio of SMAD2/3 and SKI/SKIL determines the outcome (inhibition of SMAD2/3:SMAD4-mediated transcription or degradation of SKI/SKIL). SKI and SKIL are overexpressed in various cancer types and their oncogenic effect is connected with their ability to inhibit signaling by TGF-beta receptor complex.
After phosphorylated SMAD2/3 accumulate in the nucleus in response to TGF-beta stimulation, E3 ubiqutin ligases RNF111 (Arkadia) (Levy et al. 2007) and SMURF2 (Bonni et al. 2001) bind SKI/SKIL in complex with SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer. The role of RNF111 was inferred from experiments that used recombinant mouse RNF111 and endogenous human SMADs and SKI/SKIL (Levy et al. 2007). The role of SMURF2 was inferred from experiments involving human proteins only (Bonni et al. 2001).
SMURF2 monoubiquitinates SMAD3 on lysine residues in the MH2 domain. Lysines K333 and K378 are likely the major sites for monoubiquitination. Lysine K409 is also monoubiquitinated, and possibly lysine K341. Since lysines K333 and K378 are predicted to stabilize the interaction of SMAD3 with SMAD4, monoubiquitination of these lysine residues is expected to disrupt SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer. SMURF2-mediated disruption of endogenous Smad2/3:Smad4 heterotrimers was demonstrated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. SMURF2 also ubiquitinates SMAD2 phosphorylated in the linker region, but loss of Smurf2 has less impact on Smad2 ubiquitination than on Smad3 in vivo.
SMURF2 binds SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer through ineraction with SMAD3. Phosphorylation of threonine T179 in the linker region of SMAD3 is critical for SMURF2 binding. SMURF2 also interacts with SMAD2 phosphorylated in the linker region.
PARP1 (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1) binds SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers associated with DNA SMAD-binding elements (SBEs).
Transcriptional repressors TGIF1 and TGIF2 bind SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer through interaction with SMAD2 and/or SMAD3. TGIF1 and TGIF2 recruit hystone deacetylase HDAC1 to SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer.
PPM1A protein phosphatase binds phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 in the nucleus.
PARP1 ADP-ribosylates SMAD3 and SMAD4 in SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer. ADP-ribosyl group is attached to glutamic acid residues E50 and E52 of SMAD3 and unknown amino acid residues of SMAD4. ADP-ribose monomer attached to SMAD3 and SMAD4 is subsequently extended to poly (ADP-ribosyl) chains (i.e. PAR chains) by PARP1, which is not shown here. ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) of SMAD3 and SMAD4 by PARP1 inhibits binding of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers to SMAD binding elements (SBEs) in promoters of SMAD-target genes.
After dephosphorylation by PPM1A, SMAD2 and SMAD3 translocate to the cytosol.
In the nucleus, protein type 2C phosphatase, PPM1A, dephosphorylates SMAD2 and SMAD3, resulting in dissociation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimeric complexes.
Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer can be inhibited by formation of a complex with SKI or SKIL (SNO), where SKI or SKIL recruit NCOR and possibly other transcriptional repressors to SMAD-binding promoter elements (Sun et al. 1999, Luo et al. 1999, Strochein et al. 1999). Higher levels of phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3, however, may target SKI and SKIL for degradation (Strochein et al. 1999, Sun et al. 1999 PNAS, Bonni et al. 2001) through recruitment of SMURF2 (Bonni et al. 2001) or RNF111 i.e. Arkadia (Levy et al. 2007) ubiquitin ligases to SKI/SKIL by SMAD2/3. Therefore,the ratio of SMAD2/3 and SKI/SKIL determines the outcome: inhibition of SMAD2/3:SMAD4-mediated transcription or degradation of SKI/SKIL. SKI and SKIL are overexpressed in various cancer types and their oncogenic effect is connected with their ability to inhibit signaling by TGF-beta receptor complex. SMAD4 can be monoubiquitinated by a nuclear ubiquitin ligase TRIM33 (Ecto, Ectodermin, Tif1-gamma). Monoubiquitination of SMAD4 disrupts SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers and leads to SMAD4 translocation to the cytosol. In the cytosol, SMAD4 can be deubiquitinated by USP9X (FAM), reversing TRIM33-mediated negative regulation (Dupont et al. 2009). Phosphorylation of the linker region of SMAD2 and SMAD3 by CDK8 or CDK9 primes SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex for ubiquitination by NEDD4L and SMURF ubiquitin ligases. NEDD4L ubiquitinates SMAD2/3 and targets SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimer for degradation (Gao et al. 2009). SMURF2 monoubiquitinates SMAD2/3, leading to disruption of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complexes (Tang et al. 2011). Transcriptional repressors TGIF1 and TGIF2 bind SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complexes and inhibit SMAD-mediated transcription by recruitment of histone deacetylase HDAC1 to SMAD-binding promoter elements (Wotton et al. 1999, Melhuish et al. 2001). PARP1 can attach poly ADP-ribosyl chains to SMAD3 and SMAD4 within SMAD2/3:SMAD4 heterotrimers. PARylated SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complexes are unable to bind SMAD-binding DNA elements (SBEs) (Lonn et al. 2010). Phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 can be dephosphorylated by PPM1A protein phosphatase, leading to dissociation of SMAD2/3 complexes and translocation of unphosphorylated SMAD2/3 to the cytosol (Lin et al. 2006).
The nuclear R-SMAD:Co-SMAD complex recruits ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, such as UBE2D1 and UBE2D3, that ubiquitinate the complex and eventually lead to its proteasomal degradation. This provides an end point to the signaling pathway.
NEDD4L-mediated ubiquitination of SMAD2/3 triggers degradation and ends transcriptional activity of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 complex.
Plk1- and beta-TrCP-dependent degradation of Bora controls mitotic progression
Notch ligand endocytosis generates mechanical pulling force dependent on dynamin, epsins, and actin
A defect in dolichol phosphate biosynthesis causes a new inherited disorder with death in early infancy
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143660
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143648
Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development
Mutations in cohesin complex members SMC3 and SMC1A cause a mild variant of cornelia de Lange syndrome with predominant mental retardation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143647
The GABAA receptor beta 3 subunit gene: characterization of a human cDNA from chromosome 15q11q13 and mapping to a region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 7
Lysine hydroxylation and crosslinking of collagen
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174175
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163290.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174297
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162872.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174234
The role of endocytic l1 trafficking in polarized adhesion and migration of nerve growth cones
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174300
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162256.2
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174239
Human Dcp2: a catalytically active mRNA decapping enzyme located in specific cytoplasmic structures
In this reaction, FGF receptor in the plasma membrane binds an associating extracellular ligand, a requisite step for subsequent activation. The resulting complex consists of dimerized receptor, two ligand molecules, and heparan sulfate.
Gap junction turnover, intracellular trafficking, and phosphorylation of connexin43 in brefeldin A-treated rat mammary tumor cells
Dominant mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene have been identified as causes of four phenotypically distinct craniosynostosis syndromes, including Crouzon, Jackson- Weiss, Pfeiffer, and Apert syndromes. FGFR2 binds a number of different FGFs preferentially, as illustrated in this pathway. FGFR is probably activated by NCAM very differently from the way by which it is activated by FGFs, reflecting the different conditions for NCAMâFGFR and FGFâFGFR interactions. The affinity of FGF for FGFR is approximately 10e6 times higher than that of NCAM for FGFR. Moreover, in the brain NCAM is constantly present on the cell surface at a much higher (micromolar) concentration than FGFs, which only appear transiently in the extracellular environment in the nanomolar range.
This pathway depicts the binding of an experimentally-verified range of ligands to FGFR3b. While binding affinities may vary considerably within this set, the ligands listed have been established to bring about receptor activation at their reported physiological concentrations.
The intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity of activated FGF receptor 3 catalyzes multiple phosphorylation events, creating a number of binding sites on its cytoplasmic tail for membrane bound docking proteins to gather intracellular signaling mediators. Based on sequence alignment, FGFR3 contains 6 of the 8 cytoplasmic tyrosine residues identified in FGFR1. Mutagenesis studies highlight the importance of tyrosine residue 724 in signaling mediated by FGFR3, including transformation, SHP2 phosphorylation, and activation of MAPK, PI3K and STAT pathways. These studies also identified a role for the PLCgamma-binding tyrosine residue, Y760, in STAT activation, and a potential role for tyrosine 770 as a negative regulator of FGFR3 signaling.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162297.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174252
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162275.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162718.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175289
The NEYTEG motif is very similar to the CBL binding motif around Tyr-1045 in EGFR. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Sprouty (hSpry) binds to CBL, which then cannot ubiquitinate EGFR. Sprouty acts as a decoy to lure CBL away from EGFR and targets it for degradation.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172977
Sprouty is ubiquitinated by CBL in an EGF-dependent manner. EGF stimulation induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of Sprouty, which in turn enhances the interaction of Sprouty with CBL. The CBL-mediated ubiquitination of Sprouty targets the protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172976
Succinyl CoA: 3-oxoacid CoA transferase (SCOT): human cDNA cloning, human chromosomal mapping to 5p13, and mutation detection in a SCOT-deficient patient
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172975
2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is caused by mutations in the HADH2 gene.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172979
The PI3K/AKT network is negatively regulated by phosphatases that dephosphorylate PIP3, thus hampering AKT activation.
PDPK1 (PDK1) possesses low affinity for PIP2, so small amounts of PDPK1 are always present at the membrane, in the absence of PI3K activity (Currie et al. 1999).
Signaling by AKT is one of the key outcomes of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation. AKT is activated by the cellular second messenger PIP3, a phospholipid that is generated by PI3K. In ustimulated cells, PI3K class IA enzymes reside in the cytosol as inactive heterodimers composed of p85 regulatory subunit and p110 catalytic subunit. In this complex, p85 stabilizes p110 while inhibiting its catalytic activity. Upon binding of extracellular ligands to RTKs, receptors dimerize and undergo autophosphorylation. The regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85, is recruited to phosphorylated cytosolic RTK domains either directly or indirectly, through adaptor proteins, leading to a conformational change in the PI3K IA heterodimer that relieves inhibition of the p110 catalytic subunit. Activated PI3K IA phosphorylates PIP2, converting it to PIP3; this reaction is negatively regulated by PTEN phosphatase. PIP3 recruits AKT to the plasma membrane, allowing TORC2 to phosphorylate a conserved serine residue of AKT. Phosphorylation of this serine induces a conformation change in AKT, exposing a conserved threonine residue that is then phosphorylated by PDPK1 (PDK1). Phosphorylation of both the threonine and the serine residue is required to fully activate AKT. The active AKT then dissociates from PIP3 and phosphorylates a number of cytosolic and nuclear proteins that play important roles in cell survival and metabolism. For a recent review of AKT signaling, please refer to Manning and Cantley, 2007.
GAB1 is recruited to the activated EGFR indirectly, through GRB2. GAB1 acts as an adaptor protein that enables formation of an active PIK3, through recruitment of PIK3 regulatory subunit PIK3R1 (also known as PI3Kp85), which subsequently recruits PIK3 catalytic subunit PIK3CA (also known as PI3Kp110). PIK3, in complex with EGFR, GRB2 and GAB1, catalyzes phosphorylation of PIP2 and its conversion to PIP3, which leads to the activation of the AKT signaling.
The PI3K network is negatively regulated by phospholipid phosphatases that dephosphorylate PIP3, thus hampering AKT activation (Maehema et al. 1998). The tumour suppressor PTEN is the primary phospholipid phosphatase. The role of other phosphoinositide phosphatases (INPP5D, INPPL1, INPP5K, PTPRQ, INPP4B) in the negative regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling will be described in future editions of Reactome.
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase aka phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) (Maehama & Dixon 1998, Myers et al. 1998, Das et al. 2003).
The phosphorylation of membrane-recruited AKT at threonine and serine can be inhibited by direct binding of two different proteins, C-terminal modulator protein (THEM4 i.e. CTMP), which binds to the carboxy-terminal tail of AKT (Maira et al. 2001), or Tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), which binds to the catalytic domain of AKT (Du et al. 2003).
The PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatases, PHLPP1 (Gao et al. 2005) and PHLPP2 (Brognard et al. 2007) can specifically dephosphorylate the serine residue and inactivate AKT.
HEDJ, an Hsp40 co-chaperone localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of human cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172980
Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IC
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172981
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163267.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163194.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174339
This pathway depicts the binding of an experimentally-verified range of ligands to FGFR2c. While binding affinities may vary considerably within this set, the ligands listed have been established to bring about receptor activation at their reported physiological concentrations.
Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IB
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174338
The intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity of the activated FGFR2c receptor leads to multiple phosphorylation events, creating a number of binding sites on its cytoplasmic tail for membrane bound docking proteins to gather intracellular signaling mediators. Two isoforms of FGFR2c generated by alternative splicing and differing only by the presence ("long") or absence ("short") of two amino acid residues at positions 428-429 are equally active in autophosphorylation, but differ in their abilities to interact with downstream targets. Based on sequence alignment, FGFR2 contains all 8 of the cytoplasmic tyrosine residues identified in FGFR1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172982
In this reaction, FGF receptor 2c in the plasma membrane binds an associating extracellular ligand, a requisite step for subsequent activation. The resulting complex consists of dimerized receptor, two ligand molecules, and heparan sulfate. Two isoforms of FGFR2c generated by alternative splicing and differing only by the presence ("long") or absence ("short") of two amino acid residues at positions 428-429 are equally active in ligand binding and dimerization but differ in their abilities to interact with downstream targets.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172983
The vertebrate fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is alternatively spliced generating multiple variants that are differentially expressed during embryo development and in the adult body. The restricted expression patterns of FGFR1 isoforms, together with differential expression and binding of specific ligands, leads to activation of common FGFR1 signal transduction pathways, but may result in distinctively different biological responses as a result of differences in cellular context. FGFR1 isoforms are also present in the nucleus in complex with various fibroblast growth factors where they function to regulate transcription of target genes. FGFR is probably activated by NCAM very differently from the way by which it is activated by FGFs, reflecting the different conditions for NCAMâFGFR and FGFâFGFR interactions. The affinity of FGF for FGFR is approximately 10e6 times higher than that of NCAM for FGFR. Moreover, in the brain NCAM is constantly present on the cell surface at a much higher (micromolar) concentration than FGFs, which only appear transiently in the extracellular environment in the nanomolar range.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162382.2
Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA
A transcription factor regulatory circuit in differentiated pancreatic cells
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha ) turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls the ligand-induced expression level of its target genes
This pathway depicts the binding of an experimentally-verified range of ligands to FGFR1c. While binding affinities may vary considerably within this set, the ligands listed have been established to bring about receptor activation at their reported physiological concentrations.
Studies have mapped 8 tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of FGFR1 that are important for signaling. Autophosphorylation of residues 653 and 654, located in the activation loop of the kinase, is necessary to maintain the receptor in the active state. Phosphorylation of other tyrosine residues by the intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity of the activated receptor creates binding sites on its cytoplasmic tail for membrane bound docking proteins to gather intracellular signaling mediators.
Regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity is implicated in the control of almost all cellular functions. One of the best understood RTKs is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Growth factors can bind to EGFR and activate it to initiate signalling cascades within the cell. EGFRs can also be recruited to clathrin-coated pits which can be internalised into endocytic vesicles. From here, EGFRs can either be recycled back to the plasma membrane or directed to lysosomes for destruction.This provides a mechanism by which EGFR signalling is negatively regulated and controls the strength and duration of EGFR-induced signals. It also prevents EGFR hyperactivation as commonly seen in tumorigenesis. The proto-oncogene Cbl can negatively regulate EGFR signalling. The Cbl family of RING-type ubiquitin ligases are able to poly-ubiquitinate EGFR, an essential step in EGFR degradation. All Cbl proteins have a unique domain that recognises phosphorylated tyrosine residues on activated EGFRs. They also direct the ubiquitination and degradation of activated EGFRs by recruiting ubiquitin-conjugation enzymes. Cbl proteins function by specifically targeting activated EGFRs and mediating their down-regulation, thus providing a means by which signaling processes can be negatively regulated. Cbl also promotes receptor internalization via it's interaction with an adaptor protein, CIN85 (Cbl-interacting protein of 85kDa). CIN85 binds to Cbl via it's SH3 domain and is enhanced by the EGFR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl. The proline-rich region of CIN85 interacts with endophilins which are regulatory components of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Endophilins bind to membranes and induce membrane curvature, in conjunction with other proteins involved in CCV formation. The rapid recruitment of endophilin to the activated receptor complex by CIN85 is the mechanism which controls receptor internalization.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one member of the ERBB family of transmembrane glycoprotein tyrosine receptor kinases (RTK). Binding of EGFR to its ligands induces conformational change that unmasks the dimerization interface in the extracellular domain of EGFR, leading to receptor homo- or heterodimerization at the cell surface. Dimerization of the extracellular regions of EGFR triggers additional conformational change of the cytoplasmic EGFR regions, enabling the kinase domains of two EGFR molecules to achieve the catalytically active conformation. Ligand activated EGFR dimers trans-autophosphorylate on tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor. Phosphorylated tyrosines serve as binding sites for the recruitment of signal transducers and activators of intracellular substrates, which then stimulate intracellular signal transduction cascades that are involved in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Recruitment of complexes containing GRB2 and SOS1 to phosphorylated EGFR dimers either directly, through phosphotyrosine residues that serve as GRB2 docking sites, or indirectly, through SHC1 recruitment, promotes GDP to GTP exchange on RAS, resulting in the activation of RAF/MAP kinase cascade. Binding of complexes of GRB2 and GAB1 to phosphorylated EGFR dimers leads to formation of the active PI3K complex, conversion of PIP2 into PIP3, and activation of AKT signaling. Phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLCG1) can also be recruited directly, through EGFR phosphotyrosine residues that serve as PLCG1 docking sites, which leads to PLCG1 phosphorylation by EGFR and activation of DAG and IP3 signaling. EGFR signaling is downregulated by the action of ubiquitin ligase CBL. CBL binds directly to the phosphorylated EGFR dimer through the phosphotyrosine Y1045 in the C-tail of EGFR, and after CBL is phosphorylated by EGFR, it becomes active and ubiquitinates phosphorylated EGFR dimers, targeting them for degradation. For a recent review of EGFR signaling, please refer to Avraham and Yarden, 2011.
The adaptor protein CIN85 is monoubiquitinated by CBL after EGF stimulation. Monoubiquitination is thought to regulate receptor internalization and endosomal sorting.
Sprouty can constitutively interact with two SH3 domains of CIN85 whereas the third SH3 domain of CIN85 can still associate with CBL on cell activation with EGF. This allows Sprouty to block CIN85-mediated clustering of CBL molecules, stablization of CBL-EGFR interactions and efficient ubiquitination and down-regulation of EGFR.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172986
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163419.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172984
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162805.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172992
Once phosphorylated on serine residue S473, AKT bound to PIP3 forms a complex with PIP3-bound PDPK1 i.e. PDK1 (Scheid et al. 2002, Sarabassov et al. 2005)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172987
Activated MEK2 phosphorylates and activates ERK2.
Activated MEK phosphorylates and activates ERK.
The MAP kinase cascade describes a sequence of phosphorylation events involving serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Used by various signal transduction pathways, this cascade constitutes a common 'module' in the transmission of an extracellular signal into the nucleus.
Autophosphorylated EGFR tyrosine residues are docking sites for many downstream effectors in EGFR signaling. The adaptor protein GRB2 binds to phosphotyrosine residues in the C-tail of EGFR through its SH2 domain. GRB2 is constitutively associated with SOS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of RAS. GRB2 binding to phosphorylated EGFR results in the recruitment of SOS to the plasma membrane where it comes in proximity to RAS. This mechanism has been seen to be the model for RAS activation.
GRB2 can bind EGFR directly or through another SH2-containing protein, SHC1. This association leads to RAS activation.
PI3-kinase phosphorylates several phosphatidyl-inositides (phospholipids) at the plasma membrane: the most relevant is PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, also named PIP3.
A number of different extracellular signals converge on PI3K activation. PI3K can be activated downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as FGFR (Ong et al. 2001, Eswarakumar et al. 2005), KIT (Chian et al. 2001, Ronnstrand 2004, Reber et al. 2006), PDGF (Coughlin et al. 1989, Fantl et al. 1992, Heldin et al. 1998), insulin receptor IGF1R (Hadari et al. 1992, Kooijman et al. 1995), and EGFR and its family members (Rodrigues et al. 2000, Jackson et al. 2004, Kainulainen et al. 2000, Junttila et al. 2009). Other proteins, such as CD28 (Pages et al. 1996, Koyasu 2003, Kane and Weiss, 2003) and TRAT1 (Bruyns et al. 1998, Koyasu 2003, Kolsch et al. 2006), can also trigger PI3K activity. In unstimulated cells, PI3K class IA exists as an inactive heterodimer of a p85 regulatory subunit (encoded by PIK3R1, PIK3R2 or PIK3R3) and a p110 catalytic subunit (encoded by PIK3CA, PIK3CB or PIK3CD). Binding of the iSH2 domain of the p85 regulatory subunit to the ABD and C2 domains of the p110 catalytic subunit both stabilizes p110 and inhibits its catalytic activity. This inhibition is relieved when the SH2 domains of p85 bind phosphorylated tyrosines on activated RTKs or their adaptor proteins. Binding to membrane-associated receptors brings activated PI3K in proximity to its membrane-localized substrate, PIP2 (Mandelker et al. 2009, Burke et al. 2011).
PIP3 generated by PI3K recruits AKT (also known as protein kinase B) to the membrane, through its PH (pleckstrin-homology) domains. The binding of PIP3 to the PH domain of AKT is the rate-limiting step in AKT activation (Scheid et al. 2002). In mammals there are three AKT isoforms (AKT1-3) encoded by three separate genes. The three isoforms share a high degree of amino acid identity and have indistinguishable substrate specificity in vitro. However, isoform-preferred substrates in vivo cannot be ruled out. The relative expression of the three isoforms differs in different mammalian tissues: AKT1 is the predominant isoform in the majority of tissues, AKT2 is the predominant isoform in insulin-responsive tissues, and AKT3 is the predominant isoform in brain and testes. All 3 isoforms are expressed in human and mouse platelets (Yin et al. 2008; O'Brien et al. 2008). Note: all data in the pathway refer to AKT1, which is the most studied.
PIP3 generated by PI3K recruits phosphatidylinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDPK1 i.e. PDK1) to the membrane, through its PH (pleckstrin-homology) domain. PDPK1 binds PIP3 with high affinity, and also shows low affinity for PIP2 (Currie et al. 1999).
Under conditions of growth and mitogen stimulation S473 phosphorylation of AKT is carried out by mTOR (mammalian Target of Rapamycin). This kinase is found in two structurally and functionally distinct protein complexes, named TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2). It is TORC2 complex, which is composed of mTOR, RICTOR, SIN1 (also named MAPKAP1) and LST8, that phosphorylates AKT at S473 (Sarbassov et al., 2005). This complex also regulates actin cytoskeletal reorganization (Jacinto et al., 2004; Sarbassov et al., 2004). TORC1, on the other hand, is a major regulator of ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis (Hay and Sonenberg, 2004). TORC1 regulates these processes largely by the phosphorylation/inactivation of the repressors of mRNA translation 4E binding proteins (4E BPs) and by the phosphorylation/activation of ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K1). TORC1 is also the principal regulator of autophagy. In other physiological conditions, other kinases may be responsible for AKT S473 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of AKT on S473 by TORC2 complex is a prerequisite for AKT phosphorylation on T308 by PDPK1 (Scheid et al. 2002, Sarabassov et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173050
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162947.2
After translocation into the nucleus, AKT can phosphorylate a number of targets there such as CREB, forkhead transcription factors, SRK and NUR77.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162918.2
AKT inhibits DNA binding of NUR77 and inhibits its pro-apoptotic function (PMID 11438550). However, the relevance of AKT for NUR77 phosphorylation has recently been questioned: according to recent work, NUR77 is phosphorylated by RSK (and MSK) rather than by AKT (PMID 16223362).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173055
AKT mediates IKKalpha (Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit alpha) phosphorylation at threonine 23, which is required for NF-kB activation. NF-kB promoted gene transcription enhances neuronal survival.
AKT phosphorylates and inhibits TSC2 (tuberin), a suppressor of the TOR kinase pathway, which senses nutrient levels in the environment. TSC2 forms a TSC1-TSC2 protein complex that is a GAP (GTPase activating protein) for the RHEB G-protein. RHEB, in turn, activates the TOR kinase. Thus, an active AKT1 activates the TOR kinase, both of which are positive signals for cell growth (an increase in cell mass) and division. The TOR kinase regulates two major processes: translation of selected mRNAs in the cell and autophagy. In the presence of high nutrient levels TOR is active and phosphorylates the 4EBP protein releasing the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which is essential for cap-dependent initiation of translation and promoting growth of the cell (PMID: 15314020). TOR also phosphorylates the S6 kinase, which is implicated in ribosome biogenesis as well as in the modification of the S6 ribosomal protein. AKT can also activate mTOR by another mechanism, involving phosphorylation of PRAS40, an inhibitor of mTOR activity.
Once AKT is localized at the plasma membrane, it is phosphorylated at two critical residues for its full activation. These residues are a threonine (T308 in AKT1) in the activation loop within the catalytic domain, and a serine (S473 in AKT1), in a hydrophobic motif (HM) within the carboxy terminal, non-catalytic region. PDPK1 (PDK1) is the activation loop kinase; this kinase can also directly phosphorylate p70S6K. The HM kinase, previously termed PDK2, has been identified as the mammalian TOR (Target Of Rapamycin; Sarbassov et al., 2005) but several other kinases are also able to phosphorylate AKT at S473. Phosphorylation of AKT at S473 by TORC2 complex is a prerequisite for PDPK1-mediated phosphorylation of AKT threonine T308 (Scheid et al. 2002, Sarabassov et al. 2005).
GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is implicated in the hormonal control of several regulatory proteins including glycogen synthase, and the transcription factors MYB and JUN. GSK3 phosphorylates JUN at sites proximal to its DNA-binding domain, thereby reducing its affinity for DNA. GSK3 is inhibited when phosphorylated by AKT1.
AKT phosphorylates CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) at serine 133 and activates gene expression via a CREB-dependent mechanism, thus promoting cell survival.
Cell survival and growth are also promoted by AKT phosphorylation of Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors, most notably FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO4. Once phosphorylated by AKT, these factors are removed from the nucleus, associate with 14-3-3 proteins, and are retained in the cytoplasm, thus producing a change in their transcriptional activity. For instance, unphosphorylated FoxO3a in the nucleus triggers apoptosis, most likely by inducing the expression of critical genes, such as the Fas ligand gene. In another example, AKT phosphorylation of FOXO4 prevents FOXO4-mediated upregulation of p27Kip1.
Following activation, AKT can phosphorylate an array of target proteins in the cytoplasm, many of which are involved in cell survival control. Phosphorylation of TSC2 feeds positively to the TOR kinase, which, in turn, contributes to AKT activation (positive feedback loop).
AKT, phosphorylated at threonine (AKT1 308; AKT2 309; AKT3 305) and serine (AKT1 473; AKT2 474; AKT3 472) translocates to the nucleus, reaching a maximum after 15 min and returning to a basal level after 45 min of NGF stimulation. Control of the amount of nuclear AKT is achieved through the action of the phosphatase PP2A.
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 (RSK) activation is a highly conserved mitogenic response, and the activities of RSK are stimulated by multiple serine/threonine phosphorylations by different upstream kinases, one of which is AKT.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174342
In the cytoplasm activated MEK1 (Serine phosphorylated) may encounter monomeric, inactive ERK1. ERK1 in its inactive form is not phosphorylated on a critical Threonine (T) and a critical Tyrosine (Y).
Translocation of GLUT4 to the Plasma Membrane
At the beginning of this reaction, 2 molecules of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'MEK1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phospho_MEK1', and 2 molecules of 'ADP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'protein serine/threonine kinase activity' of 'phospho-Cdc2 (Thr 161)'.
MEK is phosphorylated and activated by RAF.
Active Raf-1 phosphorylates MEK-1/2 on Serine residues, converting ATP to ADP. The MEK-1/2 kinase is now active.
MEK-1/2 have a proline rich domain (P) and critical Serine residues (MEK-1 S218/222, MEK-2 unknown, S) upon which the molecules may be phosphorylated. MEK1/2 are found in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells. MEK-1/2 bind to active Raf-1 via the proline-rich domain. Active Raf-1 is able to phosphorylate target Serine and Threonine residues in the presence of ATP.
Phosphorylated RAF is activated by Ras binding and stabilised in its active form by transient disassociation and reassociation of 14-3-3, as well as further phosphorylation.
A key event for Ras transformation involves the direct physical association between Ras and the Raf-1 kinase. This interaction promotes both Raf translocation to the plasma membrane and activation of Raf kinase activity.
14-3-3 has been displaced from Ser259. 14-3-3 may now bind its higher affinity Ser621 (S2) site. This stabilises an 'open' Raf-1 conformation that is catalytically active, and bound to p21ras via both p21ras-binding domains, CRD and RBD.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143288
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143282
The identification of a phospholipase B precursor in human neutrophils
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143281
Two phospho-ERK2 molecules dimerise and enter the nucleus, where they may phosphorylate downstream targets.
MEK2 dissociates from phospho-ERK2, allowing phospho-ERK2 to dimerise with another phospho-ERK2.
A syndrome with congenital neutropenia and mutations in G6PC3
Phospho-ERK-2 dimer is translocated from cytosol to nucleoplasm.
Activated MEK1 phosphorylates and activates ERK1.
Phospho-ERK-1 dimer is translocated from cytosol to nucleoplasm.
MEK2 phosphorylates the critical Tyrosine and Threonine on ERK2, converting two ATP to ADP. Phosphorylation of ERK-2 activates its kinase activity.
In the cytoplasm activated MEK2 (Serine phosphorylated) may encounter monomeric, inactive ERK2. ERK2 in its inactive form is not phosphorylated on a critical Threonine (T183) and a critical Tyrosine (Y185).
MEK1 phosphorylates the critical Tyrosine and Threonine on ERK1, converting two ATP to ADP. Phosphorylation of ERK-1 activates its kinase activity.
Two phospho-ERK1 molecules dimerise and enter the nucleus, where they may phosphorylate downstream targets.
MEK1 dissociates from phospho-ERK1, allowing phospho-ERK1 to dimerise with another phospho-ERK1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143236
Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143252
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates in vitro CREB at a specific residue, serine 133; Phosphorylation of Ser133 is required for signal-induced transcription in vivo.
When cAMP level rises, the PKA catalytic subunit (C subunit) released from the holoenzyme enters the nucleus by passive diffusion whereas termination of signaling to the nucleus involves an active mechanism. In the nucleus, the C subunit binds to the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), and this binding not only inactivates the C subunit but also by conformational change unveils a nuclear export signal in PKI which leads to export of the C-PKI complex from the nucleus.
A number of inactive tetrameric PKA holoenzymes are produced by the combination of homo- or heterodimers of the different regulatory subunits associated with two catalytic subunits. When cAMP binds to two specific binding sites on the regulatory subunits, these undergo a conformational change that causes the dissociation of a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP from two monomeric, catalytically active PKA subunits.
The four protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit isoforms differ in their tissue specificity and functional characteristics. The specific isoform activated in response to glucagon signalling is not known. The PKA kinase is a tetramer of two regulatory and two catalytic. The regulatory subunits block the catalytic subunits. Binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunit leads to the dissociation of the tetramer into two active dimers made up of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit.
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) induces gene transcription through activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and subsequent phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein, CREB, at serine-133.
Adenylate cyclase is responsive to calcium and calmodulin and produces cAMP. One important physiological role for Calmodulin is the regulation of adenylylcyclases. Four of the ten known adenylylcyclases are calcium sensitive, in particular type 8 (AC8).
Diacylglycerol (DAG) positively regulates the autophosphorylation of protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta), which stimulates ERK1/2 and triggers neurite outgrowth. DAG also stimulates the translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. PKC-delta contributes to growth factor specificity and response to neuronal cells by promoting cell-type-specific differences in growth factor signalling. DAG can also activate PKC-epsilon in the same manner.
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger produced by phospholipase C (PLC) metabolism of phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (Canossa et al. 2001).
Five SLC gene families encode proteins that mediate transport of amines (neurotransmitters, biogenic amines, ammonium and choline). They are SLC6, SLC14, SLC18, SLC42. The fifth family, SLC22, will appear in a later release (He L et al, 2009).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145114
This pathway describes the generation of DAG and IP3 by the PLCgamma-mediated hydrolysis of PIP2 and the subsequent downstream signaling events.
Calmodulin (CaM) is a small acidic protein that contains four EF-hand motifs, each of which can bind a calcium ion, therefore it can bind up to four calcium ions. The protein has two approximately symmetrical domains, separated by a flexible hinge region. Calmodulin is the prototypical example of the EâF-hand family of Ca2+-sensing proteins. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration regulate calmodulin in three distinct ways. First, by directing its subcellular distribution. Second, by promoting association with different target proteins. Third, by directing a variety of conformational states in calmodulin that result in target-specific activation. Calmodulin binds and activates several effector protein (e.g. the CaM-dependent adenylyl cyclases, phosphodiesterases, protein kinases and the protein phosphatase calcineurin).
Inactive Raf-1 is associated in the cytoplasm with 14-3-3. 14-3-3 binds to Raf-1 via the Ser259 phosphorylation site (S1). This interaction stabilises the inactive conformation of Raf-1 in which the Ras-binding Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is obscured. The Raf-1 molecule contains an additional p21ras-binding domain (RBD), a second serine phosphorylation site at S621 (S2) and two tyrosine phosphorylation sites (at 340, Y1 and 341, Y2).
Activated epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) can stimulate phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. Activated EGFR can activate phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1, i.e. PLCG1) which hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 is instrumental in the release of calcium from intracellular stores and DAG is involved in protein kinase C activation.
Activated p21ras (the GTP-bound form) is associated with the plasma membrane. Inactive Raf-1 is associated in the cytoplasm with 14-3-3. 14-3-3 binds to Raf-1 via the Ser259 phosphorylation site (S1). This interaction stabilises the inactive conformation of Raf-1 in which the Ras-binding Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is obscured. The Raf-1 molecule contains an additional p21ras-binding domain (RBD), a second serine phosphorylation site at S621 (S2) and two tyrosine phosphorylation sites (at 340, Y1 and 341, Y2). Raf-1 binds activated p21ras via the RBD. This displaces 14-3-3 from Ser259 and unmasks the CRD.
The Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) cascade includes three kinases: CaM-kinase kinase (CaMKK); and the CaM kinases CaMKI and CaMKIV, which are phosphorylated and activated by CaMKK. Members of this cascade respond to elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. CaMKK and CaMKIV localize both to the nucleus and to the cytoplasm, whereas CaMKI is only cytosolic. Nuclear CaMKIV regulates transcription through phosphorylation of several transcription factors, including CREB. In the cytoplasm, there is extensive cross-talk between CaMKK, CaMKIV and other signaling cascades, including those that involve the cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA), MAP kinases and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt).
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP, inactivating these second messengers.
Increased Ca2+ levels, acting via calmodulin, can activate PDE which can then act upon cAMP.
One important physiological role for Calmodulin is the regulation of adenylylcyclases. Four of the nine known adenylylcyclases are calcium sensitive, in particular type 8 (AC8).
Human Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase PDE1 is activated by the binding of calmodulin in the presence of Ca(2+). PDE1 has three subtypes PDE1A, PDE1B and PDE1C and their role is to hydrolyze both cGMP and cAMP. Their role is to antagonize the increased concentration of the intracellular second messengers determined by the synthetic activity of the adenylate cyclase enzymes thus governing intracellular cAMP dynamics in response to changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. PDE1 are mainly cytosolic but different isoforms are expressed in different tissues.
The human gene SLC18A1 encodes the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1) (Erickson JD et al, 1996). VMAT1 is mainly expressed in neuroendocrine cells. The human gene SLC18A2 encodes VMAT2 (Erickson JD and Eiden LE, 1993). Both transporters can mediate the transport of biogenic amines into secretory vesicles, which can then discharge their contents into the extracellular space by exocytosis. Predominant biogenic amines these proteins can transport are serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and histamine.
The SLC6 gene family encodes proteins that mediate neurotransmitter uptake thus terminating a synaptic signal. The proteins mediate transport of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glycine, taurine, L-proline, creatine and betaine. These transporters are mainly present in the CNS and PNS (Chen NH et al, 2004).
The human SLC5A7 gene encodes a sodium- and chloride-dependent, high affinity choline transporter, CHT (Apparsundaram S et al, 2000). CHT transports choline from the extracellular space into neuronal cells and is dependent on Na+ and Cl- ions for transport (Okuda T and Haga T, 2000). Choline uptake is the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis.
Analysis of Gas6 in human platelets and plasma
The human gene RhCG encodes the Rhesus blood group family type C glycoprotein which is mainly expressed in kidney collecting duct but also found in testis. RhCG is located on the apical membrane and mediates the bi-directional transport of ammonium into and out of renal collecting duct cells in an electroneutral manner, with H+ transported the other way (Liu Z et al, 2000; Marini AM et al, 2000).
The Rhesus (Rh) glycoproteins were originally described in human blood cells as potent immunogens. There are three Rh glycoproteins in humans; an erythroid-specific Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG) and two non-erythroid Rh glycoproteins, RhBG and RhCG. These proteins are related to ammonium (NH4+) transporters of yeast and bacteria (methylammonium and ammonium permease and ammonium transporter, MEP/Amt) (Nakhoul NL and Hamm LL, 2004; Planelles G, 2007).
Choline (Cho) transports from the extracellular space through the plasma membrane via the choline transporter-like proteins (SLC44A1-5 also known as CTL1-5) to the cytosol (Okuda & Haga 2000, Traiffort et al. 2005, O'Regan et al. 2000). CTL1 is broadly expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells (Wille et al. 2001). CTL2 is highly expressed in human inner ear and is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss (Nair et al. 2004).
The human gene RhAG encodes a Rhesus blood group family type A glycoprotein which is expressed specifically in erythroid cells. It is thought to mediate ammonium export from these cells (Marini AM et al, 2000; Westhoff CM et al, 2002). Defects in RHAG are the cause of regulator type Rh-null hemolytic anemia (RHN) (Rh-deficiency syndrome). RHN is a form of chronic hemolytic anemia (Hyland CA et al, 1998).
The human gene RhBG encodes a Rhesus blood group family type B glycoprotein which is expressed mainly in the kidney but is also found in the liver. The liver and kidney are important tissues for ammonium metabolism and excretion. RhBG is located on the basolateral membrane and mediates the reversible transport of ammonium in and out of renal collecting duct cells in an electroneutral manner, with H+ transported the other way (Ludewig U, 2004; Liu Z et al, 2001).
Activation of IKK by TNFalpha requires site-specific ubiquitination of RIP1 and polyubiquitin binding by NEMO
The PtdIns3P phosphatase myotubularin is a cytoplasmic protein that also localizes to Rac1-inducible plasma membrane ruffles
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174169
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163050.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174168
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162673.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147373
Recombinational DNA repair and human disease.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90614.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147375
Human SGBS cells - a unique tool for studies of human fat cell biology
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147351
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92447.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147392
Mechanisms underlying differential responses to FGF signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147343
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88127.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147431
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89569.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147356
Catecholamines: role in health and disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147435
An interferon-induced protein with release factor activity is a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147397
Fc gamma receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase D regulates macrophage phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147410
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109906.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147432
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106763.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147360
Structural basis for fibroblast growth factor receptor activation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95648.9
The KEN box: an APC recognition signal distinct from the D box targeted by Cdh1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147401
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147388
Cellular signaling by fibroblast growth factor receptors
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3318.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110068
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103184.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3936.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3607.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145127
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32630.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145128
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cellular binding site for amphoterin. Mediation of neurite outgrowth and co-expression of rage and amphoterin in the developing nervous system
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173007
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162404.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173002
Atrial amyloid deposits in the failing human heart display both atrial and brain natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173003
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162154.2
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor pathway
Fringe modifies O-fucose on mouse Notch1 at epidermal growth factor-like repeats within the ligand-binding site and the Abruptex region
Multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2
Prolactin regulatory element-binding protein
Mutations in OSTM1 (grey lethal) define a particularly severe form of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with neural involvement
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from human erythrocytes. Structural characterization of the two polypeptide chains responsible for heterogeneity of the hexameric enzyme
ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 2
ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like 3
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2
UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173046
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162027.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173045
STING Recognition of Cytoplasmic DNA Instigates Cellular Defense
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175286
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162622.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175287
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162349.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175905
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162685.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880042
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26229.2
Endoplasmic reticulum mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162870
The mechanism of axon growth: what we have learned from the cell adhesion molecule L1
T cell receptor signaling: beyond complex complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173034
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162184.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175904
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162987.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175290
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162365.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173043
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG14 homolog
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG13 homolog
Once bound by either NGF or proNGF, p75NTR interacts with NRAGE, thus leading to phosphorylation and activation of JUN Kinase (JNK). JNK controls apoptosis in two ways: it induces transcription of pro-apoptotic genes, and directly activates the cell death machinery. Only NGF-bound p75NTR is shown here.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157041
The different molecules listed (NRAGE, NRIF, NADE, TRAF6) mediate, through unclear mechanisms, JNK activation by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. While active JNK does move to the nucleus and phosphorylates and activate transcription factors such as c-JUN and ATF2, these have not been implicated in p75-mediated cell death, but rather the direct activation of the cell death machinery by JNK has been implicated. p75 activates the intrinsic caspase pathway (involving mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, Apaf-1, and caspases-9) rather than the extrinsic (caspase-8) pathway activated by most other death receptors.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105315.9
Asparagine-linked glycosylation protein 11 homolog
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157033
RAC activation was described as essential for p75NTR to induce JNK and apoptosis in cortical oligodendrocytes. The simultaneous activation of TRKA counteracts the apoptotic action of p75, by modulating the kinetics of p75-mediated RAC activation.
Cytosolic phosphoglycerate mutase dimer catalyzes the reversible isomerisation of 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate. There are two isoforms of this enzyme, PGAM1 (isoform B) and PGAM2 (isoform M). In the body, erythrocytes express only PGAM1, while skeletal muscle expresses only PGAM2. Other tissues express both isoforms (Repiso et al. 2005; Tsujino et al. 1993).
Cytosolic enolase dimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate and water to form 2-phosphoglycerate. Three enolase isozymes have been purified and biochemically characterized. The alpha isoform is widely expressed (Giallongo et al. 1986). The beta isoform is expressed in muscle. Evidence for its function in vivo in humans comes from studies of a patient in whom a point mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme was associated specifically with reduced enolase activity in muscle extracts, and with other symptoms consistent with a defect in glycolysis (Comi et al. 2001). The gamma isoform of human enolase is normally expressed in neural tissue. It is not known to have distinctive biochemical functions, but is of possible clinical interest as a marker of some types of neuroendocrine and lung tumors (McAleese et al. 1988). Verma and Kurl (1993) identifed a possible fourth isoform, a "lung-specific" enolase whose expression is increased in response to dexamethasone treatment. The protein has not been biochemically characterized, however, nor have the levels of mRNA and protein in other tissues been examined. Thus, the observation that this protein is particularly similar in its predicted amino acid sequence to a duck crystallin (Wistow et al. 1988) raises the possibility that its normal function is unrelated to glycolysis.
SLC25A1, in the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the exchange of cytosolic citrate for mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate. The exchange is physiologically irreversible because of the potential of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The gene encoding human SLC25A1 has been cloned and its expression pattern has been characterized (Heisterkamp et al. 1995; Iacobazzi et al. 1997), but the biochemical details of the transport process are inferred from those worked out for the well-characterized rat system (Robinson 1971; Soling et al. 1971; Kleineke et al. 1973).
PCK2 (phosphoenolcarboxykinase), located in the mitochondrial matrix, catalyzes the physiologically irreversible reaction of oxaloacetate and GTP to form phosphoenolpyruvate, GDP, and CO2 (Modaressi et al. 1996, 1998).
In this freely reversible cytosolic reaction, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate react to form D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The active form of aldolase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction, is a homotetramer. Three aldolase isozymes have been identified which differ in their patterns of expression in various adult tissues and during development but are otherwise functionally indistinguishable (Ali and Cox 1995; Dunbar and Fothergill-Gilmore 1988).
The reversible conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate is catalyzed by cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase (Watanabe et al. 1996; Lu et al. 1984).
The reversible reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is catalyzed by cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase tetramer. There are multiple human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like pseudogenes, but only one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expressed in somatic tissue (Benham and Povey 1989). Consistent with this conclusion, the homogeneous enzymes purified from various human tissues had indistinguishable physical and immunochemical properties (Heinz and Freimuller 1982), and studies of human erythrocytes of various ages suggested that variant forms of the enzyme arise as a result of post-translational modifications (Edwards et al. 1976). There is, however, an authentic second isoform of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase whose expression is confined to spermatogenic cells of the testis (Welch et al. 2000).
Cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinase complexed with magnesium catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Huang et al. 1980a, 1980b).
At the beginning of this reaction, 4 molecules of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'Crk:SOS:IRS-P' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Crk:IRS-P', 1 molecule of 'phospho-SOS', and 4 molecules of 'ADP' are present. This reaction takes place on the 'internal side of plasma membrane' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'ERK1'.
Now with the complete receptor-ligand dissociation and subsequent degradation of insulin in the endosomal lumen, the endosomally associated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) complete the receptor dephosphorylation. So too are all the receptor substrates dephosphorylated leading to the collapse of the signalling complexes and signal attenuation.
Autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor triggers a series of signalling events, mediated by SHC or IRS, and resulting in activation of the Ras/RAF and MAP kinase cascades. A second effect of the autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor is its internalisation into an endosome, which downregulates its signalling activity.
Activated PKA (protein kinase A) phosphorylates serine 36 of the bifunctional 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase /Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB1) enzyme. This phosphorylation inhibits the enzyme's phosphofructokinase (PFK-2) activity while activating its phosphatase activity. As a result, cytosolic levels of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2) are reduced. F-2,6-P2 in turn is a key positive regulator of the committed step of glycolysis, so the net effect of this phosphorylation event is a reduced rate of glycolysis.
The effect of the proton pump is to allow entry of [H+] ions into the lumen of the endosome. The net effect of this is to lower the pH of the lumen from pH 7.4 (the pH at the plasma membrane) to pH 6.0 (documented with studies using FITC-labeled insulin - a pH dependent fluorescence marker).
Cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase catalyzes the physiologically irreversible hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to form fructose-6-phosphate and orthophosphate. In the body, two isoforms of the enzyme are expressed, one ubiquitous and one muscle-specific (Kikawa et al. 1997; Tillmann and Eschrich 1998).
The endosome fuses with the plasma membrane allowing the insulin receptor to re-integrate there. Any degraded insulin remnants which remained in the endosome are also expelled (The majority having been excreted into the cytoplasm and secreted out of the cell via other mechanisms). The cycle is complete with the dephosphorylated receptor now back in the plasma membrane available to bind the next insulin molecule presented to it. There is some insulin receptor degradation over time when damaged insulin receptors are not recycled but fuse instead with the lysosomes where they are degraded. However the majority of insulin receptors are recycled back to the plasma membrane with greater than 95% efficiency.
Triggered by acidification of the endosome, insulin dissociates from the receptor and is degraded. The receptor is dephosphorylated and re-integrated into the plasma membrane, ready to be activated again by the binding of insulin molecules.
Insulin binding to its receptor results in receptor autophosphorylation on tyrosine residues and the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (e.g. IRS and Shc) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. This allows association of IRSs with downstream effectors such as PI-3K via its Src homology 2 (SH2) domains leading to end point events such as Glut4 translocation. Shc when tyrosine phosphorylated associates with Grb2 and can thus activate the Ras/MAPK pathway independent of the IRSs. Signal transduction by the insulin receptor is not limited to its activation at the cell surface. The activated ligand-receptor complex initially at the cell surface, is internalised into endosomes itself a process which is dependent on tyrosine autophosphorylation. Endocytosis of activated receptors has the dual effect of concentrating receptors within endosomes and allows the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase to phosphorylate substrates that are spatially distinct from those accessible at the plasma membrane. Acidification of the endosomal lumen, due to the presence of proton pumps, results in dissociation of insulin from its receptor. (The endosome constitutes the major site of insulin degradation). This loss of the ligand-receptor complex attenuates any further insulin-driven receptor re-phosphorylation events and leads to receptor dephosphorylation by extra-lumenal endosomally-associated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The identity of these PTPs is not clearly established yet. A discussion of candidates will be added in the near future.
Following NGF binding, p75NTR activates the RAC (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) GTPase.
8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome with a novel t(7;8) translocation leading to fusion of the FGFR1 and TIF1 genes
In certain cell types, ligand binding to p75NTR leads to ceramide production, which can mediate either cell survival (e.g. in noecotical subplate neurons) or apoptosis (e.g. in oligodendrocytes). Low levels of ceramide are also able to stimulate axonal outgrowth in hippocampal neurons.
UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase
Sphingomyielinase promotes the conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide. Ceramide can activate JNK and other targets. The molecular details of the p75NTR-activated ceramide signalling cascade are only partially understood.
The NF-kB pathway is an important pro-survival signalling pathway activated by mature NGF, but not BDNF or NT-3, through p75NTR. It is unclear whether TRKA activity also affects NF-kB activation.
Mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase alpha
Dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase
Mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase beta
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase
The fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase activity of cytosolic phosphofructokinase 2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate to form fructose 6-phosphate. Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is a key allosteric regulator of PFK1. In its absence the activity of PFK1 is reduced while fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is activated, thus inhibiting glycolysis and favoring gluconeogenesis (Pilkis et al. 1995).
The reactions of gluconeogenesis convert mitochondrial pyruvate to cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate which in turn can be hydrolyzed to glucose and exported from the cell. Gluconeogenesis is confined to cells of the liver and kidney and enables glucose synthesis from molecules such as lactate and alanine and other amino acids when exogenous glucose is not available (reviewed, e.g., by Gerich 1993). The process of gluconeogenesis as diagrammed below occurs in two parts: a network of reactions converts mitochondrial pyruvate to cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate; then phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to glucose 6-phosphate in a single sequence of cytosolic reactions. Three variants of the first part of the process are physiologically important. 1) A series of transport and transamination reactions convert mitochondrial oxaloacetate to cytosolic oxaloacetate which is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by a hormonally regulated, cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This variant allows regulated glucose synthesis from lactate. 2) Mitochondrial oxaloacetate is reduced to malate, which is exported to the cytosol and re-oxidized to oxaloacetate. This variant provides reducing equivalents to the cytosol, needed for glucose synthesis from amino acids such as alanine and glutamine. 3) Constitutively expressed mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase catalyzes the conversion of mitochondrial oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate which is then transported to the cytosol. The exact path followed by any one molecule of pyruvate through this reaction network is determined by the tissue in which the reactions are occurring, the source of the pyruvate, and the physiological stress that triggered gluconeogenesis. In all cases, the synthesis of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate requires the generation and consumption of two reducing equivalents as cytosolic NADH + H+. For pyruvate derived from lactate (variants 1 and 3), NADH + H+ is generated with the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate in the cytosol (a reaction of pyruvate metabolism not shown in the diagram). For pyruvate derived from amino acids (variant 2), mitochondrial NADH + H+ generated by glutamate dehydrogenase (a reaction of amino acid metabolism, not shown) is used to reduce oxaloacetate to malate, which is transported to the cytosol and re-oxidized, generating cytosolic NADH + H+. The synthesis of glucose from pyruvate also requires the consumption of six high-energy phosphates, four from ATP and two from GTP. In the second part of gluconeogenesis, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate, however derived, is converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by reactions that are the reverse of steps of glycolysis. Hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and fructose 6-phosphate is reversibly isomerized to glucose 6-phosphate.
The reversible isomerization of fructose-6-phosphate to form glucose-6-phosphate is catalyzed by cytosolic phosphoglucose isomerase (Noltman 1972; Xu and Beutler 1994; Tsuboi et al. 1958).
Cytosolic UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 (UGP2) catalyzes the reaction of UTP and glucose 1-phosphate to form UDP glucose and pyrophosphate (Knop and Hansen 1970; Duggleby et al. 1996). UGP2 is inferred to occur in the cell as a homooctamer from studies of its bovine homologue (Levine et al. 1969).
Cytosolic phosphoglucomutase (PGM) catalyzes the reversible conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate (Drago et al. 1991). Two PGM isoenzymes, both monomers, have been identified. PGM1 is the major form found in most tissues except erythrocytes, where PGM2 is abundant (March et al. 1993; Parrington et al. 1968; Putt et al. 1993). PGM2 also has substantial phosphopentomutase activity and its primary physiological in normal tissues in vivo is not clear.
Glycogen synthase catalyzes the addition of glucose residues to the non-reducing end of a (1,4)-alpha-D-glucose multimer formed on glycogenin-1 or -2. (Here the addition of four glucose residues is annotated.) The enzyme is associated with glycogen granules in the cytosol. Glycogen synthase proteins are encoded by two human genes, GYS1 and GYS2. GYS1 protein is abundant in skeletal muscle while GYS2 is abundant in liver. The cytosolic location and glycogen synthase activity of GYS1 protein has been demonstrated in studies of wild-type and mutant proteins expressed in cultured cells in vitro (Cid et al. 2000). Defects in GYS1 protein in vivo are associated with deficient muscle glycogen synthesis and exercise intolerance in vivo (Kollberg et al. 2007). The enzymatic activity of purified GYS2 protein has been characterized experimentally (Westphal and Nuttall 1992). Defects in GYS2 protein in vivo are associated with fasting hypoglycemia and defective glycogen synthesis in the liver (Orho et al. 1998). Human GYS enzymes are inferred to be active as homotetramers, from detailed characterization of the homologous rabbit muscle enzyme (Soderling et al. 1970). GYS activity is regulated by phosphorylation. In its non-phosphorylated I form, annotated here, the enzyme is active with no added cofactor.
Glycogenin catalyzes its own reaction with UDP-glucose to synthesize an oligo (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl chain attached to itself (Mu et al. 1997; Mu and Roach 1998). The oligosaccharide is annotated here as containing four glucose residues. Glycogenin occurs as a homodimer associated with glycogen granules in the cytosol (Wilson et al. 2007). Glycogenin proteins are encoded by two human genes, GYG1 and GYG2. Multiple isoforms of each protein due to alternative splicing have been described, but none of these isoforms has yet been associated with a distinctive function. GYG1 protein is abundant in skeletal muscle while GYG2 is abundant in liver. Human GYG2 has been characterized biochemically (Mu et al. 1997; Mu and Roach 1998) but while the role of human GYG1 in muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise has been studied (Wilson et al. 2007), details of its structure and catalytic activities are inferred from those of its rabbit homologue (e.g., Gibbons et al. 2002).
Cytosolic glycogen branching enzyme associated with glycogen granules transfers terminal alpha(1,4) glucose blocks to form alpha(1,6) branches on growing glycogen molecules formed on glycogenin (Bao et al. 1996).
Phosphorylated glycogen synthase catalyzes the addition of glucose residues to the non reducing end of a (1,4)-alpha-D-glucose multimer formed on glycogenin 1 or 2 when activated by glucose 6-phosphate. (Here the addition of four glucose residues is annotated.) The enzyme is associated with glycogen granules in the cytosol. Glycogen synthase proteins are encoded by two human genes, GYS1 and GYS2. GYS1 protein is abundant in skeletal muscle while GYS2 is abundant in liver. The cytosolic location and glycogen synthase activity of GYS1 protein has been demonstrated in studies of wild-type and mutant proteins expressed in cultured cells in vitro (Cid et al. 2000). Defects in GYS1 protein in vivo are associated with deficient muscle glycogen synthesis and exercise intolerance in vivo (Kollberg et al. 2007). The enzymatic activity of purified GYS2 protein has been characterized experimentally (Westphal and Nuttall 1992). Defects in GYS2 protein in vivo are associated with fasting hypoglycemia and defective glycogen synthesis in the liver (Orho et al. 1998). GYS activity is regulated by phosphorylation. In its phosphorylated D form, annotated here, enzyme activity requires the presence of glucose 6-phosphate. The structure and activity of phosphorylated human GYS protein tetramers are inferred from the properties of the rabbit GYS1 (skeletal muscle) protein which has been purified and characterized in detail (Soderling et al. 1970).
Within the nucleus, PRDM4 is found in a complex with HDACs (histone deacetylases) 1, 2, and 3. It interacts with the regulatory regions of the cyclin E gene, strongly inhibiting transcription. It was also shown to weakly affect cyclib B transcription. PRDM4 is believed to interact with regulatory regions of other genes, which are unknown.
SC1 (Schwann Cell factor 1; also called PR domain zinc finger protein 4, PRDM4) interacts with an NGF:p75NTR complex and signals cell cycle arrest by regulating the levels of cyclin E.
Glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer, is formed and broken down in most human tissues, but is most abundant in liver and muscle, where it serves as a major stored fuel. Glycogen metabolism has been studied in most detail in muscle, although considerable experimental data are available concerning these reactions in liver as well. Glycogen metabolism in other tissues has not been studied as extensively, and is thought to resemble the muscle process (Hers 1976; Lomako et al. 2004; Villar-Palasi and Larner 1970). Glycogen synthesis involves five reactions. The first two, conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate and synthesis of UDP-glucose from glucose 1-phosphate and UTP, are shared with several other pathways. The next three reactions, the auto-catalyzed synthesis of a glucose oligomer on glycogenin, the linear extension of the glucose oligomer catalyzed by glycogen synthase, and the formation of branches catalyzed by glycogen branching enzyme, are unique to glycogen synthesis. These reactions are shown in the figure. Repetition of the last two reactions generates large, extensively branched glycogen polymers. The catalysis of several of these reactions by distinct isozymes in liver and muscle allows them to be regulated independently in the two tissues.
p75NTR is a key regulator of neuronal apoptosis, both during development and after injury. Apoptosis is triggered by binding of either mature neurotrophin or proneurotrophin (proNGF, proBDNF). ProNGF is at least 10 times more potent than mature NGF in inducing apoptosis. TRKA signalling protects neurons from apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in p75NTR-apoptosis are not well understood. The death signalling requires activation of c-JUN N-terminal Kinase (JNK), as well as transcriptional events. JNK activation appears to involve the receptor interacting proteins TRAF6, NRAGE, and Rac. The transcription events are thought to be regulated by another p75-interacting protein, NRIF. Two other p75-interacting proteins, NADE and Necdin, have been implicated in apoptosis, but their role is less clear.
PRDM4 is found in the cytoplasm. Following binding of NGF to p75NTR, after 1 hour of NGF treatment, PRDM4 is redistributed from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The relocalisation of PRDM4 appears to be specific for NGF, as it is not affected by BDNF or NT3.
The released NF-kB transcription factor (p50/p65) with unmasked nuclear localization signal (NLS) then moves in to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, NF-kB binds DNA and regulate the expression of genes encoding cytokines, cytokine receptors, and apoptotic regulators.
Upon activation in response to NGF, NF-kB moves to the nucleus, where it turns on genes that promote survival, and triggers the expression of HES1/5 to modulate dendritic growth.
Once dissociated from NF-kB, the phosphorylated IkB protein is ubiquitinated at lysines 21 and 22, and degraded by the proteosome.
Once dissociated from IkB, NF-kB moves to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, NF-kB binds DNA at promoters of target genes. This entails transcription of several genes including the two HLH transcriptional regulators HES1 and HES5. HES1 and HES5 transcription can also be activated via NOTCH signalling. Increased production of HES1 and HES5 reduces the number of primary dendrites and promotes dendrite elongation.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132752.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162878
The phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase PYGB by the widely expressed form of the phosphorylase kinase complex is inferred from its activity on PGYM (Newgard et al. 1989).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162872
The cytosolic phosphorylase kinase complex catalyzes the phosphorylation of the subunits of the glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) dimer. Two forms of phosphorylase kinase complex have been described (Brushia and Walsh 1999). The one annotated here, consisting of four copies each of PHKA1 (alpha regulatory) (Burwinkel et al 2003), PHKB (beta regulatory) (Burwinkel et al. 2003), PHKG1 (gamma catalytic) (Burwinkel et al. 2003) and CALM (calmodulin) subunits is abundant in muscle and its action on the form of phosphorylase (PYGM) abundant in muscle is described. While initial studies of PGYM from rabbit muscle suggested that it is a homotetramer (Keller and Cori 1953), more recent work indicates that under physiological conditions the enzyme occurs as a homodimer (Huang and Graves 1970) and a dimeric structure for the human enzyme is inferred here.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162874
Cytosolic debranching enzyme associated with glycogen granules transfers 3-glucose blocks from branches to the main linear polyglucose chain of limit dextrin formed on glycogenin 1 or glycogenin 2 (Chen et al. 1988; Shen et al. 1996).
The phosphorylated PYGL dimer (a form) of glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of orthophosphate and glycogen-glycogenin 1 to form D-glucose 1-phosphate and limit dextrin-glycogenin 1. This reaction occurs on the surfaces of cytosolic glycogen granules. Non-phosphorylated PYGL dimers (b form) are catalytically inactive even in the presence of AMP. In the body, this reaction takes place in the liver where its dependence on hormonally stimulated PYGL phosphorylation (and lack of sensitivity to AMP) allow glucose mobilization in response to a demand for glucose from the rest of the body (Newgard et al. 1989; Rath et al. 2000).
The PYGM and PYGB forms of glycogen phosphorylase catalyze the reaction of orthophosphate and glycogen-glycogenin 1 to form D-glucose 1-phosphate and limit dextrin-glycogenin 1. This reaction occurs on the surfaces of cytosolic glycogen granules. The phosphorylated forms of PYGM and PYGB dimers (a form) are catalytically active; the non-phosphorylated dimers (b form) become active when complexed with AMP. In the body, this reaction takes place in tissues other than the liver where its sensitivity to AMP allows glucose mobilization in response to acute energy needs of the individual cell, and hormonally mediated phosphorylation can stimulate increased glucose production, still for use by the individual producing cell, in response to stress signals. These reactions have not been characterized in detail but are inferred to occur from the very close similarity among PGYM, PGYB, and PGYL (Newgard et al. 1989; Rath et al. 2000).
Cytosolic, non-phosphorylated PGYM dimers (b form) complexed with AMP can reversibly dissociate (Rath et al. 2000).
Cytosolic, non-phosphorylated PGYM dimers (b form) can reversibly bind AMP. This reaction is negatively regulated by ATP and glucose 6-phosphate and is the means by which high levels of these molecules repress PGYM activity (Rath et al. 2000).
Cytosolic, non-phosphorylated PGYB dimers (b form) complexed with AMP can reversibly dissociate. This reaction is inferred from the AMP-binding properties of the closely homologous PGYM complex (Rath et al. 2000).
Cytosolic, non-phosphorylated PGYB dimers (b form) can reversibly bind AMP. This reaction is inferred from the AMP-binding properties of human PGYL and closely homologous PGYM proteins from other species (Newgard et al. 1989; Rath et al. 2000).
The cytosolic phosphorylase kinase complex catalyzes the phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL). Two forms of phosphorylase kinase complex have been described (Brushia and Walsh 1999). The one annotated here, consisting of four copies each of PHKA2 (alpha regulatory) (van den Berg et al. 1995), PHKB (beta regulatory) (Burwinkel et al. 2003a), PHKG2 (gamma catalytic) (Burwinkel et al. 2003b; Maichele et al. 2006) and CALM (calmodulin) subunits is abundant in liver and its action on the form of phosphorylase (PYGL) abundant in liver is described. While initial studies of glycogen phosphorylase PGYM from rabbit muscle suggested that it is a homotetramer (Keller and Cori 1953), more recent work indicates that under physiological conditions the enzyme occurs as a homodimer (Huang and Graves 1970) and a dimeric structure for human PYGL enzyme is inferred here.
Besides the RAF kinase, RAS can activate several ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (RALGDSs). Binding of RALGDS with RAS competes with RAF binding to RAS.
The Ras-related protein, RAL becomes activated once GDP is replaced by GTP.
p38 MAPK is known to activate the Ser/Thr protein kinase MAPKAP kinase 2 and a closely related kinase, MAPKAP kinase 3, through phosphorylation at multiple sites. According to some authors, NGF does not induce any significant activation of MAPKAPK2 activity in PC12 cells. Potential p38 signaling effectors include transcription factors, such as cAMP-response element-binding protein and MEF2, cytoskeleton modulators, and a number of protein kinases. After activation, MAPKAP kinase 2 and 3 move to the nucleus.
RhoA is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEF), exchanging GDP for GTP. RHOA, activated following binding of MDGIs to the NgR:p75NTR complex, rigidifies the actin cytoskeleton, thereby inhibiting axonal elongation and causing growth cone collapse.
p75NTR can also form a receptor complex with the Nogo receptor (NgR). Such complexes mediates axonal outgrowth inhibitory signals of MDGIs (myelin-derived growth-inhibitors), such as Nogo66, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMGP).
p75NTR modulates axonal growth by regulating the activity of small GTPases like RHOA and RHOB, that control the state of actin polymerization. The best studied is RHOA. In its active, GTP-bound form, RHOA rigidifies the actin cytoskeleton, thereby inhibiting axonal elongation and causing growth cone collapse. Depending on the ligand that binds to it, p75NTR can either promote or inhibit axonal growth, Neurotrophin binding leads to inhibition of RHOA activity and axonal growth. Axonal growth inhibition is caused by myelin molecules named MDGIs (myelin-derived growth inhibitors), such as NOGO, MAG, OMGP. MDGIs bind to a complex made up of p75NTR and the NOGO receptor, causing RHOA activation and axonal growth inhibition.
Besides signalling through the tyrosine kinase receptors TRK A, B, and C, the mature neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, and NT3/4 signal through their common receptor p75NTR. NGF binding to p75NTR activates a number of downstream signalling events controlling survival, death, proliferation, and axonogenesis, according to the cellular context. p75NTR is devoid of enzymatic activity, and signals by recruiting other proteins to its own intracellular domain. p75 interacting proteins include NRIF, TRAF2, 4, and 6, NRAGE, necdin, SC1, NADE, RhoA, Rac, ARMS, RIP2, FAP and PLAIDD. Here we annotate only the proteins for which a clear involvement in p75NTR signalling was demonstrated. A peculiarity of p75NTR is the ability to bind the pro-neurotrophins proNGF and proBDNF. Proneurotrophins do not associate with TRK receptors, whereas they efficiently signal cell death by apoptosis through p75NTR. The biological action of neurotrophins is thus regulated by proteolytic cleavage, with proforms preferentially activating p75NTR, mediating apoptosis, and mature forms activating TRK receptors, to promote survival. Moreover, the two receptors are utilised to differentially modulate neuronal plasticity. For instance, proBDNF-p75NTR signalling facilitates LTD, long term depression, in the hippocampus (Woo NH, et al, 2005), while BDNF-TRKB signalling promotes LTP (long term potentiation). Many biological observations indicate a functional interaction between p75NTR and TRKA signaling pathways.
Dolichyl-P-Man:Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichyl mannosyltransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157027
Dolichyl pyrophosphate Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175734
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '{(1,6)-alpha-glucosyl}poly{(1,4)-alpha-glucosyl}glycogenin-2' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'alpha-D-glucose', and 1 molecule of 'poly{(1,4)-alpha-glucosyl}glycogenin-2' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytoplasm' and is mediated by the 'amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase activity' of 'glycogen debranching enzyme'.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174980
The PYGM and PYGB forms of glycogen phosphorylase catalyze the reaction of orthophosphate and poly((1,4) alpha glucosyl) glycogenin-1 to form D-glucose 1-phosphate and glycogenin-1. This reaction occurs on the surfaces of cytosolic glycogen granules. The phosphorylated forms of PYGM and PYGB dimers (a form) are catalytically active; the non-phosphorylated dimers (b form) become active when complexed with AMP. In the body, this reaction takes place in tissues other than the liver where its sensitivity to AMP allows glucose mobilization in response to acute energy needs of the individual cell, and hormonally mediated phosphorylation can stimulate increased glucose production, still for use by the individual producing cell, in response to stress signals. These reactions have not been characterized in detail but are inferred to occur from the very close similarity among PGYM, PGYB, and PGYL (Newgard et al. 1989; Rath et al. 2000).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163262.2
The phosphorylated PYGL dimer (a form) of glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the reaction of orthophosphate and poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin-2 to form D-glucose 1-phosphate and glycogenin-2. This reaction occurs on the surfaces of cytosolic glycogen granules. Non-phosphorylated PYGL dimers (b form) are catalytically inactive even in the presence of AMP. In the body, this reaction takes place in the liver where its dependence on hormonally stimulated PYGL phosphorylation (and lack of sensitivity to AMP) allow glucose mobilization in response to a demand for glucose from the rest of the body (Newgard et al. 1989; Rath et al. 2000).
Probable dolichyl pyrophosphate Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118381.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157025
Fructose occurs naturally in foods as a free monosaccharide and as a component of the disaccharide sucrose. It is also widely used as a sweetener. In the body, fructose is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, two intermediates in the glycolytic pathway, in a sequence of three reactions: fructose is phosphorylated, then cleaved by aldolase to yield dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde, and the latter compound is phosphorylated to yield D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Other pathways exist for the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde to intermediates of glycolysis, but these appear to play only a minor role in normal fructose metabolism. The cleavage of fructose 1-phosphate is catalyzed by the same enzyme that catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in glycolysis. The isoform of this enzyme found in liver, kidney, and intestine (B) is approximately equally active with fructose 1-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate as substrates, while the muscle and brain isoforms (A and C, respectively), have little activity with fructose 1-phosphate. Fructose metabolism thus occurs mainly in tissues expressing the B isoform, and mutations that affect the catalytic activity of this isoform are associated with hereditary fructose intolerance (Steinmann et al. 2001).
Cytosolic aldolase B (ALDOB) catalyzes the reaction of D-fructose 1-phosphate to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde (Sakakibara et al. 1989). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Dalby et al. 2001). Deficiencies in the enzyme are associated with hereditary fructose intolerance in vivo (e.g., Tolan 1995).
Cytosolic galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the reaction of alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate and UDP glucose to form D-glucose 1-phosphate and UDP galactose (Reichardt et al. 1991).
Glycogen breakdown occurs via the same chemical steps in all tissues but is separately regulated via tissue specific isozymes and signaling pathways that enable distinct physiological fates for liver glycogen and that in other tissues. Glycogen phosphorylase, which can be activated by phosphorylase kinase, catalyzes the removal of glucose residues as glucose 1-phosphate from the ends of glycogen branches. The final four residues of each branch are removed in two steps catalyzed by debranching enzyme, and further glycogen phosphorylase activity completes the process of glycogen breakdown. The figure shows the actions of phosphorylase and debranching enzyme. The first glucose residue in each branch is released as free glucose; all other residues are released as glucose 1-phosphate. The latter molecule can be converted to glucose 6-phosphate in a step shared with other pathways (Villar-Palasi and Larner 1970; Hers 1976).
Cytosolic phosphoglucomutase (PGM) catalyzes the reversible conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate. Two PGM isoenzymes, both monomers, have been identified. PGM1 is the major form found in most tissues except erythrocytes, where PGM2 is abundant (March et al. 1993; Parrington et al. 1968; Putt et al. 1993). PGM2 also has substantial phosphopentomutase activity and its primary physiological in normal tissues in vivo is not clear.
Cytosolic ketohexokinase (KHK) catalyzes the reaction of D-fructose and ATP to form D-fructose 1-phosphate and ADP. Two isoforms of the enzyme are encoded by alternatively spliced forms of the gene; both form catalytically active dimers (Trinh et al. 2009). The physiological role of KHK has been established from metabolic and DNA sequencing studies of patients with essential fructosuria (Bonthron et al. 1994).
Glucose is the major form in which dietary sugars are made available to cells of the human body. Its breakdown is a major source of energy for all cells, and is essential for the brain and red blood cells. Glucose utilization begins with its uptake by cells and conversion to glucose 6-phosphate, which cannot traverse the cell membrane. Fates open to cytosolic glucose 6-phosphate include glycolysis to yield pyruvate, glycogen synthesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. In some tissues, notably the liver and kidney, glucose 6-phosphate can be synthesized from pyruvate by the pathway of gluconeogenesis.
MAPK-dependent serine phosphorylation of SPRY2 disrupts complex formation with B-RAF.
3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid
all-trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid
3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid [ChEBI:50776]
all-trans-3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid
p-ERK1/2 dissociates from p-MEK1/2, allowing dimerization of the activated MAPKs and translocation to the nucleus. In FGFR signaling, there is evidence that this dissociation event is negatively regulated by the golgi membrane form of IL17RD, preventing the nuclear localization of activated ERK1/2.
MEK1/2 phosphorylate critical tyrosine and threonine residues on ERK1/2, activating the kinase activity of the MAPKs. In FGFR signaling, this reaction appears to be negatively regulated by IL17RD through an unknown mechanism, limiting the extent of MAPK signaling after FGF stimulation.
Once activated, the FGFR signaling pathway is regulated by numerous negative feedback mechanisms. These include downregulation of receptors through CBL-mediated ubiquitination and endocytosis, ERK-mediated inhibition of FRS2-tyrosine phosphorylation and the attenuation of ERK signaling through the action of dual-specificity phosphatases, IL17RD/SEF, Sprouty and Spred proteins. A number of these inhibitors are themselves transcriptional targets of the activated FGFR pathway.
Sprouty was initially characterized as a negative regulator of FGFR signaling in Drosophila. Human cells contain four genes encoding Sprouty proteins, of which Spry2 is the best studied and most widely expressed. Spry proteins modulate the duration and extent of signaling through the MAPK cascade after FGF stimulation, although the mechanism appears to depend on the particular biological context. Some studies have suggested that Sprouty binds to GRB2 and interferes with the recruitment of GRB2-SOS1 to the receptor, while others have shown that Sprouty interferes with the MAPK cascade at the level of RAF activation. In addition to modulating the MAPK pathway in response to FGF stimulation, Sprouty itself appears to be subject to complex post-translational modification that regulates its activity and stability.
SHC is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases.
Cytosolic phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) catalyzes the reaction of 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to form D-ribulose 5-phosphate, CO2, and NADPH + H+ (Beutler and Kuhl 1985; Rippa et al. 1998). The PGD enzyme is dimeric (Dallocchio et al. 1985).
Release of phospho-SHC from the insulin receptor triggers a cascade of signalling events via SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases.
Cytosolic ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase (RPE) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of D-ribulose 5-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate (Bose and 1985). The electrophoretic properties of RPE activity detected in extracts of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids suggest that the active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Spencer and Hopkinson 1980).
The 22 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of growth factors mediate their cellular responses by binding to and activating the different isoforms encoded by the four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) designated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. These receptors are key regulators of several developmental processes in which cell fate and differentiation to various tissue lineages are determined. Unlike other growth factors, FGFs act in concert with heparin or heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) to activate FGFRs and to induce the pleiotropic responses that lead to the variety of cellular responses induced by this large family of growth factors. An alternative, FGF-independent, source of FGFR activation originates from the interaction with cell adhesion molecules, typically in the context of interactions on neural cell membranes and is crucial for neuronal survival and development. Upon ligand binding, receptor dimers are formed and their intrinsic tyrosine kinase is activated causing phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues on the receptors. These then serve as docking sites for the recruitment of SH2 (src homology-2) or PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) domains of adaptors, docking proteins or signaling enzymes. Signaling complexes are assembled and recruited to the active receptors resulting in a cascade of phosphorylation events. This leads to stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell survival and cell shape, depending on the cell type or stage of maturation.
Cytosolic ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase (RPE) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of D-xylulose 5-phosphate and D-ribulose 5-phosphate (Bose and 1985). The electrophoretic properties of RPE activity detected in extracts of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids suggest that the active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Spencer and Hopkinson 1980).
After being phosphorylated, p-ERK1/2 dissociate from MEK1/2 and dimerize.
Cytosolic transketolase catalyzes the reversible reaction of D-xylulose 5-phosphate and D-ribose 5-phosphate to form D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. The active transketolase enzyme is a homodimer with one molecule of thiamine pyrophosphate and magnesium bound to each monomer (Wang et al. 1997).
Cytosolic transketolase catalyzes the reversible reaction of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to form D-xylulose 5-phosphate and D-ribose 5-phosphate. The active transketolase enzyme is a homodimer with one molecule of thiamine pyrophosphate and magnesium bound to each monomer (Wang et al. 1997).
3-decaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid [ChEBI:50775]
all-trans-3-decaprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
all-trans-3,4-dihydroxy-5-decaprenylbenzoic acid
Cytosolic transaldolase (TALDO1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate to form D-erythrose 4-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate. Protein expressed from the cloned gene has been characterized biochemically (Banki et al. 1994) and transaldolase deficiency in a patient has been correlated with a mutation in the TALDO1 gene (Verhoeven et al. 2001).
Using receptor mutagenesis studies it is known that IRS1 via its PTB domain binds to the insulin receptor at the juxtamembrane region at tyrosine 972. The interaction is further stabilized by the PH domain of IRS1 which interacts with the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. This allows the receptor to phosphorylate IRS1 on up to 13 of its tyrosine residues. Once phosphorylated the IRS1 falls away from the receptor. (Other IRS family members can also be phosphorylated by the insulin receptor - will be added in the near future.) Now in a tyrosine phosphorylated and hence activated state other proteins can interact with the IRS proteins.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147441
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101748.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147439
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30549.10
The main sources of galactose in the human diet are milk and milk products. The disaccharide lactose from these sources is hydrolyzed in the intestine to its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. Galactose is metabolized primarily in the liver in a sequence of three reactions that yield one molecule of glucose 1-phosphate per molecule of galactose. First, it is phosphorylated to yield galactose 1-phosphate. Then, galactose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose react to form UDP-galactose and glucose 1-phosphate, and UDP-galactose undergoes epimerization to form UDP-glucose. In a reaction shared with other pathways, glucose 1-phosphate can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate (Holton et al. 2001; Elsas and Lai 2001).
Cytosolic UDP-galactose 4-epimerase catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-D-galactose and UDPglucose (Schulz et al. 2004). The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer with one molecule of bound NAD per monomer (Thoden et al. 2000).
Cytosolic 6-phosphogluconolactonase (PGLS) catalyzes the hydrolysis of D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate to form 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Beutler and Kuhl 1985; Collard et al. 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143213
Cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyzes the reaction of glucose 6-phosphate and NADP+ to form D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate and , and NADPH + H+. Biochemical studies indicate that both G6PD dimers and tetramers are catalytically active and capable or forming under physiological conditions in vivo (Au et al. 2000). Mutations that reduce the catalytic efficientcy of G6PD are remarkably common in human populations; these appear to have a protective effect against malaria (e.g., Luzzatto and Afolayan 1968).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99936.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147421
At the beginning of this reaction, 3 molecules of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'TSC1:TSC2' are present. At the end of this reaction, 3 molecules of 'ADP', and 1 molecule of 'TSC1:Inhibited TSC2-1-P' are present. This reaction is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'PIP3:Phosphorylated PKB complex'.
A complete inventory of all enzymes in the eukaryotic methionine salvage pathway
At the beginning of this reaction, 3 molecules of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'TSC2-1' are present. At the end of this reaction, 3 molecules of 'ADP', and 1 molecule of 'Inhibited TSC2-1-P at Ser 939, 1130 and Thr 1462' are present. This reaction is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'PIP3:Phosphorylated PKB complex'.
mTOR forms a functional protein complex with at least two proteins: Raptor (Regulated Associated Protein of mTOR) and mLst8. This complex is called mammalian TOR complex 1 (mTORC1). Raptor serves as a scaffolding protein to bridge the interaction between mTOR and its substrates. mLst8 enhances the association of mTOR with Raptor. [Rheb:GTP] binds and activates mTORC1. Besides binding directly to mTOR, Rheb can also bind to Raptor and mLst8 (PMIDs 15854902, 15755954 and 12150926).
Phosphorylation of TSC2 by PKB disrupts TSC1/TSC2 heterodimer formation (PMID 15314020). TSC2 function is affected in at least two ways: first, phosphorylation decreases the activity of TSC2; second, phosphorylation destabilizes the TSC2 protein. This destabilization is achieved by disrupting complex formation between TSC1 and TSC2 and inducing ubiquination of the free TSC2 (PMID 12172553). Phosphorylation of complexed TSC2 by PKB induces degradation of both TSC1 and TSC2 through the proteosome pathway (PMID 121676664). Phosphorylation of complexed TSC2 by PKB may therefore result in the dissociation of the TSC1:TSC2 complex (PMID 12423332).
At the beginning of this reaction, 3 molecules of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'eIF4G' are present. At the end of this reaction, 3 molecules of 'ADP', and 1 molecule of 'eIF4G-P' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'S6K1-P'.
Once phosphorylated, S6K1-P phosphorylates and activates ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), which in turn selectively increases the translation of 5ââ¬â¢TOP mRNAs. These mRNAs encode exclusively for components of the translation machinery (PMID 15809305).
Cytosolic phophoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase catalyzes the reaction of D-ribose 5-phosphate and ATP to form 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose and AMP. Three isoforms of the enzyme have been described. The first has been purified and characterized biochemically (Fox and Kelley 1971). The others are known only as inferred protein products of cloned genes; their catalytic properties have not been determined.
Effects of synthetic analogues of phosphoenolpyruvate on muscle and liver pyruvate kinase, muscle enolase, liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and on the intra-/extra-mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid carrier transport system
eIF4B is a physiologically relevant target of S6K1. Once phosphorylated and activated by S6K1, eIF4B specifically stimulates the ATPase and RNA helicase activities of eIF4A.
5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) is a key intermediate in both the de novo and salvage pathways of purine and pyrimidine synthesis. PRPP and the enzymatic activity responsible for its synthesis were first described by Kornberg et al. (1955). The enzyme, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1, has been purified from human erythrocytes and characterized biochemically. The purified enzyme readily forms multimers; its smallest active form appears to be a dimer and for simplicity it is annotated as a dimer here. It specifically catalyzes the transfer of pyrophosphate from ATP or dATP to D-ribose 5-phosphate, and has an absolute requirement for Mg++ and orthophosphate (Fox and Kelley 1971; Roth et al. 1974). The significance of the reaction with dATP in vivo is unclear, as the concentration of cytosolic dATP is normally much lower than that of ATP. The importance of this enzyme for purine synthesis in vivo has been established by demonstrating excess phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity, correlated with elevated enzyme levels or altered enzyme properties, in individuals whose rates of uric acid production are constitutively abnormally high (Becker and Kim 1987; Roessler et al. 1993). Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of two additional genes that encode phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-like proteins, one widely expressed (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2) and one whose expression appears to be confined to the testis (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1-like 1) (Taira et al. 1989; 1991). Neither of these proteins has been purified and characterized enzymatically, nor have variations in the abundance or sequence of either protein been associated with alterations in human nucleotide metabolism (Roessler et al. 1993; Becker et al. 1996), so their dimerization and ability to catalyze the synthesis of PRPP from D-ribose 5-phosphate are inferred here on the basis of their predicted amino acid sequence similarity to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'eIF4E:4E-BP1-P' is present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of '4E-BP1-P', and 1 molecule of 'eIF4E' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol'.
The pentose phosphate pathway is responsible for the generation of a substantial fraction of the cytoplasmic NADPH required for biosynthetic reactions, and for the generation of ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis. Although the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis are distinct, they involve three common intermediates, glucose 6-phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and fructose 6-phosphate, so the two pathways are interconnected. The pentose phosphate pathway consists of eight reactions:1. Conversion glucose 6-phosphate to D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate, with the formation of NADPH; 2. Conversion of D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate to 6-phospho-D-gluconate; 3. Conversion of 6-phospho-D-gluconate to ribulose 5-phosphate, with the formation of NADPH; 4. Conversion of ribulose 5-phosphate to xylulose 5-phosphate; 5. Conversion of ribulose 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate; 6. Rearrangement of ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate to form sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; 7. Rearrangement of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate; and 8. Rearrangement of xylulose 5-phosphate and erythrose 4-phosphate to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. The oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, reactions 1-3, generates NADPH and pentose 5-phosphate. The non-oxidative branch of the pathway, reactions 4-8, converts pentose 5-phosphate to other sugars. The overall pathway can operate to generate only NADPH (glucose 6-phosphate is converted to pentose 5-phosphates, which are directed to the synthesis of fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which in turn are converted back to glucose 6-phosphate). The reactions of the non-oxidative branch can operate to generate net amounts of ribose 5-phosphate with no production of NADPH. Net flux through this network of reactions appears to depend on the metabolic state of the cell and the nature of the biosynthetic reactions underway (Casazza and Veech 1987). G6PD, the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the pathway, is more extensively mutated in human populations than any other enzyme, pehaps because these mutant alleles confer malaria resistance (Luzzatto and Afolayan 1968). Mutations affecting other parts of the pathway are rare, though several have been described and studies of their effects have contributed to our understanding of the normal flux of metabolites through this network of reactions (Wamelink et al. 2008).
Cytosolic phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 catalyzes the reaction of D-ribose 5-phosphate and dATP to form 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate and 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate. While phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 works well with either ATP or dATP as a substrate in vitro, the extent of the dATP reaction in vivo is unclear, as cellular dATP concentrations are normally very low (Fox and Kelley 1971).
P-TEFb, a cyclin-dependent kinase controlling elongation by RNA polymerase II.
These pathways together are responsible for: 1) the extraction of energy and carbon skeletons for biosyntheses from dietary sugars and related molecules; 2) the short-term storage of glucose in the body (as glycogen) and its mobilization during a short fast; and 3) the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate during extended fasts.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146802
Cytosolic transaldolase (TALDO1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of D-erythrose 4-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate to form D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Protein expressed from the cloned gene has been characterized biochemically (Banki et al. 1994) and transaldolase deficiency in a patient has been correlated with a mutation in the TALDO1 gene (Verhoeven et al. 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147365
The reversible interconversion of ribose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate is catalyzed by cytosolic ribose 5-phosphate isomerase (Huck et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147367
The reversible interconversion of ribulose 5-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate is catalyzed by cytosolic ribose 5-phosphate isomerase (Huck et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147368
Cytosolic transketolase catalyzes the reaction of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate to form D-erythrose 4-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate. The active transketolase enzyme is a homodimer with one molecule of thiamine pyrophosphate and magnesium bound to each monomer (Wang et al. 1997).
Cytosolic transketolase catalyzes the reaction of D-erythrose 4-phosphate and D-xylulose 5-phosphate to form D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate. The active transketolase enzyme is a homodimer with one molecule of thiamine pyrophosphate and magnesium bound to each monomer (Wang et al. 1997).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146801
Activated AMPK (phosphorylated on Thr172/Thr174 and AMP bound) phosphorylates Raptor on Ser 722 and Ser 792. These phosphorylations are required for inhibition of mTORC1 activity in response to energy stress (Gwinn DM et al, 2008).
If AMP:ATP ratio rises, AMP (instead of ATP) is bound by the AMPK-gamma subunit, which inhibits the dephosphorylation of the AMPK-alpha subunit resulting in activation of AMPK. It is not clear, as of yet, whether AMP binds to unphosphorylated AMPK.
Normally under low AMP:ATP conditions, the active AMPK is dephosphorylated (possibly by PP2C), and thus inactivated.
The cytosolic AMPK complex is activated by phosphorylation. LKB1 phosphorylates AMPK heterotrimer on Thr174 of the alpha 1 subunit (or Thr172 on alpha 2 subunit) leading to activation of AMPK (if cellular AMP/ATP ratio is high) (Hawley SA et al, 2003; Woods A et al, 2003; Shaw RJ et al, 2004). Signals leading to this phosphorylation event can be mediated by exercise, leptin and adiponectin, the hypothalamic-sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and alpha adrenergic receptors, as demonstrated in studies of rat and human skeletal muscle (Minoksohi et al, 2002, Kahn et al, 2005). The details of AMPK activation in response to these stimuli will be annotated in the future. Nuclear AMPK may well be a substrate for LKB1 but, to date, there is no clear evidence for this.
Upon complex formation with STRAD and MO25, LKB1 (also known as serine/threonine kinase 11, STK11) is mostly cytosolic. LKB1 attains 20x activity towards the substrates belonging to the subfamily of AMPK-like kinases (5'AMP-activated protein kinases).
Raptor recruits mTOR to non-phosphorylated 4E-BP1 bound to eIF4E and positively modulates phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 by mTOR. 4E-BP1 is further phosphorylated on multiple sites by other unknown kinases, also contributing to the dissociation of 4E-BP1 from eIF4E. Thus mTORC1 relieves the inhibitory effect of 4E-BP1 on eIF4E dependent translation initiation (PMIDs 15755954, 10872469, 11297505, 12150926 and 15809305).
An array of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and tetrakisphosphate (IP4) molecules are synthesised by the action of various kinases and phosphatases in the cytosol (Irvine & Schell 2001, Bunney & Katan 2010).
TSC2 (in the TSC complex) functions as a GTPase-activating protein and stimulates the intrinsic GTPase activity of a small G-protein Rheb. This results in the conversion of Rheb-GTP into Rheb-GDP and in the inhibition of the mTOR activation by GTP-bound Rheb (Inoki K et al, 2003; Tee AR et al, 2003).
In the nucleus, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) phosphorylates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5)P4) (Nalaskowski et al. 2002, Chang et al. 2002, Chang & Majerus 2006).
Activated AMPK (phosphorylated on the alpha subunit and AMP bound) phosphorylates TSC2 on Ser1387, thereby activating the GAP activity of the TSC complex via an unknown mechanism.
In the nucleus, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) phosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5)P4) to inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5) (Nalaskowski et al. 2002, Chang & Majerus 2006).
LKB1 forms a complex with STRAD and MO25 thereby attaining a higher activity towards its substrates belonging to the subfamily of AMPK like kinases. LKB1:STRAD:MO25 complex phosphorylates AMPK constantly. This phosphorylation is immediately removed in basal conditions by PP2C, but if the cellular AMP:ATP ratio rises, binding of AMP by AMPK inhibits the dephosphorylation, and the maintained phosphorylation results in activation of the AMPK.
In the nucleus, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) phosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,6)P4) to inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5) (Chang et al. 2002, Chang & Majerus 2006).
Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase aka phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) dephosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5)P4) to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) (Maehama & Dixon 1998, Han et al. 2000).
At the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, phosphoinositide phospholipase C delta-4 (PLCD4) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). PLCD4 (Leung et al. 2004, Lee et al. 2004) is attached to the ER membrane via its PH domain while its C2 domain binds to the PI(4,5)P2 in the membrane.
Type II inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5B) is attached to the plasma membrane where it dephosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5)P4) to inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (I(1,3,4)P3 (Jefferson & Majerus 1995, Ross et al. 1991, Schmid et al. 2004). INPP5B is isoprenylated at its C-terminus for membrane attachment.
A group of inositol phosphatases and the broad specificity enzyme inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase (ITPK1) dephosphorylate inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5)P4) to inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (I(1,3,4)P3). The group of inositol phosphatases involved are: inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1 (OCRL), phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (INPP5D) aka SHIP1, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 (INPPL1) aka SHIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A (INPP5J) aka PIPP, and synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SYNJ1). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: OCRL (Chang et al. 2002, Zhang et al. 1995, Zhang et al. 1998, Schmid et al. 2004); INPP5D (Drayer et al. 1996, Kavanaugh et al. 1996); INPPL1 (Chi et al. 2004); INPP5J (Mochizuki & Thompson 1999); SYNJ1 (Schmid et al. 2004); ITPK1 (Ho et al. 2002).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110291
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3022.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147426
A group of phospholipase C proteins (PLC(degh)) bind to the plasma membrane via their PH domains. These phospholipases hydrolyse phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The C2 domains of the enzymes bind to PI(4,5)P2 at the membrane. The phospholipase C isoforms involved and their corresponding literature references are: phosphoinositide phospholipase C delta-1(PLCD1) (Cheng et al. 1995); epsilon-1 (PLCE1) (Song et al. 2001, Lopez et al. 2001); delta-3 (PLCD3) (Pawelczyk & Matecki 1997); gamma-1 (PLCG1) (Harita et al. 2009, Baldassare et al. 1989); gamma-2 (PLCG2) (Banno et al. 1988); eta-1 (PLCH1) (Hwang et al. 2005); and eta-2 (PLCH2) (Zhou et al 2005).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95584.9
At the plasma membrane, a group of phospholipase C (PLC(bz)) proteins hydrolyse phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) to inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). This group of phospholipase C proteins lack a PH domain and so are is cytosolic. Their C2 domains bind to PI(4,5)P2 at the membrane. The PLC-beta proteins are thought to be responsible for the majority of PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis. The phospholipase C isoforms involved and their corresponding literature references are: phosphoinositide phospholipase C beta-1 (PLCB1) (Caricasole et al. 2000, Jhon et al. 1993, Park et al. 1992); beta-2 (PLCB2) (Jhon et al. 1993, Park et al. 1992); beta-3 (PLCB3) (Carozzi et al. 1992, Jhon et al. 1993); beta-4 (PLCB4) (Alvarez et al. 1995, Lee et al. 1993); and zeta-1 (PLCZ1) (Kouchi et al. 2005, Rogers et al. 2004).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87802.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147415
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PKB:PKB Regulator', and 1 molecule of 'Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PKB regulator', and 1 molecule of 'PIP3:PKB complex ' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cell'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of '3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 ', and 1 molecule of 'Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PIP3:PDK complex [plasma membrane]' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'cell'.
Upon formation of a trimeric LKB1:STRAD:MO25 complex, LKB1 phosphorylates and activates AMPK. If the AMP:ATP ratio rises, this activation is maintained and AMPK activates the TSC complex by phosphorylating TSC2. Active TSC activates the intrinsic GTPase activity of Rheb, resulting in GDP-loaded Rheb and inhibition of mTOR pathway.
Activated AMPK phosphorylates TSC2 and activates the TSC complex. TSC2 functions as a GTPase-activating protein and stimulates the intrinsic GTPase activity of a small G-protein Rheb. This results in conversion of Rheb-GTP into Rheb-GDP, and in inhibition of the mTOR activation by GTP-bound Rheb.
PKB and PDK1 are activated via membrane-bound PIP3. Activated PDK1 phosphorylates PKB, which in turn phosphorylates PDE3B. The latter hydrolyses cAMP to 5'AMP, depleting cAMP pools.
Release of phospho-IRS from the insulin receptor triggers a cascade of signalling events via PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases.
Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases (DIPP), also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif (NUDT) proteins, dephosphorylate inositol bisdiphospho-tetrakisphosphate ((PP)2-IP4) to inositol 5-diphospho-1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-PP-IP5). The NUDT proteins involved are: nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 3 (NUDT3), 4 (NUDT4), 10 (NUDT10), and 11 (NUDT11). The reactants consumed are: inositol 1,5-bisdiphospho-2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (1,5-(PP)2-IP4) and inositol 3,5-bisdiphospho-1,2,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (3,5-(PP)2-IP4). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: NUDT3 (Safrany et al. 1999, Safrany et al. 1998, Yang et al. 1999, Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT4 (Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT10 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002) and NUDT11 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002).
SOS is recruited to the plasma membrane and mediates activation of Ras.
Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases, also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif (NUDT) proteins, dephosphorylate inositol diphospho-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) to inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6). The NUDT proteins involved are: nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 3 (NUDT3), 4 (NUDT4), 10 (NUDT10), and 11 (NUDT11). The reactants consumed are: inositol 1-diphospho-2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (1-PP-IP5) and 3-diphospho-1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (3-PP-IP5). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: NUDT3 (Safrany et al. 1999, Safrany et al. 1998, Yang et al. 1999, Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT4 (Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT10 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002) and NUDT11 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002).
Inositol hexakisphosphate and diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate kinase 1/2 (PPIP5K1) and 2 (PPIP5K2) phosphorylate inositol 5-diphospho-1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-PP-IP5) to inositol 1,5-bisdiphospho-2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (1,5-(PP)2-IP4) (Fridy et al. 2007, Mulugu et al. 2007, Choi et al. 2007, Lin et al. 2009).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3987.1
Inositol hexakisphosphate and diphosphoinositol-pentakisphosphate kinase 1/2 (PPIP5K1) and 2 (PPIP5K2) phosphorylate inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6) to inositol 1-diphospho-2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (1-PP-IP5)) (Fridy et al. 2007, Mulugu et al. 2007, Choi et al. 2007, Lin et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2011).
Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases (DIPP), also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif (NUDT) proteins, dephosphorylate inositol 5-diphospho-1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-PP-IP5) to inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6). The NUDT proteins involved are: nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 3 (NUDT3), 4 (NUDT4), 10 (NUDT10), and 11 (NUDT11). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: NUDT3 (Safrany et al. 1999, Safrany et al. 1998, Yang et al. 1999, Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT4 (Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT10 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002) and NUDT11 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002).
Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 2, also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 4 (NUDT4), dephosphorylates diphospho- tetrakisphosphate (PP-IP4) to inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5). The products made are: inositol 5-diphospho-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (5-PP-IP4); inositol 1-diphospho-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (1-PP-IP4); and inositol 3-diphospho-1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (3-PP-IP4). The following lists the above protein with its corresponding literature references: NUDT4 (Saiardi et al. 2001, Saiardi et al. 2000).
Inositolpentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPPK), also known as IP52K, phosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5) to inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6) (Verbski et al. 2002, Brehm et al. 2007, Choi et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143223
Within the nucleus, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPPK), inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) and 2 (IP6K2) produce IP5, IP6, IP7, and IP8 inositol phosphate molecules (Irvine & Schell 2001, Alcazar-Romain & Wente 2008, York 2006, Monserrate and York 2010, Nalaskowski et al. 2002, Chang et al. 2002, Chang & Majerus 2006, Saiardi et al. 2001, Saiardi et al. 2000, Draskovic et al. 2008, Mulugu et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143228
In the nucleus, inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPPK - also known as IP5-2K) phosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5) to inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6) (Verbsky et al. 2002, Brehm et al. 2007, Choi et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147413
In the nucleus, inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) phosphorylates inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,4,5,6)P4) to inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5) (Nalaskowski et al. 2002, Chang & Majerus 2006).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=72085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143221
IRS is one of the mediators of insulin signalling events. It is activated by phosphorylation and triggers a cascade of events involving PI3K, SOS, RAF and the MAP kinases. The proteins mentioned under IRS are examples of IRS family members acting as indicated. More family members are to be confirmed and added in the future.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143222
Inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) and 2 (IMPA2) homodimers dephosphorylate inositol 4-phosphate (I4P) to inositol (Ins). In vitro, IMPA1 and 2 differ in their pH optima and IMPA1 has a significantly greater activity on IP4 than does IMPA2 (Ohnishi et al. 2007).
Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (INPP1) dephosphorylates inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (I(1,4)P2) to inositol 4-phosphate (I4P) (York et al. 1993).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163304.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173018
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161640.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173016
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162474.2
Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolases (DIPP), also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif (NUDT) proteins, dephosphorylate inositol bisdiphospho-tetrakisphosphate ((PP)2-IP4) to inositol diphospho-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5). The NUDT proteins involved are: nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 3 (NUDT3), 4 (NUDT4), 10 (NUDT10), and 11 (NUDT11). The reactants consumed are: inositol 1,5-bisdiphospho-2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (1,5-(PP)2-IP4) and inositol 3,5-bisdiphospho-1,2,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (3,5-(PP)2-IP4). The products made are: inositol 1-diphospho-2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (1-PP-IP5) and 3-diphospho-1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (3-PP-IP5). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: NUDT3 (Safrany et al. 1999, Safrany et al. 1998, Yang et al. 1999, Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT4 (Caffrey et al. 2000), NUDT10 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002) and NUDT11 (Leslie et al. 2002, Hidaka et al. 2002).
Inositol phosphates such as IP4, IP5 and IP6 are converted to an even wider variety of IPs including the di- and triphospho inositol phosphates, also known as pyrophosphates (Irvine & Schell 2001, Alcazar-Romain & Wente 2008, York 2006, Monserrate and York 2010, Ho et al. 2002, Saiardi et al. 2001, Draskovic et al. 2008, Choi et al. 2007, Caffrey et al. 2000, Leslie et al. 2002).
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MINPP1) dephosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5)P4) to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) (Caffrey et al. 1999, Chi et al. 1999).
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MINPP1) dephosphorylates inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,3,4,5,6)P5) to inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (I(1,4,5,6)P4) (Caffrey et al. 1999, Chi et al. 1999).
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MINPP1) dephosphorylates 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6) to inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (I(1,2,4,5,6)P5) (Caffrey et al. 1999, Chi et al. 1999, Deleu et al. 2006, Nogimori et al. 1991).
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, inositol phosphates IP4, IP5, and IP6 are dephosphorylated by multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 1 (MINPP1) (Caffrey et al. 1999, Chi et al. 1999, Deleu et al. 2006, Nogimori et al. 1991).
A group of inositol phosphatases dephosphorylate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) to inositol 1,4-bisphosphate (I(1,4)P2). The group of inositol phosphatases involved are: inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1 (OCRL), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A (INPP5J), and synaptic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (SYNJ1). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: OCRL (Zhang et al. 1995, Zhang et al. 1998, Schmid et al. 2004); INPP5J (Mochizuki & Thompson 1999); SYNJ1 (Schmid et al. 2004).
Type I inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (INPP5A) and the Type II phosphatase (INPP5B) are isoprenylated to the plasma membrane and act as a lipid anchor. Here they dephosphorylate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3) to inositol 1,4-bisphosphate I(1,4)P2. ). The following lists the above proteins with their corresponding literature references: INPP5A (Laxminarayan et al. 1994); INPP5B (Jefferson & Majerus 1995, Ross et al. 1991, Schmid et al. 2004).
The intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity of activated FGF receptor 4 catalyzes multiple phosphorylation events, creating a number of binding sites for membrane bound docking proteins to gather intracellular signaling mediators. Based on sequence alignment, FGFR4 contains 5 of the 8 cytoplasmic tyrosine residues identified in FGFR1.
FGFR4 is expressed mainly in mature skeletal muscle, and disruption of FGFR4 signaling interrupts limb muscle formation in vertebrates.
The FGFs are a family of 22 secreted glycoproteins that are sequestered in the extracellular matrix (ECM) through their interaction with heparin and heparin sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Release of FGFs from the ECM through the action of heparinases or proteases allows FGFs to act in a paracrine or autocrine manner on local FGF receptors. Binding to the receptor is stabilized by cell surface HSPG, forming a ternary complex. A subset of FGFs (FGF19, 21 and 23) have lower affinity for heparin and HSPG and act in an endocrine manner over greater distances to regulate energy, bile acid, glucose, lipid phosphate, and vitamin D homeostasis. Binding of these ligands to their receptors is generally aided by the FGF-binding Klotho proteins. The intracrine subfamily of FGFs (FGF11, 12, 13 and 14) are not secreted but act intracellularly in an FGF receptor-independent manner to regulate electrical impulses in neurons. There are four FGFR genes (FGFR1-4) encoding receptors with 3 extracellular immunoglobulin domains (D1-D3), a single pass transmembrane domain and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. D2 and D3 are necessary and sufficient for ligand binding, while D1 and a serine-rich region between D1 and D2 known as the acid box are thought to play a role in receptor autoinhibition. Exon skipping generates isoforms of FGF receptors lacking D1 and the acid box, and these receptors show higher affinity for ligand than their counterparts with 3 Ig domains. FGFR1, 2 and 3, but not FGFR4, are also subject to alternative splicing in the second half of the D3 domain to yield 'b' and 'c' isoforms, which are expressed predominantly in epithelial or mesenchymal tissue, respectively. FGF ligands are produced in either epithelial or mesenchymal tissue and bind to receptors of the opposite tissue type. An exception to this is FGF1 which can bind to both 'b' and 'c' isoforms. In general, the epithelial 'b' receptor isoforms bind a narrower range of ligands than the mesenchymal 'c' versions. FGFRs also contain a short amino acid motif within the second immunoglobulin domain that shares sequence homology with functional motifs present in neural adhesion molecules such as NCAM and N-cadherin. This so called CAM homology domain (CHD) forms a contiguous sequence with the acid box region and is crucial for this mode of activation. Interactions between the neural cell adhesion molecules are important for a number of developmental events and have also been implicated in tumor progression. Although the interaction can be seen over most of the cell surface, it is not seen at points of cell-cell contact where the adhesion molecules accumulate at stable junctions. The FGFR interaction with N-cadherin and NCAM (but not FGF) is absolutely dependent on the presence of the acid box motif. As this motif can be spliced out of all four FGFRs, this suggests a mechanism that can regulate the interaction of the receptor with different ligand classes.
NPC1L1 protein mediates the uptake of dietary sterols from the gut lumen. These include cholesterol and plant sterols (phytosterols). Half to two-thirds of the 250-500 milligrams of cholesterol consumed daily from a typical western diet is taken up by this route and exported from enterocytes into the lymph in chylomicrons. Of the 200-400 milligrams of dietary phytosterol, only about 5% is absorbed.The drug ezetimibe interferes with NPC1L1-mediated sterol uptake (Oram and Vaughan 2006). Both cholesterol and phytosterols are secreted from the liver into the bile (Salen et al. 1970). Mutations affecting the ABCG5/8 transporter complex inhibit this process (e.g., Berge et al. 2000), while the molecular details of sterol export in human cells have not been worked out, they can be inferred from the properties of the homologous mouse proteins (Graf et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2006).
FRS2alpha is broadly expressed in adult and fetal tissues. Membrane-bound FRS2alpha interacts with FGFR as a first step in the phosphorylation of this docking protein. The juxtamembrane binding site for FRS2alpha does not contain tyrosine, so binding may be independent of receptor activation and/or constitutive. Activation of the FGFR receptor is required for FRS2alpha phosphorylation and subsequent recruitment of downstream effectors.
FRS2beta is predominantly expressed in the developing and adult neuroepithelium. As is the case for FRS2alpha, binding of FRS2beta to FGFR may be constitutive and/or independent of receptor activation. Elements of the downstream signaling mediated by the two FRS2 family members appear to be at least partially conserved, as FRS2beta is phosphorylated upon FGF stimulation, binds SHP2 and GRB2 and results in ERK activation. Moreover, expression of FRS2beta in FRS2alpha-/- MEFs restores ERK activation.
FRS2alpha is activated through tyrosine phosphorylation catalyzed by the protein kinase domain of the activated FGFR. FRS2-alpha contains four binding sites for the adaptor protein GRB2 at residues Y196, Y306, Y349 and Y392, and two binding sites for the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 at residues Y436 and Y471. Different FGFR isoforms may generate different phosphorylation patterns on FRS2alpha leading to alternate downstream signaling.
FRS2beta is activated through tyrosine phosphorylation catalyzed by the protein kinase domain of the activated FGFR. By sequence comparison, FRS2beta has the 2 SHP2-binding sites and has three of the four GRB2-binding sites.
This pathway depicts the binding of an experimentally-verified range of ligands to FGFR3c. While binding affinities may vary considerably within this set, the ligands listed have been established to bring about receptor activation at their reported physiological concentrations.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173025
FGFR3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the FGF receptor family, known to have a negative regulatory effect on long bone growth. Somatically, some of the same activating mutations are associated with hypochondroplasia, multiple myeloma, and cervical and vesical carcinoma.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173021
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162973.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173020
Inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) and 2 (IMPA2) homodimers dephosphorylate inositol 1-phosphate (I1P) to inositol (Ins). In vitro, IMPA1 and 2 differ in their pH optima and IMPA1 has a significantly greater activity on IP4 than does IMPA2 (McAllister et al. 1992, Ohnishi et al. 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173019
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163457.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174393
Inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1) and 2 (IMPA2) homodimers dephosphorylate inositol 3-phosphate (I3P) to inositol (Ins). In vitro, IMPA1 and 2 differ in their pH optima and IMPA1 has a significantly greater activity on IP4 than does IMPA2 (Ohnishi et al. 2007).
Inositol phosphates IP2, IP and the six-carbon cyclic alcohol inositol (Ins) are produced by various phosphatases and the inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 (ISYNA1) (Ju et al. 2004, Ohnishi et al. 2007, Irvine & Schell 2001, Bunney & Katan 2010).
Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase (INPP1) dephosphorylates inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate (I(1,3,4)P3) to inositol 3,4-bisphosphate (I(3,4)P2) (York et al. 1993).
Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 (ISYNA1) aka hIPS isomerises glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) to inositol 3-phosphate (I3P) (Ju et al. 2004).
Dietary phytosterols (sterols derived from plants) are taken up into enterocytes from the gut lumen. The reaction is thought to be mediated by plasma membrane-associated NPC1L1 protein. Detailed studies in Maden-Darby canine kidney cells, both mediated by endogenous (canine) NPC1L1 and by overexpressed human protein, indicate a major role for NPC1L1 in the uptake of extracellular sterol. These studies have also shown that ezetimibe binds both human and canine proteins and renders them incapable of mediating sterol uptake. The molecular mechanisms of cholesterol transport and ezetimibe inhibition, however, remain unclear (Weinglass et al. 2008).
Human NPC1L1, associated with the plasma membrane, binds ezetimibe and becomes incapable of mediating cholesterol uptake. The molecular mechanisms of cholesterol transport and ezetimibe inhibition, however, remain unclear (Garcia-Calvo et al. 2005; Weinglass et al. 2008).
Inositol phosphates (IPs) are molecules involves in signalling processes in eukaryotes. myo-Inositol consists of a six-carbon cyclic alcohol with an axial 2-hydroxy and five equatorial hydroxyls. Mono-, di-, and triphosphorylation of the inositol ring generates a wide variety of stereochemically distinct signalling entities. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (I(1,4,5)P3), is formed when the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is hydrolysed by a phospholipase C isozyme. An array of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and tetrakisphosphate (IP4) molecules are synthesised by the action of various kinases and phosphatases in the cytosol. These species then transport between the cytosol and the nucleus where they are acted on by inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK), inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPPK), inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) and 2 (IP6K2), to produce IP5, IP6, IP7, and IP8 molecules. Some of these nuclear produced IPs transport back to the cytosol where they are converted to an even wider variety of IPs, by kinases and phosphatases, including the di- and triphospho inositol phosphates aka pyrophosphates (Irvine & Schell 2001, Bunney & Katan 2010, Alcazar-Romain & Wente 2008, York 2006, Monserrate and York 2010).
Dietary cholesterol is taken up into enterocytes from the gut lumen in a reaction mediated by plasma membrane-associated NPC1L1 protein. This role for NPC1L1 was first observed in studies of a mouse model system (Altman et al. 2004). Subsequent studies of human cultured cells confirmed the participation of NPC1L1 in cholesterol transport across membranes but suggested that this transport process might not be a major factor in dietary cholesterol uptake (Davies et al. 2005). Detailed studies in Maden-Darby canine kidney cells, both mediated by endogenous (canine) NPC1L1 and by overexpressed human protein, indicate a major role for NPC1L1 in the uptake of extracellular cholesterol. These studies have also shown that ezetimibe binds both human and canine proteins and renders them incapable of mediating cholesterol uptake. The molecular mechanisms of cholesterol transport and ezetimibe inhibition, however, remain unclear (Weinglass et al. 2008).
The exact role of SHC1 in FGFR signaling remains unclear. Numerous studies have shown that the p46 and p52 isoforms of SHC1 are phosphorylated in response to FGF stimulation, but direct interaction with the receptor has not been demonstrated. Co-precipitation of p46 and p52 with the FGFR2 IIIc receptor has been reported, but this interaction is thought to be indirect, possibly mediated by SRC. Consistent with this, co-precipitation of SHC1 and FGFR1 IIIc is seen in mammalian cells expressing v-SRC. The p66 isoform of SHC1 has also been co-precipitated with FGFR3, but this occurs independently of receptor stimulation, and the p66 isoform not been shown to undergo FGF-dependent phosphorylation. SHC1 has been shown to associate with GRB2 and SOS1 in response to FGF stimulation, suggesting that the recruitment of SHC1 may contribute to activation of the MAPK cascade downstream of FGFR.
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
Although a role for SHC1 in FGF signalling has been implicated in many studies, it is not clear that SHC1 interacts directly with the receptor.
The p46 and p53 isoforms of SHC1 have been shown to be phosphorylated upon FGF stimulation. Three consensus RTK phosphoryation sites are present in SHC1, although phosphorylation of these specific tyrosine residues has not been explicitly demonstrated in response to FGF stimulation. In contrast, the p66 isoform of SHC1 does not appear to undergo FGF-dependent phosphorylation.
Phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) is a substrate of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and other receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. It is known that the src homology region 2 (SH2 domain) of PLC-gamma and of other signaling molecules (such as GTPase-activating protein and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-associated p85) direct their binding toward autophosphorylated tyrosine residues of the FGFR. Recruitment of PLC-gamma results in its phosphorylation and activation by the receptor. Activated PLC-gamma hydrolyzes phosphatidyl inositol[4,5] P2 to form the second messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ins [1,4,5]P3, which stimulate calcium release and activation of calcium/calmodulin dependent kinases.
Phosphomevalonate kinase: functional investigation of the recombinant human enzyme
Recruitment of PLC-gamma by FGF receptors has been best studied in FGFR1c signaling, where it has been shown that autophosphorylation of Tyr766 in the C-terminal tail of FGFR1c creates a specific binding site for the SH2 domain of PLC-gamma. A mutant FGFR1c in which Y766 is replaced by phenylalanine is unable to activate PI hydrolysis and Ca2+ release in response to FGF stimulation. Membrane recruitment of PLC-gamma is also aided by binding of the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of this enzyme to PtIns(3,4,5) P3 molecules that are generated in response to PI-3 kinase stimulation. By sequence comparison, Y766 is conserved in all FGFR isoforms, and PLC-gamma signaling is observed, to a greater or lesser extent, downstream of all FGFR receptors upon stimulation with FGFs.
PLC gamma is phosphorylated by activated FGFR, resulting in PLC gamma activation, stimulation of phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and generation of two second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol (1,4,5) P3. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCgamma by FGFR4 is weaker than that seen by other isoforms of FGFR.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP2 by FGFR kinase is required for activation of the phosphatase activity of SHP2 and for downstream signaling. Tyrosine phosphorylated SHP2 plays a major role in the activation of RAS-MAP kinase pathway, although the precise role is not yet clear.
The FRS family of scaffolding adaptor proteins has two members, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta (also known as FRS3 or SNT-2). Activation of FGFR tyrosine kinase allows FRS2 proteins to become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and then bind to the adaptor GRB2 and the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Subsequently, SHP2 activates the RAS-MAP kinase pathway and GRB2 activates the RAS-MAP kinase , PI-3-kinase and ubiquitinations/degradation pathways by binding to SOS, GAB1 and CBL, respectively, via the SH3 domains of GRB2. FRS2alpha acts as a central mediator in FGF signaling mainly because it induces sustained levels of activation of ERK with ubiquitous expression.
p-FRS2alpha has two SHP2-binding sites at pY436 and pY471.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147377
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4250.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113717
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147379
In humans, the phosphorylated MNK1 kinase phosphorylates the adaptor protein Sprouty2 on Ser112 and Ser121, and also at some other serine and threonine residues. MNK1 appears not to form a complex with Sprouty2. Some of these (including the two main sites mentioned above) conform to the serine-containing consensus sites for phosphorylation by MNK1 kinase (K/R-X-X-S, R-X-S). It appears that serine phosphorylation is required to protect Sprouty2 from degradation. In the absence of serine phosphorylation, phosphorylation of Tyr55 and subsequent binding to E3 ubiquitin ligase, CBL, is enhanced. Serine phosphorylation of Sprouty2 appears to stabilise the protein by interfering with its potential phosphorylation of Tyr55 (Sprouty2 appears to be a poor substrate for c-Src kinase) in response to growth factor stimulation.
Some evidence suggests that SPRY2 can exert its negative role on FGF signaling at the level of RAF activation. Hypophosphorylated SPRY2 binds to inactive B-RAF, preventing it from activating ERK signaling. MAPK activation results in phosphorylation of SPRY2 on six serine residues (S7, S42, S111, S120, S140 and S167), and inhibits B-RAF binding. Phosphorylation at S111 and S120 directly affects B-RAF binding while the remaining four sites appear to contribute indirectly. Oncogenic forms of B-RAF such as B-RAF V600E, which adopt active kinase conformations, do not associate with SPRY2, regardless of its phosphorylation status. This suggests that two mechanisms affect the SPRY2:B-RAF interaction: SPRY2 phosphorylation and B-RAF conformation.
The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-Jun kinases
SPRY2 translocates to the plasma membrane upon activation of cells with FGF, and translocation is required for the inhibition of growth factor-stimulated cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Translocation may be mediated by interactions with PIP2 in the membrane, palmitoylation of the C-terminal region of SPRY2 and/or interactions with caveolin-1.
The N terminal TKB domain of CBL binds to the phospho-tyrosine 55 of SPRY2, targeting SPRY2 for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Y55 is also a binding site for PP2A, which dephosphorylates numerous serine and threonine residues on SPRY2, allowing a conformational change that may promote a SPRY2:GRB2 interaction and limit the extent of MAPK activation following FGF stimulation.
In humans, the phosphorylated adaptor protein Sprouty2 is ubiquitinated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL, marking it for degradation by the 26S proteasome.
After ubiquitination, CBL dissociates from SPRY2
The ability of growth factors to protect from apoptosis is primarily due to the activation of the AKT survival pathway. P-I-3-kinase dependent activation of PDK leads to the activation of AKT which in turn affects the activity or expression of pro-apoptotic factors, which contribute to protection from apoptosis. AKT activation also blocks the activity of GSK-3b which could lead to additional antiapoptotic signals.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173014
Signaling via FGFRs is mediated via direct recruitment of signaling proteins that bind to tyrosine auto-phosphorylation sites on the activated receptor and via closely linked docking proteins that become tyrosine phosphorylated in response to FGF-stimulation and form a complex with additional complement of signaling proteins. The activation loop in the catalytic domain of FGFR maintains the PTK domain in an inactive or low activity state. The activation-loop of FGFR1, for instance, contains two tyrosine residues that must be autophosphorylated for maintaining the catalytic domain in an active state. In the autoinhibited configuration, a kinase invariant proline residue at the C-terminal end of the activation loop interferes with substrate binding while allowing access to ATP in the nucleotide binding site. In addition to the catalytic PTK core, the cytoplasmic domain of FGFR contains several regulatory sequences. The juxtamembrane domain of FGFRs is considerably longer than that of other receptor tyrosine kinases. This region contains a highly conserved sequence that serves as a binding site for the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of FRS2. A variety of signaling proteins are phosphorylated in response to FGF stimulation, including Shc, phospholipase-C gamma and FRS2 leading to stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration, cell survival and cell shape.
FRS2alpha has 8 canonical MAPK phosphorylation sites which are phosphorylated by activated ERK1/2 after FGF stimulation. Phosphorylation of these 8 threonine residues counteracts the activating effect of tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2alpha, although the exact mechanism for this negative regulation is not known. Expression of a version of FRS2alpha in which the 8 threonine residues are mutated to valine results in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2alpha, enhanced GRB2-SOS1 recruitment and a more sustained MAPK response. The 8 threonine residues are not conserved in FRS2beta; as a result, signaling through FRS2beta complexes do not appear to be subject to this downregulation.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173011
In unstimulated cells, SPRY2 has been shown to be phosphorylated on multiple serine and threonine residues. In these cells, SPRY2 exists in a complex with the regulatory and catalytic subunits (A and C, respectively) of the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A. After stimulation with FGF, the catalytic activity of PP2A increases and the phosphatase dephophorylates SPRY at serine 112 and serine 115. This is thought to promote changes in tertiary structure that promote GRB2 binding and phosphorylation of Y55 and Y227.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175903
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161627.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173012
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162388.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175285
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163048.2
8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome: a review
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75858
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5797.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175076
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104036.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145932
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87862.9
Characterization of human iodothyronine sulfotransferases
Purification and characterization of a novel xylulose 5-phosphate-activated protein phosphatase catalyzing dephosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase:fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
Mutation of human molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene is responsible for classical xanthinuria type II
Interaction between succinyl CoA synthetase and the heme-biosynthetic enzyme ALAS-E is disrupted in sideroblastic anemia
Self-association of N-syndecan (syndecan-3) core protein is mediated by a novel structural motif in the transmembrane domain and ectodomain flanking region
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2835.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145925
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5384.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109875
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111987.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145559
PKC beta regulates BCR-mediated IKK activation by facilitating the interaction between TAK1 and CARMA1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146663
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91707.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146664
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82809.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175036
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79043.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146665
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92302.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110236.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146666
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32367.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146192
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79444.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175058
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83351.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89694.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71063
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5586.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145926
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80520.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145928
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4127.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145931
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28192.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2517.2
Stable dimeric assembly of the second membrane-spanning domain of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) reconstitutes a chloride-selective pore
Insulin/IGF-I and related signaling pathways regulate aging in nondividing cells: from yeast to the mammalian brain
Characterization of kynurenine aminotransferase III, a novel member of a phylogenetically conserved KAT family
Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (isomerizing) 1
Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (isomerizing) 2
Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase
Antigen Activates B Cell Receptor Leading to Generation of Second Messengers
AKT/PKB signaling: navigating downstream
Kinetic analysis of the liver-type (GLUT2) and brain-type (GLUT3) glucose transporters in Xenopus oocytes: substrate specificities and effects of transport inhibitors
Cytosolic deoxyhypusine hydroxylase catalyzes the irreversible conversion of peptidyl-deoxyhypusine to peptidyl-hypusine. The only known substrate for this enzyme is the modified lysine at residue 50 of eIF5A (Kang et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2006).
Cytosolic eIF5A undergoes a unique two-step post-translational modification at Lys 50 via deoxyhypusine (Dhp) to hypusine (Hyp). In the first step deoxyhypusine synthase transfers the aminobutyl group of spermidine to the epsilon-amino group of lysine 50, using NAD+ as a cofactor. Hydroxylation of the C2 of the newly added moiety in the second step is catalyzed by deoxyhypusine hydroxylase/monooxygenase with molecular oxygen as the source. The molecular function of eIF5A is unknown, but the protein is required for viability in eukaryotic cells and its normal function requires hypusinylation. eIF5A is the only protein known to undergo hypusinylation (Park 2006).
After translation, many newly formed proteins undergo further covalent modifications that alter their functional properties and that are essentially irreversible under physiological conditions in the body. These modifications include the vitamin K-dependent attachment of carboxyl groups to glutamate residues and the conversion of lysine residues to hypusine.
The first step of GPI synthesis is the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from cytosolic UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidyl inositol (PI) in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The reaction is catalyzed by a multimeric enzyme, also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, six components of which have been identified to date by mutagenesis studies in cultured cells and by co-recipitation studies in vitro (Watanabe et al. 1996, 1998, 2000).
The regeneration of reduced vitamin K (vitamin K hydroquinone) from vitamin K epoxide is catalyzed by vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) (Sadler 2004). This enzyme is the target of the anticoagulant drug warfarin. Two important features of this reaction remain unclear. First, dithiothreitol functions efficiently as a reductant in vitro (Wallin and Martin 1985), but the in vivo reductant remains unknown. Second, while people homozygous for mutations in VKORC1 protein lack epoxide reductase activity (Rost et al. 2004) and cultured insect cells transfected with the cloned human VKORC1 gene express vitamin K epoxide reductase activity (Li et al. 2004), the possibility that the active form of the enzyme is a complex with other proteins cannot be formally excluded.
A number of proteins, including eight required for normal blood clot formation and its regulation (Prothrombin (factor II), factor VII, factor IX, factor X, protein C, protein S, protein Z, and Gas6) share a sequence motif rich in glutamate residues near their amino termini. Carboxylation of the glutamate residues within this motif followed by removal of an aminoterminal propeptide is required for each of these proteins to function. These modifications occur as the proteins move through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
Cytosolic deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the reaction of EIF5A protein, spermidine, and NAD+ to convert lysine-50 of EIF5A to deoxyhypusine, generating 1,3-diaminopropane and NADH + H+ in the process (Park 2006). Although the reaction is reversible, the reverse reaction is probably minimized under physiological conditions by the rapid, irreversible conversion of EIF5A(Dhp) to EIF5A(Hyp).
The reaction of EIF5A, spermidine, and NAD+ to form EIF5A(Dhp), 1,3-diaminopropane, and NADH + H+ is reversible in vitro. Under physiological conditions, the reverse reaction is probably minimized by the rapid, irreversible conversion of FIF5A(Dhp) to EIF5A(Hyp).
In the second step of GPI synthesis, N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI is hydrolyzed to yield glucosaminyl-PI and acetate. The phosphatidylinositol (PI) derivatives involved in this reaction are located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, as is the PIG-L enzyme that catalyzes it (Sharma et al. 1999; Pottekat and Menon 2004).
In the fourth step of GPI synthesis, an acyl group (typically palmitate) is transferred from acyl CoA to glucosaminyl-PI. Mutagenesis and cloning studies suggest that a single protein, PIG-W, catalyzes this reaction (Murakami et al. 2003).
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134809.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175853
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128619.5
Eukaryotic tranlation initiation factor 5A2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139718.5
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175377
In the fifth step of GPI synthesis, a mannose residue is added to glucosaminyl-acyl-PI. The reaction takes place at the lumenal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. It is catalyzed by a complex of at least two components, PIG-M and PIG-X (Maeda et al. 2001; Ashida et al. 2005).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136906.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175385
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148833.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175386
Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) acts as a membrane anchor for many cell surface proteins. GPI is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. In humans, a single pathway consisting of eleven reactions appears to be responsible for the synthesis of the major GPI species involved in membrane protein anchoring. As a nascent protein fated to become GPI-anchored moves into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, it is attacked by a transamidase complex that cleaves it near its carboxy terminus and attaches an acylated GPI moiety. The GPI moiety is deacylated, yielding a protein-GPI conjugate that can be efficiently transported to the Golgi apparatus.
The phosphorylation of a dolichol residue of the ER membrane is a starting step in the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway (Fernandez F et al, 2002). Defects in DOLK are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1M (CDG1M), also known as dolichol kinase deficiency (Kranz C et al, 2007).
Most human GPI anchors have ethanolamine phosphate groups attached to their first and third mannose residues, but GPI anchors with ethanolamine phosphates attached to all three mannose residues have also been identified. Addition of the third ethanolamine phosphate can be catalyzed by a complex of PIG-F and a newly described human protein, GPI7. The donor of the ethanolamine phosphate for this reaction is unknown (Shishioh et al. 2005).
Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) acts as a membrane anchor for many cell surface proteins. GPI is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. In humans, a single pathway consisting of nine reactions appears to be responsible for the synthesis of the major GPI species involved in membrane protein anchoring. This pathway is shown in the figure. Two additional reactions, not shown, allow the synthesis of variant forms of GPI, one with an additional mannose residue and one with an additional ethanolamine (Tauron et al. 2004; Shishioh et al. 2005). These variant GPI molecules may be used for tissue-specific protein modifications, or may function independently. The steps of GPI synthesis were first identified by isolating large numbers of mutant cell lines that had lost the ability to express GPI anchored proteins on their surfaces. Somatic cell hybrid analyses of these lines allowed the definition of complementation groups corresponding to distinct mutated genes, and cDNAs corresponding to normal forms of these genes were identified on the basis of their abilities to restore normal cell surface protein expression in mutant cells. Co-precipitation experiments with tagged cloned proteins have allowed the identification of additional proteins involved in GPI anchor biosynthesis.
In the eighth reaction of GPI synthesis, a third mannose residue is added, catalyzed by PIG-B (Takahashi et al. 1996).
The final step in the main pathway for the synthesis of GPI moieties in human cells is the addition of an ethanolamine phosphate to the third mannose residue of the glycolipid, donated by phosphatidylethanolamine. This reaction has been experimentally characterized in the mouse, where studies with mutated cell lines defective in GPI biosynthesis have established the role of two proteins, PIG-F and PIG-O, in this reaction (Hong et al. 2000). While a human PIG-F protein has been identified and shown to be involved in this event (Inoue et al. 1993), the human event has not been fully characterized and is therefore annotated here as inferred from studies of the mouse event.
In the sixth step of GPI synthesis, a phosphoethanolamine group is transferred from phosphatidylethanolamine onto the first mannose of the GPI precursor. The human protein that catalyzes this reaction was first identified because it could complement a yeast mutant strain defective for GPI synthesis (Gaynor et al. 1999); its specific function in phosphoethanolamine transfer is inferred from functional studies of the homologous mouse protein (Hong et al. 1999). The reaction is annotated here with phosphatidylethanolamine as the donor of the phosphoethanolamine group on the basis of studies in yeast (Imhof et al. 2000).
In the seventh reaction of GPI synthesis, a second mannose residue is added to the glycolipid on the lumenal face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. PIG-V was identified as the catylyst, or a component of the catalyst, of this reaction, on the basis of its ability to correct the metabolic defects of yeast and mammalian mutant cells arrested at this stage of the GPI synthetic process (Fabre et al. 2005; Kang et al. 2005).
Dolichol is a polyisoprenol lipid comprised of five-carbon isoprene units linked linearly in a head-to-tail fashion. In the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway, dolichyl phosphate is used as an anchor for the N-glycan sugar to the ER membrane, and as an initiation point for the synthesis. Dolichyl phosphate can be obtained either from direct phosphorylation of dolichol or from de-phosphorylation of dolichyl diphosphate, released at the end of the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway.
Cell lines from kidney proximal tubules of a patient with Lowe syndrome lack OCRL inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase and accumulate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175388
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149426.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175380
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148829.4
Cytosolic GNPNAT1 catalyzes the reaction of glucosamine 6-phosphate and acetyl-CoA to form N-acetyl-glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcNAc6P) and CoA-SH. Structural studies indicate that the active form of the enzyme is a dimer (Wang J et al, 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175383
Glucosamine-fructose 6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the hexosamine synthesis pathway, and thus formation of hexosamines like N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). This enzyme probably plays a role in limiting the availability of substrates for the N- and O- linked glycosylation of proteins. Two isoforms, GFAT 1 and 2, have been identified (McKnight GL et al, 1992; Oki T et al, 1999). GFAT is required normal functioning of neuromuscular synaptic transmission. Defects in the gene expressing this protein leads to altered muscle fiber morphology and impaired neuromuscular junction development (Senderek et al, 2011).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149853.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175387
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149966.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175382
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149311.4
Isozymes of human phosphofructokinase in blood cells and cultured cell lines: molecular and genetic evidence for a trigenic system
Unfolded actins and tubulins bound to prefoldin are transferred to CCT via a docking mechanism (McCormack and Willison, 2001).
The interaction between CCT and unfolded target proteins is thought to occur when CCT is in its ADP-bound state. ADP is then exchanged for ATP in CCT.
Group II chaperonins enclose substrate proteins following substrate binding through the formation of a "built- in" lid over the central cavity. Upon ATP binding, lid formation is triggered by the transition state of ATP hydrolysis (Meyer, et al., 2003). In the case of CCT-mediated tubulin folding, one or more rounds of ATP hydrolysis are likely required before the association of non-exchangeable GTP with chaperonin-bound alpha tubulin.
TriC/CCT forms a binary complex with unfolded alpha- or beta-tubulin (Frydman et al., 1992; Gao et al., 1993). The tubulin folding intermediates produced by TriC are unstable (Gao et al., 1993). Five additional protein cofactors (cofactor A-E) are required for the generation of properly folded alpha- and beta-tubulin and for the formation of alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers (Gao et al., 1993) (Tian et al., 1997, Cowan and Lewis 2001).
Nucleotide-independent transfer of beta-actin from prefoldin to CCT occurs when prefoldin binds to CCT (Vainberg et al., 1998). Following ATP- dependent folding within CCT (Gao et al., 1992), beta-actin is released as a soluble, monomeric protein.
In the case of actin and tubulin folding, and perhaps other substrates, the emerging polypeptide chain is transferred from the ribosome to TRiC via Prefoldin (Vainberg et al., 1998).
CCT/TRiC facilitates folding of newly translated SK1 into its mature active form (Zebol et al., 2008)
TRiC has broad recognition specificities, but in the cell it interacts with only a defined set of substrates (Yam et al. 2008). Many of its substrates that are targeted during biosynthesis are conserved between mammals and yeast (Yam et al. 2008).
The eukaryotic chaperonin TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC/ CCT) plays an essential role in the folding of a subset of proteins prominent among which are the actins and tubulins (reviewed in Altschuler and Willison, 2008). CCT/TRiC is an example of a type II chaperonin, defined (in contrast to type I) as functioning in the absence of a cochaperonin. TriC/CCT is a multisubunit toroidal complex that forms a cylinder containing two back-to-back stacked rings enclosing a cavity where substrate folding occurs in an ATP dependent process (reviewed in Altschuler and Willison, 2008 ). CCT/TriC contains eight paralogous subunits that are conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms (Leroux and Hartl 2000; Archibald et al. 2001; Valpuesta et al. 2002). CCT-mediated folding of non-native substrate protein involves capture through hydrophobic contacts with multiple chaperonin subunits followed by transfer of the protein into the central ring cavity where it folds. Although folding is initiated within this central cavity, only 5%â20% of proteins that are released have partitioned to the native state. The remaining portion is then recaptured by other chaperonin molecules (Cowan and Lewis 2001). This cycling process may be repeated multiple times before a target protein partitions to the native state. In the cell, binding to CCT occurs via presentation of target protein bound to upstream chaperones. During translation, the emerging polypeptide chain may be transferred from the ribosome to CCT via the chaperone Prefoldin (Vainberg et al., 1998) or the Hsp70 chaperone machinery (Melville et al., 2003). While the majority of CCT substrates ultimately partition to the native state as soluble, monomeric proteins, alpha and beta tubulin are unusual in that they require additional cofactors that are required to assemble the tubulin heterodimer (Cowan and Lewis 2001).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149220.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175381
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148775.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175389
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149087.4
Deletion of mouse Porcn blocks Wnt ligand secretion and reveals an ectodermal etiology of human focal dermal hypoplasia/Goltz syndrome
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108:12752-7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175379
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149346.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175378
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148780.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175384
Beta-tubulin folding intermediates generated via ATP-dependent interaction with TriC/CCT are captured by cofactors A and D (Tian et al., 1996; Tian et al., 1997) in a reversible reaction forming tubulin intermediate/cofactor complexes Factor A:beta tubulin or Factor D:beta tubulin.
Factor A:beta tubulin complex act as a reservoir capable of accepting or delivering its target tubulin protein to cofactor D (Tian et al., 1997). In the reverse reaction, Cofactor A may displace cofactor D in a cofactor D:beta tubulin complex.
The factor B:alpha tubulin complex act as a reservoir capable of accepting or delivering alpha tubulin to cofactor E (Tian et al., 1997). In the reverse reaction, cofactor B may displace cofactor E in the cofactor E:alpha tubulin complex.
Factor E:alpha tubulin and Factor D:beta tubulin interact with each other in a reversible reaction to form the complex (Factor E alpha tubulin:Factor D:beta tubulin) (Tian et al., 1997).
Quasi-native alpha-tubulin folding intermediates generated via ATP-dependent interaction with CCT (Tian et al., 1995) are captured in a reversible reaction by cofactors B and/or E (Tian et al., 1997), forming the tubulin intermediate/cofactor complexes Factor B:alpha tubulin or Factor E:alpha tubulin.
Due to the crowded envirnoment within the cell, many proteins must interact with molecular chaperones to attain their native conformation (reviewed in Young et al., 2004). Chaperones recognize and associate with proteins in their non-native state and facilitate their folding by stabilizing the conformation of productive folding intermediates. Chaperones that take part broadly in de novo protein folding, such as the Hsp70s and the chaperonins, facilitate the folding process through cycles of substrate binding and release regulated by their ATPase activity (see Young et al., 2004; Spiess et al., 2004; Bigotti and Clarke, 2008).
Entry of cofactor C to the factor E:alpha tubulin: factor D:beta tubulin complex generates the active alpha:beta-supercomplex (Tian et al., 1997).
Alpha and beta tubulin folding intermediates are formed through ATPâdependent interaction with TriC/CCT. In order to form a functional heterodimer, these folding intermediates undergo a series of interactions with five proteins: (cofactors A-E) following release from TriC/CCT (reviewed in Cowan and Lewis et al., 2001). These interactions are described in the reactions below. Ultimately, alpha tubulin, when associated with cofactor E, interacts with cofactor D-bound beta-tubulin. The entry of cofactor C into this complex results in the discharge of native heterodimer triggered by GTP hydrolysis in beta tubulin (Tian et al., 1997).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3374.3
T-complex protein 1 subunit gamma (TCP-1-gamma)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76168
T-complex protein 1 subunit beta (TCP-1-beta)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162402.2
Metalloprotease ADAM10 is required for Notch1 site 2 cleavage
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173489
T-complex protein 1 subunit epsilon (TCP-1-epsilon)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149407.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162569.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175911
T-complex protein 1 subunit eta (TCP-1-eta)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163570.2
T-complex protein 1 subunit zeta (TCP-1-zeta)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175041
ERp57/ERp27 is a thiol-oxidoreductase that interacts with calnexin and mediates the formation of disulfide bonds in the unfolded glycoprotein (Alanen HI et al, 2006).
Calnexin (membrane protein) and calreticulin (soluble in ER) are two lectins (proteins that can bind a glycan) which recognize the mono-glucosylated form of the N-glycan and mediate the folding of the glycoproteins to which they are attached to (Ou WJ et al, 1993; Nauseef Wm et al, 1995). Calmegin is another chaperone with the same role expressed only in testis (van Lith M et al, 2007). These lectins act as chaperons, providing a protected environment where the unfolded glycoprotein can fold without forming interactions with other proteins or components in the ER. The unfolded protein can loop between these two steps multiple time, therefore this process is called the 'calnexin/calreticulin cycle'. If the protein achieves correct folding, it is modified by Mannosidase I and then moved to the cis-Golgi where the glycan is further processed.
N-linked glycosylation commences with the 14-step synthesis of a dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) consisting of 14 sugars (2 core GlcNAcs, 9 mannoses and 3 terminal GlcNAcs). This pathway is highly conserved in eukaryotes, and a closely related pathway is found in many eubacteria and Archaea. Mutations in the genes associated with N-glycan precursor synthesis lead to a diverse group of disorders collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (type I and II) (Sparks et al, 1993). The phenotypes of these disorders reflect the important role that N-glycosylation has during development, controlling the folding and the properties of proteins in the secretory pathway, and proteins that mediate cell-to-cell interactions or timing of development.
The last glucose is added to the N-glycan precursor. This reaction occurs inside the ER lumen and uses Dol-P-Glc as the glucose donor. In yeast, this reaction is catalyzed by ALG10 (Burda P and Aebi M,1998); however, this gene is duplicated in primates (Ciccarelli FD et al, 2005; Table 1), leading to two homologues, ALG10A and ALG10B, and to date there is no clear evidence to say which of these two paralogues (or both) is responsible for catalyzing this reaction in humans. No Congenital Disorders of Glycosylations are known to be associated with either gene.
A recently discovered protein called malectin is known to recognize the Glc(2)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) glycan (Schallus T et al, 2008). The exact role of this interaction is not clear but malectin is thought to regulate the availability of this substrate to glucosidase II, or to act as a chaperone to stabilize the unfolded protein.
After the glycosylated precursor is attached to the protein, the outer alpha-1,2-linked glucose is removed by glucosidase I (MOGS, GCS1 in yeast). This is a mandatory step for the protein folding control and glycan extension, and defects in MOGS are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIb (CDGIIb) (De Praeter CM et al, 2000; Völker C et al, 2002).
The enzyme ER Man I can slowly trim up to four of the mannoses on the N-glycan on unfolded proteins accumulated in the ER. This step describes the removal of the mannose in the C position (Hirao et al, 2006).
The enzyme ER Man I can slowly trim up to four of the mannoses on the N-glycan on unfolded proteins accumulated in the ER. This step describes the removal of the mannose in the A position (Hirao et al, 2006; Frenkel et al, 2003).
Removal of the second mannose on the alpha 1,3 branch (Frenzel Z et al, 2003).
The enzymes UGGT1 and UGGT2 are able to distinguish proteins with minor folding defects in the ERQC and reglucosylate them, by adding a glucose on the alpha 1,3 branch (Arnold SM et al, 2000; Arnold SM et al, 2003). The major affinity of these enzymes for proteins with minor folding defects has been demonstrated, but the exact mechanism that enable them to distinguish proteins with major and minor defects is still unknown (Pearse BR et al, 2008).
The enzyme ER Man I can slowly trim up to four of the mannoses on the N-glycan on unfolded proteins accumulated in the ER. This step describes the removal of the mannose in the B position (Gonzalez et al, 1999: Hirao et al, 2006).
The LMAN1(also known as ERGIC-53)/MCFD2 complex recognizes Man8 and Man9 N-glycans released by the Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle and mediate their transport to the Golgi (Nyefeler B et al, 2003; Zhang B et al, 2003). Man8 glycan transfer is shown here.
After being synthesized in the ER membrane the 14-sugars lipid-linked oligosaccharide is co-translationally transferred to an unfolded protein, as described in the previous steps. After this point the N-glycan is progressively trimmed of the three glucoses and some of the mannoses before the protein is transported to the cis-Golgi. The role of these trimming reactions is that the N-glycan attached to an unfolded glycoprotein in the ER assume the role of 'tags' that direct the interactions of the glycoprotein with different elements that mediate its folding. The removal of the two outer glucoses leads to an N-glycan with only one glucose, which is a signal for the binding of either one of two chaperone proteins, calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT). These chaperones provide an environment where the protein can fold more easily. The interaction with these proteins is not transient and is terminated by the trimming of the last remaining glucose, after which the glycoprotein is released from CNX or CRT and directed to the ER Quality Control compartment (ERQC) if it still has folding defects, or transported to the Golgi if the folding is correct. The involvement of N-glycans in the folding quality control of proteins in the ER explains why this form of glycosylation is so important, and why defects in the enzymes involved in these reactions are frequently associated with congenital diseases. However, there are many unknown points in this process, as it is known that even proteins without N-glycosylation sites can be folded properly (Caramelo JJ and Parodi AJ, 2008).
The unfolded protein is recognized by a chaperon protein (calnexin or calreticulin) and the folding process starts. The binding of these protein requires a mono-glucosylated glycan (Caramelo JJ and Parodi AJ, 2008), but in certain cases can occur even in the absence of glycosylation (Ireland BS et al, 2008).
Proteins that are released from the CNX or CRT complex with folding defects accumulate in a compartment of the ER called ERQC (Kamhi-Nesher S et al 2001). Here, the enzymes UGGG1 or UGGG2 are able to recognize glycoproteins with minor folding process and re-add the glucose on the alpha,1,3 branch; this is a signal for the transport of these glycoproteins back to the ER, where they can interact again with CNX or CRT in order to achieve a correct folding. At the same time that the glycoprotein is in the ERQC, the enzyme ER mannosidase I progressively removes the mannoses in position 1A, 2A, B, C on the N-glycans; when the mannose on 1A is trimmed, UGGG1/UGGG2 is no longer able to re-add the glucose, and therefore the protein is destined for degradation. For years it has been thought that the removal of the mannose in position B of the N-glycan was the signal to direct proteins to degradation. However, this mechanism has been described better by Avezov et al (Avezov V et al, 2008) and it has been demonstrated that even glycoproteins with Man8 or Man7 glycans can be re-glucosylated and interact again with CNX or CRT. For a review on this topic, see Lederkremer GZ, 2009 and Määttänen P et al, 2010.
Proteins with major folding defects are extracted from futile folding cycles in the calnexin chaperone system and the ER Quality Control Compartment, and are translocated back to the citosol for degradation. The N-glycan is used as a signal to distinguish proteins to be degraded, upon recognition by EDEM1, EDEM2 and EDEM3, three ER-stress-induced members of the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family (see Olivari S, Molinari M 2007 for a review) and OS9 (Mikami K, 2010; Hosokawa N, 2009).
COPII components (known as Sec13p, Sec23p, Sec24p, Sec31p, and Sar1p in yeast) traffic cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. COPII-coated vesicles were originally discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using genetic approaches coupled with a cell-free assay. The mammalian counterpart of this pathway is represented here. Newly synthesized proteins destined for secretion are sorted into COPII-coated vesicles at specialized regions of the ER. These vesicles leave the ER, become uncoated and subsequently fuse with the Golgi apparatus membrane.
Secretory cargo destined to be secreted or to arrive at the plasma membrane (PM) leaves the ER via distinct exit sites. This cargo is destined for the Golgi apparatus.
Sar1p-GTP hydrolysis is increased 15-30-fold by Sec23p. Sar1p-GDP is released as a result of this hydrolysis and used in further vesicle sculpting cycles. Sar1p-GTP hydrolysis occurs at two critical points during the cycle, first (as represented here) as a proofreading step, insuring that the cargo is loaded. Later in the cycle Sar1p-GTP hydrolysis triggers the uncoating of the budded vesicle.
Once loaded the vesicles become fully sculpted, pinch off from the ER and bud into the cytosol.
Sar1p-GDP is recruited to the ER membrane by the transmembrane GEF (Guanine nucleotide exchange factor) Sec12, where it is converted to Sar1p-GTP.
Sar1p-GTP recruits the cytoplasmic Sec23p-Sec24p complex. Though not represented in the subsequent steps, Sec23p-Sec24p would bind to members of the p24 protein family of possible cargo receptors, and together with Sar1p bind the appropiate v-SNARE, and Rab-GTP.
Selective inhibition of heterotrimeric Gs signaling. Targeting the receptor-G protein interface using a peptide minigene encoding the Galpha(s) carboxyl terminus
Cytosolic UAP1 catalyzes the reaction of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate (GlcNAc1P) and UTP to UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and pyrophosphate. Structural studies indicate that the active form of the enzyme is a dimer (Peneff C et al, 2001).
Cytosolic PGM3 catalyzes the isomerization of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcNAc6P) to form N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate (GlcNAc1P) (Pang H et al, 2002).
Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (MPI) converts Fructose 6-phosphate to Mannose 6-phosphate (Proudfoot AE et al, 1994). Defects in this gene are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B (CDG1B). Oral administration of mannose is an efficient therapy against this defect (Schollen E et al, 2000).
UDP-acetylglucosamine acts as a donor for the first two steps of the N-glycan precursor biosynthesis pathway, and is later used as a substrate for further modifications after the precursor has been attached to the protein. It is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate, glutamine, acetyl-CoA, and UTP in four steps.
Mannose 1-phosphate is converted to GDP-Mannose by mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase alpha and beta forms (GMPPA/B). This enzyme had originally been characterized from rat and bovine sources (Verachtert H et al, 1966) and more recently from pig (Ning B and Elbein AD, 2000).
Phosphomannomutase 1 and 2 (PMM1 and PMM2) catalyze the isomerization of Mannose 6-phosphate to Mannose 1-phosphate (Wada Y and Sakamoto M et al, 1997; Matthijs G et al, February 1997). Mutations in the PMM2 gene are one of the causes of Jaeken syndrome. a disease of glycosylation, type CDGIa. (Matthijs G et al, May 1997).
Dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase (ALG5) associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane catalyzes the reaction of cytosolic UDP-glucose with dolichyl phosphate exposed on the cytosolic face of the ER membrane to form Dolichyl-P-glucose with its glucose moiety oriented toward the cytosol (Imbach T et al, 1999).
GDP-mannose is the mannose donor for the first 5 mannose addition reactions in the N-glycan precursor synthesis, and also for the synthesis of Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose involved in other mannose transfer reactions. It is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and GTP in three steps.
N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase
Dolichyl-phosphate-glucose functions as a donor of glucose groups in reactions including three steps of N-glycan precursor biosynthesis. Dolichyl-phosphate-glucose itself is synthesized from UDP-glucose and dolichol phosphate on the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, then flipped to the luminal surface of that membrane.
Reactions for the synthesis of the small nucleotide-linked sugar substrates that are used in the synthesis of the N-glycan precursor and in the later steps of glycosylation are annotated here. All these nucleotide-linked sugar donors are synthesized in the cytosol; however, to participate in the later reactions of N-glycan precursor biosynthesis (when the glycan is oriented toward the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)), these substrates must be attached to a dolichyl-phosphate molecule and then flipped toward the luminal side of the ER, through a mechanism which is still not known but which involves a different protein than the one that mediates the flipping of the LLO itself (Sanyal S et al, 2008). Two of the genes encoding enzymes involved in these reactions, MPI and PMM2, are known to be associated with Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) diseases of type I. Of these, CDG-Ia, associated with defects in PMM2, is the most frequent CDG disease reported.
In the first step of N-glycan precursor (LLO) synthesis, N-acetylglucosamine is added, via an alpha-1,3 linkage, to a molecule of dolichyl phosphate, producing N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol (Eckert V et al, 1998). This reaction is catalyzed by DPAGT1 (ALG7 in yeast), mutations in which are associated with CDG disorder type I-J (Wu X et al, 2003). The dolichyl phosphate acts as an anchor for the LLO, so the following sugar-addition reactions take place on a sugar anchored in the ER membrane.
A fourth mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor by ALG11. The addition of the fifth mannose, also by ALG11, is the last step occurring on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane (Cipollo JF et al, 2001). Both these reactions are alpha1,2 mannose additions. There are no known associations between ALG11 and CDG disorders to date.
TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK)
A third mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor by ALG2 using its alpha1,6-mannosyltransferase activity. This has been demonstrated experimentally in yeast (O'Reilly MK et al, 2006; Kämpf M et al, 2009); the human reaction is inferred by homology. Defects in ALG2 are the cause for CDG1I (Thiel C et al, 2003).
A second mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor via an alpha-1,3 linkage. The reaction is catalyzed by the mannosyltransferase ALG2. This is a bifunctional enzyme with both alpha 1,3- and alpha 1,6-mannosyltransferase activities. In humans, only the alpha 1,3 activity used in this reaction has been elucidated (Thiel C et al, 2003). Defects in ALG2 are the cause of CDG1I (Thiel C et al, 2003).
A second N-acetylglucosamine is added to the N-glycan precursor via a beta-1,4 linkage. This reaction is catalyzed by the ALG13:ALG14 complex, in which ALG13 functions as the catalyst and ALG14 functions as a membrane anchor which recruits ALG13 to the cytosolic face of ER (Gao XD et al, 2005).
The seventh mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor. This reaction occurs in the ER lumen and uses dolichyl phosphate D-mannose as the mannose donor with ALG9 mediating the reaction. Defects in ALG9 are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1L (CDG1L) (Frank CG et al, 2004; Weinstein M et al, 2005). For many years ALG9 has been thought to be involved in bipolar affective disorder (Baysal BE et al, 2002), but this hypothesis has been proven wrong (Baysal BE et al, 2006).
The sixth mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor. This reaction occurs in the ER lumen and uses a different mannose donor (dolichyl phosphate D-mannose) than the previous steps. It has been proposed that ALG3, along with all the mannosyl- and glucosyl transferases in the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway that use dolichyl phosphate D-mannose or dolichyl phosphate D-glucose as donor, derive from duplications of a common ancestral enzyme (Oriol R et al, 2002). Defects in ALG3 are associated with Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation 1D (CDG1D) (Sun L et al, 2005).
The precursor of the N-glycan sugar, now in the form of (GlcNAc)2 (Man)5 (PP-Dol), is flipped across the ER membrane, moving it from the cytosolic side into the ER lumen. The exact mechanism of this translocation is not well understood: the protein RFT1 is known to be involved (Helenius et al, 2002), along with an unknown flippase, which is distinct from the one that flips the Dol-P linked precursors (Dol-P-Mannose and Dol-P-glucose) (Sanyal et al, 2008). Defects in RFT1 are associated with Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation 1N (CDG1N) (Haeuptle MA et al, 2008).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2104993
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122336.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169484
The first glucose is added to the N-glycan precursor, mediated by ALG6. Defects in ALG6 are associated with CDG-Ic disorder (Imbach T et al, 1999; Sun L et al, 2005). The donor is a dolichol-phosphate-glucose (synthesized by ALG5).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131764.5
The second glucose (supplied from the donor dolichol-phosphate-glucose) is added to the N-glycan precursor, mediated by ALG8 (Schollen E et al, 2004). Defects in ALG8 are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1H (CDG1H) (Schollen E et al, 2004; Sun L et al, 2005).
The eighth mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor. This reaction occurs in the ER lumen and uses dolichyl phosphate D-mannose as a mannose donor. Defects in ALG12 are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1G (CDG1G) (Chantret I et al, 2002).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2105025
The last mannose is added to the N-glycan precursor. This reaction occurs in the ER lumen, uses Dolichyl phosphate D-mannose as the mannose donor, and is catalyzed by ALG9. Defects in ALG9 are the cause of congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1L (CDG1L) (Frank CG et al, 2004; Weinstein M et al, 2005). For many years ALG9 was thought to be involved in bipolar affective disorder (Baysal BE et al, 2002), but this hypothesis has been proven wrong (Baysal BE et al, 2006).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122558.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123374.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169483
Tyrosine residues in phospholipase Cgamma 2 essential for the enzyme function in B-cell signaling
Nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs): involvement of the classical importin alpha/beta pathway
A transport metabolon. Functional interaction of carbonic anhydrase II and chloride/bicarbonate exchangers
Recruitment and activation of mRNA decay enzymes by two ARE-mediated decay activation domains in the proteins TTP and BRF-1
Unfolded actins and tubulins compete efficiently for binding to TriC/CCT and their chaperonin binding sites appear to be at least in part overlapping (Melki et al., 1993).
The term non-coding is commonly employed for RNA that does not encode a protein, but this does not mean that such RNAs do not contain information nor have function. There is considerable evidence that the majority of mammalian and other complex organism's genomes is transcribed into non-coding RNAs, many of which are alternatively spliced and/or processed into smaller products. Around 98% of all transcriptional output in humans is non-coding RNA. RNA-mediated gene regulation is widespread in higher eukaryotes and complex genetic phenomena like RNA interference are mediated by such RNAs. These non-coding RNAs are a growing list and include rRNAs, tRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs siRNAs, 7SL RNA, 7SK RNA, the RNA component of RNase P RNA, the RNA component of RNase MRP, and the RNA component of telomerase.
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are crucial for pre-mRNA processing to mRNAs. Each snRNP contains a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and an extremely stable core of seven Sm proteins. The U6 snRNA differs from the other snRNAs; it binds seven Sm-like proteins and its assembly does not involve a cytoplasmic phase. The snRNP biogenesis pathway for all of the other snRNAs is complex, involving nuclear export of snRNA, Sm-core assembly in the cytoplasm and re-import of the mature snRNP. The assembly of the snRNA:Sm-core is carried out by the survival of motor neurons (SMN) complex. The SMN complex stringently scrutinizes RNAs for specific features that define them as snRNAs and binds the RNA-binding Sm proteins.
During the synthesis of actin and tubulin, the nascent ribosome-associated chains bind to the heteromeric chaperone protein, prefoldin (PFD) (Hansen et al., 1999).
Gene Expression covers the pathways by which genomic DNA is transcribed to yield RNA, the regulation of these transcription processes, and the pathways by which newly-made RNA Transcripts are processed. Most annotation is centered on the generation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by regulated RNA polymerase II (PolII) transcription, although the activities of PolI and PolIII are also covered briefly, as are some aspects of microRNA generation and function. Aspects of mRNA synthesis annotated here include the assembly of transcription factor complexes and their role in targeting specific genes for transcription, PolII-mediated transcription (RNA synthesis) itself, and the co- and post-translational processing of this RNA, via capping, splicing, and 3'-cleavage and polyadenylation to yield mature mRNA molecules that are exported from the nucleus. mRNA editing and nonsense-mediated decay are also annotated. Processes leading to mRNA breakdown are described: deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay, microRNA-mediated RNA cleavage, and regulation of mRNA stability by proteins that bind AU-rich elements. Other pathways included here are tRNA aminoacylation and snRNP assembly.
The arrival of any of the three stop codons (UAA, UAG and UGA) into the ribosomal A-site triggers the binding of a release factor (RF) to the ribosome and subsequent polypeptide chain release. In eukaryotes, the RF is composed of two proteins, eRF1 and eRF3. eRF1 is responsible for the hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA, while eRF3 provides a GTP-dependent function. The ribosome releases the mRNA and dissociates into its two complex subunits, which can reassemble on another molecule to begin a new round of protein synthesis. It should be noted that at present, there is no factor identified in eukaryotes that would be the functional equivalent of the bacterial ribosome release (or recycling) factor, RRF, that catalyzes dissociation of the ribosome from the mRNA following release of the polypeptide
Please note that this reaction was inferred from experiments performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The snRNAs, except U6 snRNA, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, co-transcriptionally capped and exported rapidly to the cytoplasm in association with a cap-binding complex and the export factor PHAX.
Protein synthesis is accomplished through the process of translation of an mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain. This process can be divided into three distinct stages: initiation, elongation and termination. During the initiation phase, the two subunits of the ribosome are brought together to the translation start site on the mRNA where the polypeptide chain is to begin. Extension of the polypeptide chain occurs when a specific aminoacyl-tRNA, as determined by the template mRNA, binds an elongating ribosome. The protein chain is released from the ribosome when any one of three stop codons in the relevant reading frame on the mRNA is reached. Individual reactions at each one of these stages are catalyzed by a number of initiation, elongation and release factors, respectively.
FYVE-DSP2, a FYVE domain-containing dual specificity protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates phosphotidylinositol 3-phosphate
Synthesis and interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146216
Insertion of residues 429 to 822 at 627 from UniProt:P11362 FGFR1 (in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146206
Characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel human Golgi alpha 1, 2-mannosidase (IC) involved in N-glycan biosynthesis
Insertion of residues 429 to 822 at 585 from UniProt:P11362 FGFR1 (in Homo sapiens)
Insertion of residues 429 to 822 at 340 from UniProt:P11362 FGFR1 (in Homo sapiens)
Insertion of residues 429 to 822 at 133 from UniProt:P11362 FGFR1 (in Homo sapiens)
Insertion of residues 429 to 822 at 914 from UniProt:P11362 FGFR1 (in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146230
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4674.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146220
Characterization of the monomethylarsonate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities of Omega class glutathione transferase variants: implications for arsenic metabolism and the age-at-onset of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112051
Purification and characterization of native spliceosomes suitable for three-dimensional structural analysis.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147290
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147292
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147291
Casein kinase II phosphorylates the neural cell adhesion molecule L1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113704
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3498.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147309
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112623.8
Ionotropic activity of Kainate Receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113443
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3117.1
Notch signaling controls the generation and differentiation of early T lineage progenitors
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31708.10
Requirement for Notch1 signals at sequential early stages of intrathymic T cell development
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146213
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2689.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147299
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30852.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112135
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3408.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112134
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5104.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147312
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114816.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147317
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2667.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112475
glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol [ChEBI:24275]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173160
Role of platelet-derived growth factors in physiology and medicine
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'eEF1B alpha', 1 molecule of 'eEF1B gamma', and 1 molecule of 'eEF1B beta' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'eEF1B complex' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol'.
The translation elongation cycle adds one amino acid at a time to a growing polypeptide according to the sequence of codons found in the mRNA. The next available codon on the mRNA is exposed in the aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) binding site (A site) on the 30S subunit. A: Ternary complexes of aa -tRNA:eEF1A:GTP enter the ribosome and enable the anticodon of the tRNA to make a codon/anticodon interaction with the A-site codon of the mRNA. B: Upon cognate recognition, the eEF1A:GTP is brought into the GTPase activating center of the ribosome, GTP is hydrolyzed and eEF1A:GDP leaves the ribosome. C: The peptidyl transferase center of ribosome catalyses the formation of a peptide bond between the incoming amino acid and the peptide found in the peptidyl-tRNA binding site (P site). D: In the pre-translocation state of the ribosome, the eEF2:GTP enters the ribosome, physically translocating the peptidyl-tRNA out of the A site to P site and leaves the ribosome eEF2:GDP. This action of eEF2:GTP accounts for the precise movement of the mRNA by 3 nucleotides.Consequently, deacylated tRNA is shifted to the E site. A ribosome associated ATPase activity is proposed to stimulate the release of deacylated tRNA from the E site subsequent to translocation (Elskaya et al., 1991). In this post-translocation state, the ribosome is now ready to receive a new ternary complex. This process is illustrated below with: an amino acyl-tRNA with an amino acid, a peptidyl-tRNA with a growing peptide, a deacylated tRNA with an -OH, and a ribosome with A,P and E sites to accommodate these three forms of tRNA.
Assignment of human beta-galactosidase-A gene to 3p21.33 by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146239
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'eEF2', and 1 molecule of 'GTP' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'eEF2:GTP' is present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol'.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4215.1
Following peptide bond formation, GTP-bound eEF2 catalyzes the translocation of the deacylated tRNA in the P-site and the peptidyl-tRNA in the A-site (the pre-translocation state) into the E- and P- sites (the post-translocation state), respectively. Thus, the mRNA advances by three bases to expose the next codon in the A-site. After translocation, GDP-bound eEF2 leaves the ribosome to allow another round of elongation. eEF2 is reactivated by the release of GDP and binds GTP for subsequent rounds. This process is illustrated below with a peptidyl-tRNA with a growing peptide, a deacylated tRNA with an -OH and a ribosome with A,P and E sites to accommodate these three forms of tRNA is also shown.
The eEF1B complex binds to eEF1A and regulates its activity by catalyzing the release of GDP. Subsequently, GTP is able to bind eEF1A allowing the formation of the ternary complex (eEF1A-GTP-aa-tRNA).In metazoans eEF1 protein family is composed of four subunits: eEF1A and eEF1B alpha, beta, and gamma (formerly EF-1alpha, EF-1beta, EF-1delta, and EF-1gamma, respectively). Both eEF1B alpha and eEF1B beta function as nucleotide exchange proteins. eEF1B gamma associates with eEF1B alpha and stimulates its exchange activity. This process is illustrated below with a GTP molecule in white and eEF1A protein in yellow.The three subunits of eEF1B are also shown.
The mechanism of a peptide bond requires the movement of three protons. First the deprotonation of the ammonium ion generates a reactive amine, allowing a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group. This is followed by the loss of a proton from the reaction intermediate, only to be taken up by the oxygen on the leaving group (from the end of the amino acid chain bound to the tRNA in the P-site). The peptide bond formation results in the net loss of one water molecule, leaving a deacylated-tRNA in the P-site, and a nascent polypeptide chain one amino acid larger in the A-site. For the purpose of illustration, the figures used in the section show one amino acid being added to a peptidyl-tRNA with a growing peptide chain.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147477
Once the correct codon-anticodon match occurs between the mRNA and aa-tRNA, the decoding event triggers GTP hydrolysis on eEF1A. The resulting conformational change releases the aa-tRNA to the A-site, and GDP bound form eEF1A is released from the ribosome. Insight into the mechanics of this system has been obtained from earlier works with rabbit reticulocytes and the E.coli system. This process is illustrated below with: an amino acyl-tRNA with an amino acid, a peptidyl-tRNA with a growing peptide and a ribosome with A,P and E sites to accommodate these two forms of tRNA.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4233.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76050
The A- and P-sites of the ribosome positions the aa-tRNA and peptidyl-tRNA such that a nucleophilic attack can occur between the amine group of the A-site aa-tRNA and the carbonyl group of the growing peptide chain on the P-site tRNA, resulting in the formation of a peptide bond. The carboxyl end of the peptide chain is uncoupled from the tRNA molecule in the P-site and forms a new peptide bond with the amino acid that is in the A-site. This process is illustrated below with: a peptidyl-tRNA with a growing peptide,a deacylated tRNA with an -OH and a ribosome with A,P and E sites to accommodate these three forms of tRNA.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89159.9
Once the correct codon-anticodon match occurs between the mRNA and aa-tRNA, the decoding event triggers GTP hydrolysis on eEF1A. The resulting conformational change releases the aa-tRNA to the A-site, and GDP bound form of eEF1A is released from the ribosome. This process is illustrated below with: an amino acyl-tRNA with an amino acid,a peptidyl-tRNA with a growing peptide and a ribosome with A,P and E sites to accommodate these two forms of tRNA.
The GAPs, GEFs, and GDIs of heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunits
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146309
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109934.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83747
As the signal peptide of the nascent protein enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the signal peptide is recognized and cleaved by the ER membrane-associated Signal Peptidase. Translation of the protein then proceeds to completion.
The process for translation of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) branches from the canonical cytoslic translation process at the point when a nascent polypeptide containing a hydrophobic signal sequence is exposed on the surface of the cytosolic ribosome:mRNA:peptide complex. The signal sequence mediates the interaction of this complex with a cytosolic signal recognition particle (SRP) to form a complex which in turn docks with an SRP receptor complex on the ER membrane. There the ribosome complex is transferred from the SRP complex to a translocon complex embedded in the ER membrane and reoriented so that the nascent polypeptide protrudes through a pore in the translocon into the ER lumen. Translation, which had been halted by SRP binding, now resumes, the signal peptide is cleaved from the polypeptide, and elongation proceeds, with the growing polypeptide oriented into the ER lumen.
The cycle of elongation starts with an empty ribosomal A-site and the peptidyl-tRNA in the P-site. eEF1A is activated by GTP binding and allows for the subsequent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA).This process is illustrated below with a GTP molecule in white and eEF1A protein in yellow.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146240
The binding of eEF1A:GTP to aminoacyl tRNA (aa-tRNA) results in the formation of a ternary complex (eEF1A:GTP:aa-tRNA). Human eEF1A and rabbit eEF1A are 100% identical, and prokaryotic homologue of eEF1A (EF-Tu) shows 59% identity in the GTP-binding domain.This process is illustrated below with: a GTP molecule in white and eEF1A protein in yellow.
The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway: destruction for the sake of construction
The Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) receptor mediates transfer of the ribosome:mRNA:nascent protein complex to the Translocon Complex. A coupled reaction (not annotated here) in which GTP molecules are hydrolyzed by the alpha subunit of the SRP Receptor and the SRP54 subunit of the SRP is thought to ensure release of the SRP only after the ribosome is properly reoriented. At the end of this process, the ribosome is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane with its associated nascent polypeptide protruding through the Translocon Complex into the ER lumen.
The SRP receptor in the the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane binds via its alpha subunit to the the SRP54 subunit of the Signal Recognition Particle (SRP), which itself is bound to a ribosome:mRNA:polypeptide complex. This interaction tethers the ribosome to the ER membrane, oriented so that the nacent polypeptide will traverse the ER membrane and enter the ER lumen. This process has been characterized in detail in cultured canine cells; this human event is inferred by homology from its canine counterpart.
The Ribosome Nascent Complex containing the ribosome and protruding signal peptide of preprolactin is bound by the Signal Recognition Particle Complex. Translation is paused during this step.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147313
The synthesis of a protein destined for the endoplasmic reticulum starts with the canonical events of cytosolic translation initiation and proceeds to the point where a nascent polypeptide chain containing a signal sequence protrudes from the mRNA:ribosome complex. Merrick (2010) provides an overview of these events.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146534
Initiation of translation in the majority of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs depends on the 5'-cap (m7GpppN) and involves ribosomal scanning of the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) for an initiating AUG start codon. Therefore, this mechanism is often called cap-dependent translation initiation. Proximity to the cap, as well as the nucleotides surrounding an AUG codon, influence the efficiency of the start site recognition during the scanning process. However, if the recognition site is poor enough, scanning ribosomal subunits will ignore and skip potential starting AUGs, a phenomenon called leaky scanning. Leaky scanning allows a single mRNA to encode several proteins that differ in their amino-termini. Merrick (2010) provides an overview of this process and hghlights several features of it that remain incompletely understood. Several eukaryotic cell and viral mRNAs initiate translation by an alternative mechanism that involves internal initiation rather than ribosomal scanning. These mRNAs contain complex nucleotide sequences, called internal ribosomal entry sites, where ribosomes bind in a cap-independent manner and start translation at the closest downstream AUG codon.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146533
Translation initiation is a complex process in which the Met-tRNAi initiator, 40S, and 60S ribosomal subunits are assembled by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) into an 80S ribosome at the start codon of an mRNA. The basic mechanism for this process can be described as a series of five steps: 1) formation of a pool of free 40S subunits, 2) formation of the ternary complex (Met-tRNAi/eIF2/GTP), and subsequently, the 43S complex (comprising the 40S subunit, Met-tRNAi/eIF2/GTP, eIF3 and eIF1A), 3) activation of the mRNA upon binding of the cap-binding complex eIF4F, and factors eIF4A, eIF4B and eIF4H, with subsequent binding to the 43S complex, 4) ribosomal scanning and start codon recognition, and 5) GTP hydrolysis and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146532
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2515.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147316
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4406.1
The active eIF2:GTP complex may be formed by direct binding of GTP to free eIF2 or by GDP-GTP exchange on the eIF2:GDP:eIF2B complex. The eIF2:GDP complex binds eIF2B forming an eIF2:GDP:eIF2B intermediate complex. eIF2B is a guanine nucleotide releasing factor required to cause GDP release so that a new GTP molecule can bind and activate eIF2. Phosphorylated eIF2:GDP sequesters all eIF2B as an inactive complex, and thus, reuse of eIF2 is inhibited as a consequence of the tight bond it forms with eIF2B, which prevents nucleotide exchange. Therefore, in the absence of free eIF2B, excess eIF2 remains in its inactive GDP-bound form and protein synthesis slows dramatically.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147314
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103737.9
Inactive eIF2:GDP binds eIF2B to form an eIF2:GDP:eIF2B intermediate.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83752
eIF2B is a guanine nucleotide releasing factor that is required to cause GDP release so that a new GTP molecule can bind and activate eIF2, so that it can be reused.
Joining of the 60S subunit to form the 80S ribosome is catalyzed by the presence of GTP-bound eIF5B.
Hydrolysis of eIF2-GTP occurs after the Met-tRNAi has recognized the AUG. This reaction is catalyzed by eIF5 (or eIF5B) and is thought to cause dissociation of all other initiation factors and allow joining of the large 60S ribosomal subunit. The 60S subunit joins - a reaction catalyzed by eIF5 or eIF5B - resulting in a translation-competent 80S ribosome. Following 60S subunit joining, eIF5B hydrolyzes its GTP and is released from the 80S ribosome, which is now ready to start elongating the polypeptide chain.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173115
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a nuclear receptor signaling pathway in lipid physiology
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173094
Molecular mechanism of neuronal plasticity: induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173079
T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha (TCP-1-alpha)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173081
T-complex protein 1 subunit theta (TCP-1-theta)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173083
T-complex protein 1 subunit delta (TCP-1-delta)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173151
Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, regeneration and functions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173134
A beta cell contains about 10 000 secretory granules. Of these, about 1000 are docked at the inner surface of the plasma membrane and a subset of about 100 docked granules form the "readily releasable" pool (granules which are released within about 5 minutes of glucose stimulation). As inferred from rat MIN6 cells, docking occurs by interaction between EXOC3/Sec6 located on the membrane of the secretory granule and EXOC4/Sec8 located at the plasma membrane (Tsuboi et al. 2005). Additional components (EXOC1, EXOC2, EXOC5, EXOC6, EXOC7, EXOC8) form the Exocyst Complex. EXOC7 binds the plasma membrane (Matern et al. 2001).
The generation of insulin-containing secretory granules from proinsulin in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be described in 4 steps: formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds, formation of proinsulin-zinc-calcium complexes, proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin to yield insulin, translocation of the granules across the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Transcription of the human insulin gene INS is activated by 4 important transcription factors: Pdx-1, MafA, Beta2/NeuroD1, and E47. The transcription factors interact with each other at the promoters of the insulin gene and act synergistically to promote transcription. Expression of the transcription factors is upregulated in response to glucose. The preproinsulin mRNA is translated by ribosomes at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the preproinsulin enters the secretion pathway by virtue of its signal peptide, which is cleaved during translation to yield proinsulin. Evidence indicates that the preproinsulin mRNA is stabilized by glucose. In the process annotated in detail here, within the ER, three intramolecular disulfide bonds form between cysteine residues in the proinsulin. Formation of the bonds is the spontaneous result of the conformation of proinsulin and the oxidizing environment of the ER, which is maintained by Ero1-like alpha The cystine bonded proinsulin then moves via vesicles from the ER to the Golgi Complex. High concentrations of zinc are maintained in the Golgi by zinc transporters ZnT5, ZnT6, and ZnT7 and the proinsulin forms complexes with zinc and calcium. Proinsulin-zinc-calcium complexes bud in vesicles from the trans-Golgi to form immature secretory vesicles (secretory granules) in the cytosol. Within the immature granules the endoproteases Prohormone Convertase 1/3 and Prohormone Convertase 2 cleave at two sites of the proinsulin and Carboxypeptidase E removes a further 4 amino acid residues to yield the cystine-bonded A and B chains of mature insulin and the C peptide, which will also be secreted with the insulin. The insulin-zinc-calcium complexes form insoluble crystals within the granule The insulin-containing secretory granules are then translocated across the cytosol to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Translocation occurs initially by attachment of the granules to Kinesin-1, which motors along microtubules, and then by attachment to Myosin Va, which motors along the microfilaments of the cortical actin network. A pancreatic beta cell contains about 10000 insulin granules of which about 1000 are docked at the plasma membrane and 50 are readily releasable in immediate response to stimulation by glucose or other secretogogues. Docking is due to interaction between the Exocyst proteins EXOC3 on the granule membrane and EXOC4 on the plasma membrane. Exocytosis is accomplished by interaction between SNARE-type proteins Syntaxin 1A and Syntaxin 4 on the plasma membrane and Synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 on the granule membrane. Exocytosis is a calcium-dependent process due to interaction of the calcium-binding membrane protein Synaptotagmin V/IX with the SNARE-type proteins.
Peptide hormones are cleaved from larger precursors in the secretory system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretory granules) of the cell. After secretion peptide hormones are modified and degraded by extracellular proteases.
As inferred from the yeast SAM50 complex, the human SAMM50 Complex (SAM50 complex, TOB55 complex) inserts mainly beta-barrel proteins into the outer membrane after they have passed from the cytosol, through the TOMM40:TOMM70 complex, and into the intermembrane space. In yeast, experimentally verified substrates of the SAM50 complex include TOM40 (TOMM40 in human), MDM10, Porin1 (VDAC1 in human), and TOM22 (TOMM22 in human). In humans, TOMM40 (Humphries et al. 2005) and VDAC1 (Kozjak-Pavlovic et al. 2007, homologous to yeast Porin1) have been shown to be substrates. Many other mitochondrial proteins are anticipated to be substrates of the SAMM50 complex.
As inferred from the yeast TIM22 complex, human TIMM22 inserts precursor proteins into the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The precursors are hydrophobic and may be chaperoned to TIMM22 by small TIM proteins (TIMM10, TIMM12) of the intermembrane space. In yeast, experimentally verified substrates of the TIM22 complex include AAC (ADP/ATP translocase 1, ANT, SLC25A4 in human), PIC, TIM22 (TIMM22 in human), and TIM23 (TIMM23 in human). Many other inner membrane proteins are anticipated to be substrates ofthe TIMM22 complex.
As inferred from yeast, the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) binds presequences of mitochondrial precursors and the beta subunit cleaves the presequence. After cleavage, proteins destined for the inner membrane are released laterally from TIMM23 SORT into the membrane.
As inferred from the yeast TIM23 complex, the human TIMM23 complex resides in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion and transfers precursor proteins to the matrix. The TIMM23 complex appears to adopt different configurations (and perhaps different subunit compositions) depending on whether the substrate is destined for the inner membrane or the matrix. Here we refer to the TIMM23 PAM complex as the configuration that delivers inner membrane proteins. The PAM17 subcomplex is required for this activity. The N-terminal presequence of precursors first interacts with TIMM50 and TIMM23. The TIMM17 and TIMM23 subunits form a channel and are required to initiate translocation of precursors. In yeast experimentally verified substrates of TIM23:PAM include Hsp60 (HSP60 in human) and Yfh1 (Frataxin, FXN in human). Many other matrix proteins are believed to be substrates of the TIMM23 complex.
As inferred from yeast, the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) binds presequences of mitochondrial precursors and the beta subunit cleaves the presequence. After cleavage, proteins destined for the matrix are drawn into the matrix by ATP-dependent interaction with mtHSP70 (HSPA9, homolog of yeast SSC1) of the PAM complex.
As inferred from the yeast TIM23 complex, the human TIMM23 complex transports precursor proteins across the inner membrane and into the matrix. As in yeast, subunits TIMM50, TIMM17, and TIMM23 are probably necessary for initiating translocation while the PAM complex with mtHSP70 (HSPA9, yeast SSC1) provides the motive force that drives the transport. mtHSP70 binding to the precursor pulls the protein into the matrix in a reaction requiring ATP hydrolysis. The yeast reaction appears to use a Brownian ratchet mechanism (Yamano et al. 2008). In yeast experimentally verified substrates of TIM23 PAM include Hsp60 (HSP60 in human) and Yfh1 (Frataxin, FXN in human). Many other matrix proteins are believed to be substrates of the TIMM23 complex
A human mitochondrion contains about 1500 proteins, more than 99% of which are encoded in the nucleus, synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the mitochondrion. Proteins are targeted to four locations (outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and matrix) and must be sorted accordingly (reviewed in Kutik et al. 2007, Milenkovic et al. 2007, Bolender et al. 2008, Endo and Yamano 2009). Newly synthesized proteins are transported from the cytosol across the outer membrane by the TOMM40:TOMM70 complex. Proteins that contain presequences first interact with the TOMM20 subunit of the complex while proteins that contain internal targeting elements first interact with the TOMM70 subunit. After initial interaction the protein is conducted across the outer membrane by TOMM40 subunits. In yeast some proteins such as Aco1, Atp1, Cit1, Idh1, and Atp2 have both presequences that interact with TOM20 and mature regions that interact with TOM70 (Yamamoto et al. 2009). After passage across the outer membrane, proteins may be targeted to the outer membrane via the SAMM50 complex, to the inner membrane via the TIMM22 or TIMM23 complexes (reviewed in van der Laan et al. 2010), to the matrix via the TIMM23 complex (reviewed in van der Laan et al. 2010), or proteins may fold and remain in the intermembrane space (reviewed in Stojanovski et al. 2008, Deponte and Hell 2009, Sideris and Tokatlidis 2010). Presequences on matrix and inner membrane proteins cause interaction with TIMM23 complexes; internal targeting sequences cause outer membrane proteins to interact with the SAMM50 complex and inner membrane proteins to interact with the TIMM22 complex. While in the intermembrane space hydrophobic proteins are chaperoned by the TIMM8:TIMM13 complex and/or the TIMM9:TIMM10:FXC1 complex.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175902
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150065.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173288
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148563.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2399923
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148379.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2404226
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5
Phosphorylated heat- and acid-stable protein regulated by insulin 1
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148367.1
The N-terminal fragment of ATF6-alpha contains a bZIP domain and binds the sequence CCACG in ER Stress Response Elements (ERSEs). ATF6-alpha binds ERSEs together with the heterotrimeric transcription factor NF-Y, which binds the sequence CCAAT in the ERSEs, and together the two factors activate transcription of ER stress-responsive genes. Evidence from overexpression and knockdowns indicates that ATF6-alpha is a potent activator but its homolog ATF6-beta is not and ATF6-beta may actually reduce expression of ER stress proteins.
ATF6-alpha is a transmembrane protein that normally resides in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) membrane. Here its luminal C-terminal domain is associated with BiP, shielding 2 Golgi-targeting regions and thus keeping ATF6-alpha in the ER. Upon interaction of BiP with unfolded proteins in the ER, ATF6-alpha dissociates and transits to the Golgi where it is cleaved by the S1P and S2P proteases that reside in the Golgi, releasing the N-terminal domain of ATF6-alpha into the cytosol. After transiting to the nucleus, the N-terminal domain acts as a transcription factor to activate genes encoding chaperones.
Once in the Golgi, ATF6-alpha undergoes two sequential proteolytic cleavages. S2P catalyzes the second of these, cleaving the ATF6-alpha S1P cleavage product within its transmembrane domain. This cleavage liberates a 50 kD N-terminal fragment with bZIP transcription factor activity into the cytosol.
The cytosolic N-terminal cleavage product of ATF6-alpha transits to the nucleus.
The association between ATF6-alpha and BiP causes ATF6-alpha to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once dissociated from BiP, the 2 Golgi Localization Sequences on ATF6-alpha are exposed and ATF6-alpha transits from the ER to the Golgi Apparatus.
Once in the Golgi, ATF6-alpha undergoes two sequential proteolytic cleavages. S1P catalyzes the first of these, probably cleaving the ATF6-alpha polypeptide between residues 418 and 419 based on homology with known S1P cleavage sites in other proteins.
The Endoplasmin (HSP90B1) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The XBP1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA, the mRNA is spliced to yield Xbp(s) mRNA, and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The BIP (HSPA5) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The Calreticulin gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The dissociation of the IRE1-alpha:BiP heterodimer liberates IRE1-alpha, which forms homodimers. Dimer formation is initiated by interaction between the N-terminal, luminal domains.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161874.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174063
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162011.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174067
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149593.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149824.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175475
The DNAJB11 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The CTDSP2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The CXXC1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The DCTN1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The DDX11 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Dimerization of the N-terminal luminal regions of IRE1-alpha brings the cytosolic C-terminal regions in proximity. The C-terminal region possesses kinase activity and the homodimer trans-autophosphorylates. From homology with Saccharomyces IRE1-alpha the phosphorylation of human IRE1-alpha is believed to be at Ser724.
Phosphorylation of the C-terminal region causes a loop in the C-terminus to change position, enabling access to an ADP-binding pocket. Phosphorylated IRE1-alpha dimers bind ADP in preference to ATP.
The ACADVL gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The ATP6VOD1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Translation initiation factor eIF-2B gamma subunit
eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, gamma subunit
translation initiation factor 2B gamma subunit
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149405.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173281
The EXTL3 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
translation initiation factor 2B alpha subunit
Translation initiation factor eIF-2B alpha subunit
eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, alpha subunit
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149128.4
The DNAJB9 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173283
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154980.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173282
translation initiation factor 2B beta subunit
eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, beta subunit
Translation initiation factor eIF-2B beta subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173278
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149282.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173285
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150064.4
Purification and properties of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase
The inositol hexakisphosphate kinase family. Catalytic flexibility and function in yeast vacuole biogenesis
The KLHDC3 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The LMNA gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The HDGF gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The HYOU1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GOSR2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GSK3A gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GAP gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The GFPT1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The PPP2R5B gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2399924
The PDIA6 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The PDIA5 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147909.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2399927
translation initiation factor 2B delta subunit
eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, delta subunit
Translation initiation factor eIF-2B delta subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173280
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148950.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173287
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150106.4
The SHC1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The RAMP4 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The SRPRB gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The SRPR gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The SULT1A3 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The SSR1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The SYVN1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Structure of S6 kinase 1 determines whether raptor-mTOR or rictor-mTOR
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173186
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150062.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173060
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149313.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173056
The Sec12 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172968
The TSPYL2 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172969
The Talin-1 (TLN1) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172966
The WFS1 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172967
IRE1-alpha is a single-pass transmembrane protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The C-terminus of IRE1-alpha is located in the cytosol; the N-terminus is located in the ER lumen. In unstressed cells IRE1-alpha exists in an inactive heterodimeric complex with BiP such that BiP in the ER lumen binds the N-terminal region of IRE1-alpha. Upon accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, BiP binds the unfolded protein and the IRE1-alpha:BiP complex dissociates. The dissociated IRE1-alpha then forms homodimers. Initially the luminal N-terminal regions pair. This is followed by trans-autophosphorylation of IRE1-alpha at Ser724 in the cytosolic C-terminal region. The phosphorylation causes a conformational change that allows the dimer to bind ADP, causing a further conformational change to yield back-to-back pairing of the cytosolic C-terminal regions of IRE1-alpha. The fully paired IRE1-alpha homodimer has endoribonuclease activity and cleaves the mRNA encoding Xbp-1. A 26 residue polyribonucleotide is released and the 5' and 3' fragments of the original Xbp-1 mRNA are rejoined. The spliced Xbp-1 message encodes Xbp-1 (S), a potent activator of transcription. Xbp-1 (S) together with the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-Y bind the ER Stress Responsive Element (ERSE) in a number of genes encoding chaperones. Recent data suggest that the IRE1-alpha homodimer can also cleave specific subsets of mRNAs, including the insulin (INS) mRNA in pancreatic beta cells.
Xbp-1 (S) binds the sequence CCACG in ER Stress Responsive Elements (ERSE, consensus sequence CCAAT (N)9 CCACG) located upstream from many genes. The ubiquitous transcription factor NF-Y, a heterotrimer, binds the CCAAT portion of the ERSE and together the IRE1-alpha: NF-Y complex activates transcription of a set of chaperone genes including DNAJB9, EDEM, RAMP4, p58IPK, and others. This results in an increase in protein folding activity in the ER.
A novel gene oriented in a head-to-head configuration with the human histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HRS) gene encodes an mRNA that predicts a polypeptide homologous to HRS
The p58IPK (DNAJC3) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The YIF1A gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
The C-terminal domain of PERK has kinase activity when PERK homodimerizes. PERK kinase specifically phosphorylates Ser52 of eIF2-alpha, causing an arrest in translation. The result is that translation of ER-targeted proteins is halted on ribosomes in the vicinity of activated PERK. The general arrest of translation results in the loss of short-lived proteins such as Cyclin D1, causing an arrest of the cell cycle in G1.
Once dissociated from BiP, PERK monomers form homodimers, the active form of the protein.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150097.4
Signal recognition particle 68 kDa protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173276
Phosphorylation of eIF2-alpha causes increased translation of ATF4 mRNA. In mouse the mRNA of ATF4 contains 2 upstream ORFs (uORFs) (Vattem and Wek 2004). The second uORF overlaps the ORF encoding ATF4 and thus prevents translation of ATF4. When eIF2-alpha is phosphorylated, translation of the uORFs is suppressed and translation of the ORF encoding ATF4 is increased.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149830.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173277
eIF-2B GDP-GTP exchange factor, epsilon subunit
Translation initiation factor eIF-2B epsilon subunit
translation initiation factor 2B epsilon subunit
The HERPUD gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149562.4
ATF4 is a transcription factor and activates expression of IL-8, MCP1, IGFBP-1, CHOP, HERP1 and ATF3.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173061
The ATF3 gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173063
The Aspariagine Synthetase (ASNS) gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149053.4
Translocon-associated protein subunit alpha
The amino acid L-proline can act as a neurotransmitter. Its actions are terminated by its re-uptake from the synaptic cleft into the pre-synaptic terminal in the brain. This re-uptake is mediated by a sodium-dependent proline transporter, PROT (Shafqat S et al, 1995).
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is a regulatory system that protects the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) from overload. The UPR is provoked by the accumulation of improperly folded protein in the ER during times of unusually high secretion activity. Analysis of mutants with altered UPR, however, shows that the UPR is also required for normal development and function of secretory cells. One level at which the URP operates is transcriptional and translational regulation: mobilization of ATF6 and IRE1 leads to increased transcription of genes encoding chaperones, and mobilization of PERK (pancreatic eIF2alpha kinase) leads to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha and global down-regulation of protein synthesis. These three regulatory pathways are annotated here.
PERK is a single-pass transmembrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane such that the N-terminus of PERK is luminal and the C-terminus is cytosolic. PERK is maintained in an inactive form by interaction of its luminal domain with BiP, an ER chaperone. BiP also binds unfolded proteins and so BiP dissociates from PERK when unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER. Dissociated PERK monomers spontaneously form homodimers and the homodimeric form of PERK possesses kinase activity in its cytosolic C-terminal domain. The kinase specifically phosphorylates the translation factor eIF2alpha at Ser52, resulting in an arrest of translation. Thus translation of proteins targeted to the ER is downregulated. The translation arrest also causes depletion of Cyclin D1, a rapidly turned over protein. The depletion of Cyclin D1 in turn causes arrest of the cell cycle in G1 phase.
Signal-induced site-specific phosphorylation targets I kappa B alpha to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
The amino acid glycine plays an important role in neurotransmission. Its action is terminated by rapid re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminal or surrounding glial cells. This re-uptake is mediated by the sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporters 1 and 2 (GLYT1 and GLYT2 respectively). GLYT1 is encoded by the human gene SLC5A9 and is expressed in the brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung and placenta (Kim KM et al, 1994). GLYT2 is encoded by the human gene SLC6A5 and is predominantly expressed in the medulla (Morrow JA et al, 1998). Defects in SLC6A5 cause startle disease (STHE or hyperekplexia). STHE is is a human neurological disorder characterized by an excessive startle response (Rees MI et al, 2006).
Protein metabolism comprises the pathways of translation, post-translational modification and protein folding.
Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit alpha isoform 1
Cloning of a gene for a novel epithelium-specific cytosolic phospholipase A2, cPLA2delta, induced in psoriatic skin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173183
Reconstitution, activities, and structure of the eukaryotic RNA exosome
Porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen III synthase: structure, molecular biology, and mechanism
Genomic organisation and functional expression of the gene encoding the human serotonin 5-HT2C receptor
This is the first committed step in the synthesis of complex and hybrid N-glycans and is specific to multicellular organisms (Kumar et al, 1990; Hull et al, 1991). Hybri N-glycans are important for inter-cellular interactions and therefore during embryonic development of multicellular organisms, and it is probable that these pathways have evolved just before the emergence of multicellular organisms. Support for this hypothesis is provided by the phenomena of CDG and by the effects of null mutations in C.elegans.
In the cis-Golgi, Man7, Man8 or Man9 N-glycans are progressively trimmed to Man5 N-glycans. The reaction can be catalyzed by one of three known mannosidases, expressed in different tissues and with slightly different affinity. These enzymes trim the mannoses in a different order (Tremblay and Herscovics, 2000), but produce the same output with 5 mannoses. A small confusion on the nomenclature of these genes coding for these enzymes is present in the literature: the standard HGNC symbols are MAN1A1, MAN1A2, MAN1C1, but MAN1A2 is also referred to as MAN1B in certain publications, while MAN1B1 is the enzyme acting in the ERQC compartment on unfolded glycoproteins. Moreover, the names do not correspond to a preference of these enzymes for which of the three mannose branches these trim first.
The addition of a bisecting GlcNAc to a complex N-glycan by MGAT3 is one of the most important regulatory steps in N-glycosylation, directing the pathway toward the synthesis of complex and hybrid N-glycans. This addition changes the structure of the N-glycan and inhibits further modification by MGAT2, MGAT4, MGAT5A/B and FUT8. Defects in MGAT3 have been shown to be associated with predisposition to cancer and several developmental defects (Song et al 2010; Stanley 2002).
After the transport of the glycoprotein to the cis-Golgi, the pathway of N-glycosylation bifurcates. Some N-glycans can be moved to subsequent steps of the secretory pathway without further modifications, or alternatively, with the removal of a few mannoses (Oligo Mannoses pathway). In yeast and other unicellular species, a series of mannose residues are added (High Mannoses pathway). The presence of this modification is a major obstacle to the production of pharmaceutical drugs in yeast, where the HighMannose pathway must be inhibited or modified in order to avoid the presence of high mannose xenoglycans. The first N-glycan modification step is the trimming of up to four mannoses by one of three mannosidase enzymes. Moreover, Glycoproteins that have not entered in the Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle or that have not had their glucose residues trimmed earlier in the ER, can enter the main pathway here due to the existence to an alternative route catalyzed by the enzyme Endomannosidase I (Schachter, 2000; Stanley et al, 2009)
The removal of mannoses on the alpha,1,6 arm by MAN2A1 or MAN2A2 is required for efficient formation of complex-type N-glycans (Misago M et al, 1995; Crispin M et al, 2007). These two enzymes carry out the same function and the disruption of both inhibits the formation of complex N-glycans in vivo (Akama TO et al, 2006).
The transfer of a bisecting GlcNAc by MGAT3 commits the pathway toward the synthesis of hybrid glycans, because MAN2 is not able to operate on bisected oligosaccharides (Schachter et al 2000, Priatel JJ et al, 1997). The expression of MGAT3 over MGAT2 in a tissue can regulate the synthesis of hybrid toward complex N-glycans. The addition of a GlcNAc between the two arms also prevents the action of MGAT4, MGAT5 and FUT8.
Addition of a fucose moiety as an alpha 1-6 linkage to the first GlcNAc residue of the N-glycan (Clarke JL, Watkins WM 1999; Yamaguchi Y et al, 1999; Yamaguchi Y et al 2000).
The addition of a GlcNAc on the alpha,1,6 mannose on the alpha,1,4 branch is required for the synthesis of complex N-glycans (Tan J et al, 1995). Defects in this gene are associated with Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation type IIa (Tan J et al, 1996; Wang Y et al, 2002).
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT)-IV catalyzes the addition of GlcNAc beta,1,4 on the GlcNAc beta1,2 Man,alpha1,3 arm of both complex and hybrid N-glycans (Oguri S et al, 2006). Two human GnT-IV isozymes have been characterized (MGAT4A, MGAT4B) , plus a putative MGAT4C on chromosome 2 (Furukawa T et al, 1999). Aberrant expression of MGAT4A or MGAT4B is associated with pancreatic cancer (Ide Y et al, 2006; Kudo T et al , 2007)
If MAN2 acts before MGAT3, the pathway progresses to complex N-glycans, because MAN2 is not able to operate on bisected oligosaccharides (11421343, page 5). The expression of MAN2 over MGAT3 in a tissue can regulate the synthesis of hybrid or complex N-glycans.
Quasi-native chaperonin-bound intermediates in facilitated protein folding
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109747.9
Mechanism of action and in vivo role of platelet-derived growth factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147320
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114379.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147319
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110354.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147318
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2277.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30181
At least two mechanisms of transport of proteins from the ER to the Golgi have been described. One is a general flow requiring no export signals (Wieland et al, 1987; Martínez-Menárguez et al, 1999). The other is mediated by LMAN1/MCFD2, mannose-binding lectins that recognize a glycan signal (Zhang B et al, 2003).
In the latter compartments of the distal Golgi the N-Glycan is further modified, leading to the wide range of N-Glycans observed in multicellular organisms. The first step of N-Glycan elongation in the Golgi is the addition of a GlcNAc residue on the alpha 1,3 branch by the enzyme MGAT1 (GlcNAc-TI), which commits the elongation pathway to Complex or Hybrid N-Glycans from Oligomannose N-Glycans. At this point, the pathway bifurcates again to generate Complex or Hybrid N-Glycans. The addition of a GlcNAc in the middle of the two arms of the N-Glycan, catalyzed by MGAT3 (GNT-III), inhibits the removal of the mannoses on the alpha1,3 branches by MAN2 and the addition of a GlcNAc by MGAT2 (GlcNAc-TII), and commits the pathway toward the synthesis of hybrid N-Glycans. Alternatively, the removal of these mannoses and the action of MGAT2 leads to the synthesis of complex N-Glycans (Kornfeld and Kornfeld 1985). The exact structure of the network of reactions leading to Complex or Hybrid N-Glycans is still not completely described and validated experimentally. Here we will annotate only one generic reaction for each of the enzymes known to participate in this process. For a better annotation on the reactions and genes involved in the synthesis of Complex and Hybrid N-Glycans we recommend the GlycoGene Database (Ito H. et al, 2010) (http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/rcmg/ggdb/textsearch.jsp) for annotations on genes, and the Consortium for Functional Genomics (http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/rcmg/ggdb/textsearch.jsp) for annotation of Glycan structures and reactions. Moreover, a computationally inferred prediction on the structure of this network is available through the software GlycoVis (Hossler P. et. al. 2006).
N-glycans are further modified after the commitment to Complex or Hybrid N-glycans. The exact structure of the network of metabolic reactions involved is complex and not yet validated experimentally. Here we will show a generic reaction for each of the genes known to be involved in N-Glycosylation. For a better annotation of the reactions and genes involved in the synthesis of Complex and Hybrid N-glycans we recommend the GlycoGene Database (Ito H. et al, 2010) (http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/rcmg/ggdb/textsearch.jsp) for annotations of genes, and the Consortium for Functional Genomics (http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/rcmg/ggdb/textsearch.jsp) for annotation of Glycan structures and reactions. Moreover, a computationally inferred prediction for the structure of this network is available through the software GlycoVis (Hossler P. et. al. 2006).
Addition of sialic acid to galactose-containing N-glycan. Sialic acid is usually found at terminal positions of the N-glycan. This imparts a negative charge at neutral pH this adds a negative charge which affects the chemico-physical and biological properties of the N-glycans (for a review, see Schauer R 2000); moreover, this modification can lead to the addition of extraordinarily long antennae such as polysialic acid (hundreds of sials) or poly lactosamine repeats (dozens of disaccharide repeats) (Harduin-Lepers A, 2001), while the number of modifications on the antennae of N-glycans is usually lower. There are over 20 sialyltransferases known in humans, 5 of which are known to act on N-glycans. ST6Gal I (ST6GAL1) is the only alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase known to transfer sialic acid to galactose on N-Glycans (Dall'Olio F, 2000). A second beta-Galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase has been characterized, but this enzyme acts mainly on oligosaccharides (Krzewinski-Recchi MA et al 2003). Sialic acids can also be added via an alpha-2,3-linkage to galactose on N-glycans by ST3GalIV(ST3GAL4) (Ellies et al 2002). ST8Sia II (ST8SIA2), ST8Sia III (ST8SIA3), and ST8Sia IV (ST8SIA6) have alpha-2,8-activity (Angata K et al 1997; Angata et al 2000; Angata K, Fuduka M 2003).
Addition of a galactose residue on N-acetylglucosamine. The family of beta 4-galactosyltransferases is composed by at least six known members with different K(m) and acceptor specifities (Guo S et al, 2001) and probably originated by duplication (Lo NW et al, 1998). B4GALT1 is associated with Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation of type IId (Hansske B et al, 2002), and is expressed as two splicing isoforms of which only one is localizated in the Golgi system (Lopez LC et al, 1991; Schaub BE et al, 2006). B4GALT2 is key in the regulation of proteins involved in neuronal development (Sasaki N et al, 2005).
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5 (B4GALT5) mediates the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to Core 6 glycoproteins (Sato et al. 1998).
An unknown N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase mediates the transfer of GlcNAc to Tn antigens via an beta-1,6 linkage to create Core 6 mucins (Brockhausen et al. 2009).
An unknown N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase mediates the transfer of GlcNAc to Tn antigens via an alpha-1,3 linkage to create Core 5 mucins (Brockhausen et al. 2009).
The UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family (B3GNTs) consists of 9 members in humans (Kolbinger et al, 1998; Shiraishi et al, 2001; Togayachi et al, 2001; Iwai et al, 2002; Huang et al, 2004; Ishida et al, 2005; Zheng et al, 2004). They catalyse the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to the T antigen to form the Core 3 glycoprotein (Togayachi et al, 2006). Thie reaction occurs in the Golgi.
N-linked glycosylation is the most important form of post-translational modification for proteins synthesized and folded in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (Stanley P et al, 2009). An early study in 1999 revealed that about 50% of the proteins in the Swiss-Prot database at the time were N-glycosylated (Apweiler R et al, 1999). It is now established that the majority of the proteins in the secretory pathway require glycosylation in order to achieve proper folding. The addition of an N-glycan to a protein can have several roles (Shental-Bechor D and Levy Y, 2009). First, glycans enhance the solubility and stability of the proteins in the ER, the golgi and on the outside of the cell membrane, where the composition of the medium is strongly hydrophilic and where proteins, that are mostly hydrophobic, have difficulty folding properly. Second, N-glycans are used as signal molecules during the folding and transport process of the protein: they have the role of labels to determine when a protein must interact with a chaperon, be transported to the golgi, or targeted for degradation in case of major folding defects. Third, and most importantly, N-glycans on completely folded proteins are involved in a wide range of processes: they help determine the specificity of membrane receptors in innate immunity or in cell-to-cell interactions, they can change the properties of hormones and secreted proteins, or of the proteins in the vesicular system inside the cell. All N-linked glycans are derived from a common 14-sugar oligosaccharide synthesized in the ER, which is attached co-translationally to a protein while this is being translated inside the reticulum. The process of the synthesis of this glycan, known as Synthesis of the N-glycan precursor or LLO, constitutes one of the most conserved pathways in eukaryotes, and has been also observed in some eubacteria. The attachment usually happens on an asparagine residue within the consensus sequence asparagine-X-threonine by an complex called oligosaccharyl transferase (OST). After being attached to an unfolded protein, the glycan is used as a label molecule in the folding process (also known as Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle) (Lederkremer GZ, 2009). The majority of the glycoproteins in the ER require at least one glycosylated residue in order to achieve proper folding, even if it has been shown that a smaller portion of the proteins in the ER can be folded without this modification. Once the glycoprotein has achieved proper folding, it is transported via the Cis-golgi through all the Golgi compartments, where the glycan is further modified according to the properties of the glycoprotein. This process involves relatively few enzymes but due to its combinatorial nature, can lead to several millions of different possible modifications. The exact topography of this network of reactions has not been established yet, representing one of the major challenges after the sequencing of the human genome (Hossler P et al, 2006). Since N-glycosylation is involved in an great number of different processes, from cell-cell interaction to folding control, mutations in one of the genes involved in glycan assembly and/or modification can lead to severe development problems (often affecting the central nervous system). All the diseases in genes involved in glycosylation are collectively known as Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) (Sparks SE et al, 2003), and classified as CDG type I for the genes in the LLO synthesis pathway, and CDG type II for the others.
Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) transfers a sialic acid from the donor CMP-sialic acid to the T antigen (Stamenkovic et al, 1990).
Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) transfers a sialic acid from the donor CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing acceptor substrates such as the Tn antigen (Stamenkovic et al, 1990).
Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by epithelial tissues in most metazoa. Mucins' key characteristic is their ability to form gels; therefore they are a key component in most gel-like secretions, serving functions from lubrication to cell signalling to forming chemical barriers. To date, there are approximately 20 genes that express mucins. Mature mucins are composed of two distinct regions: (1) The amino- and carboxy-terminal regions are very lightly glycosylated, but rich in cysteines. The cysteine residues participate in establishing disulfide linkages within and among mucin monomers. (2) A large central region rich in serine, threonine and proline residues called the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region which can become heavily O-glycosylated with hundreds of O-GalNAc glycans. N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) is the first glycan to be attached, forming the simplest mucin O-glycan. After this, several different pathways are possible generating "core" structures. Four core structures are commonly formed, several others are possible but infrequent. O-linked glycans are often capped by the addition of a sialic acid residue, terminating the addition of any more O-glycans (Brockhausen et al, 2009; Tarp and Clausen, 2008).
O-glycan biosynthesis can be terminated (or modified) by the addition of sialic acid residues on Core 1 and 2 glycoproteins by sialyltransferases (Varki et al, 2009).
An unknown galactosyltransferase mediates the transfer of galactose is transferred to Tn antigens via an alpha-1,3 linkage to create Core 8 mucins (Brockhausen et al. 2009).
An unknown N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase mediates the transfer of GalNAc is transferred to Tn antigens via an alpha-1,6 linkage to create Core 7 mucins (Brockhausen et al. 2009).
As inferred from the yeast TIM8:TIM13 complex, the human TIMM8:TIMM13 complex chaperones hydrophobic membrane proteins in the intermembrane space until their insertion into the inner or outer membrane. In yeast experimentally verified substrates of the TIM8:TIM13 complex include TIM23 (TIMM23 in human) and TOM40 (TOMM40 in human). Many other mitochondrial proteins are anticipated to be chaperoned by the TIMM8:TIMM13 complex.
After translation, many newly formed proteins undergo further covalent modifications that alter their functional properties and that are essentially irreversible under physiological conditions in the body. These modifications include the internal peptide bond cleavages that activate proenzymes, the attachment of oligosaccharide moieties to membrane-bound and secreted proteins, the attachment of lipid or glycolipid moieties that serve to anchor proteins to cellular membranes, and the vitamin K-dependent attachment of carboxyl groups to glutamate residues.
TIMM9:TIMM10 with bound substrate protein interacts with FXC1 (TIMM9B, TIMM10B) and TIMM22 at the inner membrane (Muhlenbein et al. 2004). It is believed that TIMM22 then inserts the protein into the inner membrane and TIMM9:TIMM10 and FXC1 are released.
As inferred from the yeast TIM9:TIM10 complex, the human TIMM9:TIMM10:FXC1 complex chaperones hydrophobic membrane proteins in the intermembrane space until their insertion into the inner or outer membrane. Whereas the yeast TIM9:TIM10 complex is soluble in the intermembrane space, the human TIMM9:TIMM10 complex is associated with the outer surface of the inner membrane (Muhlebein et al. 2004). Experimentally verified substrates of the yeast TIM9:TIM10 complex include AAC (ADP/ATP translocase 1, ANT, SLC25A4 in human), TIM17 (TIMM17 in human), TOM40 (TOMM40 in human), TIM23 (TIMM23 in human), TIM22 (TIMM22 in human), and Tafazzin (Tafazzin, TAZ in human). Many other mitochondrial proteins are anticipated to be chaperoned by the TIMM9:TIMM10 complex.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=112478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4018.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114988.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95372.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147461
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3678.1
The gene mutated in adult-onset type II citrullinaemia encodes a putative mitochondrial carrier protein
Hyperornithinaemia-hyperammonaemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a mitochondrial ornithine transporter.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147460
Mechanism for fatty acid sparing effect on glucose-induced transcription: regulation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein by AMP-activated protein kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147457
Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis
Carnitine biosynthesis. beta-Hydroxylation of trimethyllysine by an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mitochondrial dioxygenase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175087
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82930.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79409.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146197
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33938.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175084
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111967.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146307
K-sam, an amplified gene in stomach cancer, is a member of the heparin-binding growth factor receptor genes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109134.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146535
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101904.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175115
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114824.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175241
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95797.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175085
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114992.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147446
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33287.10
Amyloid beta-protein assembly and Alzheimer disease
Trimerization and triple helix stabilization of the collagen XIX NC2 domain
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2810.1
The transforming growth factor beta receptors types I, II, and III form hetero-oligomeric complexes in the presence of ligand
Initiation of Nuclear Envelope Reformation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175086
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30272.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175247
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84868.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175246
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98845.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147449
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109350.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110103.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34725.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175308
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 plays an essential role for Toll-like receptor (TLR)7- and TLR9-mediated interferon-{alpha} induction
Human homologue of murine tumor rejection antigen gp96: 5'-regulatory and coding regions and relationship to stress-induced proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148527
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98108.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175022
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102763.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145075
Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc
Tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C induced by membrane immunoglobulin in B lymphocytes
Cells exposed to castanospermine or 1-deoxynojirimycin (inhibitors of the glucosidase enzymes GCS1 and GANAB), are still able to carry out glycosylation and produce complex glycans. This is due to the existence of an alternative route catalyzed by the enzyme endomannosidase (Moore and Spiro, 1990). Glycoproteins that pass through this route probably skip or have a reduced interaction with the Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle, and are transported to the cis-golgi through a route that has not been described yet (probably through the general ER to Golgi flow). Here, the Endomannosidase enzyme, which resides on the Golgi membrane (Hardt et al 2005; Hamilton et al 2005) is able to remove the tri-, di-, or mono-glucose substituted mannose on branch A, leading to a deglucosylated N-glycan structure (Lubas and Spiro, 1988).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174162
Eukaryotic protein synthesis: still a mystery
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174148
Polycystin-2 down-regulates cell proliferation via promoting PERK-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174070
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163155.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175922
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162615.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162136.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174066
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162110.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175288
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162508.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=936901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163666
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159638.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163696
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26878.2
The metabolic activation of abacavir by human liver cytosol and expressed human alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20939.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=437295
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21200.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163647
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92720.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163649
Phosphorylation of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs by mammalian nucleoside monophosphate kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163684
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163682
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163678
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163689
Glutamine- dependent asparagine synthetase
Asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163690
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163687
Homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163688
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163686
The human and mouse replication-dependent histone genes
Syndromic craniosynostosis: from history to hydrogen bonds
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163708
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157018.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111875
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11819.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=167012
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10868.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158599
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138797.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156297
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107231.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175623
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144277.5
Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate: from the early, precursor discoveries to nowadays, genetics approaches
Testis-specific Y-encoded-like protein 2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=399976
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18971.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175625
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106721.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78142.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175898
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163616.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175030
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162600.2
XBP1 controls diverse cell type- and condition-specific transcriptional regulatory networks
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162198
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161274.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156334
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110343.9
Inactivation of NF-kappa B inhibitor I kappa B alpha: ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and its degradation product
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156314
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153059.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112791.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156331
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101592.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18677.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=400570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156313
Five-hour half-life of mouse liver gap-junction protein
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134792.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156300
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131630.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156330
Carboxy-terminal domain RNA polymerase II polypeptide A small phosphatase 2
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97918.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175237
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80338.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175236
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80465.9
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX11
Characterization of MTMR3. an inositol lipid 3-phosphatase with novel substrate specificity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175306
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87602.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148516
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134726.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80760.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148518
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33447.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161632
Release of arachidonate from diglyceride in human platelets requires the sequential action of a diglyceride lipase and a monoglyceride lipase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148673
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127739.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148660
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148659
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148670
Evidence for direct interaction between Sprouty and Cbl
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148671
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138894.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162252
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161327.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160433.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172660
A second canon. Functions and mechanisms of beta-catenin-independent Wnt signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172666
Differential assembly of Cdc45p and DNA polymerases at early and late origins of DNA replication.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172686
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162178.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162205
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161345.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162204
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161541.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160371.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172682
Characterization of a cDNA encoding a protein with limited similarity to beta1, 3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163172.2
A developmentally regulated chaperone complex for the endoplasmic reticulum of male haploid germ cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172690
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14089.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172696
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162914.2
Phospholipase C-gamma 1 and phospholipase C-gamma 2 are substrates of the B cell antigen receptor associated protein tyrosine kinase
Identification of the tuberous sclerosis complex-2 tumor suppressor gene product tuberin as a target of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/akt pathway
Human liver long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase is a multifunctional membrane-bound beta-oxidation enzyme of mitochondria.
Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta is a cytosolic and peripheral membrane protein that is recruited to the plasma membrane and activated by Rac-GTP
Molecular structure of a novel cholesterol-responsive A subclass ABC transporter, ABCA9
Energetically unfavorable interactions among the zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA when bound to the 5 S rRNA gene
Human epidermis is a novel site of phospholipase B expression
Regulation of sprouty stability by Mnk1-dependent phosphorylation
The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors
Dynamics of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110? interaction with p85? and membranes reveals aspects of regulation distinct from p110?
A conserved family of enzymes that phosphorylate inositol hexakisphosphate
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter, PAPST2
3' -UTR-mediated translational regulation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128535.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917810
Regulation of repair of alkylation damage in mammalian genomes.
Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 44:109-42
Transport of Mature mRNAs Derived from Intronless Transcripts
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25897.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175742
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155132.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175408
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146518.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163478
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25643.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917877
Oct-1 and Oct-2 potentiate functional interactions of a transcription factor with the proximal sequence element of small nuclear RNA genes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141589.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129487.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163487
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163485
Transfer of SUMO from E1 to E2 (UBE2I, UBC9)
TGIF2 interacts with histone deacetylase 1 and represses transcription
Rsk-2 activity is necessary for epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of CREB protein and transcription of c-fos gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163786
Tissue-differential expression of two distinct genes for phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase and existence of the testic-specific transcript
Second pathway for completion of human DNA base excision-repair: reconstitution with purified proteins and requirement for DNase IV (FEN1).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163780
Primary megakaryocytes reveal a role for transcription factor NF-E2 in integrin alpha IIb beta 3 signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130244.5
Activation of phospholipase C gamma by PI 3-kinase-induced PH domain-mediated membrane targeting
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135587.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163812
The complex route to MHC class I-peptide complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163809
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very-long-chain specific, mitochondrial precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146246
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108844.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175756
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143573.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146268
ATF6-alpha, N-terminal cleavage product of S2P
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174085
Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143272
ATF6-alpha, C-terminal cleavage product of S2P
ATF6-alpha, C-terminal cleavage product of S1P
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146259
Cardiolipin is synthesized on the matrix side of the inner membrane in rat liver mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146297
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146293
ATF6-alpha, N-terminal cleavage product of S1P
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175021
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131654.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161537.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162256
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143824.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161071.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4709.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111980
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110625.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175832
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93578.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162257
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146232.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=74985
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial
Iron-sulfur cluster co-chaperone protein HscB, mitochondrial
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113571
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2826.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168081
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5587.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168080
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3782.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126032.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168083
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4491.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1638840
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4088.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116981.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145522
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80486.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175020
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131262.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175023
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129342.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29470
Mitochondrial-processing peptidase subunit beta
Mitochondrial-processing peptidase subunit alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144779
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3947.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144781
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3973.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144785
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKK
Molecular, functional, and genomic characterization of human KCC2, the neuronal K-Cl cotransporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144798
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160998.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73682
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144855
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim17-B
Organization and sequence of the human gene for the mitochondrial citrate transport protein
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM50
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5783.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3156.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162265
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163621.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172674
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160379.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113563
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161736.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172684
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5633.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113600
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2551.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166515
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160757.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162207
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160368.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162213
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162420.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172711
Crystal structure of human class mu glutathione transferase GSTM2-2. Effects of lattice packing on conformational heterogeneity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172702
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161199.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134338.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116660.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167964
Mammalian Cdh1/Fzr mediates its own degradation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20143.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1610735
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20054.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429807
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140009.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167963
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143413.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1861782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1606283
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117236.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1606280
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117726.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605713
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116868.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167952
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142305.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167946
Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605750
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117322.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167961
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117176.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605673
ChEBI:58548 S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate(2?)
S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate(2?)
Dominant negative mechanism underlies autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy linked to mutations in ELOVL4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116327.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140001.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1606609
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117795.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1861754
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117060.2
Cloning and tissue distribution of the human B3GALT7 gene, a member of the beta1,3-Glycosyltransferase family
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167976
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130401.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167978
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116261.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1660674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168072
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130358.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168074
Human minichromosome maintenance proteins and human origin recognition complex 2 protein on chromatin.
Requirement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase for neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells
S-methyl-5-thio-?-D-ribose 1-phosphate(2?)
ChEBI:58533 S-methyl-5-thio-?-D-ribose 1-phosphate(2?)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26149.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163749
Mapping of the binding of platelet-derived growth factor to distinct domains of the basement membrane proteins BM-40 and perlecan and distinction from the BM-40 collagen-binding epitope
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25925.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=947592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26709.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=947588
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26259.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=947594
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26138.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939747
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25558.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=947595
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135128.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939760
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) induces the Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 to facilitate NEMO binding and the activation of IkappaBalpha kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163767
Subcellular localization and secretion of factor V from human platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163772
The Drosophila insulin receptor homolog: a gene essential for embryonic development encodes two receptor isoforms with different signaling potential.
A human phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex related to the yeast Vps34p-Vps15p protein sorting system
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163757
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1
Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111511.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167835
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160018.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1222424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111446.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1497857
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158210.3
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim9
ADP,ATP carrier protein, heart/skeletal muscle isoform T1
ADP,ATP carrier protein, liver isoform T2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153447
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167828
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152580.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158563.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153443
Appearance of water channels in Xenopus oocytes expressing red cell CHIP28 protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153439
Dre2, a conserved eukaryotic Fe/S cluster protein, functions in cytosolic Fe/S protein biogenesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153441
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim22
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim9 B
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim23
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM16
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159629.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175494
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157535.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153533
Sorting and assembly machinery component 50 homolog
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156281.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153451
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153579
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153449
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM14
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161847.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174286
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim17-A
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161150.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2731008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174226
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM44
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174219
Sequential actions of myotubularin lipid phosphatases regulate endosomal PI(3)P and growth factor receptor trafficking
Malectin: a novel carbohydrate-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum and a candidate player in the early steps of protein N-glycosylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174228
MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163465.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174209
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161929.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174308
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161883.2
Severe phenotype of phosphorylase kinase-deficient liver glycogenosis with mutations in the PHKG2 gene
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160470.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2731020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174280
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20336.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=425999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174282
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174281
Binding of NCK to SOS and activation of ras-dependent gene expression
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111890.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1474124
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4966.2
Crystal structures of mammalian glutamine synthetases illustrate substrate-induced conformational changes and provide opportunities for drug and herbicide design
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29460
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159546.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175502
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155016.3
c-Cbl is tyrosine-phosphorylated by interleukin-4 and enhances mitogenic and survival signals of interleukin-4 receptor by linking with the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway
Mammalian sprouty-1 and -2 are membrane-anchored phosphoprotein inhibitors of growth factor signaling in endothelial cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153602
Phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha precedes but is not sufficient for its dissociation from NF-kappa B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153591
The localization of human cyclins B1 and B2 determines CDK1 substrate specificity and neither enzyme requires MEK to disassemble the Golgi apparatus
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153601
Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153539
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154992.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153535
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154291.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153606
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158517.3
Mutation and polymorphism spectrum of the GALNS gene in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175501
Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1
Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153564
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155229.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153562
Translational control by the 3'-UTR: the ends specify the means
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153597
Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer
Function in protein folding of TRiC, a cytosolic ring complex containing TCP-1 and structurally related subunits
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim8 B
Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit Tim13
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153561
Identification of amino acid residues responsible for the pyrimidine and purine nucleoside specificities of human concentrative Na+ nucleoside cotransporters hCNT1 and hCNT2
Characterization of solanesyl and decaprenyl diphosphate synthases in mice and humans
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174198
ADP and platelets: the end of the beginning
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174194
Cloning and characterization of novel mouse and human secretory phospholipase A(2)s
The carboxyl terminal extension of the Drosophila insulin receptor homologue binds IRS-1 and influences cell survival.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174192
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162945.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174106
MyD88: an adapter that recruits IRAK to the IL-1 receptor complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174116
AKT phosphorylates targets in the cytosol
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174103
Water permeability and characterization of aquaporin-11
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148621
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90770.9
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3
CD28 costimulation: a source of Vav-1 for TCR signaling with the help of SLP-76?
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148610
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148608
Cloning and characterization of a human polyamine oxidase that is inducible by polyamine analogue exposure
Impaired CD8 T cell memory and CD4 T cell primary responses in IL-7R alpha mutant mice
Beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1
Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase A
Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=202277
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84965.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153453
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_12804.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106294.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153471
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166589.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153461
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151657
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99214.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153468
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132380.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153512
Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells.
UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4227.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153436
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157957.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153434
The molecular mechanism underlying Roberts syndrome involves loss of ESCO2 acetyltransferase activity
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157360.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153427
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2784.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29386
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3399.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89538.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154436.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13331.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=184174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153569
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94778.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175313
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148781
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79202.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108571.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175238
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105036.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175315
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88747.9
E2F4/5 and p107 as Smad cofactors linking the TGFbeta receptor to c-myc repression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148791
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146792.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148790
Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Beta-1,4-mannosyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148772
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106934.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148771
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3744.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175312
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86711.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148743
Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130265.5
Kinesin-2 is a motor for late endosomes and lysosomes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133129.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148794
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144500.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148747
Integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) signaling in platelet adhesion and aggregation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148770
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142454.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148760
Mechanism of diacylglycerol-induced membrane targeting and activation of protein kinase Ctheta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148745
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29816.10
Targeting mutant fibroblast growth factor receptors in cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148798
Molecular identification of a novel mammalian brain isoform of acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase with prominent ethanolamine lysophospholipid acylating activity, LPEAT2
Cellular arachidonate-releasing function of novel classes of secretory phospholipase A2s (groups III and XII)
In vitro transcription of human mitochondrial DNA: accurate termination requires a region of DNA sequence that can function bidirectionally
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135602.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148668
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106873.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133721.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148686
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133742.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148684
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148606
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148788
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95404.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174387
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174382
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4097.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2889062
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161082.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163953
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161429.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2889083
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160702.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2889068
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161539.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2889081
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161297.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2889072
Collagen cross-linking. Purification and substrate specificity of lysyl oxidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2889057
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161290.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153006.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153484
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158090.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153477
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155982.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86409.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174959
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97619.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153473
Human TLR10 is a functional receptor, expressed by B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which activates gene transcription through MyD88
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153472
Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175923
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163314.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174389
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163230.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163519.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174326
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162927.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174322
Interferon induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase expression in human fibroblasts
Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints.
Molecular mechanism of the Syk activation switch
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428040
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19520.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2730999
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161414.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174381
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161815.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174320
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162562.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174321
The proton oligopeptide cotransporter family SLC15 in physiology and pharmacology
The molecular defect leading to Fabry disease: structure of human alpha-galactosidase
'SREBP1A/1C/2:NF-Y:FDPS gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase (FDPS)'
'SREBP1A/1C/2:ELOVL6 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ELOVL6'
'SREBP1A/1C:NF-Y:SP1:FASN gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN)'
'SREBP1A/1C:ACACB gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 2 (ACACB, ACC2)'
'SREBP1A/2:MVD gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Diphosphomevalonate Decarboxylase (MVD)'
'SREBP1A/1C/2:NF-Y:HMGCS1 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGCS1)'
'SREBP1A/1C:ACACA gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase 1 (ACACA, ACC1)'
'Homologues of ESRRA [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ALAS1'
'ALAS1 gene:NRF1:PPARGC1B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ALAS1'
'SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:HMGCR gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase (HMGCR)'
'Malonyl-CoA [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'palmitoyl-CoA + carnitine => palmitoylcarnitine + CoASH'
'CIT [cytosol]' positively regulates 'acetyl-CoA + bicarbonate + ATP => malonyl-CoA + H2O + ADP + orthophosphate'
'ADP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'ATP + beta-D-fructose => ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate'
'ATP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'PGYM dimer, b form + 2 AMP <=> PGYM b dimer:AMP complex'
Cytosolic kynurenine 3-monooxygenase catalyzes the reaction of L-kynurenine, NADPH + H+, and O2 to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine, NADP+, and H2O.
AADAT dimer localized in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of kynurenine and 2-oxoglutarate to form 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate and glutamate (Han et al. 2008). Biochemical studies of kynurenine transamination in vitro invariably measure kynurenic acid, not 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate, the expected transamination product. As noted by Miller et al. (1953), "The keto acid assumed to be formed prior to ring closure in the conversion of kynurenine to kynurenic acid has not yet been detected. In principle, such detection should be possible, since it is sufficiently stable to have been synthesized. It also remains to be established whether ring closure is spontaneous, enzymatic, or both. The formation of kynurenic acid from L-kynurenine by the L-amino acid oxidase of Neurospora suggests, however, that ring closure can be spontaneous, unless the somewhat improbable assumption is made that Neurospora filtrate contained the ring-closing enzyme."
Cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase tetramer (SHMT1) catalyzes the reaction of 3-Hydroxy-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine to form glycine and 4-trimethylammoniobutanal (Hulse et al. 1978).
Trimethyllysine dioxygenase dimer (TMLHE) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate, and 'N6,N6,N6-Trimethyl-L-lysine to form CO2, 3-Hydroxy-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine, and succinate (Vaz et al. 2001).
The urea cycle yields urea, the major form in which excess nitrogen is excreted from the human body, and the amino acid arginine (Brusilow and Horwich 2001). It consists of four reactions: that of ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate to form citrulline, of citrulline and aspartate to form argininosuccinate, the cleavage of argininosuccinate to yield fumarate and arginine, and the cleavage of arginine to yield urea and re-form ornithine. The carbamoyl phosphate consumed in this cycle is synthesized in the mitochondria from bicarbonate and ammonia, and this synthesis in turn is dependent on the presence of N-acetylglutamate, which allosterically activates carbamoyl synthetase I enzyme. The synthesis of N-acetylglutamate is stimulated by high levels of arginine. Increased levels of free amino acids, indicated by elevated arginine levels, thus stimulate urea synthesis. Two enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of arginine to yield ornithine and urea. Cytosolic ARG1 is the canonical urea cycle enzyme. Mitochondrial ARG2 likewise catalyzes urea production from arginine and may have a substantial sparing effect in patients lacking ARG1 enzyme, so its reaction is annotated here although the role of ARG2 under normal physiological conditions remains unclear.
The mitochondrial ornithine transporters SLC25A15 and SLC25A2 mediate the exchange of cytosolic ornithine for citrulline from the mitochondrial matrix. SLC25A15 was the first protein shown to have this function, identified because mutations in the protein are associated with elevated levels of ammonia, ornithine, and citrulline in affected individuals (Camacho et al. 1999). The second transporter, SLC25A2, identified later, is also expressed in normal cells and their apparently partly redundant function may explain the relatively mild symptoms associated with SLC25A15 deficiency compared to other defects of the urea cycle (Fiermonte et al. 2003).
Arginase 2 (ARG2) trimer catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to form urea and ornithine (Cama et al. 2003). ARG2 is localized to the mitochondrion (Gotoh ea 1996). The enzyme is expressed in many tissues in addition to liver and while its function appears to mitigate the effects of ARG1 deficiency on urea synthesis, its normal physiological roles have not been fully defined (Iyer et al. 1998).
Cytosolic Arginase 1 (ARG1) trimer catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to yield ornithine and urea (DiCostanzo et al. 2005). Patients expressing mutated forms of the enzyme with diminished in vitro arginase activity can accumulate arginine to pathogenic levels in the blood (e.g., Uchino et al. 1995).
Cytosolic argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) catalyzes the reversible reaction of argininosuccinate to form fumarate and arginine. The enzyme is a homotetramer (Turner et al. 1997). The function of the human enzyme in vivo is inferred from the defective argininosuccinate lyase enzyme activity observed in patients with mutant forms of the ASL gene (e.g., Walker et al. 1990).
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase regulates inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate
Cytosolic argininosuccinate synthase catalyzes the reaction of aspartate, citrulline, and ATP to form argininosuccinate, AMP, and pyrophosphate. The function of the human enzyme in vivo is inferred from the hypercitrullinemia observed in patients with defective forms of the enzyme (e.g., Engel et al. 2009). The enzyme is active as a homotetramer (OâBrien 1980; Karlberg et al. 2008).
Tryptophan is catabolized in seven steps to yield aminomuconate. Intermedistes in this process are used as well for the synthesis of serotonin and kynurenine (Peters 1991).
Cytosolic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) tetramer catalyzes the conversion of L-tryptophan and oxygen to formylkynurenine. The structure and catalytic properties of the human enzyme are inferred from the close similarity of its predicted amino acid sequence (Comings et al. 1995) to that of the well-studied rat enzyme (Dick et al. 2001). In the body, TDO is found predominantly in the liver and is induced by metabolites such as tryptophan and histidine, and by glucocorticoids. These properties, together with TDO's narrow substrate specificity, are consistent with the hypothesis that the enzyme functions functions primarily in tryptophan catabolism and NAD biosynthesis (Taylor and Feng 1991).
Proline is catabolized in two steps to yield L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde, which can react further with glutamate to yield ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate (annotated as a reaction of amino acid synthesis and interconversion) or with NAD+ to yield glutamate and NADH + H+ (Phang et al. 2001).
CCBL2 (KAT 3) catalyzes the reaction of kynurenine and pyruvate to form 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate and alanine. CCBL2 is known only as the predicted protein product of a cloned human gene closely homologous to CCBL1 (Yu et al. 2006) and all of the structural and catalytic properties annotated here are inferred from those of CCBL1.
Cytosolic arylformamidase (AFMID) catalyzes the hydrolysis of formylkynurenine to yield formate and L-kynurenine. Human AFMID has been identified only as an open reading frame; its activity is inferred from that of its well-characterized mouse homologue (Pabarcus and Casida 2002).
The first reaction in this pathway converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, coupled to the conversion of tetrahydrobiopterin to 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin, catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase. (Deficiencies in this enzyme are responsible for the commonest form of phenylketonuria (PKU) in humans.) This reaction functions both as the first step in the pathway by which the body disposes of excess phenylalanine, and as a source of the amino acid tyrosine. The next two reactions are responsible for the regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin from 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin. The following five reactions convert tyrosine to fumarate, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, and acetoacetate, a ketone body.
Cytosolic fumarylacetoacetase catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-fumarylacetoacetate to form fumarate and acetoacetate (Labelle et al. 1993).
Mitochondrial delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ALDH4A1) catalyzes the reaction of L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde and NAD+ to form glutamate and NADH + H+ (Hu et al. 1996). The enzyme is a dimer (Forte-McRobbie and Pietruszko 1986). ALDH4A1 mutations cause type II hyperprolinemia in vivo (Geraghty et al. 1998).
The dehydrogenation of proline to L-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate coupled to the conversion of FAD to FADH2 is the first step in proline breakdown (Bender et al. 2005). Proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, is found in liver, kidney, and brain cells, where it is tightly bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
STRAP and Smad7 synergize in the inhibition of transforming growth factor beta signaling
Methionine salvage is a sequential pathway of six reactions that create methionine from 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) which is a byproduct of polyamine biosynthesis in nearly all organisms. The process happens completely in the cytosol. It is important in humans for recycling of sulphur that has to be assimilated using energy. (Pirkov et al, 2008; Albers, 2009)
In the last step MOB gets transaminated to methionine. The reaction was confirmed in yeast, where several transaminases catalyze it, which appears to be also the case in rat. At the moment, the human enzymes involved are unknown but due to homology to the respective enzyme in the parasite Crithidia fasciculata we feel supported to state that human GOT is probably one of the involved transaminases. (Berger et al, 2001)
Acireducone (1,2-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-5'-methylthiopentene) is oxidized using acireductone dioxygenase and dioxygen. There are two reactions possible, dependent on the metal cofactor: the alternative product 3-methylthiopropionate using nickel was confirmed in Klebsiella. In eukaryotes using iron(II) the result is 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate (MOB). (Ju et al, 2006)
Acireductone synthase (also: enolase-phosphatase E1) catalyzes the dephosphorylation and conversion to enolate of 2,3-dioxo-5'-methylthiopentane-1-phosphate, yielding acireductone. (Wang et al, 2005)
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, dopa decarboxylase) decarboxylates dopa to form dopamine.
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the first enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, as well as being the rate-limiting enzyme in that process. TH requires tetrahydrobiopterin and uses iron as a cofactor in the 3,4-hydroxylation of tyrosine to produce dopa. Four isoforms of TH are expressed in the human brain and all have enzymatic activity (Nagatsu, T, 1989; Lewis, DA et al, 1993).
Polyamines is a family of molecules (i.e. putrescine, spermine, spermidine) derived from ornithine according to a decarboxylation/condensative process. More recently, it has been demonstrated that arginine can be metabolised according to the same pathway leading to agmatine formation. Polyamines are essential for the growth, the maintenance and the function of normal cells. The complexity of their metabolism and the fact that polyamines homeostasis is tightly regulated support the idea that polyamines are essential to cell survival. Multiple abnormalities in the control of polyamines metabolism might be implicated in several pathological processes (Moinard et al., 2005). Legend for the following figure:
The human enzyme with 5'-methylthio ribulose-1-phosphate isomerase activity is probably produced from the APIP gene, according to its orthology with the yeast Mde1p enzyme.
Equilibrium between 5'-methylthio ribose-1-phosphate and 5'-methylthio ribulose-1-phosphate is catalyzed by 5'-methylthio ribose-1-phosphate isomerase. (Kabuyama et al, 2009)
Carnitine is synthesized in four steps from trimethyllysine (generated in turn by the S-adenosyl-methionine-mediated methylation of lysine residues in proteins, followed by protein hydrolysis). The enzymes that catalyze the first three steps of carnitine synthesis, converting trimethyllysine to gamma-butyrobetaine, are widely distributed in human tissues. The enzyme that catalyzes the last reaction, converting gamma-butyrobetaine to carnitine, is found only in liver and kidney cells, and at very low levels in brain tissues. Other tissues that require carnitine, such as muscle, are dependent on transport systems that mediate its export from the liver and uptake by other tissues (Kerner and Hoppel 1998).
Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (Spd/Spm acetyltransferase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines. Defects in SAT1 may be the cause of keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans (KFSD).
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthases family. This gene encodes an ubiquitous enzyme of polyamine metabolism. Defects in SMS are the cause of Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS).
Acetylated spermidine is oxidized by the flavoenzyme polyamine oxidase (PAO) to produce putrescine. PAO is involved in the back-conversion of polyamines and thus the regulation of their intracellular concentrations.
Spermine oxidase (SMOX/PAOh1/SMO) is a polyamine oxidase flavoenzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of spermine to spermidine. It plays an important role in the regulation of endogenous polyamine intracellular concentration. Five different isozymes are produced by alternative splicing with isozyme 3 being the major isoform and possessing the highest affinity for spermine. It is highly inducible by specific antitumor polyamine analogues (Wang et al., 2001).
Acetylated spermine is oxidized by the flavoenzyme polyamine oxidase (PAO) to produce spermidine. PAO is involved in the back-conversion of polyamines and thus the regulation of their intracellular concentrations.
MTA phosphorylase catalyzes the cleavage of adenine from S-methylthioadenosine (MTA) and subsequent phosphorylation of the product, yielding 5'-methylthio ribose-1-phosphate (Kamatani et al. 1981). The active form of the enzyme is a homotrimer (Della Ragione et al. 1985). Mutations in the gene are associated with a rare bone dysplasia and cancer syndrome, DMS-MFH (Camacho-Vanegas et al. 2012).
The reactions catalyzed by aminopropyl-transferases annotated above are generally irreversible. But spermine and spermidine can be recycled respectively into spermidine and putrescine. These events require the formation of N-acetylated intermediates, N1-acetylspermine and N1-acetylspermidine catalyzed by a cytosolic acetyl-CoA:spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl-tranferase (SSAT) enzyme. Subsequently, polyamine-oxidase (PAO), a FAD enzyme present in the peroxysomes, yields a polyamine with release of an aldehyde (3-acetamindopropanal) and H2O2. In addition, SMOX, a FAD-dependent, polyamine oxidase (PAOh1/SMO) that can efficiently use spermine as a substrate and is involved in interconversion reactions.
Spermidine synthase is one of four enzymes in the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway and carries out the final step of spermidine biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of putrescine to spermidine using decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine as the cofactor.
S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase belongs to a small class of amino acid decarboxylases that use a covalently bound pyruvate as a prosthetic group. It is an essential enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis and provides an important target for the design of anti-parasitic and cancer chemotherapeutic agents. It catalyzes the formation of the aminopropyl group donor in the biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. These pyruvoyl-dependent decarboxylases also form amines such as histamine, decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, phosphatidylethanolamine (a component of membrane phospholipids), and -alanine (a precursor of coenzyme A), which are all of critical importance in cellular physiology and provide important targets for drug design.
Mitochondrial AGXT2 (alanine-glyoxylate transaminase 2) catalyzes the irreversible reaction of glyoxylate and alanine to form glycine and pyruvate (Rodionov et al. 2010). The active form of the enzyme is inferred to be a homotetramer from the properties of the homologous rat protein, which has been purified and characterized in vitro (Tamaki et al.990). Most conversion of glyoxylate to glycine in vivo appears to occur in the peroxisome, catalyzed by AGXT, and the physiological role of the AGXT2 reaction is unclear.
Peroxisomal GRHPR catalyzes the reaction of glyoxylate and NADPH + H+ to form glycolate and NADP+. The active form of the enzyme is a monomer (Rumsby and Cregeen 1999); mutations in it are associated with primary hyperoxaluria type II (Cramer et al. 1999).
Peroxisomal hydroxyacid oxidase 1 catalyzes the reaction of glycolate and O2 to form glyoxylate and H2O2. The active form of the enzyme is associated with FMN and is a tetramer (Jones et al. 2000; Murray et al. 2008; Vignaud et al. 2007; Williams et al. 2000).
Peroxisomal hydroxyacid oxidase 1 catalyzes the reaction of glyoxylate to form oxalate. The active form of the enzyme is associated with FMN and is a tetramer (Jones et al. 2000; Murray et al. 2008; Vignaud et al. 2007; Williams et al. 2000).
Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (AGXT) catalyzes the irreversible reaction of glyoxylate and alanine to form glycine and pyruvate (Danpure and Jennings 1988). The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Zhang et al. 2003) with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate bound to each subunit (Coulter-Mackie et al. 2005). Mutations in this enzyme are associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I. Mutant alleles encode both catalytically inactive proteins and active ones that are mis-localized to mitochondria (Purdue et al. 1990; Takada et al. 1990).
Cystathionine is cleaved to cysteine, oxobutanoate, and ammonia by the alpha,gamma-elimination activity of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999).
Glyoxylate is generated in the course of glycine and hydroxyproline catabolism and can be converted to oxalate. In humans, this process takes place in the liver. Defects in two enzymes of glyoxylate metabolism, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT) and glycerate dehydrogenase/glyoxylate reductase (GRHPR), are associated with pathogenic overproduction of oxalate (Danpure 2005). The reactions that interconvert glycine, glycolate, and glyoxylate and convert glyoxylate to oxalate have been characterized in molecular detail in humans. A reaction sequence for the conversion of hydroxyproline to glyoxylate has been inferred from studies of partially purified extracts of rat and bovine liver but the enzymes involved in the corresponding human reactions have not been identified.
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is an essential metabolite in all cells. SAM is a precursor in the synthesis of polyamines. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT; EC 2.5.1.6) catalyzes the only known SAM biosynthetic reaction from methionine and ATP. In mammalian tissues, three different forms of MAT (MAT I, MAT III and MAT II) have been identified that are the product of two different genes (MAT1A and MAT2A). A third gene MAT2B has been identified and is known to be a part of MAT II heterotetramer complex.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'S-adenosylhomocysteine', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'adenosine', and 1 molecule of 'Homocysteine' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'adenosylhomocysteinase activity' of 'SAH hydrolase homotetramer'.
The first step of homocysteine conversion to cysteine is catalyzed by cystathionine beta-lyase, which adds a serine molecule to the substrate. The enzyme is a tetramer with two heme molecules as cofactor (Janosik et al. 2001).
Inward rectifier potassium channel Kir 2.3 is inhibited by internal sulfhydryl modification
Secretion of the human Toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms and regulated by Unc93b1
The human iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1 (DEHAL1) gene is composed of six exons. Two isoforms (DEHAL1 and DEHAL1B) have been published, both of which have a nitroreductase domain and arise from differential splicing in exon 5. The DEHAL1 isoform is a transmembrane protein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent deiodination of monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT).
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH; dopamine beta-monooxygenase) is a copper-containing glycoprotein consisting of four identical subunits and catalyzes the oxidation of dopamine to norepinephrine. It requires ascorbic acid as an electron donor. DBH is localized in the norepinephrinergic and epinephrinergic neurons in the central nervous system. The enzyme exists in the secretory vesicles as both soluble and membrane-bound forms. The soluble form is secreted with catecholamines by exocytosis whereas the membrane-bound form is recycled into the vesicles.
The catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline are found in nervous tissue of animals. They are synthesized in catecholaminergic neurons by four enzymes from tyrosine to adrenaline: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH); aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC); dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH); and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT).
Catecholamines and thyroxine are synthesized from tyrosine, and serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan.
Peroxisomal D-amino-acid oxidase catalyzes the reaction of glycine, water, and O2 to form glyoxylate, H2O2, and NH4+. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer and has FAD as a cofactor (Kawazoe et al. 2006; Molla et al. 2006).
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) catalyzes the decarboxylation of both dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan to dopamine and serotonin, respectively. AADC functions as a homodimer, utilizing pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor.
Serotonin (5-HT) is a hormone and neurotransmitter used for regulatory purposes in animal CNS. In the human brain, serotonin is involved in many physiological functions such as sleep, pain, mood and is the precursor to melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland.
Thyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine, T4) promotes normal growth and development. It also regulates heat and energy production. T4 is released from the thyroid gland, the largest endocrine organ in the human body. The primary hormone released is T4 although T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) is also released in small quantities. Tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin (a glycoprotein scaffold containing many tyrosine residues) are iodinated to form mono- or diiodo-tyrosine which can then couple to form either T3 or T4.
The first and rate limiting step in serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis is catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase. The enzyme requires iron(II), tetrahydrobiopterin, and dioxygen cofactors for the hydroxylation of L-tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan. Tryptophan hydroxylase belongs to a small family of monooxygenases that utilize tetrahydrobiopterins. Other members are phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase (Fitzpatrick, PF, 1999; Walther et al, 2003).
Regulation of gene expression in early pancreatic precursor cells
Syk protein-tyrosine kinase is regulated by tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha/Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif binding and autophosphorylation
The sulfur dioxygenase ETHE1 converts persulfides to sulfite. Loss of this activity leads to the rare ethylmalonyl encephalopathy where the body can no longer detoxify H2S (Tiranti et al, 2009).
Sulfite oxidase oxidizes sulfite to sulfate which is among the most important macronutrients in cells and the fourth most abundant anion in human plasma (300 micromolar). The enzyme has a molybdenum-molybdopterin cofactor (MoCo) bound (Wilson et al. 2006, Feng et al. 2007).
While the human body is very economical with sulfur amino acids (SAA), superfluous SAA are degraded via cysteine to toxic hydrogen sulfide which must be dealt with. The pathway to oxidize this gas is localized to mitochondria and is highly conserved, pointing back to a time when life was immersed in sulfide-rich waters. The pathway for sulfide oxidation consists of five reactions, one of which, the sulfur transfer from thiosulfate to glutathione, is still to be characterized fully. A mutation in one enzyme has been identified that is associated with ethylmalonyl encephalopathy and where tissue sulfide is elevated (Stipanuk & Ueki 2011).
While in humans excess methionine is converted to homocysteine, homocysteine and its transsulfuration product cysteine can be degraded to several end products, two of which, taurine and hydrogen sulfide, have uses in other biological processes (Stipanuk & Ueki 2011).
The main sulfur amino acids are methionine, cysteine, homocysteine and taurine. Of these, the first two are proteinogenic. This group of reactions contains all processes that 1) break down sulfur amino acids, 2) interconvert between them, and 3) synthesize them from solved sulfide which comes from sulfate assimilation and reduction. Only plants and microorganisms employ all processes. Humans cannot de novo synthesize any sulfur amino acid, nor convert cysteine to methionine (Brosnan & Brosnan, 2006).
This group of reactions is responsible for: 1) the breakdown of amino acids; 2) the synthesis of urea from ammonia and amino groups generated by amino acid breakdown; 3) the synthesis of the ten amino acids that are not essential components of the human diet; and 4) the synthesis of related nitrogen-containing molecules including carnitine and creatine. Transport of these molecuels across lipid bilayer membranes is annotated separately as part of the module on "transmembrane transport of small molecules".
The committed step for porphyrin synthesis is the formation of 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) by condensation of glycine (from the general amino acid pool) and succinyl-CoA (from the TCA cycle), in the mitochondrial matrix. The reaction is catalyzed by two different ALA synthases, one expressed ubiquitously (ALAS1) and the other only expressed in erythroid precursors (ALAS2). Both enzymes are expressed as homodimers and require pyridoxal 5-phosphate as a cofactor. No disease-causing mutations of ALAS1 have been recognised in humans. Mutations in ALAS2 cause X-linked sideroblastic anaemia (XLSA), characterised by a microcytic hypochromic anaemia.
Lead binds to ALAD enzyme displacing half the zinc ions essential for its catalytic activity and inactivating it. Lead is a major environmental toxin and this enzyme is one of its principal molecular targets (Jaffe et al. 2001).
5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD aka porphobilinogen synthase, PBGS), catalyzes the asymmetric condensation of two molecules of ALA to form porphobilinogen (PBG). The substrate that becomes the acetyl side chain-containing half of PBG is called A-side ALA; the half that becomes the propionyl side chains and the pyrrole nitrogen is called P-ALA (Jaffe 2004). PBG is the first pyrrole formed, the precursor to all tetrapyrrole pigments such as heme and chlorophyll. There are at least eight bonds that are made or broken during this reaction. The active form of the ALAD enzyme is an octamer complexed with eight Zn2+ ions, four that are strongly bound and four that are weakly bound. The four weakly bound ones are dispensible for enzyme activity in vitro (Bevan et al. 1980; Mitchell et al. 2001). Deficiencies of ALAD enzyme in vivo are associated with 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase-deficient porphyria (e.g., Akagi et al. 2000).
Cytosolic porphobilinogen deaminase catalyzes the polymerization of four molecules of porphobilinogen (PBG) to generate hydroxymethylbilane (HMB), an unstable tetrapyrrole. This reaction is the first step in the formation of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle. Two isoforms of porphobilinogen deaminase are generated by alternative splicing, one expresssed in erythroid tissues and one ubiquitously expressed in the body. Deficiencies of both forms of PBG deaminase are associated with acute intermittent porphyria.
Transsulfuration is the interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine, and it fully takes place in bacteria and some plants and fungi. Animals however have only one direction of this bidirectional path, the synthesis of cysteine from homocysteine via cystathionine. Because excess cysteine is degraded to hydrogen sulfide, which is now known as a neuromodulator and smooth muscle relaxant, this pathway is also the main source of its production, which takes place in the cytosol, as well as in extracellular space (Dominy & Stipanuk 2004, Bearden et al. 2010).
The first step in the formation of glutathione is the ligation of glutamate with cysteine, catalyzed by the dimeric protein glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gipp et al, 1995; Misra and Griffith, 1998).
alpha,beta-elimination activity of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CTH) replaces the sulfur in cysteine with oxygen from water, resulting in serine and toxic hydrogen sulfide, which is further oxidized in mitochondria (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999).
Oxidation of the thiol moiety of cysteine yields sulfinoalanine, which itself is processed to hypotaurine by an as of yet uncharacterized enzyme in humans . Whether further oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine needs an enzyme is unknown at present (Ye et al. 2007).
A cytosolic, non-specific peptidase can hydrolyze cysteinylglycine to release cysteine and glycine (Tuefel et al, 2003).
Excess homocysteine will change the enzymatic activity of CBS such that other reactions than transsulfuration take place. In these reactions, oxobutanoate, lanthionine, and homolanthionine are produced by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999)
When SQR is in the oxidized state, it can bind hydrogen sulfide as persulfide to one of its own cysteine residue, the electrons being transferred to ubiquinone. After that the additional sulfur is dioxygenated by another enzyme (ETHE1). The activity of human SQR was deduced from the orthologue in Arenicola marina (Theissen et al. 2003, Hildebrandt & Grieshaber 2008).
Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) mediates the decarboxylase of 3-sulfinoalanine to produce hypotuarine. CSAD functions as a homodimer and requires pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. Purification, characterisation and activity of CSAD has been determined from rat liver (Guion-Rain et al. 1975).
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) escapes O(2)-driven proteasomal degradation irrespective of its subcellular localization: nucleus or cytoplasm
Arachidonic acid is metabolized via three major enzymatic pathways: cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450. The cytochrome P450 pathway metabolites are oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid.
Of the 50 microsomal CYPs, 15 act on xenobiotics. They all possess wide substrate specificity to cater for most foreign compounds that find their way into the body.
CYP2D6 (debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase) has a wide substrate specificity and is an important cytochrme P450 in drug metabolism. It has extensive genetic polymorphism (called the debrisoquine/sparteine oxidation polymorphism) that influences its expression and function.The polymorphism is responsible for populations being poor metabolizers (PM) or extensive metabolizers (EM, normal). Approximately 10% of Caucasians and less than 1% of Asians lack the CYP2D6 protein because of two null alleles which do not encode the functional product. Further polymorphisms discovered recently have identified ultrarapid metabolizers (PM) (alleles with multiple gene copies) and intermediate metabolizers (IM) (deficiency in their metabolism capacity) (Zanger UM et al, 2004).
The CYP4 family are the main CYPs involved in the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids.
Activation of phospholipases releases free arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipid bilayers which can then be metabolized to biologically active eicosanoids (signaling molecules which exert effects in inflammation and immunity). The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2J2 (arachidonic acid epoxygenase) is mainly expressed in human heart and can metabolize AA to epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). Four cis-EETs can be produced: 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-EET. Each of these can be formed as the R,S or the S,R enantiomer (Zeldin DC, 2001). The most abundant regioisomer in human heart is 14,15-EET although 11,12-EET possesses the most potent anti-inflammatory effect (Wu et al, 1996).
Porphyrins are heterocyclic macrocycles, consisting of four pyrrole subunits (tetrapyrrole) linked by four methine (=CH-) bridges. The extensive conjugated porphyrin macrocycle is chromatic and the name itself, porphyrin, is derived from the Greek word for purple. The aromatic character of porphyrins can be seen by NMR spectroscopy. Porphyrins readily combine with metals by coordinating them in the central cavity. Iron (heme) and magnesium (chlorophyll) are two well known examples although zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt form other known metal-containing phorphyrins. A porphyrin which has no metal in the cavity is called a free base. Some iron-containing porphyrins are called hemes (heme-containing proteins or hemoproteins) and these are found extensively in nature ie. hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is quantitatively the most important hemoprotein. The hemoglobin iron is the transfer site of oxygen and carries it in the blood all round the body for cell respiration. Other examples are cytochromes present in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum which takes part in electron transfer events, catalase and peroxidase whic protect the body against the oxidant hydrogen peroxide and tryptophan oxygenase which is present in intermediary metabolism. Hemoproteins are synthesized in all mammalian cells and the major sites are erythropoietic tissue and the liver. The processes by which heme is synthesized, transported, and metabolized are a critical part of human iron metabolism (Severance and Hamze 2009); here the core processes of heme biosynthesis and catabolism have been annotated.
Most of the heme degraded in humans comes from hemoglobin. Approximately 6-8 grams of hemoglobin is degraded daily which is equivalent to approximately 300 milligrams of heme per day. Heme is not recycled so it must be degraded and excreted. The iron, however, is conserved. There are two steps to heme degradation; 1. cleavage of the heme ring by a microsomal heme oxygenase producing biliverdin 2. biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin. Bilirubin can then be conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'H+', 1 molecule of 'Dextromethorphan', 1 molecule of 'Oxygen', and 1 molecule of 'NADPH' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'NADP+', 1 molecule of 'Dextrorphan', 1 molecule of 'Formaldehyde', and 1 molecule of 'H2O' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'smooth endoplasmic reticulum' and is mediated by the 'oxygen binding activity' of 'Cytochrome P450 2D6 '.
A number of CYPs take part in cholesterol biosynthesis and elimination, thus playing an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Under normal physiological conditions, cholesterol intake (diet or synthesized de novo from acetyl CoA) equals cholesterol elimination (degraded to bile salts, secreted in bile and used in steroid hormone synthesis). These processes are under tight regulatory control and any disruption leads to increased cholesterol levels resulting in cardiovacular disease. The CYPs involved in cholesterol homeostasis could serve as potential targets for cholesterol-lowering drugs.
Bilirubin is the breakdown product of heme, causing death if allowed to accumulate in the blood. It is highly lipophilic thus requires conjugation to become more water soluble to aid excretion.
Heme oxygenase (HO) cleaves the heme ring at the alpha-methene bridge to form bilverdin. This reaction forms the only endogenous source of carbon monoxide. HO-1 is inducible and is thought to have an antioxidant role as it's activated in virtually all cell types and by many types of "oxidative stress" (Poss and Tonegawa, 1997). HO-2 is non-inducible.
Eight enzymes are involved in heme biosynthesis, four each in the mitochondria and the cytosol. The process starts in the mitochondria with the condensation of succinyl CoA (from the TCA cycle) and glycine to form 5-aminolevulinate (ALA). The next four steps take place in the cytosol. Two molecules of ALA are condensed to form the monopyrrole porphobilinogen (PBG). The next two steps convert four molecules of PBG into the cyclic tetrapyrrole uroporphyringen III, which is then decarboxylated into coproporphyrinogen III. The last three steps occur in the mitochondria and involve modifications to the tetrapyrrole side chains and finally, insertion of iron. In addition to these synthetic steps, a spontaneous cytosolic reaction allows the formation of uroporphyringen I which is then enzymatically decarboxylated to coproporphyrinogen I, which cannot be metabolized further in humans. Also, lead can inactivate ALAD, the enzyme that catalyzes PBG synthesis, and ferrochelatase, the enzyme that catalyzes heme synthesis. The porphyrias are disorders that arise from defects in the enzymes of heme biosynthesis. Defective pathway enzymes after ALA synthase result in accumulated substrates which can cause either skin problems, neurological complications, or both due to their toxicity in higher concentrations. They are broadly classified as hepatic porphyrias or erythropoietic porphyrias, based on the site of the overproduction of the substrate. Each defect is described together with the reaction it affects.
Heme A is the prosthetic group of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the respiratory chain. It is formed by the action of cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog (COX15) on heme O (Petruzzella et al. 1998, Antonicka et al. 2003). Defects in COX15 cause of mitochondrial complex IV deficiency (MT-C4D; MIM:220110), also called cytochrome c oxidase deficiency resulting in a disorder of the mitochondrial respiratory chain seen as heterogeneous clinical manifestations, ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs (Antonicka et al. 2003). Defects in COX15 also cause Leigh syndrome (LS; MIM:256000), an early-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the presence of focal, bilateral lesions in one or more areas of the central nervous system (Oquendo et al. 2004, Bugiani et al. 2005).
Heme O and heme A are specifically synthesised for the heme-copper respiratory oxidases. Mitochondrial protoheme IX farnesyltransferase (COX10) mediates the transformation of protoheme IX (heme) and farnesyl diphosphate (FAPP) to heme O (Glerum & Tzagoloff 1994). COX10 is highly expressed in muscle, heart and brain (Murakami et al. 1997).
Ferrochelatase (FECH) catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX (PRIN9) to form heme. FECH is localized on the matrix surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and this reaction takes place within the mitochondrial matrix. The enzyme functions as a homodimer with each monomer containing a nitric oxide-sensitive 2Fe-2S cluster. Enzyme deficiency is associated with erythropoietic protoporphyria in vivo, and inhibition of ferrochelatase activity is a clinically important consequence of lead poisoning (Piomelli et al. 1987).
Six electrons are oxidized in protophorphyrinogen IX (PPGEN9) to form the planar macrocycle protoporphyrin IX (PRIN9). This reaction is performed by the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). PPO functions as a homodimer containing one non-covalently-bound FAD. The protein resides on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. PPO deficiency is associated with variegate porphyria in vivo.
O2-dependent coproporpyrinogen oxidase (CPO) catalyzes the conversion of coproporphyrinogen III (COPRO3) to protoporphyrinogen IX (PPGEN9). The localization of the human enzyme to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is inferred from studies of the homologous rat enzyme (Elder and Evans 1978). The human enzyme functions as a homodimer (Lee et al. 2005). Enzyme deficiency is associated with hereditary coproporphyria in vivo.
Cytosolic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) catalyzes the sequential removal of four carboxylic groups from the acetic acid side chains of uroporphyrinogen I (URO1) to form coproporphyrinogen I (COPRO1). UROD catalyzes this reaction less efficiently than the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III (de Verneuil et al. 1983).
Cytosolic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) catalyzes the sequntial removal of four carboxylic groups from the acetic acid side chains of uroporphyrinogen III (URO3) to form coproporphyrinogen III (COPRO3) (de Verneuil et al. 1983). Human UROD is a dimer (Whitby et al. 1998). Heterogenous and homogenous deficiencies of UROD are associated with porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria respectively in vivo (Moran-Jiminez et al. 1996).
Cytosolic uroporphyrinogen III synthase (URO3S) catalyzes the conversion of HMB (hydroxymethylbilane) to uroporphyrinogen III, a reaction involving ring closure and intramolecular rearrangement. Uroporphyrinogen III represents a branch point for the pathways leading to formation of heme, chlorophyll and corrins. HMB is rapidly converted from a linear tetrapyrrole to the cyclic form. Deficiencies of URO3S in vivo are associated with congenital erythropoietic porphyria.
Unraveling the mechanisms of glomerular ultrafiltration: nephrin, a key component of the slit diaphragm
Molecular basis of multidrug transport by ABC transporters
The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: 10 years of progress
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: purification, composition, and catalytic features.
Differential activation of cysteine-substitution mutants of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is determined by cysteine localization
BRF1 protein turnover and mRNA decay activity are regulated by protein kinase B at the same phosphorylation sites
ChEBI:58828 5-(methylsulfanyl)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate(2?)
5-(methylsulfanyl)-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate(2?)
Function and dysfunction of the PI system in membrane trafficking
'Heparan Sulphate [extracellular region]' is required for 'FGFR2c binds to FGF'
'Heparan Sulphate [extracellular region]' is required for 'FGFR1c binds to FGF'
'cAMP hydrolysis by PDE 4' negatively regulates 'cAMP induces dissociation of inactive PKA tetramers'
'cAMP hydrolysis by Cam-PDE 1' negatively regulates 'cAMP induces dissociation of inactive PKA tetramers'
Expression of PDIA6 (Protein disulfide-isomerase A6)
Rat liver adenosine triphosphate:adenosine monophosphate phosphotransferase activity. II. Subcellular localization of adenylate kinase isozymes
Information networks in the mammary gland
'AKT:PIP3:THEM4/TRIB3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' negatively regulates 'TORC2 (mTOR) phosphorylates AKT at S473'
'p-MEK1 [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'MEK1 phosphorylates ERK-1'
'EIF5 [cytosol]' is required for 'eIF2:GTP is hydrolyzed, eIFs are released '
Expression of SRPR (SRP Receptor subunit alpha)
'ATP [cytosol]' is required for 'Ribosomal scanning '
'DAGs [plasma membrane]' positively regulates 'DAG stimulates protein kinase C-delta'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Nuclear export of snRNA transcripts'
Expression of SRPRB (SRP Receptor subunit beta)
'Heparan Sulphate [extracellular region]' is required for 'FGFR3b binds to FGF'
'Homologues of TMED2 [Golgi membrane]' negatively regulates 'Mature NOTCH heterodimer traffics to the plasma membrane'
Rab6 positively regulats Notch trafficking through Golgi
'RAC1:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' is required for 'GTP-bound RAC contributes to JNK activation'
'AMP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Activation of cytosolic AMPK by phosphorylation'
'ATP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'Activation of cytosolic AMPK by phosphorylation'
'p-ERK dimer [cytosol]' is required for 'SPRY2 is serine phosphorylated in response to MAPK activation'
'Activated FGFR:pThr-FRS2alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' negatively regulates 'Phosphorylation of FRS2-alpha by activated FGFR'
'Heparan Sulphate [extracellular region]' is required for 'FGFR4 binds to FGF'
'Heparan Sulphate [extracellular region]' is required for 'FGFR3c binds to FGF'
'Homologues of TMED2 [Golgi membrane]' negatively regulates 'Transport of fringe-modified NOTCH to plasma membrane'
'Gs-activated adenylate cyclase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' positively regulates 'Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and pyrophosphate'
RBPJ- and NOTCH1-dependent synthesis of HES1 protein during morphogenesis
Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage.
Assembly of a complex containing Cdc45p, replication protein A, and Mcm2p at replication origins controlled by S-phase cyclin-dependent kinases and Cdc7p-Dbf4p kinase.
'GTP [cytosol]' is required for 'Met-tRNAi binds to eIF2:GTP to form the ternary complex'
Splitting the chromosome: cutting the ties that bind sister chromatids
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Release of the Mature intronless derived mRNA, TAP, and Aly/Ref from the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Transport of the Mature intronless transcript derived mRNA:TAP:Aly/Ref Complex through the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Release of the Mature intronless transcript derived Histone mRNA:SLBP:eIF4E Complex'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Transport of the Mature IntronlessTranscript Derived Histone mRNA:SLBP:TAP:Aly/Ref complex through the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Docking of Mature Replication Dependent Histone mRNA with the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Docking of the Mature intronless derived transcript derived mRNA, TAP and Aly/Ref at the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Release of the SLBP independent Histone mRNA from the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Transport of the Mature Intronless Transcript Derived Histone mRNA:TAP:Aly/Ref Complex through the NPC'
'Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nuclear envelope]' is required for 'Docking of Mature Histone mRNA complex:TAP at the NPC'
NEUROG3-dependent synthesis of PAX4 protein
HNF6-dependent synthesis of NEUROG3 protein during morphogenesis
PDX1-dependent synthesis of NR5A2 protein
HNF6-dependent synthesis of ONECUT3 protein during early pancreas specification
HNF1B- and FGF10-dependent synthesis of PTF1A protein
HNF1B-dependent synthesis of HNF6 protein
NEUROD1- and PDX1-dependent synthesis of glucokinase (GCK) protein
'RPA:Cdc45:CDK:DDK:Mcm10:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'DNA polymerase epsilon binds at the origin'
'D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate [cytosol]' positively regulates 'D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP'
'DAG [plasma membrane]' positively regulates 'Activation of conventional Protein Kinase C'
'Heparan Sulphate [extracellular region]' positively regulates 'Basigin binds CyPA'
'RGC1:RGC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [cytosol]' positively regulates 'RALA Hydrolyzes GTP'
'RPA:Cdc45:CDK:DDK:Mcm10:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'DNA polymerase alpha:primase binds at the origin'
Molecular Mechanisms of Phagocytosis (Book): 97-116
HNF1A-dependent synthesis of GLUT2 protein
Transcriptional activation of pyruvate kinase gene by ChREBP:MLX
'CIT [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP'
'D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate [cytosol]' positively regulates 'D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP'
HNF1A-dependent synthesis of HNF4G protein
'ADP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP'
'ATP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP'
'AMP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP'
'Ac-CoA [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates 'Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP => ADP + Orthophosphate + Oxaloacetate'
'D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate [cytosol]' positively regulates 'phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP'
'ATP [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP'
'Ac-CoA [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP'
'3',5'-Cyclic AMP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP'
Expression of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK-C)
CDC6 protein is synthesized under the control of E2F transcription factors
'G6P [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'PGYM dimer, b form + 2 AMP <=> PGYM b dimer:AMP complex'
'Ca2+ [cytosol]' positively regulates 'glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) dimer b + 2 ATP => glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) dimer a + 2 ADP'
Platelet hyperaggregability: impaired responsiveness to nitric oxide ("platelet NO resistance") as a therapeutic target
'Ca2+ [cytosol]' positively regulates 'glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) dimer b + 2 ATP => glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) dimer a + 2 ADP'
'G6P [cytosol]' positively regulates '8 UDP-glucose + ((1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl)4 glycogenin => 8 UDP + ((1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl)8 glycogenin [GYS D form]'
'cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity of PRKACA [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'Phosphorylation of PF2K-Pase by PKA catalytic subunit'
'AMP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O => D-fructose 6-phosphate + orthophosphate'
'RGS proteins active for G alpha (q) [plasma membrane]' positively regulates 'G alpha (q) auto-inactivates by hydrolysing GTP to GDP'
'Homologues of TMED5 [endoplasmic reticulum membrane]' positively regulates 'WNT ligands traffic to the Golgi'
'Phosphorylation of YAP by LATS2' negatively regulates 'Translocation of YAP1 to the nucleus'
'Phosphorylation of YAP by LATS1' negatively regulates 'Translocation of YAP1 to the nucleus'
'Phosphorylation of WWTR1 (TAZ) by LATS2' negatively regulates 'Translocation of WWTR1 (TAZ) to the nucleus'
'Homologues of MYO7A [cytosol]' positively regulates 'RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL'
'cGMP dissociates from CNG channels' negatively regulates 'cGMP:CNG transports Na+ and Ca2+ into the rod outer segment'
'cGMP:CNG transports Na+ and Ca2+ into the rod outer segment' positively regulates 'NCKX1 exchanges Na+ for Ca2+/K+'
A human synaptic vesicle monoamine transporter cDNA predicts posttranslational modifications, reveals chromosome 10 gene localization and identifies TaqI RFLPs
Transcriptional activation of Citrate lyase monomer gene by ChREBP:MLX
Mammalian Cdc7-Dbf4 protein kinase complex is essential for initiation of DNA replication.
Transcriptional activation of FAS monomer gene by ChREBP:MLX
'GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP' negatively regulates 'cGMP dissociates from CNG channels'
'cGMP:CNG transports Na+ and Ca2+ into the rod outer segment' negatively regulates 'GUCA binds Ca2+ to form GUCA:Ca2+'
'cGMP:CNG transports Na+ and Ca2+ into the rod outer segment' positively regulates 'GUCA binds Ca2+ to form GUCA:Ca2+'
'GUCA [photoreceptor disc membrane]' positively regulates 'GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP'
'GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP' positively regulates 'cGMP binds CNG channel to form cGMP:CNG channel'
'NCKX1 exchanges Na+ for Ca2+/K+' positively regulates 'GUCA binds Ca2+ to form GUCA:Ca2+'
'GUCA:Ca2+ [photoreceptor disc membrane]' negatively regulates 'GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP'
'DHX9:CpG:MyD88 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Released NFkB complex is transported to nucleus'
'NCAM-1:ATP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' negatively regulates 'NCAM1 binds FGFR-1'
Calcium ATP-ases positively regulate proper NOTCH trafficking and processing
Endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases are required for maintenance of high levels of calcium and positively regulate NOTCH trafficking, perhaps by ensuring proper NOTCH folding.
'NO [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Soluble guanylate cyclase converts GTP to cGMP'
'L-Phe [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'kynurenine + pyruvate => 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid + alanine [CCBL1]'
'S40L-PAH [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'phenylalanine + tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 => tyrosine + 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin + H2O'
'Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants:CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' negatively regulates 'Inefficient ubiquitination of ligand-responsive EGFR mutants by phosphorylated CBL'
Cytosolic ACSS2 (acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase) catalyzes the reaction of acetate, coenzyme A, and ATP to form acetyl-CoA, AMP, and pyrophosphate (Luong et al. 2000).
ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase) in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of acetaldehyde and NAD+ to form acetate and NADH + H+ (Greenfield and Pietruszko 1977; Hempel et al. 1985). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Ni et al. 1999).
Cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of ethanol and NAD+ to form acetaldehyde and NADH + H+. The active form of the enzyme is a dimer with one zinc ion bound to each protein subunit. In the body, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the liver, kidney, lung and gastric mucosa. Six genes encode proteins active in ethanol oxidation: ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH4, ADH6, and ADH7 (Lange et al. 1976; Yin et al. 1985; Li et al. 1978; Bosron et al. 1979; Moreno and Pares 1991; Yokoyama et al. 1994; Chen and Yoshida 1991). ADH1A, B and C proteins can associate to form homodimers or heterodimers; ADH4, 6, and 7 proteins each form homodimers. Expression of ADH1A, B and C is developmentally regulated: ADH1A protein is abundant in the fetus, but expressed only at low levels in adulthood, when ADH1B and C proteins are abundant (Edenberg 2000). The various dimers differ substantially in the efficiency with which they oxidize ethanol. The ADH1B homodimer and heterodimers containing at least one 1B monomer are the most active towards ethanol (Yin et al. 1985). In addition, common polymorphic variants of ADH1B and C proteins differ substantially in this respect (Murray and Price 1972).
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid. The cytosolic enzyme is active as a hexamer and performs two successive oxidations to convert the 6'-hydroxyl of UDP-glucose to a carboxylate with concurrent reduction of 2 mol of NAD+ to NADH.
The human gene SLC35D1 encodes the UDP-glucuronic acid transporter which transports both UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-GalNAc) from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen (Muraoka et al. 2001).
Ethanol and related alcohols can be ingested as part of the diet and are formed by microorganisms in the intestinal tract. Ethanol oxidation to acetate occurs primarily in liver cells in a multistep process first described by Racker (1949). First, in the cytosol, ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde, with the formation of NADH. Second, in the mitochondrion, acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetate with the formation of NADH. Finally, acetate in the mitochondrion can be condensed with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Polymorphisms in the enzymes catalyzing the first two steps are associated with variation in the efficiency of alcohol catabolism in human populations (Chen et al. 1999; Lange et al. 1976; Jornvall 1985). The molecular mechanism by which cytosolic acetaldehyde enters the mitochondrial matrix is not known (Lemasters 2007). Cytosolic enzymes capable of oxidizing acetaldehyde to acetate have also been identified and characterized in vitro (Inoue et al. 1979) so a purely cytosolic pathway for ethanol oxidation to acetate and conversion to acetyl-CoA can be annotated. The role of this pathway in vivo is unclear, though limited attempts to correlate deficiencies in the cytosolic enzyme with alcohol intolerance have yielded suggestive data (Yoshida et al. 1989). Additional peroxisomal and microsomal pathways for the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde have been described; their physiological significance is unclear and they are not annotated here.
Phase 1 of metabolism is concerned with functionalization, that is the introduction or exposure of functional groups on the chemical structure of a compound. This provides a 'handle' for phase 2 conjugating species with which to react with. Many xenobiotics are lipophilic and almost chemically inert (e.g. PAHs) so would not necessarily undergo a phase 2 reaction. Making them more chemically reactive would facilitate their excretion but also increases their chance of reacting with cellular macromolecules (e.g. proteins, DNA). There is a fine balance between producing a more reactive metabolite and conjugation reactions. There are two groups of enzymes in phase 1 - oxidoreductases and hydrolases. Oxidoreductases introduce an oxygen atom into or remove electrons from their substrates. The major oxidoreductase enzyme system is called the P450 monooxygenases. Other systems include flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), cyclooxygenases (COX) and monoamine oxidases (MAO). Hydrolases hydrolyse esters, amides, epoxides and glucuronides.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Acetaminophen (TN TYLENOL)', and 1 molecule of 'PAPS' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PAP', and 1 molecule of 'Acetaminophen O-sulfate conjugate' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'aryl sulfotransferase activity' of 'SULT1A1 homodimer'.
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PAPS', and 1 molecule of 'N-Hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl O-sulfate', and 1 molecule of 'PAP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'aryl sulfotransferase activity' of 'SULT1A1 homodimer'.
Glucose 1-phosphate and UTP are the precursors to UDP-glucuronate formation. After oxidation of the resultant complex, UDP-glucuronate is transported to the ER lumen.
Glucuronidation conjugation utilizes UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs; EC 2.4.1.17) to catalyze a wide range of diverse endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Glucuronidation is the major pathway in phase II metabolism and accounts for approximately 35% of drug conjugation. UGTs are microsomal membrane-bound and catalyze the transfer of a glucuronate group of uridine diphosphoglucuronate (UDPGA, a co-substrate) to the functional group of specific substrates. UDPGA is synthesized from glucose-1-phosphate (G1P). G1P is required for glycolysis and is present in high concentrations in the cell, making it is unlikely to be a limiting factor in UDPGA synthesis. UDP is added to G1P to form UDP-glucose which is then dehydrogenated to form UDPGA. The basic reaction is UDP-Glucuronate + acceptor -> UDP + acceptor-beta-D-glucuronide The effect of this conjugation is to confer polarity to the substrate which can then be easily excreted in urine or bile. Functional groups acted on include hydroxyl, carboxylate, amino and sulfate groups. There are 2 families of UGTs, UGT1 and UGT2 which are further sub-divided into 3 subfamilies, UGT1A, UGT2A and UGT2B. There are more than 26 different isozymes in humans, of which 18 are functional proteins. They are composed of 527-530 residues and have a molecular weight of 50-57KDa. The UGT1 family comprises of 9 proteins (UGT1A1, 1A3-1A10) but only 5 have been isolated in humans. Example substrates which are glucuronidated are acetaminophen by UGT1A6 and bilirubin by UGT1A1. Members of the UGT2 subfamily are each encoded by their own genes, in contrast to UGT1As which are encoded at the UGT1 locus. Example substrates are morphine conjugation by UGT2B7 and androgenic steroid conjugation by UGT2B17. Xenobiotics conjugated with glucuronic acid can be substrates for beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme common in gut microflora. This enzyme can release the parent or phase I metabolite which can be reabsorbed. It can then either re-exert it's original effects or be conjugated by glucuronic acid again. This cycle is called enterohepatic circulation and can delay the elimination of the xenobiotic.
A novel cytochrome P450, CYP2U1, may play an important role in modulating the arachidonic acid signaling pathway. It was discovered by searching the human EST database for homology to existing CYPs and subsequent cloning and expression to obtain the enzyme. CYP2U1 was found to be highly expressed in the thymus and the brain (cerebellum) and found to metabolize arachidonic acid to 19- and 20-hydroxy-modified arachidonic acids. It is thought that CYP2U1 plays an important physiological role in fatty acid signaling processes in both the cerebellum and thymus. The omega-hydroxylation (19) example is provided here.
CYP2W1 is a so-called "ophan P450", a P450 which has no defined function or endogenous/xenobiotic substrates. CYP2W1 has recently been shown to be selectively expressed in some forms of cancers and, with the low expression in normal tissues, could be rendered as a possible drug target during cancer therapy (Karlgren M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, 2007). CYP2W1 can bioactivate several procarcinogens but at lower levels than other P450s (Wu, ZL et al, 2006). CYP2W1 also shows monooxygenase activity towards the pigment indole, an ingredient of perfumes and coal tar.
Approximately a quarter of the 57 human CYPs still remain "orphans" in the sense that their function, expression sites, and regulation are largely not elucidated. While there is enough experimental evidence to know that all these proteins get made and can catalyze CYP-like reactions in vitro, evidence of in vivo function and substrate specificity is insufficient to allow them to be placed in any of the classes in the functional scheme.
The P450 isozyme system is the major phase 1 biotransforming system in man, accounting for more than 90% of drug biotransformations. This system has huge catalytic versatility and a broad substrate specificity, acting upon xenobiotica and endogenous compounds. It is also called the mixed-function oxidase system, the P450 monooxygenases and the heme-thiolate protein system. All P450 enzymes are a group of heme-containing isozymes which are located on the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. They can be found in all tissues of the human body but are most concentrated in the liver. The name "cytochrome P450" (CYP) is derived from the spectral absorbance maximum at 450nm when carbon monoxide binds to CYP in its reduced (ferrous, Fe2+) state. The basic reaction catalyzed by CYP is mono-oxygenation, that is the transfer of one oxygen atom from molecular oxygen to a substrate. The other oxygen atom is reduced to water during the reaction with the equivalents coming from the cofactor NADPH. The basic reaction is; RH (substrate) + O2 + NADPH + H+ = ROH (product) + H2O + NADP+ The end results of this reaction can be (N-)hydroxylation, epoxidation, heteroatom (N-, S-) oxygenation, heteroatom (N-, S-, O-) dealkylation, ester cleavage, isomerization, dehydrogenation, replacement by oxygen or even reduction under anaerobic conditions. The metabolites produced from these reactions can either be mere intermediates which have relatively little reactivity towards cellular sysytems and are readily conjugated, or, they can be disruptive to cellular systems. Indeed, inert compounds need to be prepared for conjugation and thus the formation of potentially reactive metabolites is in most cases unavoidable. There are 57 human CYPs (in 18 families and 42 subfamilies), mostly concentrated in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells although many tissues have them to some extent (Nelson DR et al, 2004). CYPs are grouped into 14 families according to their sequence similarity. Generally, enzymes in the same family share 40% sequence similarity and 55% within a subfamily. Nomenclature of P450s is as follows. CYP (to represent cytochrome P450 superfamily), followed by an arabic number for the family, a capital letter for the subfamily and finally a second arabic number to denote the isoenzyme. An example is CYP1A1 which is the first enzyme in subfamily A of cytochrome P450 family 1. The majority of the enzymes are present in the CYP1-4 families. CYP1-3 are primarily concerned with xenobiotic biotransformation whereas the other CYPs deal primarily with endogenous compounds. The CYP section is structured by the typical substrate they act upon. Of the 57 human CYPs, 7 encode mitochondrial enzymes, all involved in sterol biosynthesis. Of the remaining 50 microsomal enzymes, 20 act upon endogenous compounds, 15 on xenobiotics and 15 are the so-called "orphan enzymes" with no substrate identified. The P450 catalytic cycle (picture) shows the steps involved when a substrate binds to the enzyme. (1) The normal state of a P450 with the iron in its ferric [Fe3+] state. (2) The substrate binds to the enzyme. (3) The enzyme is reduced to the ferrous [Fe2+] state by the addition of an electron from NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. The bound substrate facilitates this process. (4,5) Molecular oxygen binds and forms an Fe2+OOH complex with the addition of a proton and a second donation of an electron from either NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase or cytochrome b5. A second proton cleaves the Fe2+OOH complex to form water. (6) An unstable [FeO]3+ complex donates its oxygen to the substrate (7). The oxidised substrate is released and the enzyme returns to its initial state (1).
Polyamine oxidases (PAOs), like MAOs, are also FAD-dependant and form aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide. PAOs are approximately 60KDa in size, are monomers and are located in peroxisomes. They act on endogenous polyamines as well as some xenobiotics. The polyamines of the spermine and spermidine families are important physiologically as they mediate cell function and growth and also play a role in programmed cell death. The balance between biosynthesis, degradation and uptake of these polyamines is strictly controlled in cells and the PAO system is one of a set of enzymes that maintains this regulation.
Human amine oxidases (AO) catalyze the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenaline, the hormone adrenaline and polyamines such as the spermines) and xenobiotic amines (exogenous dietary tyramine and phenylethylamine). The basic reaction is the oxidative cleavage of the alpha-H to form an imine product with the concomitant reduction of a FAD cofactor. The imine product then hydrolyses to an aldehyde and ammonia (or amine for secondary and tertiary amine substrates). Reduced FAD is reoxidized to form hydrogen peroxide to complete the catalytic cycle. The reaction can be summarized as RCH2NH2 + H2O + O2 = RCHO + NH3 + H2O2 The resultant hydrogen peroxide is the source of the most toxic free radical, the hydroxyl radical (.OH). This free radical is produced in the Fenton reaction with the use of ferrous (Fe2+) iron.
Biochemistry of soluble guanylate cyclase
Nuclear CDKs drive Smad transcriptional activation and turnover in BMP and TGF-beta pathways
Carbon dioxide (CO2) in plasma is hydrated to yield protons (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) by carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) located on the apical plasma membranes of endothelial cells. Plasma CO2 is also taken up by erythrocytes via AQP1 and RhAG. Within erythrocytes CA1 and, predominantly, CA2 hydrate CO2 to HCO3- and protons (reviewed in Geers & Gros 2000, Jensen 2004, Boron 2010). The HCO3- is transferred out of the erythrocyte by the band 3 anion exchange protein (AE1, SLC4A1) which cotransports a chloride ion (Cl-) into the erythrocyte. Also within the erythrocyte, CO2 combines with the N-terminal alpha amino groups of HbA to form carbamates while protons bind histidine residues in HbA. The net result is the Bohr effect, a conformational change in HbA that reduces its affinity for O2 and hence assists the delivery of O2 to tissues.
The band 3 anion exchange protein (AE1, SLC4A1) exchanges chloride (Cl-) for bicarbonate (HCO3-) across the plasma membrane according to the concentration gradients of the anions (Knauf et al. 1996, Dahl et al. 2003). SLC4A1 may be part of a complex ("metabolon") with carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) which would facilitate the transport of HCO3- (Sterling et al. 2001).
Carbonic anhydrase I (CA1, Khalifah 1971, Pesando 1975, Simonsson et al. 1982, Ren & Lindskog 1992) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA2, Tibell et al. 1984, Jones & Shaw 1983, Ghannam et al. 1986) hydrate carbon dioxide (CO2) to yield bicarbonate (HCO3-) and a proton (H+). During the reaction a hydroxyl group bound by the zinc ion (Zn2+) attacks the CO2 molecule in the active site to directly form HCO3- (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). The HCO3- is displaced by water, which is then deprotonated by a histidine residue to recreate the Zn2+:hydroxyl group. Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
The Rhesus blood group type A glycoprotein (RhAG) passively transports carbon dioxide (CO2) across the plasma membrane according to the concentration gradient (Endeward et al. 2006, Endeward et al. 2008, Musa-Aziz et al. 2009).
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) located on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (Wistrand et al. 1999) dehydrates bicarbonate (HCO3--) to yield water and carbon dioxide (CO2) (Zhu & Sly 1990, Okayuma et al. 1992, Baird et al. 1997, Innocenti et al. 2004, reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
Erythrocytes circulating through the capillaries of the lung must exchange carbon dioxide (CO2) for oxygen (O2) during their short (0.5-1 sec.) transit time in pulmonary tissue (Reviewed in Jensen 2004, Esbaugh and Tufts 2006, Boron 2010). CO2 bound as carbamate to the N-terminus of hemoglobin and protons (H+) bound to histidine residues in hemoglobin are released as hemoglobin (HbA) binds O2. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) present in plasma is taken up by erythrocytes via the band3 anion exchanger (AE1, SLC4A1) and combined with H+ by carbonic anhydrases I and II (CA1/CA2) to yield water and CO2 (Reviewed by Esbaugh and Tufts 2006). CO2 is passively transported out of the erythrocyte by AQP1 and RhAG. HCO3- in plasma is also directly dehydrated by extracellular carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) present on endothelial cells lining the capillaries in the lung.
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4, Zhu and Sly 1990, Okuyama et al. 1992, Baird et al. 1997, Innocenti et al. 2004), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9, Wingo et al. 2001, Hilvo et al. 2008), carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12, Ulmasov et al. 2000, Pastorekova et al. 2008), and carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14, Ozensoy et al. 2005, Temperini et al. 2008) are membrane-bound enzymes that dehydrate bicarbonate to yield water and carbon dioxide. Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible. CA4 has high catalytic activity. CA9, CA12, and CA14 have moderate activity. CA4 is anchored to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. CA9, CA12, and CA14 are single-pass transmembrane proteins. CA4 is found on the extracellular face of capillaries in kidney, lung, and muscle where it maintains the gradient of carbon dioxide between tissue and blood. CA9 and CA12 are found on basolateral membranes of epithelia. CA9 is inducible by Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha) and acidifies the extracellular environment of tumors. In rodents CA15 is membrane anchored and has low activity; in primates CA15 is a pseudogene.
All organisms are constantly exposed to foreign chemicals every day. These can be man-made (drugs, industrial chemicals) or natural (alkaloids, toxins from plants and animals). Uptake is usually via ingestion but inhalation and transdermal routes are also common. The very nature of many chemicals that make them suitable for uptake by these routes, in other words their lipophilicty (favours fat solubility) is also the main reason organisms have developed mechanisms that convert them to hydrophilic (favours water solubility) compounds which are readily excreted via bile and urine. Otherwise, lipophilic chemicals would accumulate in the body and overwhelm defense mechanisms. This process is called biotransformation and is catalyzed by enzymes mainly in the liver of higher organisms but a number of other organs have considerable ability to process xenobiotica such as kidneys, gut and lungs. As well as xenobiotics, many endogenous compounds are commonly eliminated by this process. This mechanism is of ancient origin and a major factor for its development in animals is plants. Most animals are plant eaters and thus are subject to a huge variety of chemical compounds which plants produce to stop themselves being eaten. This complex set of enzymes have several features which make them ideal for biotransformation; (1) metabolites of the parent chemical are usually made more water soluble so it favours rapid excretion via bile and urine (2) the enzymes possess broad and overlapping specificity to be able to deal with newly exposed chemicals (3) metabolites of the parent generally don't have adverse biological effects. In the real world however, all these criteria have exceptions. Many chemicals are transformed into reactive metabolites. In pharmacology, the metabolites of some parent drugs exert the desired pharmacological effect but in the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can undergo epoxidation, it results in the formation of an electrophile which can attack proteins and DNA. Metabolism of xenobiotica occurs in several steps called Phase 1 (functionalization) and Phase 2 (conjugation). To improve water solubility, a functional group is added to or exposed on the chemical in one or more steps (Phase 1) to which hydrophilic conjugating species can be added (Phase 2). Functional groups can either be electrophilic (epoxides, carbonyl groups) or nucleophilic (hydroxyls, amino and sulfhydryl groups, carboxylic groups) (see picture). Once chemicals undergo functionalization, the electrophilic or nucleophilic species can be detrimental to biological systems. Electrophiles can react with electron-rich macromolecules such as proteins, DNA and RNA by covalent interaction whilst nucleophiles have the potential to interact with biological receptors. That's why conjugation is so important as it mops up these potentially reactive species. Many chemicals, when exposed to certain metabolizing enzymes can induce those enzymes, a process called enzyme induction. The effect of this is that these chemicals accelerate their own biotransformation and excretion. The reverse is also true where some chemicals cause enzyme inhibition. Some other factors that alter enzyme levels are sex, age and genetic predisposition. Between species, there can be considerable differences in biotransformation ability which is a problem faced by drug researchers interpreting toxicological results to humans.
Frataxin (FXN) specifically binds 2 atoms of ferrous iron per monomer (reviewed in Stemmler et al. 2010). Iron bound to Frataxin may (Yoon and Cowan 2003, Gerber et al. 2003) or may not (Schmucker et al. 2011) enhance the interaction of Frataxin with NFS1, ICSU, and ISD11. Frataxin was shown to stimulate the cysteine desulfurase activity of NFS1 and was proposed to be a regulator of sulfur production (Tsai et al. 2010). The formation of sulfide by NFS1 is most efficiently observed when NFS1 is in complex with ISD11, ISCU, and FXN in the presence of cysteine and iron. This means that only the complete system of NFS1, ISD11, ISCU, FXN, cysteine, and iron is fully active as a desulfurase. FXN therefore seems to be a regulator of the cysteine desulfurase permitting sulfide production only when all components needed for Fe-S cluster synthesis are present and the ISCU-bound Fe-S cluster can be formed.
As inferred from biochemical studies in yeast and phenotypic studies in mouse, Mitoferrin-1 (SLC25A37) and Mitoferrin-2 (SLC25A28) transport ferrous iron across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitoferrin-1 is essential for maintaining mitochondrial iron uptake in developing erythroid cells; mitoferrin-2 is ubiquitously expressed. Defects in Mitoferrin-1 and Mitoferrin-2 cause a reduction in mitochondrial iron acquisition and biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters and heme.
Two electrons are transferred from reduced ferredoxin reductase (FDXR, adrenodoxin reductase) to two ferredoxin-1 or ferredoxin-1L (FDX1, FDX1L) molecules, each of which binds one electron. Two protons are released during the reaction.
Two electrons and one proton are transferred from NADPH to the FAD moiety of ferredoxin reductase. A proton from the medium is also taken up by ferredoxin reductase.
Iron-sulfur clusters are assembled on the scaffold, ISCU. Based on homology with bacterial IscU:IscS complexes (reviewed in Johnson et al. 2005), one molecule of ISCU is bound to each subunit of a NFS1 dimer (Marinoni et al. 2012). A single complex may thus be capable of assembling two 2Fe-2S clusters. Sulfide is provided by desulfuration of cysteine by NFS1:ISD11 (Biederbick et al. 2006, Shi et al. 2009, Tsai and Barondeau 2010). It has been proposed that ferrous iron is delivered by FXN (Gerber et al. 2003, Yoon and Cowan 2003, Schmucker et al. 2011) bound to ISCU (inferred from yeast, Wang and Craig 2008), although more recent studies suggested that FXN functions as an allosteric effector to stimulate sulfide transfer (Tsai et al. 2010). Holo-ISCU (ISCU bound to a newly synthesized 2Fe-2S cluster) transiently interacts with a dedicated HSP70 chaperone system including Mortalin (GRP75) and HSP20 and GLRX5 (GRX5). Electrons supplied by FDXL1 (FDX2) are required and may reduce the sulfur from S0 to S2-. NFU1 binds an Fe-S cluster (Tong et al. 2003, inferred from bacteria Yuvaniyama et al. 2000) and, from biochemical studies of bacterial NFU1 homologues, is proposed to be an intermediate Fe-S cluster carrier (Bandyopadhy et al. 2008). Mutations in human NFU1 affect only a subset of Fe-S proteins (Navarro-Sastre et al. 2011).
NADPH, ferredoxin reductase (FDXR, Adrenodoxin reductase), and ferredoxins (FDX1, FDX1L) comprise a short electron transport chain that provides electrons for biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and steroid hormones (Sheftel et al. 2010, Shi et al. 2012, reviewed in Grinberg et al. 2000, Lambeth et al. 1982).
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) anchored to extracellular face of the plasma membrane (Wistrand et al. 1999) hydrates carbon dioxide (CO2) to yield bicarbonate (HCO3-) and a proton (H+) (Zhu & Sly 1990, Okayuma et al. 1992, Baird et al. 1997, Innocenti et al. 2004). During the reaction a hydroxyl group bound by the zinc ion (Zn2+) of CA4 attacks the CO2 molecule to directly form HCO3- (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). The HCO3- is displaced by water, which is then deprotonated by a histidine residue to recreate the Zn2+:hydroxyl group. Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins are localized in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria of mammalian cells (reviewed in Stemmler et al. 2010, Rouault 2012, Bandyopadhyay et al. 2008, Lill 2009, Lill et al. 2012). Fe-S protein biogenesis in the mitochondrial matrix involves the iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery. Ferrous iron is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix by Mitoferrin-1 and Mitoferrin-2. (Mitoferrin-1 is enriched in erythroid cells while Mitoferrin-2 is ubiquitous.) Frataxin binds ferrous iron in the mitochondrial matrix. The cysteine desulfurase NFS1 in a subcomplex with ISD11 provides the sulfur by converting cyteine into alanine and forming a persulfide which is used for cluster formation on ISCU, the scaffold protein. Interaction between NFS1 and ISD11 is necessary for desulfurase activity. Frataxin binds to a complex containing NFS1, ISD11, and ISCU and is proposed to function as an iron donor to ISCU or as an allosteric switch that activates sulfur transfer and Fe-S cluster assembly (Tsai and Barondeau 2010). Cluster formation also involves the electron transfer chain ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. ISCU initially forms clusters containing 2 iron atoms and 2 sulfur atoms ([2Fe-2S] clusters). They are released by the function of HSP70-HSC20 chaperones and the monothiol glutaredoxin GLRX5 and used for assembly of [2Fe-2S] proteins. Assembly of larger clusters such as [4Fe-4S] clusters may involve the function of ISCA1, ISCA2, and IBA57. The clusters are transferred to apo-enzymes such as the respiratory complexes, aconitase, and lipoate synthase through dedicated targeting factors such as IND1, NFU1, and BOLA3.
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4, Zhu and Sly 1990, Okuyama et al. 1992, Baird et al. 1997, Innocenti et al. 2004), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9, Wingo et al. 2001, Hilvo et al. 2008), carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12, Ulmasov et al. 2000, Pastorekova et al. 2008), and carbonic anhydrase XIV (CA14Ozensoy et al. 2005, Temperini et al. 2008) are membrane-bound enzymes that hydrate extracellular carbon dioxide to yield bicarbonate and a proton.Carbonic anhydrase deprotonates water to yield a zinc-hydroxyl group and a proton which is transferred to external buffer molecules via histidine or glutamate residues in carbonic anhydrase. The hydroxyl group reacts with carbon dioxide in the active site to yield bicarbonate. A water molecule displaces the bicarbonate and the reaction cycle begins again (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible. CA4 has high catalytic activity. CA9, CA12, and CA14 have moderate activity. CA4 is anchored to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. CA9, CA12, and CA14 are single-pass transmembrane proteins. CA4 is found on the extracellular face of capillaries in kidney, lung, and muscle where it maintains the gradient of carbon dioxide between tissue and blood. CA9 and CA12 are found on basolateral membranes of epithelia. CA9 is inducible by Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1alpha) and acidifies the extracellular environment of tumors. In rodents CA15 is membrane anchored and has low activity; in primates CA15 is a pseudogene.
Two groups of sulfotransferease (SULT) enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to a hydroxyl group on an acceptor molecule, yielding a sulfonated acceptor and 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP). One is localized to the Golgi apparatus and mediates the sulfonation of proteoglycans. The second, annotated here, is cytosolic and mediates the sulfonation of a diverse array of small molecules, increasing their solubilities in water and modifying their physiological functions. There are probably thirteen or more human cytosolic SULT enzymes; eleven of these have been purified and characterized enzymatically, and are annotated here (Blanchard et al. 2004; Gamage et al. 2005). These enzymes appear to be active as dimers. Their substrate specificities are typically broad, and not related in an obvious way to their structures; indeed, apparently orthologous human and rodent SULT enzymes can have different substrate specificities (Glatt 2000), and none has been exhaustively characterized. The substrates listed in the table and annotated here are a sample of the known ones, chosen to indicate the range of activity of these enzymes and to capture some of their known physiologically important targets. Absence of a small molecule - enzyme pair from the table, however, may only mean that it has not yet been studied.
Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells: a pharmacologically validated system for NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol uptake
Gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) homodimer (Bae et al, 2008) catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamylcysteine and thus, may play a role in glutathione homeostasis (Oakley et al, 2008).
Methylation is a common but minor pathway of Phase II conjugation compared to glucuronidation or sulfonation. The cofactor used in methylation conjugation is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). SAM is the second most widely used enzyme substrate after ATP and is involved in a wide range of important biological processes. SAM is sythesized from methionine's reaction with ATP, catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT). There are two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, which encode for two homologous MAT catalytic subunits, 1 and 2. During conjugation with nucleophilic substrates, the methyl group attached to the sulfonium ion of SAM is transferred to the substrate forming the conjugate. SAM, having lost the methyl moiety, is converted to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAH can be hydrolyzed to form adenosine and homocysteine. Homocysteine can either be converted to glutathione or methylated to form methionine, thus forming the starting point for SAM synthesis and completing the cycle. Fuctional groups attacked are phenols, catechols, aliphatic and aromatic amines and sulfhydryl-containing groups. The enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the methyl group to these functional groups are the methyltransferases (MT). MTs are small, cytosolic, monomeric enzymes that utilize SAM as a methyl donor. There are many MTs but the best studied ones are named on the basis of their prototypical substrates: COMT (catechol O-methyltransferase), TPMT (thiopurine methyltransferase), TMT (thiol methyltransferase), HNMT (histamine N-methyltransferase) and NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase). An example of each enzyme mentioned is given. In each case, a typical substrate for the enzyme is shown.
Phase II of biotransformation is concerned with conjugation, that is using groups from cofactors to react with functional groups present or introduced from phase I on the compound. The enzymes involved are a set of transferases which perform the transfer of the cofactor group to the substrate. The resultant conjugation results in greatly increasing the excretory potential of compounds. Although most conjugations result in pharmacological inactivation or detoxification, some can result in bioactivation. Most of the phase II enzymes are located in the cytosol except UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), which are microsomal. Phase II reactions are typically much faster than phase I reactions therefore the rate-limiting step for biotransformation of a compound is usually the phase I reaction. Phase II metabolism can deal with all the products of phase I metabolism, be they reactive (Type I substrate) or unreactive/poorly active (Type II substrate) compounds. With the exception of glutathione, the conjugating species needs to be made chemically reactive after synthesis. The availability of the cofactor in the synthesis may be a rate-limiting factor in some phase II pathways as it may prevent the formation of enough conjugating species to deal with the substrate or it's metabolite. As many substrates and/or their metabolites are chemically reactive, their continued presence may lead to toxicity.
Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are another major set of phase II conjugation enzymes. They can be found in the cytosol as well as being microsomal membrane-bound. Cytosolic GSTs are encoded by at least 5 gene families (alpha, mu, pi, theta and zeta GST) whereas membrane-bound enzymes are encoded by single genes. Soluble GSTs are homo- or hetero-dimeric enzymes (approximately 25KDa subunits) which can act on a wide range of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. GSTs mediate conjugation using glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide synthesized from its precursor amino acids gamma-glutamate, cysteine and glycine. A generalized reaction is RX + GSH -> HX + GSR Glutathione conjugates are excreted in bile and converted to cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates in the intestine and kidneys. GSH is the major, low molecular weight, non-protein thiol synthesized de novo in mammalian cells. As well as taking part in conjugation reactions, GSH also has antioxidant ability and can metabolize endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nucleophilic GSH attacks the electrophilic substrate forming a thioether bond between the cysteine residue of GSH and the electrophile. The result is generally a less reactive and more water-soluble conjugate that can be easily excreted. In some cases, GSTs can activate compounds to reactive species such as certain haloalkanes and haloalkenes. Substrates for GSTs include epoxides, alkenes and compounds with electrophilic carbon, sulfur or nitrogen centres. There are two types of conjugation reaction with glutathione: displacement reactions where glutathione displaces an electron-withdrawing group and addition reactions where glutathione is added to activated double bond structures or strained ring systems.
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) catalyze the nucleophilic attack by reduced glutathione (GSH) on nonpolar compounds that contain an electrophilic carbon, nitrogen, or sulphur atom. Their substrates include halogenonitrobenzenes, arene oxides, quinones, and alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls. Three major families of proteins are widely distributed in nature. Two of these, the cytosolic and mitochondrial GST, comprise soluble enzymes that are only distantly related whilst the third family comprises microsomal GST, referred to as membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione (MAPEG) metabolism. At least 16 cytosolic GST subunits exist in human which are all in a dimeric form. Based on amino acid sequence similarities, seven classes of cytosolic GST are recognized in mammalian species; Alpha, Mu, Pi, Sigma, Theta, Omega, and Zeta (25). As well as being homodimers, the Alpha and Mu classes are also able to form heterodimers so a large number of isozymes are possible from all cytosolic GST subunits (Sinning et al. 1993, LeTrong et al. 2002, Ahmad et al. 1993, Pastore et al. 1998, Tars et al. 2010, Bruns et al. 1999, Balogh et al. 2010, Morel et al. 2002, Li et al. 2005, Patskovsky et al. 2006, Raghunathan et al. 1994, Patskovsky et al. 1999, Comstock et al. 1994, Board et al. 2000, Zhou et al. 2011, Zhou et al. 2012, Sun et al. 2011, Tars et al. 2006, Rossjohn et al. 1998, Polekhina et al. 2001, Inoue et al. 2003). Typical electrophilic substrates are chosen as examples for which the majority of the cytosolic GST isozymes act on.
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) catalyze the nucleophilic attack by reduced glutathione (GSH) on nonpolar compounds that contain an electrophilic carbon, nitrogen, or sulphur atom. Their substrates include halogenonitrobenzenes, arene oxides, quinones, and alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls. Three major families of proteins are widely distributed in nature. Two of these, the cytosolic and mitochondrial GST, comprise soluble enzymes that are only distantly related whilst the third family comprises microsomal GST, referred to as membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione (MAPEG) metabolism. Three members of this family function as detoxification enzymes, MGST1-3 (DeJong et al. 1988, Kelner et al. 1996, Jakobsson et al. 1996, Jakobsson et al. 1997). Electron crystallography studies in rat Mgst1 indicate these enzymes function as homotrimers (Holm et al. 2002).
The combination of glutamate, cysteine and ATP is required to form glutathione. The steps involved in the synthesis and recycling of glutathione are outlined (Meister, 1988).
Gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) homodimer (Bae et al, 2008) can catalyzes the formation of 5-oxoproline from gamma-glutamyl-amino acid products and thus can play a role in glutathione homeostasis (Oakley et al, 2008).
Extracellular glutathione can be hydrolyzed to give cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly) and gamma glutamate, which, in the presence of amino acids, can form a gamma-glutamate:AA product (Heisterkamp et al, 2008). This hydrolysis provides cells with a cysteine supply and contributes to the maintainance of intracellular glutathione levels (Tate and Ross, 1977; Pawlak et al, 1989).
In the second step in the formation of glutathione, gamma-glutamylcysteine ligates with glycine to form glutathione (Gali and Board, 1995; ).
At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'PAPS', and 1 molecule of 'Phenol' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'Phenyl sulfate', and 1 molecule of 'PAP' are present. This reaction takes place in the 'cytosol' and is mediated by the 'aryl sulfotransferase activity' of 'SULT1A1 homodimer'.
The catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is predominantly (>95%) conjugated with sulfate in human blood circulation. Human SULT1A3 is the major sulfotransferase that sulfonates DA.
Six SULT enzymes, SULT1A1 (Li et al. 2001), 1A3 (Kester, Kaptein et al. 1999), 1B1 (Wang et al. 1998), 1C1 (Li et al. 2000), 1E1 (Li and Anderson 1999; Kester, van Dijk et al. 1999), and 2A1 (Li and Anderson 1999), can catalyze the sulfonation of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) in vitro or in tissue culture model systems. These six enzymes also catalyze the sulfonation of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3).
Sulfonation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is catalyzed by SULT1E1 (Aksoy et al. 1994), SULT2A1 (Radominska et al. 1990) and the a and b isoforms of SULT2B1 (Meloche and Falany 2001).
Sulfonation of estrone is catalyzed by SULT1E1 (Aksoy et al. 1994; Falany et al. 1995), and also by SULT2A1 (Comer et al. 1993), although the efficiency of SULT2A1 catalysis is unknown.
PAP is generated as a byproduct of sulfonation reactions in vivo; its hydrolysis to AMP and orthophosphate returns its constituents to the pool of molecules available for cytosolic nucleotide metabolism. Bisphosphate 3'-nucleotidase 1catalyzes this reaction efficiently in vitro; whether other nucleotidases also play a role in PAP breakdown in vivo is unknown.
Sulfonation of beta-estradiol is catalyzed by SULT1E1 (Falany et al. 1995).
The sulfonation of the xenobiotic p-nitrophenol (4-nitrophenol) can be catalyzed by five well-characterized SULT enzymes, 1A1 (Brix et al. 1998), 1A2 (Brix et al. 1998; Zhu et al. 1996), 1C2 (Sakakibara et al. 1998), and 4A1 (Sakakibara et al. 2002).
3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine (T3) 4-sulfate is a major metabolite of T3 in humans (LoPresti and Nicoloff 1994), and seven SULT enzymes, SULT1A1 (Li et al. 2001), 1A3 (Kester, Kaptein et al. 1999), 1B1 (Wang et al. 1998), 1C1 (Li et al. 2000), 1E1 (Li and Anderson 1999; Kester, van Dijk et al. 1999), 2A1 (Li and Anderson 1999), and 4A1 (Sakakibara et al. 2002) can catalyze this reaction in vitro or in tissue culture model systems. All of these enzymes except SULT4A1 also catalyze the sulfonation of 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2).
The sulfonation of pregnenolone (PREG) is catalyzed by both the a and b isoforms of SULT2B1, although the a isoform is more active in assays in vitro (Fuda et al. 2002; Meloche and Falany 2001).
Sulfonation of the xenobiotic N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene converts it to a potent carcinogen. SULT1A2 (Glatt 2000) and SULT1C1 and 1C2 (Sakakibara et al. 1998) catalyze this reaction.
The nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD) happens in late prophase of mitosis and involves disassembly of the nuclear pore complex, depolymerization of the nuclear lamina, and clearance of nuclear envelope from chromatin. NEBD allows mitotic spindle microtubules to access condensed chromosomes at kinetochores and enables nuclear division and segregation of genetic material to two daughter cells. For a recent review, please refer to Guttinger et al. 2009.
During prophase, the chromatin in the nucleus condenses, and the nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to the opposite poles or sides of the cell. Some of the fibers that extend from the centromeres cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.
MASTL (GWL) activates ENSA by phosphorylating it on serine residue S67 (Mochida et al. 2010, Gharbi-Ayachi et al. 2010).
ARPP19 and ENSA, activated by MASTL (GWL) mediated phosphorylation, bind and inhibit PP2A complexed with the regulatory subunit PPP2R2D (B55-delta). Inhibition of PP2A-PPP2R2D phosphatase activity allows mitotis entry and mainetance by preventing dephosphorylation of CDK1 mitotic targets (Mochida et al. 2010, Gharbi-Ayachi et al. 2010).
The activity of MASTL, also known as the Greatwall kinase (GWL), is necessary for the entry and progression of mitosis. MASTL is activated by phosphorylation of several key residues during mitotic entry. Phosphorylation on the serine residue S875 (S883 in Xenopus), likely through autophosphorylation (Blake-Hodek et al. 2012) appears to be critical (Vigneron et al. 2011). Several other sites, including putative CDK1 targets T194, T207 and T741, contribute to the full activation of MASTL (Yu et al. 2006, Blake-Hodek et al. 2012). Other kinases, such as PLK1 (Vigneron et al. 2011) and other MASTL phosphorylation sites may also be functionally important (Yu et al. 2006, Blake-Hodek et al. 2012). Activated MASTL phosphorylates ARPP19 and ENSA on serines S62 and S67, respectively, enabling them to bind to and inhibit the phosphatase activity of PP2A complexed with the regulatory subunit PPP2R2D (B55-delta). Inhibition of PP2A-PPP2R2D activity by ARPP19 or ENSA prevents dephosphorylation of CDK1 targets, hence allowing entry and maintenance of mitosis (Mochida et al. 2010, Gharbi-Ayachi et al. 2010, Burgess et al. 2010).
NEK9 functions as a homodimer and becomes catalytically active in mitosis through phosphorylation (Roig et al. 2002). While threonine T333 of NEK9 is phosphorylated in both interphase and mitotic cells (Roig et al. 2005, Bertran et al. 2011), serine residues S29, S750 and S869 of NEK9 are phosphorylated only in mitotic cells. S29, S750 and S869 sites are proline directed and match the CDK1 consensus sequence (Bertran et al. 2011). CDK1:CCNB complex was shown to phosphorylate NEK9 in vitro (Roig et al. 2002).
NEK9 serine residues S29, S750 and S869, which are likely targets of CDK1:CCNB-mediated phosphorylation in mitosis, can be recognized by the polo-box domain (PBD) of PLK1 when phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of S869 appears to be crucial for the interaction of NEK9 and PLK1 (Bertran et al. 2011). PLK1 phosphorylates threonine T210 of NEK9 in vitro. T210 is located in the kinase activation loop of NEK9 and T210 phosphorylation is necessary for NEK9 kinase activity. While T210 can be autophosphorylated in vitro, when NEK9 is incubated in the presence of excess ATP and Mg2+ (Roig et al. 2005), mitotic phosphorylation of T210 requires both CDK1 and PLK1 activity (Bertran et al. 2011).
NEK6 and NEK7 are activated during mitosis by another NIMA family kinase, NEK9 (Belham et al. 2003, Richards et al. 2009), which is activated by CDK1- and PLK1-mediated phosphorylation (Roig et al. 2002, Bertran et al. 2011).
CDK1 activity promotes the nuclear pore complex (NPC) disassembly in mitosis (Muhlhausser and Kutay 2007). While NUP98 is probably not the only nucleoporin phosphorylated by CDK1 at mitotic entry, NUP98 is the best characterized CDK1 target among nuclear pore complex components. NUP98 threonine residues T529, T536, and T653, as well as serine residues S595 and S606 were found to be phosphorylated when NUP98 was isolated from mitotic HeLa cells (human cervical carcinoma cell line); these five sites match the CDK1 target site consensus and are phosphorylated by CDK1:CCNB in vitro (Laurell et al. 2011). The NUP98 splicing isoform NUP98-4 was used in the study by Laurell et al. 2011 and the indicated positions of phosphorylated amino acid residues refer to this isoform. An additional splicing isoform NUP98-3, the product of an alternative splicing site in exon10 of the NUP98 gene, which is 17 amino acids longer than NUP98-4, could also be a part of the NPC. CDK1-phosphorylated residues in NUP98-3 would be threonines T546, T553 and T670, and serines S612 and S623.
The nature of the phagosomal membrane: endoplasmic reticulum versus plasmalemma
Nuclear envelope breakdown in mitosis involves permeabilization of the nuclear envelope through disassembly of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) (reviewed by Güttinger et al. 2009). Nucleoporin NUP98, located at both the cytoplasmic and the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC (Griffis et al. 2003), and involved in the formation of the transport barrier through its FG (phenylalanine glycine) repeats that protrude into the central cavity of the NPC (Hulsmann et al. 2012), is probably the first nucleoporin that dissociates from the NPC at the start of mitotic NPC disassembly (Dultz et al. 2008). NUP98 dissociation is triggered by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of NUP98 by CDK1 and NIMA family kinases NEK6 and/or NEK7 is needed for NUP98 dissociation from the NPC (Laurell et al. 2011). While the phosphorylation of NUP98 by CDK1 and NEK6/7 is likely to occur simultaneously, CDK1 and NEK6/7-mediated phosphorylations are shown as separate events, for clarity purposes.
MASTL (GWL i.e. Greatwall kinase) phosphorylates ARPP19 on serine residue S62 (Gharbi-Ayachi et al. 2010). S62 of human ARPP19 corresponds to serine residue S67 of Xenopus Arpp19, which is phosphorylated by Xenopus Mastl (Mochida et al. 2010).
The pericentriolar stacks of Golgi cisternae undergo extensive fragmentation and reorganization in mitosis. In mammalian cells, Golgi apparatus consists of stacked cisternae that are connected by tubules to form a ribbon-like structure in the perinuclear region, in vicinity of the centrosome. Reorganization of the Golgi apparatus during cell division allows both daughter cells to inherit this organelle, and may play additional roles in the organization of the mitotic spindle. First changes in the structure of the Golgi apparatus likely start in G2 and are subtle, involving unlinking of the Golgi ribbon into separate stacks. These changes are required for the entry of mammalian cells into mitosis (Sutterlin et al. 2002). This initial unlinking of the Golgi ribbon depends on GRASP proteins and on CTBP1 (BARS) protein, which induces the cleavage of the tubular membranes connecting the stacks (Hidalgo Carcedo et al. 2004, Colanzi et al. 2007), but the exact mechanism is not known. Activation of MEK1/2 also contributes to unlinking of the Golgi ribbon in G2 (Feinstein and Linstedt 2007). From prophase to metaphase, Golgi cisternae undergo extensive fragmentation that is a consequence of unstacking of Golgi cisternae and cessation of transport through Golgi. At least three mitotic kinases, CDK1, PLK1 and MEK1, regulate these changes. CDK1 in complex with cyclin B phosphorylates GOLGA2 (GM130) and GORASP1 (GRASP65), constituents of a cis-Golgi membrane complex (Lowe et al. 1998, Preisinger et al. 2005). Phosphorylation of GOLGA2 prevents binding of USO1 (p115), a protein localizing to the membrane of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) to Golgi transport vesicles and cis-Golgi, thereby impairing fusion of these vesicles with cis-Golgi cisternae and stopping ER to Golgi transport (Lowe et al. 1998, Seeman et al. 2000, Moyer et al. 2001). Phosphorylation of GORASP1 by CDK1 enables further phosphorylation of GORASP1 by PLK1 (Sutterlin et al. 2001, Preisinger et al. 2005). Phosphorylation of GORASP1 by CDK1 and PLK1 impairs stacking of Golgi cisternae by interfering with formation of GORASP1 trans-oligomers that would normally link the Golgi cisternae together (Wang et al. 2003, Wang et al. 2005, Sengupta and Linstedt 2010). In the median Golgi, GORASP2 (GRASP55), a protein that forms a complex with BLFZ1 (Golgin-45) and RAB2A GTPase and contributes to cisternae stacking and Golgi trafficking (Short et al. 2001), is also phosphorylated in mitosis. Phosphorylation of GORASP2 by MEK1/2-activated MAPK1 (ERK2) and/or MAPK3-3 (ERK1b in human, Erk1c in rat) contributes to Golgi unlinking in G2 and fragmentation of Golgi cisternae in mitotic prophase (Acharya et al. 1998, Jesch et al. 2001, Colanzi et al. 2003, Shaul and Seger 2006, Duran et al. 2008, Feinstein and Linstedt 2007, Feinstein and Linstedt 2008, Xiang and Wang 2010).
At the beginning of mitosis, MASTL (GWL, Greatwall kinase) is activated by phosphorylation at several key sites. Many of these sites, including functionally important threonine residues T194, T207 and T741 (corresponding to Xenopus residues T193, T206 and T748), are proline directed, matching CDK1 consensus sequence, and thus probably phosphorylated by CDK1, as shown by in vitro studies (Yu et al. 2006. Blake-Hodek et al. 2012). Phosphorylation of the serine residue S875 (S883 in Xenopus) is implicated as critical for the mitotic function of MASTL (Vigneron et al. 2011) and likely occurs through autophosphorylation (Blake-Hodek et al. 2012). Other kinases, such as PLK1 (Vigneron et al. 2011) and other MASTL phosphorylation sites may also be involved in mitotic activation of MASTL (Yu et al. 2006, Vigneron et al. 2011, Blake-Hodek et al. 2012). Phosphorylation of the serine residue S102 (S101 in Xenopus) is functionally important but the responsible kinase has not been identified (Blake-Hodek et al. 2012).
Cyclin A is believed to be recognized by the APC/C:Cdc20 complex through its D-box sequence, which is 10-20 residues longer than the D-box of cyclin B (Geley et al., 2001).
Rape et al. have recently demonstrated that the order in which APC/C targeted proteins are degraded is determined by the processivity of multiubiquitination of these substrates. Processive substrates acquire a polyubiquitin chain upon binding to the APC/C once and are degraded. Distributive substrates bind, dissociate and reassociate with the APC/C multiple times before acquiring an ubiquitin chain of sufficient length to insure degradation. In addition, distributive substrates that dissociate from the APC/C with short ubiquitin chains are targeted for deubiquitination (Rape et al., 2006). Paradoxically, although the multiubiquitination of cyclin A is distributive and later substrates of APC-Cdc20 such as Securin are processive (Rape et al., 2006), Cyclin A is degraded prior to Securin and Cyclin B. The mechanisms insuring this order have not yet be determined.
Metabolic processes in human cells generate energy through the oxidation of molecules consumed in the diet and mediate the synthesis of diverse essential molecules not taken in the diet as well as the inactivation and elimination of toxic ones generated endogenously or present in the extracellular environment. The processes of energy metabolism can be classified into two groups according to whether they involve carbohydrate-derived or lipid-derived molecules, and within each group it is useful to distinguish processes that mediate the breakdown and oxidation of these molecules to yield energy from ones that mediate their synthesis and storage as internal energy reserves. Synthetic reactions are conveniently grouped by the chemical nature of the end products, such as nucleotides, amino acids and related molecules, and porphyrins. Detoxification reactions (biological oxidations) are likewise conveniently classified by the chemical nature of the toxin. At the same time, all of these processes are tightly integrated. Intermediates in reactions of energy generation are starting materials for biosyntheses of amino acids and other compounds, broad-specificity oxidoreductase enzymes can be involved in both detoxification reactions and biosyntheses, and hormone-mediated signaling processes function to coordinate the operation of energy-generating and energy-storing reactions and to couple these to other biosynthetic processes.
CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of GORASP1 (GRASP65) enables GORASP1 to recruit PLK1 (Preisinger et al. 2005). PLK1 phosphorylates GORASP1 on serine residue S189 (Sengupta and Linstedt 2010). This serine residue is near the GORASP1 region involved in GORASP1 dimerization and oligomerization, a process underlying the stacking of cis-Golgi cisternae (Wang et al. 2003). The phosphorylation of S189 by PLK1 impairs Golgi cisternae stacking (tethering), contributing to Golgi unlinking and fragmentation in mitosis, probably by preventing formation of GORASP1 dimers and oligomers (Sutterlin et al. 2001, Sengupta and Linstedt, 2010). Two other potential phosphorylation sites that match PLK1 substrate consensus sequence exist in GORASP1, but their functional significance has not yet been examined (Sengupta and Linstedt, 2010).
GORASP2 (GRASP55) localizes to the median region of Golgi, where it forms a complex with BLZF1 (Golgin 45) and RAB2A GTPase (Short et al. 2001). Similar to GORASP1, GORASP2 is involved in the maintenance of Golgi structure and positively regulates stacking of Golgi cisternae (Xiang and Wang 2010). In addition, GORASP2, probably through its association with RAB2A GTPase, regulates trafficking through the Golgi (Short et al. 2001). In G2 and mitotic prophase, GORASP2 is phosphorylated by MEK1/2 activated MAP kinases. Monophosphorylated MAPK3 (ERK1) isoform, MAPK3 3 i.e. ERK1b (known as ERK1c in rat), likely activated by a MEK1 isoform MEK1b (Shaul et al. 2009), as well as MAPK1 (ERK2) are implicated in GORASP2 phosphorylation during mitosis (Jesch et al. 2001, Colanzi et al. 2003, Shaul and Seger 2006, Feinstein and Linstedt 2007, Duran et al. 2008, Feinstein and Linstedt 2008). Threonine residues T222 and T225 were implicated as targets of MAPK mediated GORASP2 phosphorylation in studies that used directional mutagenesis (Jesch et al. 2001, Feinstein and Linstedt 2008). However both T222 and T225 were simultaneously mutated in these studies and their roles have not been individually investigated. Using mass spectroscopy, T225 but not T222 was identified as a GORASP2 residue phosphorylated by mitotic cytosol (Duran et al. 2008). T249 residue of GORASP2 was also phosphorylated by mitotic cytosol, but the involvement of ERKs in T249 phosphorylation has not been examined (Duran et al. 2008).
Following multiubiquitination, Cyclin A is targeted for destruction by the 26S proteasome.
Cyclin A, functions in mitosis as well as DNA replication and is degraded in the interim by the APC/C to permit normal chromosome segregation, cell division, and the onset of S phase (see Lukas and Bartek, 2004). Cyclin A is initially degraded early in mitosis by APC/C:Cdc20 when the spindle checkpoint is still active and degradation of securin and cyclin B is inhibited.
TAK1 is a ubiquitin-dependent kinase of MKK and IKK
Molecular basis for membrane phospholipid diversity: why are there so many lipids?
Cytosolic Fe/S protein biogenesis depends on the electron transfer chain from NAD(P)H to the Fe/S protein (CIAPIN1 in humans, DRE2 in yeast) via the flavoprotein NDOR1 (TAH18 in yeast). The precise role of electrons in the assembly process is unclear but in the absence of the electron chain the stable [4Fe-4S] cluster of NUBP1 is not assembled. CIAPIN1 binds two Fe/S clusters of the [2Fe-2S] and the [4Fe-4S] type. The [2Fe-2S] cluster is reduced by NDOR1-NADPH.
A [4Fe-4S] cluster is assembled on a scaffold composed of the P-loop NTPases NUBP2 (CFD1 in yeast) and NUBP1 (Nbp35 in yeast) in a nucleotide-dependent fashion. The two proteins form a heterotetramer which transiently binds the [4Fe-4S] cluster in a bridged form between two subunits of the complex. The Fe/S cluster is bound to two highly conserved Cys residues in the C-termini of each of these proteins. NUBP1 contains an additional, stably associated [4Fe-4S] cluster at its N-terminus which is essential for function. Mitochondria play a crucial role in cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S protein biogenesis. They export via a mitochondrial ABC transporter (yeast ATM1, human ABCB7) a still unknown, sulfur-containing compound which is essential for Fe/S cluster assembly in the cytosol. The general cytosolic iron donor, the multi-domain monothiol glutaredoxin (human GRX3 or PICOT, yeast Grx3-Grx4) plays a crucial role in cytosolic-nuclear Fe/S protein biogenesis. The precise molecular function of the glutaredoxin is still unclear.
A complex of four proteins termed CIA targeting complex is involved in the delivery of the NUBP1-NUBP2-bound Fe/S cluster to specific target apoproteins. NARFL (IOP1, Nar1 in yeast) is similar in sequence to iron-only hydrogenases and binds two [4Fe-4S] clusters. These cofactors are essential for biogenesis but their molecular function is unknown. The WD40 domain protein CIAO1 (Cia1 in yeast) forms a propeller-like structure which may serve as a docking site for the other members of the CIA targeting complex. The role of FAM96B (YHR122W, CIA2 in yeast) and MMS19 is still unclear, but they show some specificity for the delivery of Fe/S clusters into certain target apoproteins. They directly interact with numerous Fe/S target proteins including many proteins involved in nuclear DNA integrity and maintenance such as DNA polymerases (POLD1), helicases of the DNA repair pathway (XPD or FANCJ) or of telomere maintenance (RTEL1), and primases. Cells with mutated MMS19 are hypersensitive to DNA damage and have elongated telomeres therefore these target proteins are relevant to various cancer-related diseases and aging.
Iron-sulfur clusters containing 4 atoms of iron and 4 atoms of sulfur (4Fe-4S clusters) are assembled in the cytosol on a heterotetrameric scaffold composed of NUBP2 and NUBP1 subunits (reviewed in Lill et al. 2012, Rouault et al. 2012, Sharma et al. 2010, Lill and Mühlenhoff 2006). The sources of iron and sulfur are uncertain but the process requires a sulfur-containing compound exported from mitochondria via ABCB7 (ABC7). Newly synthesized 4Fe-4S are transferred to apoproteins such as XPD and POLD1 via the CIA targeting complex, composed of NARFL, CIAO1, FAM96B, and MMS19.
Carbonic anhydrase I (CA1, Khalifah 1971, Simonsson et al. 1982, Ren and Lindskog 1992), carbonic anyhydrase II (CA2, Tibell et al. 1984, Jones and Shaw 1983, Pesando 1975, Ghannam et al. 1986), carbonic anhydrase III (CA3, Carter et al. 1979, Tu et al. 1990, Tu et al. 1994, Tu et al. 1998, Silverman et al. 1993), carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7, Bootorabi et al. 2010, Gitto et al. 2010) dehydrate cytosolic bicarbonate to yield water and carbon dioxide (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible. CA2 and CA7 have high catalytic activity, CA1 has low activity (10% of the activity of CA2), and CA3 has very low activity (1% of the activity of CA2). CA1 and CA2 are found in erythrocytes. CA2 is also found in kidney, lung, and white muscle where it facilitates diffusion of carbon dioxide. CA3 is found in red muscle where it participates in resistance against oxidative stress.
Carbonic anhydrase VA (CA5A, Nagao et al. 1993, Franchi et al. 2003, Nishimori et al. 2007) and carbonic anhydrase VB (CA5B, Fujikawa-Adachi et al. 1999, Nishimori et al. 2005, Nishimori et al. 2007) hydrate carbon dioxide in mitochondria to yield bicarbonate and a proton. Carbonic anhydrase deprotonates water to yield a zinc-hydroxyl group and a proton which is transferred to external buffer molecules via histidine or glutamate residues in carbonic anhydrase. The hydroxyl group reacts with carbon dioxide in the active site to yield bicarbonate. A water molecule displaces the bicarbonate and the reaction cycle begins again (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
Carbonic anhydrase VA (CA5A, Nagao et al. 1993, Franchi et al. 2003, Nishimori et al. 2007) and carbonic anhydrase VB (CA5B, Fujikawa-Adachi et al. 1999, Nishimori et al. 2005, Nishimori et al. 2007) dehydrate bicarbonate in mitochondria to yield water and carbon dioxide (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible.
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation
Carbonic anhydrases reversibly catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide and directly produce bicarbonate and protons, bypassing the formation of carbonic acid (reviewed in Lindskog 1997, Breton 2001, Esbaugh and Tufts 2006, Boron 2010, Gilmour 2010). Carbonic anhydrase deprotonates water to yield a zinc-hydroxyl group and a proton which is transferred to external buffer molecules via histidine or glutamate residues in carbonic anhydrase. The hydroxyl group reacts with carbon dioxide in the active site to yield bicarbonate. A water molecule displaces the bicarbonate and the reaction cycle begins again. There are currently 12 known active carbonic anhydrases in humans.
Replication protein A: a heterotrimeric, single-stranded DNA-binding protein required for eukaryotic DNA metabolism.
Abacavir is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiretroviral activity, widely used in combination with other drugs to treat HIV-1 infection (Yuen et al. 2008). Its uptake across the plasma membrane is mediated by organic cation transporters SLC22A1, 2, and 3; the transport proteins ABCB1 and ABCG2 mediate its efflux. Abacavir itself is a prodrug. Activation requires phosphorylation by a cytosolic adenosine phosphotransferase and deamination by ADAL deaminase to yield carbovir monophosphate. Cytosolic nucleotide kinases convert carbovir monophosphate to carbovir triphosphate, the active HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Abacavir can be glucuronidated or oxidized to a 5'-carboxylate; these are the major forms in which it is excreted from the body.
Carbonic anhydrase I (CA1, Khalifah 1971, Simonsson et al. 1982, Ren and Lindskog 1992), carbonic anyhydrase II (CA2, Tibell et al. 1984, Jones and Shaw 1983, Pesando 1975, Ghannam et al. 1986), carbonic anhydrase III (CA3, Carter et al. 1979, Tu et al. 1990, Tu et al. 1994, Tu et al. 1998, Silverman et al. 1993), carbonic anhydrase VII (CA7, Bootorabi et al. 2010, Gitto et al. 2010) hydrate carbon dioxide to yield bicarbonate and a proton. Carbonic anhydrase deprotonates water to yield a zinc-hydroxyl group and a proton which is transferred to external buffer molecules via histidine or glutamate residues in carbonic anhydrase. The hydroxyl group reacts with carbon dioxide in the active site to yield bicarbonate. A water molecule displaces the bicarbonate and the reaction cycle begins again (reviewed in Lindskog 1997). Depending on the concentrations of reactants the reaction is reversible. CA2 and CA7 have high catalytic activity, CA1 has low activity (10% of the activity of CA2), and CA3 has very low activity (1% of the activity of CA2). CA1 and CA2 are found in erythrocytes. CA2 is also found in kidney, lung, and white muscle where it facilitates diffusion of carbon dioxide. CA3 is found in red muscle where it participates in resistance against oxidative stress.
Phosphorylation of Mcm4 at specific sites by cyclin-dependent kinase leads to loss of Mcm4,6,7 helicase activity.
Abacavir activation proceeds steps of phosphorylation, deamination to yield carbovir monophosphate, and phosphorylation of the latter compound to yield the triphosphate. In addition, abacavir can be conjugated with glucuronide or oxidized to its 5'-carboxylate derivative, the two major forms in which it is excreted from the body (Yuen et al. 2008).
Cytosolic GUK1 (guanylate kinase 1) catalyzes the reaction of carbovir monophosphate and ATP to form carbovir diphosphate and ADP. The activity of human GUK1 is inferred from that of the corresponding pig protein (Miller et al. 1992).
Cytosolic PCK1 (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1) catalyzes the reaction of carbovir diphosphate and ATP to form carbovir triphosphate and ADP. The activity of human PCK1 and relative inactivity of human nucleoside diphosphate kinase are inferred from the properties of the purified rat and bovine enzymes in vitro (Miller et al. 1992).
Cytosolic ADAL (Adenosine DeAminase-Like) catalyzes the reaction of abacavir monophosphate and water to form carbovir monophosphate and cyclopropylamine. The active form of the enzyme is a protein monomer complexed with a zinc ion (Murakami et al. 2011).
NT5C2 catalyzes the reaction of carbovir and IMP to form carbovir monophosphate and inosine (Johnson and Fridland 1989; Miller et al. 1992). The enzyme was originally identified as a high-Km soluble 5'-nucleotidase most active on IMP and GMP (Spychala et al. 1988). Its active form is a tetramer (Wallden et al. 2007).
Cytosolic levels of abacavir are determined by the balance of its facilitated diffusion into the cell mediated by organic cation transporters SLC22A1, 2, and 3, and its ATP-dependent efflux from cells mediated by ABCG2 and ABCB1 (Klaasen and Aleksunes 2010; Pan et al. 2007; Shaik et al. 2007).
Cytosolic ADH alpha dimer catalyzes the reaction of abacavir and NAD to form abacavir 5'-carboxylate and NADH + H+. Abacavir 5'-carboxylate is one of the major forms in which abacavir is excreted from the body. Studies with purified enzymes in vitro indicate that only the alpha isoform of ADH has this activity. These studies also suggest that the reaction proceeds in two steps via an unstable aldehyde intermediate (Walsh et al. 2002). Whether conversion of the aldehyde to the carboxylate is spontaneous or also catalyzed by ADH has not been established.
Organic cation transporters 1 (OCT1, SLC22A1), 2 (OCT2, SLC22A2) and 3 (OCT3, SLC22A3) associated with the plasma membrane all mediate the influx of abacavir. The three transporters have similar affinities for abacavir (Minuesa et al. 2009) but differ in the tissues in which they are expressed and in their distributions on the surfaces of polarized cells (reviewed by Klaasen and Aleksunes 2010).
The ABCB1 transporter associated with the plasma membrane mediates the ATP-dependent efflux of a variety of xenobiotic molecules. Its ability to transport abacavir is inferred from studies of the corresponding mouse protein (Shaik et al. 2007).
Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates
In capillaries of the lungs erythrocytes release carbon dioxide (CO2) and acquire oxygen (O2). In other tissues of the body the reverse reaction occurs (reviewed in Nikinmaa 1997, Jensen 2004). In the lungs, CO2 bound as carbamate to the N-terminus of hemoglobin (HbA) and protons bound to histidine residues in HbA are released as HbA binds oxygen. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) present in plasma is taken up by erythrocytes via the band3 anion exchanger (AE1, SLC4A1) and combined with protons by carbonic anhydrases I and II (CA1, CA2) to yield water and CO2 (reviewed by Esbaugh & Tufts 2006, De Rosa et al. 2007). The CO2 is passively transported out of the erythrocyte by AQP1 and RhAG. HCO3- in plasma is also directly dehydrated by extracellular carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) present on endothelial cells lining the capillaries in the lung. In non-pulmonary tissues CO2 in plasma is hydrated to yield protons and HCO3- by CA4 located on the apical plasma membranes of endothelial cells. Plasma CO2 is also taken up by erythrocytes via AQP1 and RhAG. Within erythrocytes CA1 and, predominantly, CA2 hydrate CO2 to yield HCO3- and protons (reviewed in Geers & Gros 2000, Jensen 2004, Boron 2010). HCO3- is transferred out of the erythrocyte by the band 3 anion exchange protein (AE1, SLC4A1) which cotransports a chloride ion into the erythrocyte. Also within the erythrocyte, CO2 combines with the N-terminal alpha amino groups of HbA to form carbamates while protons bind histidine residues in HbA. The net result is the Bohr effect, a conformational change in HbA that reduces its affinity for O2 and hence assists the delivery of O2 to tissues.
Deadenylation is prerequisite for P-body formation and mRNA decay in mammalian cells
Structural and functional modules in RNA interference
Identification of the von Hippel-lindau tumor-suppressor protein as part of an active E3 ubiquitin ligase complex
SnoN and Ski protooncoproteins are rapidly degraded in response to transforming growth factor beta signaling
Ras superfamily and interacting proteins database
Rap1 regulation of RIAM and cell adhesion
Mass spectrometric analysis of the endogenous type I interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor signaling complex formed after IL-1 binding identifies IL-1RAcP, MyD88, and IRAK-4 as the stable components
Structure of human isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase at 2.6 A resolution: structural basis for substrate specificity,.
The biochemistry, metabolism and inherited defects of the pentose phosphate pathway: a review
Protein kinase A-dependent activation of PDE4 (cAMP-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) in cultured bovine vascular smooth muscle cells
Molecular characterization of two galactosemia mutations: correlation of mutations with highly conserved domains in galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
Fundamental Immunology (Book): 1077-1104
Molecular cloning and functional analysis of SUT-1, a sulfate transporter from human high endothelial venules
Dimerization and release of molecular chaperone inhibition facilitate activation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 kinase in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Sterol dependent regulation of human TM7SF2 gene expression: role of the encoded 3beta-hydroxysterol Delta14-reductase in human cholesterol biosynthesis
Identification of the FANCI protein, a monoubiquitinated FANCD2 paralog required for DNA repair
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158914
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132595.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=419305
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18729.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158867
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20289.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428662
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5727.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158807
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107085.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428671
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19657.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132566.5
Specific interaction of a purified transcription factor with an internal control region of 5S RNA genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605677
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118212.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175656
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116549.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605610
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116300.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167938
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139185.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117015.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167972
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126572.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117430.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116499.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1605716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167942
Characterization of a human and murine gene (CLCN3) sharing similarities to voltage-gated chloride channels and to a yeast integral membrane protein
Cytosolic adenylate kinase 5 [AK5] catalyzes the reactions of (d)ADP and (d)CDP with ADP to form (d)AMP and (d)CMP, respectively, and ATP. In the body AK5 expression was observed only in brain of nine tissues tested by Northern blotting (Van Rompay et al. 1999). AK5 is inferred to occur as a dimer from unpublished crystallographic data obtained for the catalytically active carboxyterminal third of the protein (PDB 2BWJ).
Cytosolic adenylate kinase 5 [AK5] catalyzes the reactions of (d)AMP and (d)CMP with ATP to form (d)ADP and (d)CDP, respectively, and ADP. In the body AK5 expression was observed only in brain of nine tissues tested by Northern blotting (Van Rompay et al. 1999). AK5 is inferred to occur as a dimer from unpublished crystallographic data obtained for the catalytically active carboxyterminal third of the protein (PDB 2BWJ).
Cytosolic guanylate kinase 1 (GUK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of GMP and dGMP with ATP to form GDP and dGDP respectively and ADP. While native gel electrophoretic studies of whole cell extracts suggested the existence of multiple human enzymes with guanylate kinase activity (Jamil et al. 1975), only one has been purified and biochemically characterized (Agarwal et al. 1978; Brady et al. 1996). The enzyme is of clinical importance as it is a target of antitumor drugs and antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Miller and Miller 1980).
Cytosolic adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of ADP and dADP with ADP to form AMP and dAMP respectively, plus ATP (Tsuboi 1978; Matsuura et al. 1989).
Cytosolic adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of AMP and dAMP with ATP to form ADP and dADP respectively, plus ADP (Tsuboi 1978; Matsuura et al. 1989).
Mitochondrial adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) catalyzes the reaction of two molecules of ADP to form AMP and ATP (Hamade et al. 1982). Localization of AK2 specifically to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is inferred from studies of the homologous rat enzyme (Criss 1970).
Mitochondrial adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) catalyzes the reaction of AMP and ATP to form two molecules of ADP (Hamade et al. 1982). Localization of AK2 specifically to the mitochondrial intermembrane space is inferred from studies of the homologous rat enzyme (Criss 1970).
Mitochondrial AGXT2 tetramer catalyzes the reaction of (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acid and pyruvate to form 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate and alanine. While the human mitochondrial AGXT2 enzyme has been characterized experimentally in other respects (Rodionov et al. 2010), its ability to catalyze this transamination reaction is inferred from the properties of its rat homologue.
The events of human pyrimidine metabolism are conveniently, if somewhat arbitrarily, grouped into four pathways: de novo synthesis of the pyrimidine ring and its conversion to uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP), the biosynthesis of other pyrimidine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides, pyrimidine salvage reactions, and pyrimidine catabolism (Loffler et al. 2005). De novo synthesis of the pyrimidine ring and its conversion to UMP. The pyrimidine base orotate is synthesized from glutamine, bicarbonate, and aspartate. Orotate reacts with 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) and is then decarboxylated to form the pyrimidine nucleotide UMP. Pyrimidine biosynthesis [interconversion]. Pyrimidine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide di- and triphosphates are synthesized, both from UMP and from pyrimidine ribonucleotide monophosphates generated in salvage reactions. Pyrimidine salvage reactions. Pyrimidine nucleosides and free bases generated by DNA and RNA breakdown are converted to nucleotide monophosphates. Pyrimidine catabolism. The pyrimidine bases thymine and uracil are degraded to beta-aminoisobutyrate and beta-alanine, respectively, which are excreted from the body.
In parallel sequences of three reactions each, thymine is converted to beta-aminoisobutyrate and uracil is converted to beta-alanine. Both of these molecules are excreted in human urine and appear to be normal end products of pyrimidine catabolism (Griffith 1986; Webster et al. 2001). Mitochondrial AGXT2, however, can also catalyze the transamination of both molecules with pyruvate, yielding 2-oxoacids that can be metabolized further by reactions of branched-chain amino acid and short-chain fatty acid catabolism (Tamaki et al. 2000). The importance of these reactions in normal human pyrimidine catabolism has not been well worked out.
Cytosolic UPB1 (beta-ureidopropionase) catalyzes the reaction of 3-ureidoisobutyrate and H2O to form (R)-3-aminoisobutyrate, CO2, and NH3 (Tamaki et al. 2000; van Kuilenburg et al. 2004).
Cytosolic dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of thymine and NADPH + H+ to form 5,6-dihydrothymine and NADP+. The mechanism of the human reaction is inferred from that of the well-characterized pig enzyme (Yokota et al. 1994).
Mitochondrial AGXT2 tetramer catalyzes the reaction of beta-alanine and pyruvate to form 3-oxopropanoate and alanine. While the human mitochondrial AGXT2 enzyme has been characterized experimentally in other respects (Rodionov et al. 2010), its ability to catalyze this transamination reaction is inferred from the properties of its rat homologue.
Cytosolic 3-ureidopropionase catalyzes the reaction of 3-ureidopropionate and water to form beta-alanine, CO2, and NH3 (van Kuilenberg et al. 2004).
Cytosolic dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of uracil and NADPH + H+ to form 5,6-dihydrouracil and NADP+. The mechanism of the human reaction is inferred from that of the well-characterized pig enzyme (Yokota et al. 1994).
Determinants of anion-proton coupling in mammalian endosomal CLC proteins
Cytosolic uridine phosphorylase (isoforms UPP1 and UPP2) catalyzes the reversible reactions of uridine or deoxyuridine with orthophosphate to yield uracil and ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate (Watanabe and Uchida 1995; Johansson, 2003). The active form of UPP1 is a dimer (Rooslid et al. 2009).
Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 3 (NT5C3) catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates (d)CMP, TMP, and (d)UMP to nucleosides plus orthophosphate. While the enzyme appears to be present in many tissues, it is especially abundant in erythrocytes, where it may function to remove excess pyrimidine nucleotides generated by nucleic acid breakdown, while sparing purine nucleotides needed for red cell energy metabolism. Deficiencies in the enzyme are associated with a form of hemolytic anemia and its inactivation by heavy metals may be responsible for some hematological abnormalities associated with lead poisoning (Marinaki et al. 2001; Rees et al. 2003). The active form of the enzyme is a monomer. It has an absolute requirement for Mg++, and is inactive against purine nucleotides (Amici et al. 1997; Amici and Magni 2002).
5'-nucleotidase (NT5E) associated with the plasma membrane catalyzes the reactions of extracellular CMP, TMP, or UMP with H2O to yield the corresponding nucleoside and orthophosphate. The active enzyme is a glycolipid-anchored dimer (Misumi et al. 1990; Thompson et al. 1987; Zimmerman 1992)
In pyrimidine salvage reactions, nucleosides and free bases generated by DNA and RNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, allowing them to re-enter the pathways of pyrimidine biosynthesis (interconversion).
Cytosolic cytidine deaminase catalyzes the hydrolysis of cytidine or dexoycytidine to form uridine or deoxyuridine and ammonia (Laliberte and Momparler 1994). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Chung et al. 2005).
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase NME4 associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane (Tokarska-Schlattner et al. 2008) catalyzes the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ADP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates and ATP. The active form of the enzyme is a hexamer of NME4 polypeptides whose amino-terminal 33 residues, a mitochondrial translocation signal, have been removed (Milon et al. 2000). The substrate specificity of NME4 has not been examined in detail, but is inferred to be broad like that of the homologous NME1, 2, and 3 kinases (Schaertl et al. 1998).
Mind bomb-2 is an E3 ligase for Notch ligand
Enzymes that belong to the NUDT (Nudix) superfamily catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in molecules including nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates and nucleotide sugars. Family members are defined by the presence of an amino acid sequence motif shared with the E. coli MutT gene product, and are involved in diverse physiological processes (Mildvan et al. 2005; McLennan 2006). The hydrolysis of nucleoside di and triphosphates whose purine bases have been oxidized or deaminated may protect the cell from the mutational damage that would occur if modified deoxyribonucleotides were incorporated into DNA and from the aberrant protein synthesis that would occur if modified ribonucleotides were incorporated into mRNA (Iyama et al. 2010; Takagi et al. 2012). The hydrolysis of ADP ribose may prevent the aberrant spontaneous ADP ribosylation of cellular proteins that could occur were this molecule to accumulate to high levels in the cell (Perraud et al. 2003; Shen et al. 2003).
Cytosolic ITPA dimer catalyzes the reaction of ITP and water to form IMP and PPi (pyrophosphate). Mg++ is required for enzymatic activity. The hydrolysis of ITP is thought to prevent its incorporation into mRNA, which would lead to aberrant protein synthesis (Lin et al. 2001; Abolhassani et al. 2010).
An array of kinases catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of nucleotide monophosphates to form nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates. Nucleoside monophosphate kinases catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of nucleoside and deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphates to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates. Most appear to have restricted specificities for nucleoside monophosphates, and to use ATP preferentially (Van Rompay et al. 2000; Anderson 1973; Noda 1973). The total number of human enzymes that catalyze these reactions in vivo is not clear. In six cases, a well-defined biochemical activity has been associated with a purified protein, and these are annotated here. However, additional nucleoside monophosphate kinase-like human proteins have been identified in molecular cloning studies whose enzymatic activities are unknown, and several distinctive nucleoside monophosphate kinase activities detected in cell extracts, e.g., a GTP-requiring adenylate kinase activity (Wilson et al. 1976) and one or more guanylate kinase activities (Jamil et al. 1975) have not been unambiguously associated with specific human proteins. The nucleoside monophosphates against which each of the six well-characterized enzymes is active is shown in the table (Van Rompay et al. 2000). All six efficiently use ATP as a phosphate donor, but have some activity with other nucleoside triphosphates as well in vitro. The high concentrations of ATP relative to other nucleoside triphosphates in vivo makes it the likely major phosphate donor in these reactions under most conditions. All of these phosphorylation reactions are freely reversible in vitro when carried out with purified enzymes and substrates, having equilibrium constants near 1. In vivo, high ratios of ATP to ADP are likely to favor the forward direction of these reactions, i.e., the conversion of (d)NMP and ATP to (d)NDP and ADP. At the same time, the reversibility of the reactions and the overlapping substrate specificities of the enzymes raises the possibility that this group of reactions can buffer the intracellular nucleotide pool and regulate the relative concentrations of individual nucleotides in the pool: if any one molecule builds up to unusually high levels, multiple routes appear to be open not only to dispose of it but to use it to increase the supply of less abundant nucleotides. Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates from ribonucleotide diphosphates.
Cytosolic ITPA dimer catalyzes the reaction of XTP and water to form XMP and PPi (pyrophosphate). Mg++ is required for enzymatic activity. The hydrolysis of XTP is thought to prevent its incorporation into mRNA, which would lead to aberrant protein synthesis (Lin et al. 2001; Abolhassani et al. 2010).
Cytosolic ITPA dimer catalyzes the reaction of dITP and water to form dIMP and PPi (pyrophosphate). Mg++ is required for enzymatic activity. The hydrolysis of dITP is thought to prevent its incorporation into DNA, which would be mutagenic (Lin et al. 2001; Abolhassani et al. 2010).
NUDT18 (MTH3) catalyzes the reaction of 8-oxo-GDP and water to form 8-oxo-GMP and Pi (orthophosphate) (Takagi et al. 2012). The subcellular location of NUDT18 has not been established but is assumed to be cytosolic like NUDT1.
NUDT18 (MTH3) catalyzes the reaction of 8-oxo-dGDP and water to form 8-oxo-dGMP and Pi (orthophosphate) (Takagi et al. 2012). The subcellular location of NUDT18 has not been established but is assumed to be cytosolic like NUDT1.
Mitochondrial NUDT9 (ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADP-ribose to form AMP and D-ribose 5-phosphate. The active enzyme is the longer of two isoforms generated by alternative splicing and is a monomer complexed with two magnesium ions (Perraud et al. 2003; Shen et al. 2003).
NUDT18 (MTH3) catalyzes the reaction of 8-hydroxy-dADP and water to form 8-hydroxy-dAMP and Pi (orthophosphate) (Takagi et al. 2012). The subcellular location of NUDT18 has not been established but is assumed to be cytosolic like NUDT1.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase NME4 associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane (Tokarska-Schlattner et al. 2008) catalyzes the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ATP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and ADP. The active form of the enzyme is a hexamer of NME4 polypeptides whose amino-terminal 33 residues, a mitochondrial translocation signal, have been removed (Milon et al. 2000). The substrate specificity of NME4 has not been examined in detail but is inferred to be broad like that of the homologous NME1, 2, and 3 kinases (Schaertl et al. 1998).
Cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases catalyze the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ADP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphosphates and ATP. These kinases are ubiquitously expressed enzymes with broad substrate specificities (Berg and Joklik 1954; Parks and Agarwal 1973). Three human cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinase proteins, NME1, 2, and 3, have been characterized biochemically (Gilles et al. 1991; Schaertl et al. 1998; Erent et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2003). All are catalytically active as hexamers: homohexamers of NME1, 2, and 3 have been described, as have heterohexamers containing all possible combinations of NME1 and 2 (Gilles et al. 1991; Erent et al. 2001). While the high ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations in the cytosol normally favors the conversion of (d)NDP and ATP to (d)NTP and ADP, the reversibility of the reactions and the overlapping substrate specificities of the enzymes suggest that this group of reverse reactions can buffer the intracellular nucleotide pool and regulate the relative concentrations of individual nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates in the pool.
Cytosolic deoxythymidylate kinase (DTYMK) catalyzes the reversible reaction of either dUMP or TMP with ATP to form dUDP or TDP. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Lee and Cheng 1977).
Cytosolic UMP-CMP kinase (CMPK1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of CDP, dCDP, or UDP and ADP to form CMP, dCMP, or UMP and ATP (Liou et al. 2002; Scott and Wright 1979).
Cytosolic UMP-CMP kinase (CMPK1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of CMP, dCMP, or UMP and ATP to form CDP, dCDP, or UDP and ADP (Liou et al. 2002; Scott and Wright 1979).
Cytosolic guanylate kinase 1 (GUK1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of GDP and dGDP with ADP to form GMP and dGMP respectively and ATP. While native gel electrophoretic studies of whole cell extracts suggested the existence of multiple human enzymes with guanylate kinase activity (Jamil et al. 1975), only one has been purified and biochemically characterized (Agarwal et al. 1978; Brady et al. 1996). The enzyme is of clinical importance as it is a target of antitumor drugs and antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Miller and Miller 1980).
5-Hydroxyindoleacetaldehyde [ChEBI:2070]
Cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases catalyze the reversible reaction of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphates with ATP to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and ADP. These kinases are ubiquitously expressed enzymes with broad substrate specificities (Berg and Joklik 1954; Parks and Agarwal 1973). Three human cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinase proteins, NME1, 2, and 3, have been characterized biochemically (Gilles et al. 1991; Schaertl et al. 1998; Erent et al. 2001; Chen et al. 2003). All are catalytically active as hexamers: homohexamers of NME1, 2, and 3 have been described, as have heterohexamers containing all possible combinations of NME1 and 2 (Gilles et al. 1991; Erent et al. 2001). While cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinases can efficiently use several nucleotide triphosphates as a phosphate donor, the high concentrations of ATP relative to other nucleoside triphosphates in vivo makes it the likely major phosphate donor in these reactions and only reactions with ATP as the phosphate donor are annotated. All of these phosphorylation reactions are freely reversible in vitro (Parks and Agarwal 1973; Schaertl et al. 1998), but the high ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations in the cytosol should favor the conversion of (d)NDP and ATP to (d)NTP and ADP.
Cytosolic CTP synthase 2 (CTPS) catalyzes the reaction of UTP, glutamine, ATP and water to form CTP, glutamate, ADP, and orthophosphate (Han et al. 2005; van Kuilenberg et al. 2000). Unpublished X-ray crystallographic data suggest that the enzyme is a tetramer (PDB 3IHL). Both CTPS2 and a second human gene product, CPTS, have CTP synthase activity in various test systems; their relative contributions to CTP metabolism in the body is not clear.
Cytosolic CTP synthase 1 (CTPS) catalyzes the reaction of UTP, glutamine, ATP and water to form CTP, glutamate, ADP, and orthophosphate (Han et al. 2005). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Kursala et al. 2006). Both CTPS and a second human gene product, CPTS2, have CTP synthase activity in various test systems; their relative contributions to CTP metabolism in the body is not clear.
Cytosolic deoxythymidylate kinase (DTYMK) catalyzes the reversible reaction of either dUDP or TDP with ADP to form dUMP or TMP. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Lee and Cheng 1977).
Numb regulates post-endocytic trafficking and degradation of Notch1
The purine ribonucleotide inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) is assembled on 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP), with atoms derived from aspartate, glutamine, glycine, N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate, and carbon dioxide. Although several of the individual reactions in this sequence are reversible, as indicated by the double-headed arrows in the diagram, other irreversible steps drive the pathway in the direction of IMP synthesis in the normal cell. All of these reactions are thus annotated here only in the direction of IMP synthesis. Guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) are synthesized from IMP.
Cytosolic adenosine linase (ADK) catalyzes the reactions of adenosine and deoxyadenosine with ATP to yield the corresponding nucleotide monophosphates and ADP (Andres and Fox 1979). The enzyme is substantially more active on adenosine than deoxyadenosine in vitro (Hurley at al. 1985) though studies of cultured cells suggest that both reactions may be physiologically relevant (Hershfield et al. 1982). The enzyme is a monomer complexed with magnesium (Mathews et al. 1998).
Cytosolic AMP deaminase (AMPD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to yield IMP and ammonia. Three isoforms of AMPD, E, L, and M, have been identified that differ in their expression patterns in the body. All occur as tetramers and all have qualitatively the same catalytic activity, however (Bausch-Jurken et al. 1992; Mahnke-Zizelman et al. 1998).
Ubiquitin signalling in the NF-kappaB pathway
IL-7 promotes T cell proliferation through destabilization of p27Kip1
Nucleosides and free bases generated by DNA and RNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, allowing them to re-enter the pathway of purine biosynthesis. Nucleosides and free bases generated by DNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, allowing them to re-enter the pathway of purine biosynthesis. Nucleosides and free bases generated by RNA breakdown are converted back to nucleotide monophosphates, allowing them to re-enter the pathways of purine biosynthesis. Under normal conditions, DNA turnover is limited and deoxyribonucleotide salvage operates at a correspondingly low level (Watts 1974).
5'-nucleotidase (NT5E) associated with the plasma membrane catalyzes the reactions of extracellular AMP, dAMP, GMP, or IMP with H2O to yield the corresponding nucleoside and orthophosphate. The active enzyme is a glycolipid-anchored dimer (Misumi et al. 1990; Thompson et al. 1987; Zimmerman 1992)
Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase (NT5C2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of GMP, dGMP, IMP, and dIMP to yield the corresponding nucleosides and orthophosphate (Bianchi and Spychala 2003; Spychala et al. 1988). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer and has an absolute requirement for magnesium ions (Spychala et al. 1988; Wallden et al. 2007). Consistent with the biochemical properties of purified enzyme, cultured cells overexpressing the enzyme from a recombinant DNA clone showed enhanced activity against inosine and guanosine monophosphates, but not adenosine monophosphate (Gazziola et al. 2001; Sala-Newby et al. 2000).
Cytosolic ADAL (Adenosine DeAminase-Like) catalyzes the reaction of N6-methyl-AMP and water to form IMP and methylamine. The active form of the enzyme is a protein monomer complexed with a zinc ion (Murakami et al. 2011).
Cytosolic nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) trimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of guanine with ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate to form guanosine or deoxyguanosine and orthophosphate (Ealick et al. 1990; Wiginton et al. 1980). While NP is active with either ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate in vitro, levels of deoxyribose 1-phosphate are normally low in vivo, limiting the extent of this reaction. NP deficiency in vivo is associated with defects in purine nucleotide salvage and leads to immunodeficiency (Williams et al. 1987).
Cytosolic nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) trimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of hypoxanthine with ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate to form inosine or deoxyinosine and orthophosphate (Ealick et al. 1990; Wiginton et al. 1980). While NP is active with either ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate in vitro, levels of deoxyribose 1-phosphate are normally low in vivo, limiting the extent of this reaction. NP deficiency in vivo is associated with defects in purine nucleotide salvage and leads to immunodeficiency (Williams et al. 1987).
Cytosolic APRT dimer catalyzes the reaction of adenine and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate to form AMP and pyrophosphate (Holden et al. 1979).
Structural and catalytic properties and homology modelling of the human nucleoside diphosphate kinase C, product of the DRnm23 gene
The irreversible synthesis of cytosolic 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole (AIR) from 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM), accompanied by the conversion of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate, is catalyzed by the phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase domain of the trifunctional protein, "phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase" (GART) (Aimi et al. 1990). The active form of the protein is cytosolic and may co-localize with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (Gooljarsingh et al. 2001; An et al. 2008).
The reversible carboxylation of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole (AIR) to form 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate (CAIR) is catalyzed by the phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase domain of the bifunctional protein "phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase" (PAICS) (Schild et al. 1990). The enzyme is an octamer (Li et al. 2007); it may associate in the cytosol with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008).
Two isoforms of adenylosuccinate synthetase, ADSS and ADSSL1, catalyze the reaction of IMP, aspartate, and GTP to form adenylosuccinate, GDP, and orthophosphate (Powell et al. 1992; Sun et al. 2005). ADSS is a homotetramer (unpublished crystallographic data - PDB 2V40) and ADSSL1 is inferred to be a tetramer likewise.
The irreversible conversion of adenylosuccinate to adenosine 5'-monophosphate and fumarate is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase. The active form of this enzyme is a cytosolic tetramer (Stone et al. 1993). The enzyme also catalyzes the conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide (SAICAR) to 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) and fumarate. Humans lacking the enzyme accumulate dephosphorylated forms of both substrates, indicating that the enzyme mediates both reactions in vivo as well (Race et al. 2000).
Two human isoenzymes, IMP dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IMPDH1,2) catalyze the irreversible dehydrogenation of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to form xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP). The active forms of both isoenzymes are homotetramers, and they are nearly identical in their catalytic efficiencies and their susceptibility to inhibition by XMP (Carr et al. 1993; Colby et al. 1999; Hager et al. 1995). Both enzymes occur as homotetramers (Colby et al. 1999 - IMPDH2; unpubliched data in PDB 1JCN IMPDH1). A variety of experiments suggest that IMPDH1 and 2 have distinct functions in vivo. While IMPDH1 is expressed at constant levels, IMPDH2 is expressed at elevated levels in tumor cells and in mitotic normal cells. In humans, heterozygosity for mutant forms of IMPDH1 is associated with a form of retinitis pigmentosa (Bowne et al. 2002). In laboratory mice, mutations that disrupt the homologue of IMPDH1 have no obvious effect at the level of the whole organism, while ones that disrupt IMPDH2 are lethal (Gu et al. 2003). This reaction is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) from IMP, and GMP competitively inhibits the well-characterized bacterial IMP dehydrogenase enzyme. Evidence for an inhibitory effect of GMP on the human isoenzymes has not been reported. Rather, they appear to be inhibited by XMP; in addition, transcription of one or both IMP dehydrogenase mRNAs may be inhibited by high cellular GMP concentrations (Glesne et al. 1991).
Cytosolic GMP synthase (GMPS) catalyzes the reaction of xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP), ATP, glutamine and water to form guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP), AMP, glutamate and pyrophosphate. GMPS is a monomer (Hirst et al. 1994; Nakamura and Lou 1995).
The irreversible transfer of a formyl group to 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR), to yield 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-formaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (FAICAR), is catalyzed by the phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase activity of the bifunctional 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase enzyme. This cytosolic protein occurs primarily as a dimer (Rayl et al. 1996; Vergis et al. 2001) and may further associate with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008).
The reversible synthesis of inosine 5'-monophosphate from 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-formaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (FAICAR) is catalyzed by the IMP cyclohydrolase activity of the bifunctional 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase enzyme. This cytosolic protein occurs primarily as a dimer (Rayl et al. 1996; Vergis et al. 2001) and may further associate with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008).
The conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate (CAIR) and aspartate to 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide (SAICAR), accompanied by the conversion of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate, is catalyzed by the phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase domain of the bifunctional protein "phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase" (PAICS) (Schild et al. 1990). The enzyme is an octamer (Li et al. 2007); it may associate in the cytosol with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008).
The reversible conversion of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide (SAICAR) to 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) and fumarate is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase. The active form of this enzyme is a cytosolic tetramer (Stone et al. 1993), and fluoresence microscopy of cultured human cells suggests that it may associate with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008). The enzyme also catalyzes the conversion of adenylosuccinate to adenosine 5'-monophosphate and fumarate. Humans lacking the enzyme accumulate dephosphorylated forms of both substrates, indicating that the enzyme mediates both reactions in vivo as well (Race et al. 2000).
The synthesis of orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) from orotate and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) is catalyzed by the orotate phosphoribosyltransferase activity of the bifunctional "uridine monophosphate synthetase (orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine 5'-decarboxylase)" protein. The reaction itself is freely reversible, but is pulled in the forward direction in vivo by the irreversible hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. While purified human protein has not been characterized in detail, the close similarity of the human gene to that encoding the well-studied hamster protein, and the demonstration that mutations in the human gene are associated with failure to convert orotate to UMP in vivo, provide convincing evidence that the human uridine monophosphate synthetase protein indeed catalyzes these two reactions (McClard et al. 1980; Suchi et al. 1997). The active form of the human protein is a dimer (Yablonski et al. 1996; Wittmann et al. 2008).
The decarboxylation of orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) to form uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) is catalyzed by the orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity of the bifunctional "uridine monophosphate synthetase (orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine 5'-decarboxylase)" protein. While purified human protein has not been characterized in detail, the close similarity of the human gene to that encoding the well-studied hamster protein, and the demonstration that mutations in the human gene are associated with failure to convert orotate to UMP in vivo, provide convincing evidence that the human uridine monophosphate synthetase protein indeed catalyzes these two reactions (McClard et al. 1980; Suchi et al. 1997). The active form of the human protein is a dimer (Yablonski et al. 1996; Wittmann et al. 2008).
Cytosolic deoxycytidylate deaminase (DCTD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of dCMP (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate) to yield dUMP (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate) and ammonia. The active enzyme is a homohexamer (Maley et al. 1993; Weiner et al. 1993; unpublished crystallography data - PDB 2W4L).
Deoxyuridine triphosphatase (DUT) catalyzes the hydrolysis of dUTP to form dUMP and pyrophosphate. Two isoforms of DUT are expressed, generated by alternative splicing. The major one, annotated here, is localized to the nucleoplasm (Ladner et al. 1996). The enzyme is a homotrimer (Mol et al. 1996). In the cell, this reaction depletes the supply of dUTP, preventing its incorporation into DNA, while generating dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides.
Cytosolic thymidylate synthase catalyzes the reaction of dUMP and N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate to form TMP and dihydrofolate (Davisson et al. 1989). The enzyme is a homodimer (Phan et al. 2001).
The pyrimidine orotate (orotic acid) is synthesized in a sequence of four reactions, deriving its atoms from glutamine, bicarbonate, and aspartate. A single multifunctional cytosolic enzyme catalyzes the first three of these reactions, while the last one is catalyzed by an enzyme associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. In two further reactions, catalyzed by a bifunctional cytosolic enzyme, orotate reacts with 1-phosphoribosyl 5-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to yield orotidine 5'-monophosphate, which is decarboxylated to yield uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP). While several individual reactions in this pathway are reversible, other irreversible reactions drive the pathway in the direction of UMP biosynthesis in the normal cell. All reactions are thus annotated here only in the forward direction. This pathway has been most extensively analyzed at the genetic and biochemical level in hamster cell lines. All three enzymes have also been purified from human sources, however, and the key features of these reactions have been confirmed from studies of this human material (Jones 1980; Webster et al. 2001). All other pyrimidines are synthesized from UMP. The reactions annotaed here, catalyzed by dCMP deaminase and dUTP diphosphatase yield dUMP, which in turn is converted to TMP by thymidylate synthase.
Cytosolic uridine phosphorylase (isoforms UPP1 and UPP2) catalyzes the reversible reactions of uracil with ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate to yield uridine or deoxyuridine and orthophosphate (Watanabe and Uchida 1995; Johansson, 2003). The active form of UPP1 is a dimer (Rooslid et al. 2009).
Cytosolic uridine-cytidine kinase 1 (UCK1) catalyzes the reactions of cytidine or uridine with ATP to form CMP or UMP and ADP (Greenberg et al. 1977; Van Rompay et al. 2001). Unpublished crystallographic data show the enzyme to be a tetramer (PDB - 2JEO).
Cytosolic uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) catalyzes the reactions of cytidine or uridine with ATP to form CMP or UMP and ADP (Greenberg et al. 1977; Van Rompay et al. 2001). Crystallographic data show the enzyme to be a tetramer (Suzuki et al. 2004). When it is expressed as a fusion construct with green fluorescent protein, the protein localizes primarily to the cytosol of transfected CHO cells (Van Rompay et al. 2003).
Mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) catalyzes the reactions of deoxycytidine, thymidine, and deoxyuridine with ATP to form the corresponding deoxynucleotide monophosphates and ADP. The enzyme has been purified from human spleen and is active as a monomer (Munch-Petersen et al. 1991). The enzyme requires divalent cations for activity (Mg++ is preferred) but the nature of the association between the metal ion and the enzyme polypeptide is unclear (Lee and Cheng 1976). The mitochondrial localization of the enzyme has been established experimentally for rats and cattle (Jansson et al. 1992); its mitochondrial localization in humans is inferred from these results and the presence of a mitochondrial localization motif at the amino terminus of the open reading frame of a cloned human cDNA that is missing from the mature catalytically active protein (Wang et al. 1999).
Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects
Uptake of insulin and other ligands into receptor-rich endocytic components of target cells: the endosomal apparatus.
Cytosolic guanine deaminase (GDA) catalyzes the reaction of guanine and water to form xanthine and ammonia (Yuan et al. 1999). The active enzyme is a homodimer (Murphy et al. 2009).
Cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) tetramer catalyzes the reaction of reduced glutathione and hydrogen peroxide to form reduced glutathione and water (Chu et al. 1993).
Cytosolic nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) trimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of guanosine or deoxyguanosine with orthophosphate to form guanine and ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate (Ealick et al. 1990; Wiginton et al. 1980). While NP is active with either nuckeotide in vitro, levels of deoxyguanosine are normally low in vivo, limiting the extent of this reaction. NP deficiency in vivo is associated with defects in purine nucleotide salvage and leads to immunodeficiency (Williams et al. 1987).
Cytosolic nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) trimer catalyzes the reversible reaction of inosine or deoxyinosine with orthophosphate to form hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate or deoxyribose 1-phosphate (Ealick et al. 1990; Wiginton et al. 1980). While NP is active with either nuckeotide in vitro, levels of deoxyinosine are normally low in vivo, limiting the extent of this reaction. NP deficiency in vivo is associated with defects in purine nucleotide salvage and leads to immunodeficiency (Williams et al. 1987).
The synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine, bicarbonate, and ATP is catalyzed by the carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity of cytosolic trifunctional CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) protein (Ito and Uchino 1973; Iwahana et al. 1996). The purified human protein is active in several different oligomerization states, as is its Syrian hamster homologue. The most abundant form of the latter is a hexamer, and the active human protein is annotated as a hexamer by inference (Ito and Uchino 1973; Lee et al. 1985).
The synthesis of N-carbamoyl L-aspartate from carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate is catalyzed by the aspartate carbamoyltansferase activity of cytosolic trifunctional CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) protein (Ito and Uchino 1973; Iwahana et al. 1996). The purified human protein is active in several different oligomerization states as is its Syrian hamster homologue. The most abundant form of the latter is a hexamer, and the active human protein is annotated as a hexamer by inference (Ito and Uchino 1973; Lee et al. 1985).
The purine bases guanine and hypoxanthine (derived from adenine by events in the purine salvage pathways) are converted to xanthine and then to uric acid, which is excreted from the body (Watts 1974). The end-point of this pathway in humans and hominoid primates is unusual. Most other mammals metabolize uric acid further to yield more soluble end products, and much speculation has centered on possible roles for high uric acid levels in normal human physiology.
The events of human purine metabolism are conveniently, if somewhat arbitrarily, grouped into four pathways: de novo synthesis of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), the biosynthesis of other purine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides, purine salvage reactions, and purine catabolism (Watts 1974). De novo synthesis of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP). The purine ribonucleotide IMP is assembled on 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP). Purine biosynthesis [interconversion]. Purine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide di- and triphosphates are synthesized, both from IMP and from guanosine and adenosine ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide monophosphates generated in salvage reactions. Purine salvage reactions. Purine nucleosides and free bases generated by DNA and RNA breakdown are converted to nucleotide monophosphates. Purine catabolism. The purine bases guanine and hypoxanthine are degraded to uric acid, which is excreted from the body.
The synthesis of dihydroorotate from N-carbamoyl L-aspartate is catalyzed by the dihydroorotase activity of cytosolic trifunctional CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) protein. This activity has not been directly demonstrated in experimental studies of the purified human protein, but has been inferred from the behavior of the purified hamster protein and the high degree of sequence similarity between the cloned hamster and human genes (Iwahana et al. 1996). Also on the basis of this similarity, the active human protein is annotated as a hexamer (Lee et al. 1985).
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate (orotic acid). The enzyme is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane oriented so that cytosolic dihydroorotate molecules have access to it, and orotate is released into the cytosol. The reducing equivalents generated by the reaction are transferred by ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) to the electron transport chain within the inner mitochondrial membrane. There is no evidence for the involvement of NAD+ as an acceptor of reducing equivalents in this reaction in mammalian cells (Jones 1980). In contrast, the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme isolated from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium oroticum requires NAD+ as a cofactor but also proceeds strongly in the direction of dihydroorotate synthesis consistent with the greater electronegativity of NAD+ (Lieberman and Kornberg 1953). Early studies of purified rat liver enzyme by Forman and Kennedy suggested the presence of flavin mononucleotide and iron-sulfur complexes as cofactors. More recent work by Bader, Beuneu, and their colleagues with recombinant human protein expressed in insect cells has confirmed the presence of flavin mononucleotide, at a stoichiometry of one molecule per molecule of apoenzyme but suggests that iron-sulfur complexes, if indeed they are involved in the oxidation and electron transport process, are not an integral part of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase holoenzyme.
Role of exon 2-encoded beta -domain of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein
Ubiquitination of p21Cip1/WAF1 by SCFSkp2: substrate requirement and ubiquitination site selection
Cloning and expression of human deoxyhypusine synthase cDNA. Structure-function studies with the recombinant enzyme and mutant proteins.
Discovery of an arachidonoyl coenzyme A synthetase in human platelets
Oxidative protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space
IMMPORT:Bioinformatics for the future of immunology
In the second salvage step, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) can regenerate BH4 from BH2, a process which increases the BH4:BH2 ratio providing BH4 for coupled eNOS production of NO. In mice cell lines, DHFR inhibition or knockdown diminishes the BH4:BH2 ratio and exacerbates eNOS uncoupling (Crabtree et al. 2009).
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential co-factor for the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and glycerol ether monooxygenase and it regulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Inherited BH4 deficiency leads to hyperphenylalaninemia, and dopamine and neurotransmitter deficiency in the brain. BH4 maintains enzymatic coupling to L-arginine oxidation to produce NO. Oxidation of BH4 to BH2 results in NOS uncoupling, resulting in superoxide (O2.-) formation rather than NO. Superoxide rapidly reacts with NO to produce peroxynitrite which can further uncouple NOS. These reactive oxygen species (superoxide and peroxynitrite) can contribute to increased oxidative stress in the endothelium leading to atherosclerosis and hypertension (Thöny et al. 2000, Crabtree & Channon 2011, Schulz et al. 2008, Schmidt & Alp 2007). The synthesis, recycling and effects of BH4 are shown here. Three enzymes are required for the de novo biosynthesis of BH4 and two enzymes for the recycling of BH4.
Regulation of the human WEE1Hu CDK tyrosine 15-kinase during the cell cycle
Originally identified as endothelium-derived relaxing factor, eNOS derived NO is a critical signaling molecule in vascular homeostasis. It regulates blood pressure and vascular tone, and is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion. Loss of the bioavailability of endothelium derived NO is a key feature of endothelial dysfunction and is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. The endothelial isoform eNOS is unique among the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family in that it is co-translationally modified at its amino terminus by myristoylation and is further acylated by palmitoylation (two residues next to the myristoylation site). These modifications target eNOS to the plasma membrane caveolae and lipid rafts. eNOS activation and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) production is stimulated by a variety of stimuli, such as fluid shear stress generated by blood flow, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bradykinin, estrogen, insulin, and angiopoietin. The activity of eNOS is further regulated by numerous post-translational modifications, including protein-protein interactions, phosphorylation, and subcellular localization. Following activation, eNOS shuttles between caveolae and other subcellular compartments such as the noncaveolar plasma membrane portions, Golgi apparatus, and perinuclear structures. This subcellular distribution is variable depending upon cell type and mode of activation. Subcellular localization of eNOS has a profound effect on its ability to produce NO as the availability of its substrates and cofactors will vary with location. eNOS is primarily particulate, and depending on the cell type, eNOS can be found in several membrane compartments: plasma membrane caveolae, lipid rafts, and intracellular membranes such as the Golgi complex. In addition, it has been reported that eNOS can also be detected in the nucleus, however, the conditions associated with nuclear localization of eNOS and its precise role in this cell compartment remains to be determined. Several stimuli can trigger a transient displacement of eNOS from the plasma membrane to other subcellular locations. This process can be mediated through various protein-protein interactions and/or changes in post-translational modifications. Knowledge of the precise molecular mechanisms governing the intracellular redistribution process is still rather limited.
Nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional second messenger, is implicated in physiological functions in mammals that range from immune response and potentiation of synaptic transmission to dilation of blood vessels and muscle relaxation. NO is a highly active molecule that diffuses across cell membranes and cannot be stored inside the producing cell. Its signaling capacity must be controlled at the levels of biosynthesis and local availability. Indeed, NO production by NO synthases is under complex and tight control, being regulated at transcriptional and translational levels, through co- and posttranslational modifications, and by subcellular localization. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Three NOS isoforms have been characterized: neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS1) primarily found in neuronal tissue and skeletal muscle; inducible NOS (iNOS, NOS2) originally isolated from macrophages and later discovered in many other cells types; and endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS3) present in vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, and in blood platelets. The enzymatic activity of all three isoforms is dependent on calmodulin, which binds to nNOS and eNOS at elevated intracellular calcium levels, while it is tightly associated with iNOS even at basal calcium levels. As a result, the enzymatic activity of nNOS and eNOS is modulated by changes in intracellular calcium levels, leading to transient NO production, while iNOS continuously releases NO independent of fluctuations in intracellular calcium levels and is mainly regulated at the gene expression level (Pacher et al. 2007). The NOS enzymes share a common basic structural organization and requirement for substrate cofactors for enzymatic activity. A central calmodulin-binding motif separates an oxygenase (NH2-terminal) domain from a reductase (COOH-terminal) domain. Binding sites for cofactors NADPH, FAD, and FMN are located within the reductase domain, while binding sites for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and heme are located within the oxygenase domain. Once calmodulin binds, it facilitates electron transfer from the cofactors in the reductase domain to heme enabling nitric oxide production. Both nNOS and eNOS contain an additional insert (40-50 amino acids) in the middle of the FMN-binding subdomain that serves as autoinhibitory loop, destabilizing calmodulin binding at low calcium levels and inhibiting electron transfer from FMN to the heme in the absence of calmodulin. iNOS does not contain this insert. Because NOS enzymatic activity is modulated by the presence of its substrates and cofactors within the cell, under certain conditions, NOS may generate superoxide instead of NO, a process referred to as uncoupling (uncoupling of NADPH oxidation and NO synthesis). The molecular details of eNOS function are annotated here.
Cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible reaction of pyruvate and NADH + H+ to form lactate and NAD+. In the body under anaerobic conditions such as are found in red blood cells or rapidly exercising skeletal muscle, this reaction regenerates NAD+, allowing the continuation of glycolysis. Lactate dehydrogenase is active as a tetramer. Two isoforms of lactate dehydrogenase, A and B, are widely expressed in human tissues, and all five tetramers - A4, A3B, A2B2, AB3, and B4 - are found. A third isoform, C, and its tetramer, C4, are found in testis.
The membrane-associated MCT:basigin complex mediates the reversible export of cytosolic lactate and H+ (Wilson et al. 2005).
The membrane-associated MCT:basigin complex mediates the reversible uptake of extracellular lactate and H+ (Wilson et al. 2005).
Cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the freely reversible reaction of lactate and NAD+ to form pyruvate and NADH + H+. In liver parenchymal cells, this reaction allows lactate from red blood cells and exercising muscle to be converted to pyruvate which in turn is typically used for gluconeogenesis which also consumes the NADH from the reaction. Lactate dehydrogenase is active as a tetramer. Two isoforms of lactate dehydrogenase, A and B, are widely expressed in human tissues, and all five tetramers - A4, A3B, A2B2, AB3, and B4 - are found. A third isoform, C, and its tetramer, C4, are found in testis.
Pyruvate (PYR) and a proton are transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix, mediated by a complex of MCP1 and MCP2 in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Studies of pyruvate uptake in rat indicate that it is specific, saturable, and competitively inhibitable, indicating a specific role for a membrane transport protein (Papa et al. 1971; Halestrap and Denton 1974), and the stoichiometry of the human reaction is inferred from this work. MCP1 and MCP2 have been identified as essential components of the transporter based on the observation that expression of both proteins (but not either one alone) restored mitochondrial pyruvate uptake in mutant budding yeast. The proteins form a multimeric complex; its stoichiometry is unknown (Bricker et al. 2012).
Electroneutral ammonium transport by basolateral rhesus B glycoprotein
Structure, function, and regulation of cellular tight junctions
Structural basis for PAS domain heterodimerization in the basic helix--loop--helix-PAS transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor
In the first of two salvage steps to maintain BH4 levels in the cell, sepiapterin is taken up by the cell and reduced by sepiapterin reductase (SRP) to form BH2 (Sawabe et al. 2008).
Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase IDH3 catalyzes the irreversible reaction of isocitrate and NAD+ to form alpha ketoglutarate, CO2, and NADH + H+. The enzyme is a heteromer containing four polypeptide chains, two IDH3A, one IDH3B, and one IDH3G, and two Mn++ (Dange and Colman 2010). It is activated by ADP (Soundar et al. 2003, 2006; Bzymek and Colman 2007). This is the first of four oxidation reactions in the citric acid cycle, and the first decarboxylation.
The mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the reaction of alpha-ketoglutarate, CoASH, and NAD+ to form succinyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. The enzyme complex contains multiple copies of three different proteins, E1 (OGDH), E2 (DLST), and E3 (DLD), each with distinct catalytic activities (Reed and Hackert 1990; Zhou et al 2001). The reaction starts with the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha ketoglutarate catalyzed by E1alpha and beta (alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). Lipoamide cofactor associated with E1 is reduced at the same time. Next, the succinyl group derived from alpha ketoglutarate is transferred to coenzyme A in two steps catalyzed E2 (dihydrolipolyl transacetylase). Finally, the oxidized form of lipoamide is regenerated and electrons are transferred to NAD+ in two steps catalyzed by E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase). The biochemical details of this reaction have been worked out with alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and subunits purified from bovine tissue (McCartney et al. 1998). While all of the human proteins are known as predicted protein products of cloned genes, direct experimental evidence for their functions is available only for E3 (DLD) (Brautigam et al. 2005).
Mitochondrial aconitase reversibly converts citrate to isocitrate via a cis-aconitate intermediate. Mitochondrial aconitase activity has been demonstrated in diverse human tissue extracts (Slaughter et al. 1975) and a protein homologous to the well-characterized porcine enzyme has been purified from human tissues (Baldwin et al. 1991).
Mitochondrial aconitase reversibly converts isocitrate to citrate via a cis-aconitate intermediate. Mitochondrial aconitase activity has been demonstrated in diverse human tissue extracts (Slaughter et al. 1975) and a protein homologous to the well-characterized porcine enzyme has been purified from human tissues (Baldwin et al. 1991).
The succinate dehydrogenase complex, associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate, reducing the FAD cofactor bound to the enzyme. This redox potential is then used in the electron transfer chain to drive a proton motive force to generate ATP.
Mitochondrial fumarate hydratase catalyzes the reversible reaction of fumarate and water to form malate, the seventh step of the TCA cycle (Bourgeron et al. 1994). Unpublished crystallographic data indicate that the protein is a tetramer (PDB 3E04).
Mitochondrial succinate CoA ligase (ADP-forming) catalyzes the reversible conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate plus Coenzyme A, coupled to the conversion of ADP and orthophosphate to ATP. The enzyme is a heterodimer containing SUCLG1 and SUCLA2 monomers. The enzyme catalyzing the reaction in vertebrates is a heterodimer that occurs in two isoforms. The enzymes have been purified from pigeon and rat tissue and characterized in detail. Both isoforms, an alpha:betaA heterodimer and an alpha:betaG heterodimer, catalyze the reversible conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate plus Coenzyme A. The alpha:betaA heterodimer couples this conversion to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and orthophosphate, while the alpha:betaG heterodimer couples it to the synthesis of GTP from GDP and orthophosphate (Johnson et al. 1998a,b; Lambeth et al. 2004). Consistent with these results in model systems, patients homozygous for a mutant allele of the gene encoding the ADP enzyme beta subunit, SUCLA2, are deficient in succinyl CoA ligase activity (Elpeleg et al. 2005). Both isoforms are found in vivo, and appear to be expressed at different levels in various tissues. Their relative contributions to the flux of carbon atoms through the TCA cycle are unknown. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the alpha:betaA isoform may be required to catalyze the reverse reaction, conversion of succinate, Coenzyme A, and ATP to succinyl CoA, ADP, and orthophosphate for heme biosynthesis (Furuyama and Sassa 2000).
Mitochondrial citrate synthase dimer catalyzes the irreversible reaction of acetyl-CoA, water, and oxaloacetate to form citrate and coenzyme A. This reaction is the entry point of two-carbon units into the citric acid cycle. The reaction is subject to allosteric regulation. The gene encoding the human enzyme has been cloned (Goldenthal et al. 1998), but the enzyme has not been characterized in detail - its properties are inferred from those of the well-studied homologous pig enzyme (e.g., Morgunov and Srere 1998).
Pyruvate sits at an intersection of key pathways of energy metabolism. It is the end product of glycolysis and the starting point for gluconeogenesis, and can be generated by transamination of alanine. It can be converted by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to acetyl CoA (Reed and Hackert 1990) which can enter the TCA cycle or serve as the starting point for the syntheses of long chain fatty acids, steroids, and ketone bodies depending on the tissue and metabolic state in which it is formed. It also plays a central role in balancing the energy needs of various tissues in the body. Under conditions in which oxygen supply is limiting, e.g., in exercising muscle, or in the absence of mitochondria, e.g., in red blood cells, re-oxidation of NADH produced by glycolysis cannot be coupled to generation of ATP. Instead, re-oxidation is coupled to the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. This lactate is released into the blood, and is taken up primarily by the liver, where it is oxidized to pyruvate and can be used for gluconeogenesis (Cori 1981).
Pyruvate metabolism and the citric acid (TCA) cycle together link the processes of energy metabolism in a human cell with one another and with key biosynthetic reactions. Pyruvate, derived from the reversible oxidation of lactate or transamination of alanine, can be converted to acetyl CoA. Other sources of acetyl CoA include breakdown of free fatty acids and ketone bodies in the fasting state. Acetyl CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, a major source of reducing equivalents used to synthesize ATP, or enter biosynthetic pathways. In addition to its role in energy generation, the citric acid cycle is a source of carbon skeletons for amino acid metabolism and other biosynthetic processes. One such process included here is the interconversion of 2-hydroxyglutarate, probably derived from porphyrin and amino acid metabolism, and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate), a citric acid cycle intermediate.
This event is deduced on the basis of bovine experimental data. Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) transfers electrons from the TCA cycle to ubiquinone. The 6th step in the TCA cycle is where succinate is dehydrogenated to fumarate with subsequent reduction of FAD to FADH2. FADH2 provides the electrons for the transport chain. Succinate dehydrogenase belongs to subclass 1 of the SQR family (succinate:quinone reductase) (classified by Hagerhall, C and Hederstedt, L [1996]). It consists of 4 subunits (referred to as A, B, C and D), all nuclear-encoded and is located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Subunits A and B are hydrophilic whereas subunits C and D are integral proteins of the inner membrane. SQRs usually contain 3 Fe-S clusters bound by the B subunit. Succinate dehydrogenase contains one [2Fe-2S] cluster, one [4Fe-4S] cluster and one [3Fe-4S] cluster. Additionally, the A subunit has a covalently-bound FAD group. Reduced complex II has this FAD converted to FADH2. The electrons from complex II are transferred to ubiquinone (also called Q, Coenzyme Q or CoQ), a small mobile carrier of electrons located within the inner membrane. Ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol during this process.
Electron transfer flavoprotein, ETF, a 63kDa heterodimer composed of alpha and beta subunit, binds one FAD and one AMP per dimer. ETF resides on the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Reducing equivalents from the beta-oxidation of fatty acyl CoAs are transferred to ETF, reducing the ETF-bound FAD to FADH2.
D2HDGH associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane catalyzes the FAD-dependent reaction of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate to form 2-oxoglutarate (Achouri et al. 2004). D2HDGH mutations are associated with high levels of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate in vivo and variable neurological symptoms (Struys et al. 2005; Wanders and Mooyer 1995)).
ADHFE1 catalyzes the reversible reaction of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate semialdehyde to form 2-oxoglutarate and 4-hydroxybutyrate (Struys et al. 2005). The localization of human ADHFE1 to the mitochondrial matrix is inferred from the location determined experimentally for its rat homolog (Kaufman et al. 1988).
ADHFE1 catalyzes the reversible reaction of 2-oxoglutarate and 4-hydroxybutyrate to form (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate and succinate semialdehyde (Struys et al. 2005). The localization of human ADHFE1 to the mitochondrial matrix is inferred from the location determined experimentally for its rat homolog (Kaufman et al. 1988).
The two stereoisomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate are normally converted to 2-oxoglutarate in the mitochondrial matrix, and can then be metabolized by the citric acid cycle. The physiological sources of 2-hydroxyglutarate have not been established although plausible hypotheses are that it is generated by lysine breakdown or as a byproduct of delta-aminolevulinate metabolism. The stereoisomers are oxidized to 2-oxoglutarate in FAD-dependent reactions catalyzed by the enzymes D2HGDH (specific for R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate) and L2HGDH (specific for S(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate). An inherited deficiency in either enzyme is associated with accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate and variable neurological symptoms. R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate also reacts reversibly with succinate semialdehyde to form 4-hydroxybutyrate and 2-oxoglutarate, catalyzed by ADHFE1. No deficiencies of this enzyme have been found in patients with elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate levels (Struys 2006).
Mitochondrial fumarate hydratase catalyzes the reversible reaction of malate to form fumarate and water (Bourgeron et al. 1994). Unpublished crystallographic data indicate that the protein is a tetramer (PDB 3E04).
L2HDGH associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane catalyzes the FAD-dependent reaction of (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate to form 2-oxoglutarate (Rzem et al. 2006). L2HDGH mutations are associated with high levels of (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate in vivo and variable neurological symptoms (Rzem et al. 2004; Topcu et al. 2004).
In the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the acetyl group of acetyl CoA (derived primarily from oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, and catabolism of ketone bodies and several amino acids) can be completely oxidized to CO2 in reactions that also yield one high-energy phosphate bond (as GTP or ATP) and four reducing equivalents (three NADH + H+, and one FADH2). The NADH and FADH2 are then oxidized by the electron transport chain to yield nine more high-energy phosphate bonds (as ATP). All reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the mitochondrion. Eight canonical reactions mediate the synthesis of citrate from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate and the metabolism of citrate to re-form oxaloacetate. Six additional reactions are included here. Three reversible reactions, the interconversions of citrate and isocitrate, of fumarate and malate, and of malate and oxaloacetate are annotated in both their canonical (forward) and reverse directions. The synthesis of succinate from succinyl-CoA can be coupled to the phosphorylation of either GDP (the canonical reaction) or ADP; both reactions are annotated. Two mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate): IDH3 catalyzes the canonical reaction coupled to the reduction of NAD+, while IDH2 catalyzes the same reaction coupled to reduction of NADP+, a reaction whose normal physiological function is unclear. Both reactions are annotated. Finally, a reaction is annotated in which reducing equivalents are transferred from NADPH to NAD+ coupled to proton import across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The cyclical nature of the reactions responsible for the oxidation of acetate was first suggested by Hans Krebs, from biochemical studies of pigeon breast muscle (Krebs et al. 1938; Krebs and Eggleston 1940). Many of the molecular details of individual reactions were worked out by Ochoa and colleagues, largely through studies of enzymes purified from pig heart (Ochoa 1980). While the human homologues of these enzymes have all been identified, their biochemical characterization has in general been limited and many molecular details of the human reactions are inferred from those worked out in studies of the model systems.
The irreversible transfer of a formyl group to cytosolic 5-phosphoribosylglycinamide (GAR) to form 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamide (FGAR) is catalyzed by the phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase domain of the trifunctional protein, "phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase" (GART) (Aimi et al. 1990; Zhang et al. 2002). Fluoresence microscopy studies of cultured human cells have shown that GART is cytosolic and suggest that it may co-localize with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (Gooljarsingh et al. 2001; An et al. 2008).
The irreversible transfer of an amino group from L-glutamine to 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamide (FGAR), forming 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM) and glutamate, accompanied by the conversion of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate, is catalyzed by phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase. The human enzyme has been purified and characterized biochemically (Barnes et al. 1994). Fluoresence microscopy studies of cultured human cells have shown that the enzyme is cytosolic and suggest that it may co-localize with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008).
Cytosolic PPAT (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase) catalyzes the reaction of 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP), water, and L-glutamine to form 5-phosphoribosylamine, L-glutamate, and pyrophosphate. This event is the committed step in de novo purine synthesis. The reaction itself is reversible, but it is pulled strongly in the direction of 5'-phosphoribosylamine synthesis by the irreversible hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate that is also formed in the reaction. Fluoresence microscopy studies of cultured human cells have shown that PPAT is cytosolic and suggest that it may co-localize with other enzymes of de novo IMP biosynthesis under some metabolic conditions (An et al. 2008). The PPAT enzyme is inferred to be an iron-sulfur protein, like its well-characterized B. subtilis homologue, because incubation of purified enzyme with molecular oxygen or chelating agents inactivates it, and activity can be restored by incubation with ferrous iron and inorganic sulfide. The stoichiometry of the iron-sulfur moiety and its role in enzyme activity remain unknown (Itakura and Holmes 1979). The fully active form of the enzyme is a dimer, which can associate further to form a tetramer with sharply reduced activity (Holmes et al. 1973b; Iwahana et al. 1993). Interaction of the enzyme with inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP), and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), end products of de novo purine biosynthesis, favors tetramer formation, while interaction with 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP), a required substrate, favors formation of the active dimer. Kinetic studies suggest that the enzyme's binding site for GMP and IMP is separate from its AMP binding site (Holmes et al. 1973a).
The synthesis of cytosolic 5-phosphoribosylglycinamide from 5-phosphoribosylamine and glycine, accompanied by the conversion of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate, is catalyzed by the phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase domain of the trifunctional protein, "phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase" (GART) (Aimi et al. 1990). The active form of the protein is cytosolic (Gooljarsingh et al. 2001; An et al. 2008).
Cytosolic AMP, GMP, and IMP stimulate the association of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT) dimers to form tetramers (Holmes et al. 1973a,b).
PRPP stimulates the dissociation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramers to form dimers (Holmes et al. 1973a,b).
The metabolism of pyruvate provides one source of acetyl-CoA which enters the citric acid (TCA, tricarboxylic acid) cycle to generate energy and the reducing equivalent NADH. These reducing equivalents are re-oxidized back to NAD+ in the electron transport chain (ETC), coupling this process with the export of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The chemiosmotic gradient created is used to drive ATP synthesis.
Oxidation of fatty acids and pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix yield large amounts of NADH. The respiratory electron transport chain couples the re-oxidation of this NADH to NAD+ to the export of protons from the mitochonrial matrix, generating a chemiosmotic gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is used to drive the synthesis of ATP; it can also be bypassed by uncoupling proteins to generate heat, a reaction in brown fat that may be important in regulation of body temperature in newborn children.
Mitochondria are often described as the "powerhouse" of a cell as it is here that energy is largely released from the oxidation of food. Reducing equivalents generated from beta-oxidation of fatty acids and from the Krebs cycle enter the electron transport chain (also called the respiratory chain). During a series of redox reactions, electrons travel down the chain releasing their energy in controlled steps. These reactions drive the active transport of H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix , through the inner membrane to the intermembrane space. The respiratory chain consists of five main types of carrier; flavins, iron-sulfur centres, quinones, cytochromes (heme proteins) and copper. The two main reducing equivalents entering the respiratory chain are NADH and FADH2. NADH is linked through the NADH-specific dehydrogenase whereas FADH2 is reoxidised within succinate dehydrogenase and a ubiquinone reductase of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and with H+ ions, is converted to form water, the end product of aerobic cellular respiration. A proton electrochemical gradient (often called protonmotive force) is established across the inner membrane, with positive charge in the intermembrane space relative to the matrix. Protons driven by the proton-motive force, can enter ATP synthase thus returning to the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthases use this exergonic flow to form ATP in the matrix, a process called chemiosmotic coupling. A by-product of this process is heat generation. An antiport, ATP-ADP translocase, preferentially exports ATP from the matrix thereby maintaining a high ADP:ATP ratio in the matrix. The tight coupling of electron flow to ATP synthesis means oxygen consumption is dependent on ADP availability (termed respiratory control). High ADP (low ATP) increases electron flow thereby increasing oxygen consumption and low ADP (high ATP) decreases electron flow and thereby decreases oxygen consumption. There are many inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Most act by either blocking the flow of electrons (eg cyanide, carbon monoxide, rotenone) or uncoupling electron flow from ATP synthesis (eg dinitrophenol). Thermogenin is a natural protein found in brown fat. Newborn babies have a large amount of brown fat and the heat generated by thermogenin is an alternative to ATP synthesis (and thus electron flow only produces heat) and allows the maintenance of body temperature in newborns. The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and comprises some 80 proteins organized in four enzymatic complexes (I-IV). Complex V generates ATP but has no electron transfer activity. In addition to these 5 complexes, there are also two electron shuttle molecules; Coenzyme Q (also known as ubiquinone, CoQ) and Cytochrome c (Cytc). These two molecules shuttle electrons between the large complexes in the chain. How many ATPs are generated by this process? Theoretically, for each glucose molecule, 32 ATPs can be produced. As electrons drop from NADH to oxygen in the chain, the number of protons pumped out and returning through ATP synthase can produce 2.5 ATPs per electron pair. For each pair donated by FADH2, only 1.5 ATPs can be formed. Twelve pairs of electrons are removed from each glucose molecule; 10 by NAD+ = 25 ATPs 2 by FADH2 = 3 ATPs. Making a total of 28 ATPs. However, 2 ATPs are formed during the Krebs' cycle and 2 ATPs formed during glycolysis for each glucose molecule therefore making a total ATP yield of 32 ATPs. In reality, the energy from the respiratory chain is used for other processes (such as active transport of important ions and molecules) so under conditions of normal respiration, the actual ATP yield probably does not reach 32 ATPs. The reducing equivalents that fuel the electron transport chain, namely NADH and FADH2, are produced by the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. At three steps in the Krebs cycle (isocitrate conversion to oxoglutarate; oxoglutarate conversion to succinyl-CoA; Malate conversion to oxaloacetate), a pair of electrons (2e-) are removed and transferred to NAD+, forming NADH and H+. At a single step, a pair of electrons are removed from succinate, reducing FAD to FADH2. From the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, one step in the process forms NADH and H+ and another step forms FADH2. Cytoplasmic NADH, generated from glycolysis, has to be oxidized to reform NAD+, essential for glycolysis, otherwise glycolysis would cease to function. There is no carrier that transports NADH directly into the mitochondrial matrix and the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH so the cell uses two shuttle systems to move reducing equivalents into the mitochondrion and regenerate cytosolic NAD+. The first is the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which uses electrons from cytosolic NADH to produce FADH2 within the inner membrane. These electrons then flow to Coenzyme Q. Complex I is bypassed so only 1.5 ATPs can be formed per NADH via this route. The overall balanced equation, summing all the reactions in this system, is NADHcytosol + H+cytosol + NAD+mito -> NAD+cytosol + NADHmito + H+mito The malate-aspartate shuttle uses the oxidation of malate to generate NADH in the mitochondrial matrix. This NADH can then be fed directly to complex I and thus can form 3 ATPs via the respiratory chain. The overall balanced equation is NADHcytosol + H+cytosol + FADinner memb -> NAD+cytosol + FADH2 inner memb Both of these shuttle systems regenerate cytosolic NAD+. The entry point for NADH is complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) and the entry point for FADH2 is Coenzyme Q. The input of electrons from fatty acid oxidation via ubiquinone is complicated and not shown in the diagram.
ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF-QO), catalyzes the re-oxidation of reduced ETF, with ubiquinone as the electron acceptor.
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthesis from glucose decreases during amino acid starvation of human lymphoblasts
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158881
The human GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes are arranged in a tail-to-tail array on the short arm of chromosome 6 (p21.1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158904
Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase. II
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158893
Isolation of the human phosphomannomutase gene (PMM1) and assignment to chromosome 22q13
Human glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT): localization to 8q24.3, cDNA and genomic sequences, and polymorphic sites.
Activated Ras interacts with the Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158830
Molecular analysis of human argininosuccinate lyase: mutant characterization and alternative splicing of the coding region
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158862
Rh type B glycoprotein is a new member of the Rh superfamily and a putative ammonia transporter in mammals
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158852
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158850
Biotin (Btn) is an essential cofactor in a variety of carboxylation reactions (Zempleni et al. 2009). Humans cannot synthesize Btn but it is abundant in the human diet and can be taken up from the intestinal lumen by the SLC5A6 transporter. Its uptake, intracellular translocation, covalent conjugation to apoenzymes, and salvage are described here.
Human biotinidase (BTD) (Cole et al. 1994) is a secreted enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of biocytin (BCTN), the product of biotin-dependent carboxylase degradation, to biotin (Btn) and lysine. BTD deficiency, an autosomal recessive disorder, results in a secondary Btn deficiency that leads to late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency (MIM:253260) (Wolf et al. 1983).
NAD+ kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to NAD+, forming NADP+. This is the only way to generate NADP+ in all living organisms. The enzyme requires a divalent metal to be effective. Zn2+ is the best metal for this purpose.
NAD synthase catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of NAD+, both in the de novo synthesis and in the salvage pathways. The enzyme makes use of glutamine as an amide donor in the reaction. NAD synthase exists as a homohexamer in the cytosol. There are two forms of NAD synthase in humans, NADsyn1 and NADsyn2. The major difference between the two forms is that NADsyn1 appears to be glutamine-dependent whereas NADsyn2 is strictly ammonia-dependent.
NMNAT3 catalyzes the reaction of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide and ATP to form deamino-NAD+ (nicotinate adenine dinucleotide) and pyrophosphate (Sorci et al. 2007). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer in vitro (Zhang et al. 2003). Recombinant FLAG-tagged protein expressed in HeLa cells localizes both to the cytosol and to mitochondria (Berger et al. 2005). The cytosolic protein is annotated here.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428663
NMNAT1 catalyzes the reaction of nicotinate D-ribonucleotide and ATP to form deamino-NAD+ (nicotinate adenine dinucleotide) and pyrophosphate (Schweiger et al. 2001). The active form of the enzyme in vitro is a hexamer (Zhou et al. 2002), and its activity is substantially greater in the presence of Zn++ than of Mg++ (Sorci et al. 2007). The predicted amino acid sequence of the enzyme contains a nuclear localization domain and the protein is observed to localize to the nucleus (Schweiger et al. 2001; Berger et al. 2005).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20116.2
SLC19A1 protein, associated with the plasma membrane, mediates the uptake of extracellular 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and other reduced folates (Williams and Flintoff 1995; Ferguson and Flintoff 1999).
Nicotinate (niacin) and nicotinamide are precursors of the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). When NAD+ and NADP+ are interchanged in a reaction with their reduced forms, NADH and NADPH respectively, they are important cofactors in several hundred redox reactions. Nicotinate is synthesized from 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde, an intermediate in the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158805
Nicotinamide levels are modulated by the action of three enzymes involved in nicotinamide salvaging. They are nicotinamide deaminase, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase. These enzymes are poorly characterized in humans, depsite their importance in nicotinamide utilization.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158808
Cytosolic nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NaPRT) catalyzes the Mg++-dependent reaction of nicotinate and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to form nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN, nicotinate D-ribonucleotide) and pyrophosphate. The active form of the enzyme is a homodimer (Preiss and Handler 1958; Niedel and Dietrich 1973; Hara et al. 2007).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82463.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428203
Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme to 4 carboxylases which exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol, these apo carboxylases are biotinylated to their active halo forms by the activity of biotin-protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010). Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of multiple carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). Acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 (ACACA and ACACB) bind 2 Mn2+ and 1 Btn per subunit (Colbert et al. 2010). They can exist as either monomers, homodimers or homotetramers (latter two not shown in this reaction) (Magnard et al. 2002, Moreau et al. 2006). Unlike the other carboxylases acted upon by HCLS, ACACA and B are located in the cytosol (shown here) as well as the mitochondrial membrane. The exact order in which this complex is constructed is unknown.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158717
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19431.2
Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of pyridoxal (PXL) to form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PXLP) (Lee et al. 2000, di Salvo et al. 2004).
Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of pyridoxine (PDX) to form pyridoxine phosphate (PDXP) (Lee et al. 2000, di Salvo et al. 2004).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428682
Human ISD11 is essential for both iron-sulfur cluster assembly and maintenance of normal cellular iron homeostasis
Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of pyridoxamine (PXA) to form pyridoxamine phosphate (PXAP) (Lee et al. 2000, di Salvo et al. 2004).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19836.2
Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is able to oxidize pyridoxine phosphate (PDXP) to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PXLP) (Kang et al. 2004).
Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) is able to oxidize pyridoxamine phosphate (PXAP) to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PXLP) (Kang et al. 2004).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32769.10
Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme to 4 carboxylases which exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol, these apo carboxylases are biotinylated to their active halo forms by the activity of biotin-protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010). Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of multiple carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is homotetrameric, binds 1 Mn2+ and 1 Btn per PC subunit (Xiang & Tong 2008). The exact order in which this complex is constructed is unknown.
Animals cannot synthesize pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) which is a ligand in aminotransferases and other enzymes. PLP's accessible derivatives pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are traditionally called vitamins B6. They are taken up nutritionally from bacteria and plants, but also created from PLP in the body. The pathways used to recycle PLP from these three compounds can therefore be called vitamin B6 activation as well as PLP salvage. Because of the close similarity of the molecules, only two enzymes are needed for the task (McCormick & Chen, 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158814
Once biotinylated, three halocarboxylases (hCBXs) are localised to the mitochondrial matrix. The mechanism of transfer is still unclear. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is required for gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, neurotransmitter synthesis and insulin secretion; Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) is required for amino acid metabolism; propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is required for odd-chain fatty acid oxidation (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010).
Repeated phosphopeptide motifs in Claspin mediate the regulated binding of Chk1
Biotin (Btn) acts as a coenzyme to 4 carboxylases which exist in their inactive apo forms. In the cytosol, these apo carboxylases are biotinylated to their active halo forms by the activity of biotin-protein ligase (HCLS) (Ingaramo & Beckett 2012, Hiratsuka et al. 1998, Bailey et al. 2010). Defects in HLCS causes holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency (HLCS deficiency aka biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency; MIM:253270). HLCS deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder whereby deficient HLCS activity results in reduced activity of multiple carboxylases. Symptoms include metabolic acidosis, organic aciduria, lethargy, hypotonia, convulsions and dermatitis (Suzuki et al. 2005). Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase is most likely functional as a dodecamer, composed of 6 Btn-containing alpha subunits (MCCC1) and six beta subunits (MCCC2). The exact order in which this complex is constructed is unknown.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158816
Pre-mRNA splicing: the discovery of a new spliceosome doubles the challenge.
C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins: consensus for a role in endocytic trafficking, EH?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917919
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26823.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163469
Duodenal cytochrome b: a novel ferrireductase in airway epithelial cells
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291:L272-80
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=435347
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21053.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175731
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139072.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174958
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77720.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175118
Mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) catalyzes the reaction of glutaryl-CoA and FAD to form crotonyl-CoA, FADH2, and CO2. The active enzyme is a tetramer of GCDH polypeptides lacking a 44-residue aminoterminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. Mutations in GCDH cause glutaric aciduria type 1 in vivo (Fu et al. 2004; Keyser et al. 2008).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128618.5
In humans, most catabolism of L-lysine normally proceeds via a sequence of seven reactions which feeds into the pathway for fatty acid catabolism. In the first two reactions, catalyzed by a single enzyme complex, lysine is combined with alpha-ketoglutarate to form saccharopine, which in turn is cleaved and oxidized to yield glutamate and alpha-ketoadipic semialdehyde. The latter molecule is further oxidized to alpha-ketoadipate. Alpha-ketoadipate is oxidatively decarboxylated by the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (the same enzyme complex responsible for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle), yielding glutaryl-CoA. Glutaryl-CoA is converted to crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA is converted to beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA. The products of lysine catabolism are thus exclusively ketogenic; i.e., under starvation conditions they can be used for the synthesis of ketone bodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, but not for the net synthesis of glucose (Cox 2001; Goodman and Freeman 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161655
Cytosolic pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCDB1) catalyzes the reaction of 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin to form q-dihydrobiopterin and water (Hauer et al. 1993. The active enzyme is a homotetramer (Ficner et al. 1995); mutations in the PCDB1 gene are associated with mild hyperphenylalanemia in vivo (Citron et al. 1993).
CCBL1 (KAT 1) catalyzes the reaction of phenylalanine and pyruvate to form 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate and alanine. The active form of CCBL1 is a homodimer with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate bound to each monomer (Baran et al. 1994; Han et al. 2009; Rossi et al. 2004). The enzyme's cytosolic localization is inferred from that of recombinant protein overexpressed in transfected cells (Perry et al. 1995).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98716.9
Cytosolic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of tyrosine and alpha-keto (2-oxo) glutarate to form 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate and glutamate (Mitchell et al. 2001). The enzymatic activity of the protein encoded by the cloned human TAT cDNA is inferred from the biochemical properties of its rat homologue. Unpublished crystallographic studies (PDB 3DYD) have shown TAT to be a homodimer with a pyridoxal phosphate moity attached to lysine-280 in each monomer.
Cytosolic dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) catalyzes the reaction of q-dihydrobiopterin with NADH + H+to form tetrahydrobiopterin and NAD+. The enzyme is a homodimer (Lockyer et al. 1987; Su et al. 1993).
Cytosolic 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD) catalyzes the reaction of 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate with molecular oxygen to form homogentisate and CO2 (Ruetschi et al. 2000). Unpublished crystallographic data indicate that the enzyme is a homodimer (PDB 3ISQ).
Cytosolic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate and glutamate to form tyrosine and alpha-keto (2-oxo) glutarate (Mitchell et al. 2001). The enzymatic activity of the protein encoded by the cloned human TAT cDNA is inferred from the biochemical properties of its rat homologue. Unpublished crystallographic studies (PDB 3DYD) have shown TAT to be a homodimer with a pyridoxal phosphate moity attached to lysine-280 in each monomer.
Cytosolic maleylacetoacetic acid isomerase (GSTZ1) catalyzes the conversion of 4-maleylacetoacetate to 4-fumarylacetoacetate. The enzyme is a homodimer (Polekhina et al. 2001).
Cytosolic homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) catalyzes the reaction of homogentisate and molecular oxygen to form 4-maleylacetoacetate. The activity of human HGD is inferred from the phenotype of alkaptonuria patients, in whom HGD activity is defective (Fernandez-Canon et al. 1996). HGD is a homohexamer (Titus et al. 2000).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162732
The branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are all essential amino acids (i.e., ones required in the diet). They are major constituents of muscle protein. The breakdown of these amino acids starts with two common steps catalyzed by enzymes that act on all three amino acids: reversible transamination by branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, and irreversible oxidative decarboxylation by the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Isovaleryl-CoA is produced from leucine by these two reactions, alpha-methylbutyryl-CoA from isoleucine, and isobutyryl-CoA from valine. These acyl-CoA's undergo dehydrogenation, catalyzed by three different but related enzymes, and the breakdown pathways then diverge. Leucine is ultimately converted to acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; isoleucine to acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA; and valine to succinyl-CoA. Under fasting conditions, substantial amounts of all three amino acids are generated by protein breakdown. In muscle, the final products of leucine, isoleucine, and valine catabolism can be fully oxidized via the citric acid cycle; in liver they can be directed toward the synthesis of ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA) and glucose (succinyl-CoA) (Chuang & Shih 2001, Sweetman & Williams 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162734
Crystal structure of human recombinant ornithine aminotransferase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162736
The saccharopine dehydrogenase activity of lysine-ketoglutarate reductase / saccharopine dehydrogenase homotetramer in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of saccharopine (N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine), H2O, and NAD+ to form 'L-2-Aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde, glutamate, and NADH + H+ (Markovitz et al. 1984; Sacksteder et al. 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162737
The saccharopine dehydrogenase activity of lysine-ketoglutarate reductase / saccharopine dehydrogenase homotetramer in the mitochondrial matrix catalyzes the reaction of lysine, alpha-ketoglutarate, and NADPH + H+ to form saccharopine, NADP+, and H2O (Markovitz et al. 1984; Sacksteder et al. 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162738
The major pathway of histidine catabolism, annotated here, proceeds in four steps to yield glutamate and, in the process, convert one molecule of tetrahydrofolate to 5-formiminotetrahydrofolate (Morris et al. 1972). Histidine can also be decarboxylated to form histamine.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162739
Decarboxylation of L-Histidine happens analogously to other decarboxylations of amino acids. It uses the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate and is catalyzed by histidine decarboxylase (Mamune-Sato et al, 1992).
SLC25A21, the mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier, mediates the exchange of 2-oxoadipate and 2-oxoglutarate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. While the exchange is reversible, under physiological conditions it proceeds in the direction of 2-oxoadipate import into the mitochondrial matrix and 2-oxoglutarate export (Fiermonte et al. 2001).
Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of alpha-ketoadipate and glutamate to form alpha-aminoadipate and alpha-ketoglutarate. Crystallographic studies have demonstrated that active AADAT enzyme is a homodimer with a pyridoxal phosphate moiety covalently attached to each monomer (Han et al. 2008; Rossi et al. 2008). The enzyme is inferred to be located within the mitochondrion because of a mitochondrial localization sequence motif at the aminoterminal end of the AADAT polypeptide (Goh et al. 2002).
Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of alpha-aminoadipate and alpha-ketoglutarate to form alpha-ketoadipate and glutamate. Crystallographic studies have demonstrated that active AADAT enzyme is a homodimer with a pyridoxal phosphate moiety covalently attached to each monomer (Han et al. 2008; Rossi et al. 2008). The enzyme is inferred to be located within the mitochondrion because of a mitochondrial localization sequence motif at the aminoterminal end of the AADAT polypeptide (Goh et al. 2002).
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH7A1) catalyzes the reaction of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde and NAD+ to form alpha-aminoadipate and NADH + H+ (Mills et al. 2006). Unpublished crystallographic data (PDB 2J6L) indicate that the enzyme is a homodimer. Recent immunofluorescence studies of both endogenous and GFP-tagged ALDH7A1 proteins in cultured human embryonic kidney cells indicate that the protein is present in both mitochondria and the cytosol (Wong et al. 2010).
The mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the reaction of alpha-ketoadipate, CoASH, and NAD+ to form glutaryl-CoA, CO2, and NADH. The enzyme complex contains multiple copies of three different proteins, E1 (OGDH), E2 (DLST), and E3 (DLD), each with distinct catalytic activities (Reed and Hackert 1990; Zhou et al 2001). The reaction starts with the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoadipate catalyzed by E1alpha and beta (alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). Lipoamide cofactor associated with E1 is reduced at the same time. Next, the glutaryl group derived from alpha ketoglutarate is transferred to coenzyme A in two steps catalyzed E2 (dihydrolipolyl transacetylase). Finally, the oxidized form of lipoamide is regenerated and electrons are transferred to NAD+ in two steps catalyzed by E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase). The biochemical details of this reaction have been worked out with alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and subunits purified from bovine tissue (McCartney et al. 1998). While all of the human proteins are known as predicted protein products of cloned genes, direct experimental evidence for their functions is available only for E3 (DLD) (Brautigam et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917943
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27043.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917828
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83369.9
Crystal structure of maleylacetoacetate isomerase/glutathione transferase zeta reveals the molecular basis for its remarkable catalytic promiscuity.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175240
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99705.9
Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) catalyzes the reaction of alpha-methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA to form propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Structural studies have shown the active enzyme to be a tetramer of ACAT1 polypeptides whose aminoterminal 34 residues, a mitochondrial targeting sequence, have been removed (Haapalainen et al. 2007).
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 (HSD17B10; HADH2) catalyzes the reversible reaction of alpha-methylacetoacetyl-CoA and NADH + H+ to form alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and NAD+ (Ofman et al. 2003). Crystallographic data indicate that the enzyme is a homotetramer (Kissinger et al. 2004).
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBADH) catalyzes the reversible reaction of beta-hydroxyisobutyrate and NAD+ to form methylmalonyl semialdehyde and NADH + H+. The biochemical properties of human HIBADH are inferred from those of its better-studied porcine homologue (Robinson and Coon 1957). Unpublished crystallographic studies (PDB 2GF2) have shown the active enzyme to be a tetramer of HIBADH polypeptides whose aminoterminal 40 residues, a mitochondrial targeting sequence, have been removed.
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase (HIBCH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA to form beta-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate) and CoA (Hawes et al. 1996).
Mitochondrial ethylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH) catalyzes the hydrolysis of beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA to yield beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA (IJlst et al. 2002; Narisawa et al. 1986). Crystallographic studies have shown the active enzyme to be a hexamer of AUH polypeptides whose aminoterminal 67 residues, a mitochondrial targeting sequence, have been removed ((Kurimoto et al. 2001).
Methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (MCCA) catalyzes the reversible reaction of beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA, ADP, orthophosphate, and H2O to form beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA, ATP, and CO2. Active MCCA is composed of two polypeptides, MCCA1 and MCCA2 (Baumgartner et al. 2001; Holzinger et al. 2001). The enzyme has been purified from fibroblast mitochondria. By analogy to the more thoroughly studied bovine homologue, MCCA is thought to be a hexamer of six MCCA1:MCCA2 dimers, and the MCCA1 polypeptides are thought to have biotin moieties covalently bound to a lysine residue at position 681 in the polypeptide chain. Mitochondrial import of MCCA1 and 2 is associated with removal of aminoterminal mitochondrial targeting sequences but the exact lengths of these sequences have not been determined.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26901.2
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 (HSD17B10; HADH2) catalyzes the reversible reaction of alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and NAD+ to form alpha-methylacetoacetyl-CoA and NADH + H+ (Ofman et al. 2003). Crystallographic data indicate that the enzyme is a homotetramer (Kissinger et al. 2004).
Mitochondrial 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) catalyzes the reaction of alpha-methylbutyryl-CoA and FAD to form 'tiglyl-CoA and FADH2 (Andresen et al. 2000; Gibson et al. 2000). Unpublished crystallographic data (PDB 2JIF) indicate that the enzyme is a tetramer of ACADSB polypeptides whose aminoterminal 51 residues, a mitochondrial targeting sequence, have been removed.
Mitochondrial methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH6A1) catalyzes the reaction of methylmalonate semialdehyde, NAD+, and CoA to form propionyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH + H+. A human ALDH6A1 gene has been cloned. Its sequence is closely homologous to that of the better-characterized rat enzyme (Kedishvili et al. 1992) and a missense mutation in a normally well-conserved codon has been found in the allele of the gene from a patient with a defect in methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity (Chambliss et al. 2000).
Mitochondrial 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (HIBADH) catalyzes the reversible reaction of methylmalonyl semialdehyde and NADH + H+ to form beta-hydroxyisobutyrate and NAD+. The biochemical properties of human HIBADH are inferred from those of its better-studied porcine homologue (Robinson and Coon 1957). Unpublished crystallographic studies (PDB 2GF2) have shown the active enzyme to be a tetramer of HIBADH polypeptides whose aminoterminal 40 residues, a mitochondrial targeting sequence, have been removed.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161932.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162361.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161658
Mitochondrial branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (BCAT2) catalyzes the reversible reactions of alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate with glutamate to form leucine, isoleucine, or valine, respectively, and alpha-ketoglutarate (Bledsoe et al. 1997). The active enzyme is a homodimer (Yennawar et al. 2001, 2002). In the body, this enzyme is widely expressed but is especially abundant in muscle tissue.
Mitochondrial branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (BCAT2) catalyzes the reversible reactions of leucine, isoleucine, or valine with alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) to form alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate, respectively, and glutamate (Bledsoe et al. 1997). The active enzyme is a homodimer (Yennawar et al. 2001, 2002). In the body, this enzyme is widely expressed but is especially abundant in muscle tissue.
Cytosolic branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (BCAT1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate with glutamate to form leucine, isoleucine, or valine, respectively, and alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate). The active enzyme is a homodimer (Goto et al. 2005).
Cytosolic branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (BCAT1) catalyzes the reversible reactions of leucine, isoleucine, or valine with alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) to form alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, or a-ketoisovalerate, respectively, and glutamate. The active enzyme is a homodimer. Hutson and colleagues have argues that cytosolic BCAT1 plays a major role in the generation of glutamate involved in synaptic transmission in neural tissue (Goto et al. 2005).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175714
These reactions mediate the synthesis of aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, and glutamine from ammonia and intermediates of glycolysis, and allow the utilization of the carbon atoms from these four amino acids for glucose synthesis under fasting conditions. These reactions also provide a means to collect nitrogen, both as ammonia and as amino groups, and direct it towards urea synthesis. Transamination, the conversion of an amino acid to the corresponding alpha-keto acid coupled to the conversion of a molecule of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate, is the first step in the catabolism of most amino acids. Transamination reactions are freely reversible so they also provide a means to balance concentrations of various amino acids and alpha-keto (2-oxo) acids in the cytosol.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162581.2
L-Serine is needed in human brain in large amounts as precursor to important biomolecules such as nucleotides, phospholipids and the neurotransmitters glycine and D-serine. The pathway for its synthesis starts with 3-phosphoglycerate and it later needs glutamate as an amination agent. Deficiencies in the participating enzymes lead to severe neurological symptoms that are treatable with serine if treatment starts early (de Koning & Klomp 2004).
Dephosphorylation of O-phospho-L-serine to L-serine proceeds through a phospho-enzyme intermediate of the catalysing phosphatase PSP (Collet et al. 1997).
Methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (MCCA) catalyzes the reversible reaction of beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA, ATP, and CO2 to form beta-methylglutaconyl-CoA, ADP, orthophosphate, and H2O. Active MCCA is composed of two polypeptides, MCCA1 and MCCA2 (Baumgartner et al. 2001; Holzinger et al. 2001). The enzyme has been purified from fibroblast mitochondria. By analogy to the more thoroughly studied bovine homologue, MCCA is thought to be a hexamer of six MCCA1:MCCA2 dimers, and the MCCA1 polypeptide is thought to have a biotin moiety covalently bound to lysine residue 681. Localization of the complex to the mitochondrial inner membrane is inferred from studies of the bovine homologue (Hector et al. 1980). Mitochondrial import of MCCA1 and 2 is associated with removal of aminoterminal mitochondrial targeting sequences (Stadler et al. 2005).
Mitochondrial isovaleryl dehydrogenase (IVD) catalyzes the reaction of isovaleryl-CoA and FAD to form beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA and FADH2 (Finocchiaro et al. 1978; Rhead and Tanaka 1980). Crystallographic studies demonstrated the existene of a tetramer of IVD polypeptides lacking an aminoterminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (Tiffany et al. 1997).
The mitochondrial nranched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BKCD) complex catalyzes the reactions of alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto beta-methylvalerate, or aalpha-ketoisovalerate with CoA and NAD+ to form isovaleryl-CoA, a-methylbutyryl-CoA, or isobuyryl-CoA, respectively, and CO2 and NADH (Chuang and Shih 2001). While bovine and microbial BCKD complexes have been characterized most extensively (Reed and Hackert 1990), structural studies of individual components and subcomplexes of human BKCD have confirmed their structures and roles in the overall oxidative carboxylation process, and have related these features to the disruptive effects of mutations on branched-chain amino acid metabolism in vivo: E1a and E1b components - AEvarsson et al. 2000; E2 - Chang et al. 2002; E3- Brautigam et al. 2005. In addition, structural studies have confirmed the lipoylation of lysine residue 44 in E2 protein (Chang et al. 2002) and the loss of an aminoterminal mitochondrial transport sequence from mature E3 protein (Bruatigam et al. 2005). Loss of mitochondrial transport sequences from proteins E1a, E1b, and E2 has been domstrated by sequence analysis (Wynn et al. 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162698
Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of glutamate and NAD(P)+ to form 2-oxoglutarate, NAD(P)H + H+, and ammonia (Fang et al. 2002). Mature GLUD1 protein lacks the 53 aminoterminal residues of the nascent protein (Julliard and Smith 1979), which function as a mitochondrial import signal. The active form of the enzyme is a hexamer, allosterically activated by ADP and inhibited by GTP (Fang et al. 2002; Smith et al. 2002).
Type II chaperonins, prefoldin, and the tubulin-specific chaperones
CCBL1 (KAT 1) catalyzes the reaction of glutamine and pyruvate to form 2-oxoglutaramate and alanine. The active form of CCBL1 is a homodimer with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate bound to each monomer (Baran et al. 1994; Han et al. 2009; Rossi et al. 2004). The enzyme's cytosolic localization is inferred from that of recombinant protein overexpressed in transfected cells (Perry et al. 1995).
Serine biosynthesis starts from 3-phosphoglycerate, a glycolysis intermediate. Its dehydrogenation is catalysed by tetrameric phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PHGDH. (Tabatabaie et al. 2009).
The amino group needed for serine biosynthesis comes from glutamate. Its transfer onto 3-phosphonooxpyruvate is catalysed by the PSAT1 dimer which needs pyridoxal phosphate as cofactor. (Baek et al. 2003)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162712
Mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (aspartate aminotransferase 2 - GOT2) catalyzes the reversible reaction of aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) to form oxaloacetate and glutamate (Martini et al. 1985). The active form of the enzyme is inferred to be a dimer with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate associated with each monomer.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162708
Mitochondrial ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate semialdehyde and glutamate (Ohura et al. 1982). The active enzyme is a hexamer (Shen et al. 1998). Inherited OAT deficiency leads to ornithine accumulation in vivo and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (Brody et al. 1992; Valle and Simell 2001).
Mitochondrial ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of glutamate semialdehyde and glutamate to form ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate (Ohura et al. 1982). The active enzyme is a hexamer (Shen et al. 1998). Inherited OAT deficiency leads to ornithine accumulation in vivo and gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (Brody et al. 1992; Vallee and Simell 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162724
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane catalyzes the two-step reaction that converts glutamate, ATP, and NADPH + H+ to L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde, NADP+, ADP, and orthophosphate. Two P5CS isoforms have been identified; both are active when expressed in enzyme-deficient cells in culture (Hu et al. 1999). Unpublished crystallographic data (PDB 2H5G) indicate that the enzyme is a dimer.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162722
Cytosolic asparagine synthase (ASNS) catalyzes the reaction of aspartate, glutamine, and ATP to form asparagine, glutamate, AMP, and pyrophosphate. Studies of the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli suggest that the active form of the enzyme is a dimer (Van Heeke and Schuster 1989).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162720
Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of 2-oxoglutarate, NAD(P)H + H+, and ammonia to form glutamate and NAD(P)+ (Fang et al. 2002). Mature GLUD1 protein lacks the 53 aminoterminal residues of the nascent protein (Julliard and Smith 1979), which function as a mitochondrial import signal. The active form of the enzyme is a hexamer, allosterically activated by ADP and inhibited by GTP (Fang et al. 2002; Smith et al. 2002).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19067.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879657
Glutamic-pyruvate transaminase 2 (alanine aminotransferase 2) (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible reaction of alanine and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) to form pyruvate and glutamate (Yang et al. 2002). Unpublished crystallographic data are consistent with a homodimeric structure for the enzyme with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate associated with each monomer (PDB 3IHJ). Recent studies of organelles purified from cultured human muscle cells suggest that GPT2 is localized to mitochondria (Glinghammar et al. 2009).
Glutamic-pyruvate transaminase 2 (alanine aminotransferase 2) (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible reaction of pyruvate and glutamate to form alanine and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) (Yang et al. 2002). Unpublished crystallographic data are consistent with a homodimeric structure for the enzyme with one molecule of pyridoxal phosphate associated with each monomer (PDB 3IHJ). Recent studies of organelles purified from cultured human muscle cells suggest that GPT2 is localized to mitochondria (Glinghammar et al. 2009).
Cytosolic glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) (GPT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of alanine and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) to form pyruvate and glutamate (Sohocki et al. 1997; Yang et al. 2002). The active form of the enzyme is a dimer (Ishiguro et al. 1991) and is inferred to have a molecule of pyridoxal phosphate associated with each monomer. This reaction allows the synthesis of alanine from intermediates of glucose metabolism in a well-fed person. Under fasting conditions, alanine, derived from protein breakdown, can be converted to pyruvate and used to synthesize glucose via the gluconeogenic pathway in liver, or fully oxidized via the TCA cycle in other tissues.
Cytosolic glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) (GPT) catalyzes the reversible reaction of pyruvate and glutamate to form alanine and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) (Sohocki et al. 1997; Yang et al. 2002). The active form of the enzyme is a dimer (Ishiguro et al. 1991) and is inferred to have a molecule of pyridoxal phosphate associated with each monomer. This reaction allows the synthesis of alanine from intermediates of glucose metabolism in a well-fed person. Under fasting conditions, alanine, derived from protein breakdown, can be converted to pyruvate and used to synthesize glucose via the gluconeogenic pathway in liver, or fully oxidized via the TCA cycle in other tissues.
Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 - GOT1) catalyzes the reversible reaction of oxaloacetate and glutamate to form aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) (Doyle et al. 1990). Unpublished crystallographic data (PBD 3IIO) suggest the enzyme is a homodimer.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24036.2
Gephyrin, which stabilizes receptors on neuronal membranes, also catalyzes the transfer of a molybdenum ion onto the cofactor. The mechanism was elucidated in plants but, as the pathway is highly conserved, human gephyrin can complement missing plant proteins. Doubts remain about the actual molybdenum donor, probably molybdate, and whether a copper ion is possibly bound and removed (Stallmeyer et al, 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879519
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24713.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879614
Vitamins are a diverse group of organic compounds, required in small amounts in the diet. They have distinct biochemical roles, often as coenzymes, and are either not synthesized or synthesized only in limited amounts by human cells. Vitamins are classified according to their solubility, either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The physiological processes dependent on vitamin-requiring reactions include many aspects of intermediary metabolism, vision, bone formation, and blood coagulation, and vitamin deficiencies are associated with a correspondingly diverse and severe group of diseases. Water-soluble vitamins include ascorbate (vitamin C) and the members of the B group: thiamin (vitamin B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenate (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). Metabolic processes annotated here include the synthesis of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) from thiamin (B1), the synthesis of FMN and FAD from riboflavin (B2), the synthesis of nicotinic acid (niacin - B3) from tryptophan, the synthesis of Coenzyme A from pantothenate (B5), and features of the metabolism of folate (B9).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24413.2
Vitamins are a diverse group of organic compounds, required in small amounts in the diet. They have distinct biochemical roles, often as coenzymes, and are either not synthesized or synthesized only in limited amounts by human cells. Vitamins are classified according to their solubility, either fat-soluble or water-soluble. The physiological processes dependent on vitamin-requiring reactions include many aspects of intermediary metabolism, vision, bone formation, and blood coagulation, and vitamin deficiencies are associated with a correspondingly diverse and severe group of diseases. The metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and of vitamin D are annotated in Reactome.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162694
While the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor for sulfite oxidase is finished after molybdenum ion insertion, human xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase will only show activity with this cofactor when one of the oxygens bound to molybdenum is replaced with sulfur. The exchange is catalyzed by the MOCOS cysteine desulfurase (Ichida et al, 2001).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24629.1
Molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) is needed by three enzymes in humans: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. The pathway of its synthesis is so conserved that plants and bacteria can readily use human enzymes. Bacteria, however, diverge after the first three steps from this path and their final MoCo differs from that of the eukaryotes. Plants and animals have also developed a refinement of their MoCo which is needed for the function of their xanthine and aldehyde oxidases. This means, in humans we find sulfurated instead of desulfurated molybdenum cofactor on these two enzymes (Schwarz 2005; Schwarz, Mendel, Ribbe 2009).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24658.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191976
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24278.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879553
Sulfur transfer onto MOCS2A is closely preceded by its adenylylation and deadenylylation. After release of MOCS2A-CO-S(1-), two cysteines on MOCS3 form a disulfide bridge. This means that MOCS3 has to be reduced to be able to participate in the next round. The reducing agent is not known (Marelja et al, 2008).
After the MOCS2A dimer is loaded with two sulfur atoms, their sequential deposition on the precursor Z molecule, with ring cleavage, is catalyzed by the MOCS2B half of the MOCS2 tetramer (Leimkuhler et al, 2003; Wuebbens & Rajagopalan, 2002).
The methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate and H2O to form 10-formylTHF polyglutamate. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
Folates are essential cofactors that provide one-carbon moieties in various states of reduction for biosynthetic reactions. Processes annotated here include transport reactions by which folates are taken up by cells and moved intracellularly, folate conjugation with glutamate (required for folate retention within a cell), and some of the key reactions in the generation of reduced folates and one-carbon derivatives of folate.
GTP cyclizes in a reaction involving radicals of S-adenosylmethionine, catalyzed by the iron-sulfur cluster dimeric MOCS1. The intermediate result is called precursor Z (Hanzelmann et al, 2002; Hanzelmann et al, 2004).
A unique signal transduction from FLT tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF
A current view of the mammalian aquaglyceroporins
In order to get a sulfur atom for subsequent sulfuration reactions, cysteine is first desulfurated by NFS1 which transfers it onto a cysteine of MOCS3, yielding a protein persulfide (Marelja et al, 2008).
Cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the reversible reaction of tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate (THF polyglutamate) and serine to form 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and glycine. The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Renwick et al. 1998). In the body, this reaction is a major source of 5,10-methyleneTHF, which in turn is a critical precursor in the synthesis of dTMP.
Cytosolic MTHFR dimer catalyzes the reaction of 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate, NADPH, and H+ to form 5-methylTHF polyglutamate and NADP+. The specificity and importance of this reaction in vivo have been established through the study of patients deficient in the enzyme (Goyette et al. 1995).
Cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and glycine to form tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate (THF polyglutamate) and serine. The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Renwick et al. 1998).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162729
The methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and NADP+ to form 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate, NADPH, and H+. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24748.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879654
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23382.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162727
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137506.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=561076
The methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate, NADPH, and H+ to form 5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate and NADP+. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
The formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reaction of THF polyglutamate, formate, and ATP to form 10-formylTHF polyglutamate, ADP, and orthophosphate. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
The methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity of the trifunctional MTHFD1 enzyme catalyzes the reversible reaction of 10-formylTHF polyglutamate to form 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate and H2O. MTHFD1 is cytosolic and occurs as a dimer. The human enzyme has been identified and partially characterized biochemically (Hum et al. 1988); additional reaction details can be inferred from the properties of the well-studied homologous rabbit enzyme (Villar et al. 1985).
SLC25A32 protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane mediates the reversible transport of tetrahydrofolate between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. Retention of tetrahydrofolate within the mitochondrial matrix is dependent on mitochondrial polyglutamate addition (Titus and Moran 2000; Chen et al. 1996).
Mitochondrial folylpolyglutamate synthase catalyzes the reaction of THF-glutamate(n), L-glutamate, and ATP to form THF-glutamate(n+1), ADP, and orthophosphate. (The first glutamate residue is attached to the glutamate moiety of THF itself; for convenience the process is annotated here as if it proceeded in a single concerted step.) The extent of conjugation is variable, but the commonest mitochondrial form of THF has six added glutamate residues. Although its properties as a donor of one-carbon units are not affected by glutamate addition, THF that lacks added glutamate residues cannot be retained in the mitochondrial matrix so this reaction is needed for normal THF function under physiological conditions. The mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of folylpolyglutamate synthase are encoded by the same gene - alternative splicing generates mRNA with or without an initial exon encoding a mitochondrial targeting sequence (Garrow et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1996).
Cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthase catalyzes the reaction of 5-methylTHF-glutamate(n), L-glutamate, and ATP to form 5-methylTHF-glutamate(n+1), ADP, and orthophosphate. (The first glutamate residue is attached to the glutamate moiety of 5-methylTHF itself; for convenience the process is annotated here as if it proceeded in a single concerted step.) The extent of conjugation is variable, but the commonest cytosolic form of 5-methylTHF has five added glutamate residues. Although its properties as a donor of one-carbon units are not affected by glutamate addition, 5-methylTHF that lacks added glutamate residues cannot be retained in the cytosol so this reaction is needed for normal 5-methylTHF function under physiological conditions (Garrow et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1996).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23106.2
Cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the reaction of dihydrofolate, NADPH, and H+ to form tetrahydrofolate (THF) and NADP+ (Chen et al. 1984; Davies et al. 1990).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=561069
Cytosolic folylpolyglutamate synthase catalyzes the reaction of THF-glutamate(n), L-glutamate, and ATP to form THF-glutamate(n+1), ADP, and orthophosphate. (The first glutamate residue is attached to the glutamate moiety of THF itself; for convenience the process is annotated here as if it proceeded in a single concerted step.) The extent of conjugation is variable, but the commonest cytosolic form of THF has five added glutamate residues. Although its properties as a donor of one-carbon units are not affected by glutamate addition, THF that lacks added glutamate residues cannot be retained in the cytosol so this reaction is needed for normal THF function under physiological conditions (Garrow et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1996).
Cytosolic dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the reaction of folate, NADPH, and H+ to form dihydrofolate and NADP+ (Chen et al. 1984; Davies et al. 1990).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22924.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24071.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879541
Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins
Gefitinib-sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate anti-apoptotic pathways
Argonaute2 is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi
A review of the pharmacokinetics of abacavir
Functional and structural analysis of ClC-K chloride channels involved in renal disease
Purified Argonaute2 and an siRNA form recombinant human RISC
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115485.8
The plasma membrane-associated transport proteins SVCT1 and SVCT2 are each capable of mediating the uptake of one molecule of ascorbate (VitC) and two sodium ions from the extracellular space to the cytosol (Daruwala et al. 1999; Rajan et al. 1999; Wang et al. 1999). In the body SVCT2 is expressed in most tissues, while SVCT1 is largely confined to epithelial cells (Liang et al. 2001). SVCT2 may mediate fetal uptake of ascorbate from the maternal circulation (Rajan et al. 1999). The transporters responsible for its uptake from the small intestine and for its release from enterocytes into the circulation have not been identified, although both SVCT1 and 2 are expressed in intestinal cells.
Cytosolic omega class glutathione transferases (GSTO1 and GSTO2) catalyze the reaction of dehydroascorbate (DHvitC) and glutathione (GSH) to form ascorbate (VitC) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The GSTO enzymes occur as homodimers (Board et al. 2000), and while both have dehydroascorbate reductase activity in vitro, that of GSTO2 is much greater than that of GSTO1 (Schmuck et al. 2005). Polymorphisms affecting the activities of the two enzymes have been described (Whitbread et al. 2005).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93076.9
Vitamin C (ascorbate) is an antioxidant and a cofactor in reactions catalyzed by Cu+-dependent monooxygenases and Fe++-dependent dioxygenases. Many mammals can synthesize ascorbate de novo; humans and other primates cannot due to an evolutionarily recent mutation in the gene catalyzing the last step of the biosynthetic pathway. Reactions annotated here mediate the uptake of ascorbate and its fully oxidized form, dehydroascorbate (DHA) by cells, and the reduction of DHA and monodehydroascorbate to regenerate ascorbate (Linster and Van Schaftingen 2007).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158704
Two transport proteins, SLC19A2 (THTR1) and SLC19A3 (THTR2), associated with the plasma membrane, are each able to mediate the transport of extracellular thiamin into the cytosol. In the body, both transporters are widely distributed, and both are abundant in kidney and intestinal epithelia, consistent with their involvement in thiamin uptake under physiological conditions (Ashokkumar et al. 2006; Said et al. 2004; Subramanian et al. 2006 - J Biol Chem). The observation that mutations in SLC19A2 (THTR1) cause a progressive disorder that can be partially reversed by treatment with high doses of thiamin likewise suggests a role for this protein in thiamin uptake under normal conditions (Diaz et al. 1999; Fleming et al. 1999; Labay et al. 1999). Two features of this transport process remain incompletely understood, however. First, mutations in SLC19A3 cause a progressive disorder that is responsive to biotin treatment (Zhou et al. 2005), although studies of cultured cells indicate that the protein has no affinity for biotin (Subramanian et al. 2006 - Am J Physiol). Also, studies to date provide little information about the mechanism by which thiamin, once taken up by epithelial cells in the intestine and kidney, is released from these cells into the blood.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158702
Cytosolic thiamin pyrophosphokinase (TPK1) catalyzes the reaction of thiamin (THMN) and ATP to form thiamin diphosphate (ThDP aka thiamin pyrophosphate) and ADP. ThDP is an active cofactor for transketolase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, enzymes involved in glycolysis and energy production. The gene encoding the human enzyme has been cloned and its protein product has been shown to have TPK1 activity (Nosaka et al. 2001; Zhao et al. 2001). Its homodomeric structure and association with Mg2+ are inferred from properties of the homologous yeast enzyme (Baker et al. 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158692
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is found naturally in certain foodstuffs such as green peas, spinach, liver, bananas, whole grains and legumes. Human diseases associated with thiamin deficiency include beriberi, due to a thiamin-deficient diet, TMRA, due to defects in the SLC19A2 transport protein, and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, associated with thiamin deficiency in alcoholism (Haas 1988). Thiamin is water-soluble so is not stored in the body. When pyrophosphorylated, thiamin is converted into the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (ThPP, codecarboxylase) which plays an essential role in oxidative decarboxylation and group transfer reactions.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158690
Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 3 (SLC52A3) transports riboflavin (RIB) from the lumen into small intestine epithelial cells (Yao et al. 2010). Activity is inhibited by riboflavin analogues such as flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (Yao et al. 2010). Defects in SLC52A3 cause Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome type 1 (BVVLS1; MIM:211530). BVVLS1 is a rare autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and a variety of cranial nerve palsies (Green et al. 2010). Defects in SLC52A3 also cause Fazio-Londe disease (FALOND; MIM:211500), a rare neurological disease characterized by progressive weakness of the muscles innervated by cranial nerves located at the lower brain stem (Bosch et al. 2011).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158689
Phosphorylation of riboflavin (RIB) results in the formation of the first cofactor, flavin mononucleotide (FMN). This reaction is catalyzed by riboflavin kinase (RFK), a cytosolic enzyme existing as a monomer. It utilizes either zinc or magnesium ions in the reaction.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158688
The uptake of extracellular dehydroascorbate into the cytosol is mediated by GLUT1 and GLUT3 associated with the plasma membrane (Rumsey et al. 1997, 2000). This process may play a significant role in ascorbate utilization in the central nervous system (Agus et al. 1997). The process is efficiently competitively inhibited by glucose, leading to the suggestion that inhibited dehydroascorbate uptake may contribute to the pathology of diabetes (Liang et al. 2001; Rumsey et al. 2000).
Nucleotides and their derivatives are used for short-term energy storage (ATP, GTP), for intra- and extra-cellular signaling (cAMP; adenosine), as enzyme cofactors (NAD, FAD), and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Most dietary nucleotides are consumed by gut flora; the human body's own supply of these molecules is synthesized de novo. Additional metabolic pathways allow the interconversion of nucleotides, the salvage and reutilization of nucleotides released by degradation of DNA and RNA, and the catabolism of excess nucleotides (Rudolph 1994). These pathways are regulated to control the total size of the intracellular nucleotide pool, to balance the relative amounts of individual nucleotides, and to couple the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides to the onset of DNA replication (S phase of the cell cycle). These pathways are also of major clinical interest as they are the means by which nucleotide analogues used as anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs are taken up by cells, activated, and catabolized (Weilin and Nordlund 2010). As well, differences in nuclotide metabolic pathways between humans and aplicomplexan parasites like Plasmodium have been exploited to design drugs to attack the latter (Hyde 2007). The movement of nucleotides and purine and pyrimidine bases across lipid bilayer membranes, mediated by SLC transporters, is annotated as part of the module "transmembrane transport of small molecules".
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158701
The adenylyl transferase activity of bifunctional coenzyme A synthase (COASY) catalyzes the transfer of an adenylyl group from ATP to pantetheinephosphate (PPANT) to form dephospho-Coenzyme A (DP-CoA) (Daugherty et al. 2002). The enzyme is associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane (Zhyvoloup et al. 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158681
Targeting FGFR3 in multiple myeloma: inhibition of t(4;14)-positive cells by SU5402 and PD173074
The kinase activity of CoA synthase (COASY) catalyzes the phosphorylation of dephospho-CoA to form Coenzyme A (CoA-SH). The enzyme is located in the mitochondrial outer membrane (Daugherty et al. 2002; Zhyvoloup et al. 2003).
The conjugation of cysteine (Cys) and 4'- phosphopantothenate (PPanK) to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) , coupled to the conversion of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate, is catalyzed by cytosolic phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase (PPCS aka Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthase or PPC synthase). Mammalian PPCS prefers ATP to CTP, unlike the E. coli ortholog (Daughtery et al. 2002; Manoj et al. 2003).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158684
The decarboxylation of phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) to 4'-phosphopantetheine (PPANT) is carried out by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (PPCDC). PPCDC is cytosolic and exists as a homotrimer, binding one FMN cofactor per subunit. While a second isoform has been inferred from large-scale sequnceing studies, it lacks the protein's FMN-binding domain and would thus appear to be nonfunctional if it is expressed.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158682
Panthothenate (vitamin B5) is the precursor of coenzyme A (Robishaw and Neely 1985) and is the prosthetic group of acyl carrier protein (ACP) (Joshi et al. 2003). Its name is derived from the Greek pantothen meaning "from everywhere" and small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every foodstuff.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103501.9
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a ubiquitous cofactor that functions as an acyl group carrier in diverse processes including fatty acid metabolism and the TCA cycle (Lipmann 1953). It is synthesized from the vitamin pantothenate in a sequence of five reactions (Daugherty et al. 2002; Leonardi et al. 2005; Robishaw and Neely 1985). These reactions all occur in the cytosol or the mitochondrial intermembrane space (Leonardi et al. 2005). A recently described transport protein appears to mediate the uptake of Coenzyme A into the mitochondrial matrix (Prohl et al. 2001).
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19850.2
TRF1 inhibits telomere C-strand DNA synthesis in vitro
Cytosolic AASDHPPT (alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase) catalyzes the transfer of a phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzyme A to serine 2156 within the ACP domain of FAS (fatty acyl synthase). Only a single human enzyme with phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity has been identified, and its broad substrate specificity suggests that it may be responsible as well for the postranslational modification of enzymes of lysine catabolism (Joshi et al. 2003; Praphanphoj et al. 2001).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428275
Cytosolic pantothenate kinases catalyze the reaction of ATP and pantothenate to form ADP and phosphopantothenate. This enzymatic activity has been demonstrated in crude cell extracts for two isoforms of mouse pantothenate kinase 1 (Rock et al. 2002) and for their human homologues (Ramaswamy and 2004). Two additional human genes, PANK3 and PANK4, encode closely related proteins but pantothenate kinase activity has not been demonstrated experimentally for them (Leonardi et al. 2005; Zhou et al. 2001).
Pantothenate kinase 2 catalyzes the reaction of ATP and pantothenate to form ADP and phosphopantothenate. While pantothenate kinase 2 co-purifies with mitocondria, its precise location within the mitochondrion has not been established (Hortnagel et al. 2003; Johnson et al. 2004). Recent work by Leonardi et al. (2007) supports a model in which the enzyme is located in the intermembrane space, hence freely accessible to small molecules from the cytosol.Pantothenate is phosphorylated by pantothenate kinase (PANK). Deficiencies in PANK2 cause a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with iron accumulation in the brain, but the relationship between disease symptoms and pantothenate metabolism remains unclear (Zhou et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2006).
Riboflavin (vitamin B2, E101) is an essential component for the cofactors FAD (flavin-adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide). Together with NAD+ and NADP+, FAD and FMN are important hydrogen carriers and take part in more than 100 redox reactions involved in energy metabolism. Riboflavin is present in many vegetables and meat and during digestion, various flavoproteins from food are degraded and riboflavin is resorbed. The major degradation and excretion product in humans is riboflavin (Rivlin 1970).
Trif-related adapter molecule is phosphorylated by PKC{epsilon} during Toll-like receptor 4 signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158670
1-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-en-2-olate (1-)
ChEBI:58795 1-hydroxy-5-(methylthio)-3-oxopent-1-en-2-olate (1-)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158680
Yorkie: the final destination of Hippo signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159190
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78070.9
Purification and cDNA cloning of the AdoMet-binding subunit of the human mRNA (N6-adenosine)-methyltransferase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159194
The t(8;17)(p11;q23) in the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome fuses MYO18A to FGFR1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93522.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159195
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90110.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158715
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31871.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20039.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159175
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102736.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158713
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428204
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20200.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158711
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19455.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428126
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20158.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428206
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83482.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158696
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20100.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428248
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154967.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159155
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19633.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428198
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29408.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19924.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20344.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428193
Purification, cDNA-cloning and expression of human diacylglycerol kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159157
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78906.9
Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2. Molecular cloning, characterization, chromosomal mapping, and evidence for two isoforms.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19545.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428256
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107188.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159152
Structure of the Rho family GTP-binding protein Cdc42 in complex with the multifunctional regulator RhoGDI
Signal transduction pathways used by NLR-type innate immune receptors
Identification of a human cytoplasmic poly(A) nuclease complex stimulated by poly(A)-binding protein
An IL-2 response element in the human IL-2 receptor alpha chain promoter is a composite element that binds Stat5, Elf-1, HMG-I(Y) and a GATA family protein
Human glucosamine-6-sulfatase cDNA reveals homology with steroid sulfatase
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86431.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154469.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148547
Mutations in orthologous genes in human spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and the brachymorphic mouse
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145900
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102737.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175310
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104930.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175309
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96550.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145892
Rat liver cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase: purification, new appraisal of the molecular weight and determination of catalytic properties
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145884
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3059.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145894
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105575.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111627
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4357.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32583.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145919
Isolation and functional expression of human COQ2, a gene encoding a polyprenyl transferase involved in the synthesis of CoQ
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145915
Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/ SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/ SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145962
Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95417.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148786
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81811.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=200993
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11391.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145999
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146087.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145995
D-2-hydroxyglutaric acidaemia: identification of a new enzyme, D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, localized in mitochondria
Conservation of the Caenorhabditis elegans timing gene clk-1 from yeast to human: a gene required for ubiquinone biosynthesis with potential implications for aging
Regulation of origin recognition complex conformation and ATPase activity: differential effects of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA binding.
Identification of two mammalian reductases involved in the two-carbon fatty acyl elongation cascade
Thanatophoric dysplasia (types I and II) caused by distinct mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22514.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446607
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20771.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20978.2
Association of the human SUMO-1 protease SENP2 with the nuclear pore
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22874.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549243
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22960.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549282
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21137.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446590
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20975.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446599
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21207.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446594
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21154.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446606
Identification of amino acids important for the catalytic activity of the collagen glucosyltransferase associated with the multifunctional lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22990.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549273
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23354.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549245
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22682.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23306.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21081.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446609
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22718.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549291
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21240.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549309
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23096.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22807.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162170
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138705.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126936.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21015.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162514
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131324.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549266
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23290.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162131
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132842.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23369.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2577.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549299
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21065.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30733
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15151.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446602
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22491.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549305
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22723.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549255
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22750.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446596
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20887.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549239
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23296.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549325
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22566.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22984.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549262
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22507.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549230
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22631.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23361.2
Enzymatic activities of the human AGPAT isoform 3 and isoform 5: localization of AGPAT5 to mitochondria
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23128.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549261
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133156.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162515
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133473.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162169
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23400.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549260
Localization of MCM2-7, Cdc45, and GINS to the site of DNA unwinding during eukaryotic DNA replication
Reverse transcriptase motifs in the catalytic subunit of telomerase
Identification, purification, and partial characterization of a novel Mr 28,000 integral membrane protein from erythrocytes and renal tubules
The target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins are large protein kinases, evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. Under optimal nutritional conditions, TOR propagates the insulin-like signal to downstream effectors of cell growth such as D4EBP and DS6K. When nutrients are deficient, TOR transmits no signal and insulin signaling is inhibited.
A novel PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 phosphatase with an inactivating variant in centronuclear myopathy
Molecular basis of signaling specificity of insulin and IGF receptors: neglected corners and recent advances
Sterol mediated regulation of SREBP-1a,1b,1c and SREBP-2 in cultured human cells
Comparative study on the thermostability of collagen I of skin and bone: influence of posttranslational hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148821
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161833
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161835
Targeting, import, and dimerization of a mammalian mitochondrial ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCB10 (ABC-me)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161842
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22457.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548819
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15656.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129071.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148810
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22603.1
Anoctamins are a family of Ca2+ activated Cl- channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148814
Fibroblast growth factors: from molecular evolution to roles in development, metabolism and disease
Cloning of a TGF beta type I receptor that forms a heteromeric complex with the TGF beta type II receptor
ChEBI:20794 7-methylguanosine 5'-diphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161904
A conserved face of the Jagged/Serrate DSL domain is involved in Notch trans-activation and cis-inhibition
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161858
Substrate specificity and phosphorylation of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogues by human deoxyribonucleoside kinases and ribonucleoside kinases
Mechanism of metal activation of human hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548808
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130280.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161987
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22855.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548797
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23048.1
Channel-opening kinetics of GluR2Q(flip) AMPA receptor: a laser-pulse photolysis study
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161918
InsP3-mediated intracellular calcium signalling is altered by expression of synaptojanin-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161937
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131208.5
Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284:R1-12
Familial hyperlysinemias. Purification and characterization of the bifunctional aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase with lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activities.
The Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146009
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142243.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146006
Crystal structure of a phosphorylated Smad2. Recognition of phosphoserine by the MH2 domain and insights on Smad function in TGF-beta signaling.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159560
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21130.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=437093
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92586.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159544
Functional properties and genomics of glucose transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159540
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20925.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=435350
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103312.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159534
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141003.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175404
Primary structure of human triosephosphate isomerase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159655
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130065.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159637
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135184.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=442320
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20696.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92045.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97530.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=216785
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_16092.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159579
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159562
Structural basis of Smad1 activation by receptor kinase phosphorylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159570
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80143.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=216667
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15863.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159564
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34034.10
Repression of origin assembly in metaphase depends on inhibition of RLF-B/Cdt1 by geminin.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23101.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549246
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18204.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390899
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21171.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22616.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549222
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20993.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446603
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23148.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=446595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175678
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30756.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549254
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84702.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175677
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129825.5
Insulin and insulinomimetic agents induce activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase upon its association with pp185 (IRS-1) in intact rat livers
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147356.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159638
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141171.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159647
Requirement of the DEAD-Box protein ded1p for messenger RNA translation.
NOSTRIN functions as a homotrimeric adaptor protein facilitating internalization of eNOS
Molecular cloning and expression of two distinct human chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferases that belong to the HNK-1 sulfotransferase gene family
The sialyl-alpha2,6-lactosaminyl-structure: biosynthesis and functional role
The catalytic mechanism of guanine nucleotide exchange factor action and competitive inhibition by phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2.
Cloning and expression of a human kinesin heavy chain gene: interaction of the COOH-terminal domain with cytoplasmic microtubules in transfected CV-1 cells
The human and rat forms of multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatase: functional homology with a histidine acid phosphatase up-regulated during endochondral ossification
A stoichiometric complex of neurexins and dystroglycan in brain
The oligomeric status of syndecan-4 regulates syndecan-4 interaction with alpha-actinin
Cloning and characterization of DPPL1 and DPPL2, representatives of a novel type of mammalian phosphatidate phosphatase
The CARMA1 signalosome links the signalling machinery of adaptive and innate immunity in lymphocytes
Signal transduction pathway of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Identification of a novel 66-kDa phosphoprotein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162610
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162615
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130117.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162613
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130672.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=742368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162606
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23232.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162618
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22772.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=744233
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135438.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=744239
Crystal structure of human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase catalytic fragment: insights into substrate recognition, tRNA binding, and angiogenesis activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162600
Production of phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate by the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase myotubularin in mammalian cells
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23055.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3648343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3632879
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_164213.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3648344
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32477.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175375
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19561.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=400431
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139809.5
Human cytidine deaminase: purification of enzyme, cloning, and expression of its complementary DNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727774
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23305.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727737
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147533.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162575
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137944.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727746
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22517.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22952.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727751
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22831.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727782
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23315.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162560
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23184.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727753
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99983.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162572
Identification and characterization of human PMP34, a protein closely related to the peroxisomal integral membrane protein PMP47 of Candida boidinii
A GDP dissociation inhibitor that serves as a GTPase inhibitor for the Ras-like protein CDC42Hs
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23205.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162556
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131886.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127271.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146630
Human intestinal glucose transporter expression and localization of GLUT5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8398.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179740
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156981.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146623
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8767.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179737
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158975.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179743
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8379.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727758
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23113.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727755
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22579.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727739
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23094.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727743
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22546.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23033.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179741
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8955.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146642
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156438.3
Human Argonaute2 mediates RNA cleavage targeted by miRNAs and siRNAs
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22644.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154089.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=742353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162591
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133850.5
Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor
Isolation and partial characterization of SAA-an amyloid-related protein from human serum
Negative regulation of the wee1 protein kinase by direct action of the nim1/cdr1 mitotic inducer
Role of nuclear and cytoplasmic localization in the tumour-suppressor activity of the von Hippel-Lindau protein
Mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1 is essential for cardiolipin biosynthesis
Characterization of mammalian eIF4E-family members
Identification of the human sphingolipid C4-hydroxylase, hDES2, and its up-regulation during keratinocyte differentiation
Mutations in the testis/liver isoform of the phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit (PHKG2) cause autosomal liver glycogenosis in the gsd rat and in humans
Stat5 activation is uniquely associated with cytokine signaling in peripheral T cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179739
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8344.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8051.1
Constitutive receptor activation by Crouzon syndrome mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)2 and FGFR2/Neu chimeras
Requirement of PIG-F and PIG-O for transferring phosphoethanolamine to the third mannose in glycosylphosphatidylinositol
Cell signalling diversity of the Gqalpha family of heterotrimeric G proteins
Retinyl ester hydrolytic activity associated with human intestinal brush border membranes
Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition
DYRK1A protein kinase promotes quiescence and senescence through DREAM complex assembly
Biological roles and mechanistic actions of co-repressor complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162138
Molecular cloning and the functional expression of two isoforms of human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162141
CYP2U1, a novel human thymus- and brain-specific cytochrome P450, catalyzes omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of fatty acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162126
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156759.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162129
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23095.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164988
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4432.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162098
The predicted ATP-binding domains in the hexose transporter GLUT1 critically affect transporter activity.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162084
Structural insights into the dehydroascorbate reductase activity of human omega-class glutathione transferases
Critical role of STAT5 activation in transformation mediated by ZNF198-FGFR1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162062
NF-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine-threonine kinase
ChEBI:53020 (Glc)2 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (PP-Dol)1
Thermolabile and thermostable human platelet phenol sulfotransferase. Substrate specificity and physical separation.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 324:140-7
ChEBI:53019 (Glc)3 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (PP-Dol)1
Human autoantibodies against the 54 kDa protein of the signal recognition particle block function at multiple stages
Structural determinants of heparan sulfate interactions with Slit proteins
Three-dimensional structure of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, an enzyme involved in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis
The mucopolysaccharidoses: a success of molecular medicine
Evidence that microRNAs are associated with translating messenger RNAs in human cells
6-O-{alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-2-O-[(2-aminoethyl)phosphoryl]-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl}-O-acyl-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol [ChEBI:53059]
(GlcN)1 (Ino(acyl)-P)1 (Man)2 (EtN)1 (P)1
6-O-[alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosaminyl]-O-acyl-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol [ChEBI:53056]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162166
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131350.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175720
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130389.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175719
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30426.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179738
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136524.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162161
Functional properties of a Drosophila homolog of the E2F1 gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146433
Pnpla3/Adiponutrin deficiency in mice does not contribute to fatty liver disease or metabolic syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77302
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118185.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106993.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146451
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3202.1
Presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
Molecular basis of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects.
Biotinylation of biotinidase following incubation with biocytin
Removal of licensing factors from origins
Regulation of growth cone actin dynamics by ADF/cofilin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152917
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11285.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152918
Sensing and repairing DNA double-strand breaks
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=201023
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11423.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159948.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146149
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78808.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175072
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107325.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549207
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22875.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=201034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145922
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30959.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94774.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=201050
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11789.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3654.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77281
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5080.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153045
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77288.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153039
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87938.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83534.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175075
Structural model of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I based on the carnitine acetyltransferase crystal
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=31649
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5229.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4177.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146447
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146449
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102754.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3082.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77300
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2413.1
Fcgamma receptors: old friends and new family members
Nuclear organization of DNA replication initiation proteins in mammalian cells.
Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes
The ubiquitous octamer-binding protein Oct-1 contains a POU domain with a homeo box subdomain
The Ski oncoprotein interacts with the Smad proteins to repress TGFbeta signaling
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of novel zinc transporter rZip10 (Slc39a10) involved in zinc uptake across rat renal brush-border membrane
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=549167
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22886.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146143
Nonsense Mediated Decay Enhanced by the Exon Junction Complex
The human collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase, GLT25D1, is a soluble endoplasmic reticulum localized protein
QLS motif in transmembrane helix VII of the glucose transporter family interacts with the C-1 position of D-glucose and is involved in substrate selection at the exofacial binding site.
Effects of the GABA-reuptake inhibitor tiagabine on panic and anxiety in patients with panic disorder
Stem cell factor and its receptor c-Kit as targets for inflammatory diseases
The biochemical and structural basis for trans-to-cis isomerization of retinoids in the chemistry of vision
A novel growth- and cell cycle-regulated protein, ASK, activates human Cdc7-related kinase and is essential for G1/S transition in mammalian cells.
Sustained entry of Ca2+ is required to activate Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1A
The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease
Sprouty2 inhibits the Ras/MAP kinase pathway by inhibiting the activation of Raf
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene product forms a stable complex with human CUL-2, a member of the Cdc53 family of proteins
Tau-crystallin/alpha-enolase: one gene encodes both an enzyme and a lens structural protein
Characterization of CDw92 as a member of the choline transporter-like protein family regulated specifically on dendritic cells
Cell cycle and death control: long live Forkheads
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5128.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77337
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5482.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175103
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86032.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146474
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80710.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146470
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34603.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146476
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33248.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3098.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146453
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2539.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77308
PAK and other Rho-associated kinases--effectors with surprisingly diverse mechanisms of regulation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81007.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86642.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175095
Cloning and expression of a human serotonin 5-HT4 receptor cDNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77343
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3903.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5323.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146418
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34057.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77253
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4368.1
Abnormal conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate
The neuronal channel NALCN contributes resting sodium permeability and is required for normal respiratory rhythm
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146464
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105146.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77324
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2759.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146458
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3348.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77322
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4358.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146465
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101897.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77326
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5004.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29084.10
Releasing cohesin from chromosome arms in early mitosis: opposing actions of Wapl-Pds5 and Sgo1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77332
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5037.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146473
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106900.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2973.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110864.9
Cloning and characterisation of hAps1 and hAps2, human diadenosine polyphosphate-metabolising Nudix hydrolases
Activation of ErbB4 by the bifunctional epidermal growth factor family hormone epiregulin is regulated by ErbB2
A uniform human Wnt expression library reveals a shared secretory pathway and unique signaling activities
Dynamin II binds to the trans-Golgi network
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80753.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146437
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5705.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81942.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146439
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5544.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77261
Regulators of neurite outgrowth: role of cell adhesion molecules
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98737.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146435
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98679.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77255
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5571.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77252
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2800.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93407.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77273
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2294.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105034.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146452
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3421.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77276
The protein that binds the 3' end of histone mRNA: a novel RNA-binding protein required for histone pre-mRNA processing.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162744
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15575.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209937
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24262.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162749
Protein kinase C and a calcium-independent phospholipase are required for IgG-mediated phagocytosis by Mono-Mac-6 cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162797
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24702.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17884.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352326
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15864.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352331
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144343.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127857.5
Expression, purification, and characterization of human and rat acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) isozymes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=416911
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18800.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=879611
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24320.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=391930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162772
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143140.5
Preferential cleavage of chromatin-bound cohesin after targeted phosphorylation by Polo-like kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500578
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149340.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146103
Crystal structure of Spot 14, a modulator of fatty acid synthesis
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:18820-5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20205.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162011
SLBP Dependent Processing of Replication-Dependent Histone Pre-mRNAs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161969
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131105.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548809
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22862.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4327.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146095
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140701.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3756.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76116
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106117.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175071
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141988.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76114
Ubiquitin Mediated Degradation of Phosphorylated Cdc25A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161942
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22766.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548794
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22685.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=548829
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138821.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161949
Immunodeficiency in protein kinase cbeta-deficient mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161998
Identification of three cationic amino acid transporters in placental trophoblast: cloning, expression, and characterization of hCAT-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161989
G alpha 12 and G alpha 13 stimulate Rho-dependent stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly
CYP2J subfamily P450s in the lung: expression, localization, and potential functional significance
Alteration of decreased plasma NO metabolites and platelet NO synthase activity by paroxetine in depressed patients
The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier: structural, physiological and
MHC class I endosomal and lysosomal trafficking coincides with exogenous antigen loading in dendritic cells
Transport of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1alpha into the nucleus involves importins 4 and 7
Evidence for association of GABA(B) receptors with Kir3 channels and regulators of G protein signalling (RGS4) proteins
The amino acid sequence of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase from human liver
The E3 ligase Aip4/Itch ubiquitinates and targets ErbB-4 for degradation
Cloning and functional expression of a human Na(+) and Cl(-)-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B(0+)
Functional characterization of human aquaporin 9 as a facilitative glycerol carrier
Regulation of transcription by hypoxia requires a multiprotein complex that includes hypoxia-inducible factor 1, an adjacent transcription factor, and p300/CREB binding protein
Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors
IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: from discovery to therapy
Shc and a novel 89-kDa component couple to the Grb2-Sos complex in fibroblast growth factor-2-stimulated cells
Activity and genomic organization of human glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), a novel member of the family of sugar-transport facilitators predominantly expressed in brain and leucocytes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112281.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146067
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4481.3
Mutation in the glutamate transporter EAAT1 causes episodic ataxia, hemiplegia, and seizures
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76103
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100569.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146116
Glucose and cAMP regulate the L-type pyruvate kinase gene by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the carbohydrate response element binding protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146063
Mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146021
Identification of differentiation-associated brain-specific phosphate transporter as a second vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146015
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77771.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120138.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146075
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4701.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158033.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75967
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5036.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146052
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119202.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146046
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118995.1
Processing of Capped Intronless Pre-mRNA
Alg14 recruits Alg13 to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum to form a novel bipartite UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase required for the second step of N-linked glycosylation
F3/contactin acts as a functional ligand for Notch during oligodendrocyte maturation
Regulated release of L13a from the 60S ribosomal subunit as a mechanism of transcript-specific translational control
LASS5 is a bona fide dihydroceramide synthase that selectively utilizes palmitoyl-CoA as acyl donor
A protein cofactor of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase
A novel arachidonic acid-selective cytosolic PLA2 contains a Ca(2+)-dependent translocation domain with homology to PKC and GAP
Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone-sensitive lipase and lipolysis
Multimerin is found in the alpha-granules of resting platelets and is synthesized by a megakaryocytic cell line
Making sense of latent TGFbeta activation
Human pyridoxal kinase: overexpression and properties of the recombinant enzyme
Diminished levels of the putative tumor suppressor proteins EXT1 and EXT2 in exostosis chondrocytes
Roles of glial p75NTR in axonal regeneration
An updated overview on Wnt signaling pathways: a prelude for more
The transcription factor TFEB links mTORC1 signaling to transcriptional control of lysosome homeostasis
betaTrCP-mediated proteolysis of NF-kappaB1 p105 requires phosphorylation of p105 serines 927 and 932
Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2
Binding of Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase to FRS2 is essential for fibroblast growth factor-induced PC12 cell differentiation
The 2.0 A structure of human ferrochelatase, the terminal enzyme of heme biosynthesis.
A structural model for the membrane-integral domain of succinate: quinone
Mutational analysis of human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1 isoforms reveals that exon 1B of the SULT2B1 gene produces cholesterol sulfotransferase, whereas exon 1A yields pregnenolone sulfotransferase
Expression of two forms of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in COS cells
ABCG1 redistributes cellular cholesterol to domains removable by high density lipoproteins but not by lipid-depleted lipoproteins
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1
Peroxisomal branched chain fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway is upregulated in prostate cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167897
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145616.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171087
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144244.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167896
CASVM: web server for SVM-based prediction of caspase substrates cleavage sites
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168258
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129468.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171014
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146721.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171018
Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171002
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145086.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162790
The docking protein FRS2alpha controls a MAP kinase-mediated negative feedback mechanism for signaling by FGF receptors
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134830.5
IRAK-2 participates in multiple toll-like receptor signaling pathways to NFkappaB via activation of TRAF6 ubiquitination
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171005
The ABCs of solute carriers: physiological, pathological and therapeutic implications of human membrane transport proteinsIntroduction
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162786
Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in cancer
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147524.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171048
Missense FGFR3 mutations create cysteine residues in thanatophoric dwarfism type I (TD1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171030
Fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and ketone body metabolism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171022
IL-3 signaling and the role of Src kinases, JAKs and STATs: a covert liaison unveiled
The role of Stat5a and Stat5b in signaling by IL-2 family cytokines
Human isopentenyl diphosphate: dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase: overproduction, purification, and characterization
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171090
Carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), a negative regulator of PKB/Akt and v-Akt at the plasma membrane
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139634.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171086
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145926.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171091
Structure of the FGF receptor tyrosine kinase domain reveals a novel autoinhibitory mechanism
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140094.5
A mannosyltransferase gene at 11q23 is disrupted by a translocation breakpoint that co-segregates with bipolar affective disorder in a small family
Characterization of Pellino2, a substrate of IRAK1 and IRAK4
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase that transfers glucuronic acid to N-acetylgalactosamine
Human GTP cyclohydrolase I: only one out of three cDNA isoforms gives rise to the active enzyme
Characterization of the 5-HT6 receptor coupled to Ca2+ signaling using an enabling chimeric G-protein
Human lactase-phlorizin hydrolase: evidence of dimerization in the endoplasmic reticulum
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161579
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161566
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161565
Conservation of the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n among vertebrates
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171085
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133766.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175812
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87905.9
A gene encoding a putative FAD-dependent L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase is mutated in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389620
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17123.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134511.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175813
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139587.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175029
Sex-dependent liver gene expression is extensive and largely dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b): STAT5b-dependent activation of male genes and repression of female genes revealed by microarray analysis
Cell junction-associated proteins IQGAP1, MAGI-2, CASK, spectrins, and alpha-actinin are components of the nephrin multiprotein complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161593
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17914.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17536.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389636
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17891.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389573
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17192.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156471
System-wide investigation of ErbB4 reveals 19 sites of Tyr phosphorylation that are unusually selective in their recruitment properties
Neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156468
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30244.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151533
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17371.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389893
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17235.1
Phagosomal maturation (early endosomal stage)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389569
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106518.9
Understanding specificity in metabolic pathways--structural biology of human nucleotide metabolism
Endosomal proteolysis of internalized proteins.
Type-III procollagen assembly in semi-intact cells: chain association, nucleation and triple-helix folding do not require formation of inter-chain disulphide bonds but triple-helix nucleation does require hydroxylation
Biochemical characterization of DNA damage checkpoint complexes: clamp loader and clamp complexes with specificity for 5' recessed DNA
Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 1 (CRMP-1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175590
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95341.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17719.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191328
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17089.2
Promoter selection in human mitochondria involves binding of a transcription factor to orientation-independent upstream regulatory elements
The rate of bulk flow from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface
The nephrin-based slit diaphragm: new insight into the signalling platform identifies targets for therapy
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151563
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5013.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141335
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17125.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389894
Biosynthesis and bioproduction of coenzyme Q10 by yeasts and other organisms
spectrin alpha chain, brain/alpha II fodrin
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2530.1
Neuronal cell adhesion molecule precursor
57 varieties: the human cytochromes P450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151535
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102527.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5022.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113575
Structural determinants for branched-chain aminotransferase isozyme-specific inhibition by the anticonvulsant drug gabapentin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141343
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3341.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100301.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158019.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156551
Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151579
Rictor, a novel binding partner of mTOR, defines a rapamycin-insensitive and raptor-independent pathway that regulates the cytoskeleton
Iron-sulfur protein maturation in human cells: evidence for a function of frataxin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156718
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96877.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192307
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10489.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193465
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17101.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151556
Identification of the major intestinal fatty acid transport protein
The murine pantothenate kinase (Pank1) gene encodes two differentially regulated pantothenate kinase isozymes
Human ISG15 conjugation targets both IFN-induced and constitutively expressed proteins functioning in diverse cellular pathways
FUNCTION This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium.CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + H(2)O + Ca(2+)(Side 1) = ADP + phosphate + Ca(2+)(Side 2).SIMILARITY Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family.
Identification and functional analysis of dual-specific A kinase-anchoring protein-2
Carbonic anhydrase IV activity is localized on the exterior surface of human erythrocytes
Functional impairment of lens aquaporin in two families with dominantly inherited cataracts
Phosphorylation of threonine 210 and the role of serine 137 in the regulation of mammalian polo-like kinase
Processing of N-linked carbohydrate chains in a patient with glucosidase I deficiency (CDG type IIb)
The eukaryotic polypeptide chain releasing factor (eRF3/GSPT) carrying the translation termination signal to the 3'-Poly(A) tail of mRNA. Direct association of erf3/GSPT with polyadenylate-binding protein.
The SUMO pathway: emerging mechanisms that shape specificity, conjugation and recognition
Base-free sugar-phosphate removal via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated
Molecular characterization of cytosolic phospholipase A2-beta
PTEN1 is frequently mutated in primary endometrial carcinomas
Phosphorylation of the transcription factor forkhead family member FKHR by protein kinase B
Identification of a novel gene family encoding human liver-specific organic anion transporter LST-1
The faciogenital dysplasia gene product FGD1 functions as a Cdc42Hs-specific guanine-nucleotide exchange factor
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 27
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 19
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 15
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 11
Differential coupling of 5-HT(1) receptors to G proteins of the G(i) family
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 8
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 16
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 18
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 9
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 29
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 22
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 26
Characterization of myotubularin-related protein 7 and its binding partner, myotubularin-related protein 9
ATPase-deficient hVPS4 impairs formation of internal endosomal vesicles and stabilizes bilayered clathrin coats on endosomal vacuoles
Cloning and expression of cDNA of human delta 4-3-oxosteroid 5 beta-reductase and substrate specificity of the expressed enzyme
Metabolism of arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxy-5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid by P450 enzymes in human liver: involvement of CYP4F2 and CYP4A11
Mitochondrial GTP-AMP phosphotransferase. 2. Kinetic and equilibrium dialysis studies
Cloning and functional characterization of the human GLUT7 isoform SLC2A7 from the small intestine
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287:G236-42
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146603
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28905.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146601
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4645.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146597
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4665.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146595
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3487.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175096
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91024.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175100
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87337.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146454
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104448.9
The IRAK-1-BCL10-MALT1-TRAF6-TAK1 cascade mediates signaling to NF-kappaB from Toll-like receptor 4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77251
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4099.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77313
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5111.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146461
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84492.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175101
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97257.9
Molecular cloning, functional expression and pharmacological characterization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2
Crystal structure of human arginase I at 1.29-A resolution and exploration of inhibition in the immune response
Synthesis of pyrophosphates in the cytosol
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32816.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146463
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4535.1
Human fetal mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into brown and white adipocytes: a role for ERRalpha in human UCP1 expression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77320
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118065.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146462
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4131.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=77318
TLR9 activation induces normal neutrophil responses in a child with IRAK-4 deficiency: involvement of the direct PI3K pathway
Integrative molecular profiling of triple negative breast cancers identifies amplicon drivers and potential therapeutic targets
Mechanisms of caspase-1 activation by P2X7 receptor-mediated K+ release
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 2
Mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase gene that cause glycogen storage disease type 1a
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108087.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153705.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175027
ABCD2:ABCD3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4450.2
ABCD1:ABCD3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73911
ABCD1:ABCD2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144971
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:NIPBL:MAU2:Chromosomal Arm (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PEX19:ABCD1/2/3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ABCD1:ABCD1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NIPBL:MAU2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cohesin Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BANF1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:NIPBL:MAU2:Centromere (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T2,T3,S4-BANF1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ESPL1 Autocleaved (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDC20:pAPC/C:K11polyUb-PTTG1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDC20:p-APC/C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5224.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73909
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90273.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144979
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3208.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73917
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93946.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145212
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110033.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145207
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3172.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109994
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28196.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175116
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93029.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146828
Hsp90 increases LIM kinase activity by promoting its homo-dimerization
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3866.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109990
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2705.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142400
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98593.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175097
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79059.9
Diversity in protein-protein interactions of connexins: emerging roles
Regulation of connexin biosynthesis, assembly, gap junction formation, and removal
ATP-bound Gp96 dimer:CNPY3:TLR7/8/9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Apo-GP96 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rap1-GTP:Raf1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rap1 cAMP-GEFs:cAMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p(S7)-Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2:14-3-3beta, zeta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Translocon (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ubiquitin:E2 conjugating enzymes (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
E3:K48-polyubiquitinated substrate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub:substrate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ZnT-3, a putative transporter of zinc into synaptic vesicles
NF-kappaB p65:p65 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Post-Elongation Processing of the Transcript
NF-kappaB p50:c-Rel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
E3:Ub:substrate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:p50 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p65:p65:ub-p-IkB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:p65:ub-p-IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-KappaB p50:p50:ub-p-IKBA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:c-Rel:ub-p-IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
K63-linked polyUb p-IRAK1:TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ubc13:UBE2V1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TRAF6:hp-IRAK1:Pellino (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TRAF6:hp-IRAK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TRAF6:K63-linked polyUb p-IRAK1:IKK complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TLR8 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cathepsin L1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
N-ter TLR9 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
C-ter TLR7 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
C-ter-TLR9 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FL-TLR7 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
intracellular TLR:UNC93B1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FL-TLR9:FL-TLR9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FL-TLR8 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FL-TLR9 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Transition state model and mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions catalyzed by human glutathione S-transferase M1a-1a
p-S177,S181-IKKB:IKKA:pUb-NEMO (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAK homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active PKC theta bound to DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IkB(alpha):NF-kB complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PKC-theta (open): DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-Y90-PKC-theta:DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PDK1:PIP2,PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP3:PDK1:active AKT (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAK bound to Rac1 and Cdc42 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MTABC3 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AQP11 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CYBRD1:Heme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal transduction
ABCG4 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP2C1/2:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NALCN:UNC79:UNC80 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CLCN7:OSTM1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated PLC gamma1 bound to PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A role for PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PIP5Kalpha in regulating stress-induced apoptosis
Regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex by the dual specificity phosphatase human Cdc14a
The NRAMP family of metal-ion transporters
NF-KappaB p50:p50:p-IKBA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:c-Rel:p-IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S177,S181-IKKB:IKKA:NEMO (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB:p-IkB:SCF-betaTrCP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:p65:p-IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p65:p65:p-IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappa-B (p50, p65, c-Rel):Ubiquitinated p-IKB
NF-kappaB p65:p65:IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BCAP Signalosome (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3CD:PIK3R1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
STIM1 Dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
STIM1:TRPC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-KappaB p50:p50:IKBA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:c-Rel:IkB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-kappaB p50:p65:IKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ABCA10, a novel cholesterol-regulated ABCA6-like ABC transporter
Amyloid fibril protein nomenclature: 2010 recommendations from the nomenclature committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis
Electrophysiological properties of AMPA receptors are differentially modulated depending on the associated member of the TARP family
p-T161-CDK1:CCNB1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-3S,T-NEK9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T333-NEK9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S62-ARPP19/p-S67-ENSA:PP2A-PPP2R2D (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PP2A-PPP2R2D (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nuclear Pore Complex (p-2S,3T-NUP98) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sister Chromosomal Arms:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCNB:p-T161-CDK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-3S,2T-NEK9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:CDCA5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sister Chromosomal Arms:Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:p-CDCA5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ac-Cohesin Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sister Chromosomal Arms:p-STAG2,RAD21-Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:p-CDCA5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:p-CDCA5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STAG2,RAD21-Ac-Cohesin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STAG2,RAD21-Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:p-CDCA5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Condensin I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CK2 Phosphorylated Condensin I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDK1 Phosphorylated Condensin I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDC20:p-APC/C:PTTG1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Catecholamine biosynthesis and physiological regulation in neuroendocrine cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151392
Identification of genetic mutations in Japanese patients with fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168159
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145175.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171058
Genomic organization, coding sequence and functional expression of human 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A receptor genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168157
The Mechanism of Hsp90 regulation by the protein kinase-specific cochaperone p50(cdc37)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168124
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic (GTP)
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble)
Cell division protein kinase 4 (EC 2.7.1.- ) (Cyclin-dependent kinase 4) (PSK-J3) (CDK4)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170998
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127121.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171066
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134584.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145195
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2852.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=70958
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159986.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168120
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102056.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150870
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18103.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=188458
C1-Tetrahydrofolate synthase from rabbit liver. Structural and kinetic properties of the enzyme and its two domains.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110792.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18250.2
Identification of the cDNA encoding human 6-phosphogluconolactonase, the enzyme catalyzing the second step of the pentose phosphate pathway(1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=188451
Glucose transporter type 4, insulin-responsive
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175031
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103568.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175028
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32601.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145203
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145216
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81222.9
Frizzled/PCP signalling: a conserved mechanism regulating cell polarity and directed motility
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156727
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156723
MMS19 assembles iron-sulfur proteins required for DNA metabolism and genomic integrity
MMS19 links cytoplasmic iron-sulfur cluster assembly to DNA metabolism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171097
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146660.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167892
Inhibition of Insulin Secretion by Adrenaline/Noradrenaline
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139877.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167885
p-T222,225-GORASP2:BLZF1:RAB2A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAB2A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GORASP2:BLZF1:RAB2A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T216,S189,S274,S373-GORASP1:p-S37-GOLGA2:p-RAB1:GTP:PLK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-Y204-MAPK3-3 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-Y204-MAPK3-3/p-T185,Y187-MAPK1 homodimer
p-T216,S274,S373-GORASP1:p-S37-GOLGA2:p-RAB1:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-RAB1:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
multiubiquitinated Cyclin A associated with MCC:APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T216,S274,S373-GORASP1:p-S37-GOLGA2:p-RAB1:GTP:PLK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NARFL:4Fe-4S (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-XPD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-POLD1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-RTEL1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cdc2:Cyclin A:MCC:APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NUBP2:4Fe-4S:NUBP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ABC7 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NARFL:CIAO1:FAM96B:MMS19 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NUBP1:4Fe-4S (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CIAPIN1:4Fe-4S:2Fe-2S reduced (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NDOR1:CIAPIN1 reduced (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CIAPIN1:4Fe-4S:2Fe-2S oxidized (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NDOR1:FAD:FMN (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NDOR1:CIAPIN1 oxidized (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA5B:Zinc (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA5A:Zinc (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA13:Zinc (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA2:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA1:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SLC4A1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FXN:NFS1:ISD11:ISCU:2Fe-2S Cluster (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDX1L (reduced) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA4:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CA7:Zinc (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDX1 (reduced) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDX1L (oxidized) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A conserved family of prolyl-4-hydroxylases that modify HIF
Coupling of rotation and catalysis in F(1)-ATPase revealed by single-molecule imaging and manipulation
2 Iron:FXN:NFS1:ISD11:ISCU (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2 Iron:FXN (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FXN:ISD11:NFS1:ISCU (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NFS1:pyridoxal phosphate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDX1 (oxidized) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDXR:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDXR:FADH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xGSTT1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xGSTT2B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xGSTZ1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
3xMGST1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GSTO1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xGSTP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GGCT (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GSS (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SULT1C2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SULT4A1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xSULT1E1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SULT1B1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Exosomes mediate stromal mobilization of autocrine Wnt-PCP signaling in breast cancer cell migration
Human glutathione transferase A4-4 crystal structures and mutagenesis reveal the basis of high catalytic efficiency with toxic lipid peroxidation products
2xSULT1A1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (class V) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (class IV), mu or sigma dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
6xUGDH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
6xSLC35D1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2x(FECH:2Fe-2S cluster) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ADH1A dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xPPO:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Expression and characterization of a human mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase
ARFGAP1 promotes the formation of COPI vesicles, suggesting function as a component of the coat
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152488
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159581
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88487.9
p24 proteins and quality control of LIN-12 and GLP-1 trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159593
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143177.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159595
Identification of two essential glutamic acid residues in glycogen synthase
Decapping the message: a beginning or an end
Properties and functions of diacylglycerol kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157546
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105648.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158306
A tetrasaccharide linker sequence is required for GAG synthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159423
The G473D mutation impairs dimerization and catalysis in human sulfite oxidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158320
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32471.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175633
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81787.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175614
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113595.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158322
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110411.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158313
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158310
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133323.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136059.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147577
The tumour-suppressor gene patched encodes a candidate receptor for Sonic hedgehog
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147583
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153464.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152487
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159424
Kinetic evaluation of human cloned coproporphyrinogen oxidase using a ring isomer of the natural substrate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175688
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157057.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141129.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158958
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157340.3
Wnt/Fz signaling and the cytoskeleton: potential roles in tumorigenesis
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone regulation and survival of cells compensating for deficiency in the ER stress response kinase, PERK
Histidine 167 is the phosphate acceptor in glucose-6-phosphatase-beta forming a phosphohistidine enzyme intermediate during catalysis
Vitamin C transport systems of mammalian cells
Mutations in exon 3 of the glycogen debranching enzyme gene are associated with glycogen storage disease type III that is differentially expressed in liver and muscle.
Proline hydroxylation of collagens synthesized at different temperatures in vivo by two poikilothermic species
Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4): a versatile efflux transporter for drugs and signalling molecules
Conversion of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4 by a dipeptidase released from the specific granule of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes
GADD34-PP1c recruited by Smad7 dephosphorylates TGFbeta type I receptor
ABC transporters and cholesterol metabolism
The TREM receptor family and signal integration
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175257
Prostaglandin F2alpha formation from prostaglandin H2 by prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS): crystal structure of PGFS containing bimatoprost
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33635.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159615
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142731.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159613
Renal physiology of SLC26 anion exchangers
Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?
Regulation of the MEF2 family of transcription factors by p38
Amplification of signal from unattached kinetochores via a MAD2 inhibitory signal
Activation of NMDA receptor upon glutamate binding and postsynaptic events
Replication protein A (RPA): the eukaryotic SSB.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157554
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143590.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157500
The two major sites of cbl tyrosine phosphorylation in abl-transformed cells select the crkL SH2 domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427899
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24619.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89155.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=139827
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2606.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434677
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24032.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434802
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23932.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434689
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24794.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434702
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23794.1
D-AKAP2, a novel protein kinase A anchoring protein with a putative RGS domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157520
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157519
Molecular and functional identification of sodium ion-dependent, high affinity human carnitine transporter OCTN2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157513
Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of two isoforms of the AE3 anion exchanger from human heart
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89644.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157568
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30126.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157565
Release of platelet fibronectin (cold-insoluble globulin) from alpha granules induced by thrombin or collagen; lack of requirement for plasma fibronectin in ADP-induced platelet aggregation
Mast cell signal transduction from the high-affinity IgE receptor
Ligand-independent dimerization activates the stress response kinases IRE1 and PERK in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
Human glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase. Kinetic and regulatory properties
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175613
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93731.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106373.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24813.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434688
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24083.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175638
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86181.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157608
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157606
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157586
Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157572
Cloning and expression of the gene involved in Sanfilippo B syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis III B)
Notch inhibition as a promising new approach to cancer therapy
Recycling of the cell adhesion molecule L1 in axonal growth cones
D box and KEN box motifs in budding yeast Hsl1p are required for APC-mediated degradation and direct binding to Cdc20p and Cdh1p
Purification and characterization of membrane-bound phospholipase C specific for phosphoinositides from human platelets
A novel SH2-containing phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP2) is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated and associated with src homologous and collagen gene (SHC) in chronic myelogenous leukemia progenitor cells
Coupling RNA polymerase II transcription with pre-mRNA processing.
Stimulation-dependent I kappa B alpha phosphorylation marks the NF-kappa B inhibitor for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Mitochondrial Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biogenesis
Translocation of cyclin B1 to the nucleus at prophase requires a phosphorylation-dependent nuclear import signal
Mechanism of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1. Tyrosine 783 phosphorylation is not sufficient for lipase activation
TRP channels: sensors and transducers of gasotransmitter signals
Molecular cloning of a fourth member of the potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger gene family, NCKX4
A Cdc42 activation cycle coordinated by PI 3-kinase during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis
CDC6 association with the ORC:origin complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161443
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161442
An isoform of hPANK2, deficient in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, localizes to mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161444
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81445.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161446
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161439
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161363
Elevation of cellular NAD levels by nicotinic acid and involvement of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase in human cells
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146977.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161465
Reconstitution of the strand invasion step of double-strand break repair using human Rad51 Rad52 and RPA proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161486
Double-strand break repair protein MRE11A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161322
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161332
Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161296
EPAS1 (HIF2A) with hydroxyproline-405 and -531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161290
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161292
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161288
The nucleoside diphosphate kinase D (NM23-H4) binds the inner mitochondrial membrane with high affinity to cardiolipin and couples nucleotide transfer with respiration
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161358
carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161359
Inactivation of YAP oncoprotein by the Hippo pathway is involved in cell contact inhibition and tissue growth control
Localization of platelet osteonectin at the internal face of the alpha-granule membranes in platelets and megakaryocytes
The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161346
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161344
Zinc and its transporter ZIP10 are involved in invasive behavior of breast cancer cells
Mutational spectrum of D-bifunctional protein deficiency and structure-based genotype-phenotype analysis
Intracellular calcium release from human platelets: different messengers for multiple stores
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161508
A cell-based reglucosylation assay demonstrates the role of GT1 in the quality control of a maturing glycoprotein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161536
The ATM-Chk2-Cdc25A checkpoint pathway guards against radioresistant DNA synthesis.
Atypical functional properties of GluK3-containing kainate receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161494
Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161492
Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161490
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 2
Signal-induced degradation of I kappa B alpha requires site-specific ubiquitination
Human mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 gene. Structure, chromosomal localization and tissue-specific expression
Non-vesicular lipid transport by lipid-transfer proteins and beyond
Cloning and expression of a proteoglycan UDP-galactose:beta-xylose beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I. A seventh member of the human beta4-galactosyltransferase gene family
Localization and identification of Ca2+ATPases in highly purified human platelet plasma and intracellular membranes. Evidence that the monoclonal antibody PL/IM 430 recognizes the SERCA 3 Ca2+ATPase in human platelets
The intrinsic affinity between E2 and the Cys domain of E1 in ubiquitin-like modifications
Latent infection of Homo sapiens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Identification and functional expression of a second human beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase, ST6Gal II
Optimization of WAVE2 complex-induced actin polymerization by membrane-bound IRSp53, PIP(3), and Rac
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation
Direct binding of PP2A to Sprouty2 and phosphorylation changes are a prerequisite for ERK inhibition downstream of fibroblast growth factor receptor stimulation
Cloning and characterization of a human brain Na(+)-independent transporter for small neutral amino acids that transports D-serine with high affinity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161198
RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 2 (FARP2)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161160
Calcium depletion dissociates and activates heterodimeric notch receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161459
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108296.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161455
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161457
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161450
Activation of EGF receptor kinase by L1-mediated homophilic cell interactions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159118
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118107.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159116
Human cationic amino acid transporters hCAT-1, hCAT-2A, and hCAT-2B: three related carriers with distinct transport properties
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159098
Neural cell adhesion molecule 1, 140 kDa isoform
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159094
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S
Voltage-gated Calcium Channel Cav1.2-1 (alpha-1 subunit)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159068
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159080
Crystal structure of the PTEN tumor suppressor: implications for its phosphoinositide phosphatase activity and membrane association
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=114565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4083.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159062
Effector role reversal during evolution: the case of frataxin in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101102.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92038.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175607
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97515.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161256
Analysis and update of the human solute carrier (SLC) gene superfamily
RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit B
Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161244
Transcription elongation factor B polypeptide 1
RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit C
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161236
The segment polarity gene porcupine encodes a putative multitransmembrane protein involved in Wingless processing
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161282
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161218
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161206
Proteomic analysis of proteins associated with lipid droplets of basal and lipolytically stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes
The retromer complex - endosomal protein recycling and beyond
The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle: aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer
Ca2+-activated ATPase in microsomes from human liver
Crystal structure of the p38 alpha-MAPKAP kinase 2 heterodimer
Shugoshin collaborates with protein phosphatase 2A to protect cohesin
Nonsense Mediated Decay Independent of the Exon Junction Complex
Modulation of cell junctions during differentiation of the chicken otocyst sensory epithelium
Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase. IV. Crystallization and properties of the enzyme from human liver
JAG2:NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG1:NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175474
NOTCH1 L1574P;P2474Afs*4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118419.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175161
NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants Coactivator Complex:CDK8:CCNC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG1:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL4:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL1:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175156
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118206.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165803
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126814.5
DLL4:NOTCH1 HD domain mutant fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL1:NOTCH1 HD domain mutant fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG2:NOTCH1 HD domain mutant fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG1:NOTCH1 HD domain mutant fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165401
NOTCH1 P2514Rfs*4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165800
NOTCH1 Q2440* (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 Q2395* (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL4:NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL1:NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165799
Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166940
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141056.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175814
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137520.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175160
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114972.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166936
Activated cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGs) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Guanylate cyclase:NO (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Guanylate cyclase, soluble (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IDH1 R132H dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FBXW7 WD mutants:SKP1:CUL1:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG2:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activation of Gene Expression by SREBP (SREBF)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166927
JAG1:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166909
NOTCH1 L1574P fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 L1600P fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG2:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL4:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL1:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular structure and physiological functions of GABA(B) receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166903
Phosphoinositides in constitutive membrane traffic
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147535
NOTCH1 V1676D (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 L1678P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 R1598P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 I1616N (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 I1718T (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 I1680N (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 A1701P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 L1593P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 L1596H (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 F1592S (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110415
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6197.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=169828
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6697.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=169826
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6334.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110485
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6529.1
Signaling by FGFR1 amplification mutants
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6542.1
AKT1 E17K mutant:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S473-AKT1 E17K mutant:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PDPK1:p-S473-AKT1 E17K mutant:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AKT inhibitors:AKT (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 heterodimerization domain mutants
NOTCH1 V1576E (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Identification of an autonomously initiating RNA polymerase III holoenzyme containing a novel factor that is selectively inactivated during protein synthesis inhibition
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110484
mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids
EXT1:EXT2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IDS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166653
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6202.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166655
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6651.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110480
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6583.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110474
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6263.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110475
B3GAT3 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6487.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110482
DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutant Fragments
NOTCH1 I1718T fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutant Fragments (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 I1680N fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 A1701P fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 V1676D fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166651
NOTCH1 L1678P fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 R1598P fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166649
NOTCH1 I1616N fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127419.5
NOTCH1 L1596H fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166639
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133654.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166643
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140325.5
NOTCH1 F1592S fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 L1593P fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 V1576E fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166638
DLL1:NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165756
DLL4:NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166642
JAG1:NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166684
JAG2:NOTCH1 HD domain mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175231
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118072.7
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118321.7
A mediator of Rho-dependent invasion moonlights as a methionine salvage enzyme
Novel recruitment of Shc, Grb2, and Sos by fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in v-Src-transformed cells
Structural and biochemical aspects of keratan sulphate in the cornea
High-affinity glutamate transporter ligands
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154022
Insights from mouse models into human retinoblastoma
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154015
14-3-3-zeta:Raf1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
14-3-3zeta dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154017
Rabenosyn-5, a novel Rab5 effector, is complexed with hVPS45 and recruited to endosomes through a FYVE finger domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154016
PIP3:PDK1:AKT:p(T410)-PKC zeta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CyP60 complexed with Basigin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PI3K beta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP3:PDK1:AKT:PKC zeta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Basigin:Mannose-carrying cell recognition molecules (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Basigin bound to MCTs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Basigin homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Basigin bound to CyPA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154011
The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) interacts with and activates Pak
The Drosophila tweety family: molecular candidates for large-conductance Ca2+-activated Cl- channels
Human lysozyme gene mutations cause hereditary systemic amyloidosis
SNX3 regulates endosomal function through its PX-domain-mediated interaction with PtdIns(3)P
Sema4D induced cell migration and growth-cone collapse
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164640
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128706.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164624
Structure-function analysis of HKE4, a member of the new LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=990504
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25037.1
Dominant mutation of the TREX1 exonuclease gene in lupus and Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=990483
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26287.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=990509
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25784.1
Basigin:CD98hc complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mitofusin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dual-specific AKAPs:PKA tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MCT1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MCT4 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MCT3 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HP1alpha:Histone H3 methylated at K9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
F-actin capping protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175245
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104748.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175255
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92318.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106012.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175730
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126909.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88006.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175141
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141932.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164630
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158617.3
LRRC16A:F-actin capping protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
C-terminal EH domain containing proteins:Rabenosyn-5 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-E2:Promoter region of beta-globin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NF-E2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ZFPM proteins:GATA proteins (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDK2:CABLES1:Wee-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDK5:CABLES:ABL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DOCK-GEFs:RAC1, CDC42 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rabenosyn-5:VPS-45 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Kinesin-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6209.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110472
The secretory pathway Ca2+/Mn2+-ATPase 2 is a Golgi-localized pump with high affinity for Ca2+ ions
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6666.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6317.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110462
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6619.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110456
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6682.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110459
The NOD: a signaling module that regulates apoptosis and host defense against pathogens
Kinesin-2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KIF3A dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KIF4B homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KIF4A homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Centralspindlin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Kinesin-5 homotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KIF18A dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CENP-E dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Identification of a vesicular glutamate transporter that defines a glutamatergic phenotype in neurons
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164596
Binding of a novel SMG-1-Upf1-eRF1-eRF3 complex (SURF) to the exon junction complex triggers Upf1 phosphorylation and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164597
Dock6, a Dock-C subfamily guanine nucleotide exchanger, has the dual specificity for Rac1 and Cdc42 and regulates neurite outgrowth
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164598
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135457.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164580
Structure and sequence of the human alpha-L-iduronidase gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164615
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127481.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164608
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152647
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152669
RPA:Cdc45:CDK:DDK:Mcm10:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated Mcm2-7 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDK:DDK:Mcm10:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA Replication Factor A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cdc45:CDK:DDK:Mcm10:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
active pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mcm10:active pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DDK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152602
Mcm10:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152618
pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mcm2-7 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ORC complex bound to origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Orc1:Orc4:Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Orc4:Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Orc5:Orc3:Orc2:origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDT1:CDC6:ORC:origin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148712
CDC6:ORC:origin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Orc2 associated with MCM8 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cdc42, Rac1, and Rac2 display distinct patterns of activation during phagocytosis
ORC:origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148710
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148708
Genetic evidence that HNF-1alpha-dependent transcriptional control of HNF-4alpha is essential for human pancreatic beta cell function
Orc2:origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Slo3 Channel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Orc3:Orc2:origin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylation of tyrosine 291 enhances the ability of WASp to stimulate actin polymerization and filopodium formation. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein
RAB8A/10/13/14:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The post-translational synthesis of a polyamine-derived amino acid, hypusine, in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A)
RGC1:p-486,696-T715-RGC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RGC1:RGC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RALA:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Human sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase: cDNA cloning, functional expression studies and mapping to chromosome 10q22(1)
RALA:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148702
SUMO3 S-glycyl-cys173 UBA2:SAE1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UBA2:SAE1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152674
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127410.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175486
ESCRT-II/Cargo Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84521.9
ESCRT-III (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153615
ESCRT-I/Cargo Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79081.9
ESCRT-II (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ubiquinated and PIP3 Endosmal Membrane Bound Cargo (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ESCRT-0 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Vps/Vta1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAB8A/10/13/14:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ESCRT-III/Cargo Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153611
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94309.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152844
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148722
AP-1 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148696
Invaginating gap junction plaques (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148697
planar gap junction plaques containing Dab2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148698
junctional plaque prior to invagination (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cargo:AP-1:Beta-arrestin:Clathrin Triskelion:Vamp Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ESCRT-0/Cargo Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Clathrin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
gap junction plaque (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Junctional channel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ESCRT-I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148721
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148716
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90219.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175131
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97378.9
Coatomer:Arf1-GTP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175140
Coatomer:Arf1-GTP:GAP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29880.10
Arf1-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175132
Coatomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cargo:AP-1:Arf1-GTP:beta-Arrestin-1:Vamp Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Arf1-GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Clathrin Triskelion (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cargo:AP-1:Beta-arrestin:Vamp:Clathrin Triskelion:Dynamin:Endophilin Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cargo:AP-1:beta-Arrestin-1:Vamp Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159457.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175485
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157878.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152824
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156165.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152819
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158616.3
KIF2A dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152825
KIF2B dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MCAK dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dual role of the tyrosine activation motif of the Ig-alpha protein during signal transduction via the B cell antigen receptor
Kinesins:microtubule (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118146.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175480
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155847.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152820
Evidence of functional modulation of the MEKK/JNK/cJun signaling cascade by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The mitochondrial isozyme VB as a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors
Relationship between structures and biological activities of mycoplasmal diacylated lipopeptides and their recognition by toll-like receptors 2 and 6
Role of the beta subunit in determining the pharmacology of human gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152583
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105534.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152586
FATP1 channels exogenous FA into 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol and down-regulates sphingomyelin and cholesterol metabolism in growing 293 cells
Fibroblast growth factor receptors have different signaling and mitogenic potentials
Regulation and cellular roles of phosphoinositide 5-kinases
Homologous recombination repair of replication-independent double-strand breaks
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6331.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6631.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6328.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165127
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6221.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110416
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6677.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110524
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6307.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110523
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6238.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=169827
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6283.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110498
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6201.1
Mitochondrial association of a plus end-directed microtubule motor expressed during mitosis in Drosophila
Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase, a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the carbon-carbon bond cleavage during alpha-oxidation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153094
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97905.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150419
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104701.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150430
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89520.9
HSPG2:HSPG2 interactors (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175488
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175487
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82601.9
Syndecan-4:ACTN1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Syndecan-2:TRAPPC4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Syndecan-2:CASK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dystroglycan:NRXN1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLUT2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LCT dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Syndecan-4:PI(4,5)P2:Protein kinase C, alpha type:DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Syndecan-4:PI(4,5)P2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150445
Dystroglycan:AGRN:HSPG2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dystroglycan (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77014.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78607.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84617.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154981
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100970.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157967
glucose 6-phosphate isomerase dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLUT1:ATP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PFKFB1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphoPFKFB1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isoform homodimers
PP2A-ABdeltaC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PFKFB2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152578
GLUT3 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98110.9
GLUT1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152579
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152897
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110428.9
ubiquitinated Orc1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A genome-wide RNA interference screen uncovers two p24 proteins as regulators of Wingless secretion
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96186.9
Cyclin A:Cdk2:substrate complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2(Thr160) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PCNA homotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RFC Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RFC Heteropentamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Unwinding complex at replication fork (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GINS complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mcm4,6,7 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ubiquitinated Cdc6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153065
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91505.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153090
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28200.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153057
RFC Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex:PCNA homotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex:PCNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Galactosyl-hydroxylysyl collagen propeptides:P4HB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLOD3:Fe2+ dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Transthyretin tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysyl collagen propeptides:P4HB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Lysyl hydroxylated collagen propeptides:P4HB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLOD2:Fe2+ dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLOD1:Fe2+ dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Lysyl hydroxylae procollagen substrates:P4HB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GH-dependent STAT5 signaling plays an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152889
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor complexes on the surface of live cells: a new oligomerization mode for serine/threonine kinase receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152860
Mammalian nuclei become licensed for DNA replication during late telophase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152872
Pathway leading to correctly folded beta-tubulin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152870
Lead-induced abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism. The relationship with iron deficiency.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152893
DNA polymerase alpha:primase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA polymerase epsilon:origin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA polymerase epsilon (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA polymerase alpha:primase:DNA polymerase alpha:origin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA primer:origin duplex:DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pre-replicative complex (Orc1-minus) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152848
Protein kinase C as a molecular machine for decoding calcium and diacylglycerol signals
IRAK-4: a novel member of the IRAK family with the properties of an
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152907
IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152856
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87319.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152909
The cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28p regulates distinct modes of Cdc6p proteolysis during the budding yeast cell cycle.
pyruvate kinase M1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pyruvate kinase complex, liver and RBC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
enolase 1 dimer, (alpha) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pyruvate carboxylase holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific, tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphoglycerate mutase 1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphoglycerate mutase 2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphoglycerate kinase 1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphofructokinase, P4 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphofructokinase, P3L complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphofructokinase, P2L2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphofructokinase, PL3 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Structural basis for guanine nucleotide exchange on Ran by the regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1)
ALDOB tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
triosephosphate isomerase dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rho guanine dissociation inhibitors: pivotal molecules in cellular signalling
PFKFB3 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PFKFB4 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphofructokinase, L4 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The Ras branch of small GTPases: Ras family members don't fall far from the tree
GYS2 tetramer, a form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GYS1 tetramer, a form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin-1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin-2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
oligo((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin 2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin dimer
oligo((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin dimer
oligo((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl) glycogenin 1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GYG2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGM2:Mg++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
8xUGP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GYG1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GOT1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FBP1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FBP2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
malate dehydrogenase 1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GOT2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Functional analysis of ABCA8, a new drug transporter
Differential activation of recombinant human acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 by citrate
GYS1 tetramer, b form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GYS2 tetramer, b form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
glycogen-glycogenin-2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
glycogen-glycogenin-1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGYB dimer a form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGYB dimer b form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Identification of a novel human adenylate kinase. cDNA cloning, expression analysis, chromosome localization and characterization of the recombinant protein
PGYM dimer, b form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylase kinase complex (PHKM) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Alkyl-dihydroxyacetone phosphate synthase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase form a protein complex in peroxisomes
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of KCC3, a new K-Cl cotransporter
Water channel expression in human ADPKD kidneys
Synergistic activation of stress-activated protein kinase 1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK1/JNK) isoforms by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and MKK7
LRR FLII-interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1) activates type I IFN production
Crystal structure of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and the relationship between genotype and enzymatic phenotype in primary hyperoxaluria type 1
Aspects on human amyloid forms and their fibril polypeptides
Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis: sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
Na+-dependent purine nucleoside transporter from human kidney: cloning and functional characterization
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 273:1058-1065
Distinct phosphotyrosines on a growth factor receptor bind to specific molecules that mediate different signaling pathways
Regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling and cell spreading by IPP complex components
The stem cell factor receptor/c-Kit as a drug target in cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158011
Characterization of two human genes encoding acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-related enzymes
Analysis of the open region of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes in the early phase of elongation.
Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158027
Hereditary disorders of connective tissue
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158025
Abcg2/Bcrp1 mediates the polarized transport of antiretroviral nucleosides abacavir and zidovudine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158035
PGYL dimer a form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylase kinase complex (PHKL) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGYB b dimer:AMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGYM b dimer:AMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGYM dimer a form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PGYL dimer b form (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157943
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157948
On the specificity of the tricarboxylate carrier system in rat liver mitochondria
((1,6)-alpha-glucosyl)poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl)glycogenin-1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
((1,6)-alpha-glucosyl)poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl)glycogenin-2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
((1,6)-alpha-glucosyl)poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl)glycogenin dimer
G6PD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KHK dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GALE dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157949
limit dextrin-glycogenin-2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157957
limit dextrin-glycogenin-1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157953
transketolase dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase holoenzyme
The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM enhances L1-dependent cell-cell interactions
PLCB1:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLCB2:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLCB3:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLCB4:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157959
PGD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157937
G6PD tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RPE dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157936
PLCG2:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IMPA1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
INPP1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NUDT10:Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NUDT3:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NUDT4:Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLCD4:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158050
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83374.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158049
PLCG1:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158045
IMPA2:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Gene expression of rat and human microsomal glutathione S-transferases
IMPA2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated HSL dimer:FABP4 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated HSL dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FAS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Citrate lyase homotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NPC1L1:ezetimibe complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ISYNA1:NAD+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ABCG1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158135
IMPA1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158132
AMPK heterotrimer (active) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Btn-ACACA:2Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DGAT1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACADM tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ECHS1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Trifunctional Protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACADVL dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACAT1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DCI dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACADS tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BDH1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HMGCL dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:HMGCR gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
OXCT1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ALAS1 gene:NRF1:PPARGC1B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/2 Dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2 Dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:NF-Y:HMGCS1 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HACL1 holoenzyme monomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HACL1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cloning of the human monocarboxylate transporter MCT3 gene: localization to chromosome 22q12.3-q13.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165848
SCAP tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:Importin beta-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:SCAP:Cop II Coat (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:SCAP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Importin-beta:Ran GTP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C:ACACA gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C Dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HMGCR dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MVK dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-FDPS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MVD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IDI1 or 2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GGPS1:3Mg++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FDPS:3Mg++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-GGPS1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACOX2:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACOX3:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HSD17B4 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ABCD1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACOX1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACOX1:FAD complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GNPAT:AGPS complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGPS:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IDH1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175473
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118440.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165826
The DNA-dependent protein kinase interacts with DNA to form a protein-DNA complex that is disrupted by phosphorylation.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170543
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143343.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170540
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118538.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175158
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118139.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165831
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135148.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165833
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127155.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165835
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165829
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147876
Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165233
NPAS2: an analog of clock operative in the mammalian forebrain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153438
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133656.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166679
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137785.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166675
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144511.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166682
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144517.5
Isolation and functional analysis of a cDNA for human Jagged2, a gene encoding a ligand for the Notch1 receptor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166680
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143964.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166673
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125801.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170533
A new member of the I kappaB protein family, I kappaB epsilon, inhibits RelA (p65)-mediated NF-kappaB transcription
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164443
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164447
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164439
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165231
Mechanisms of transcription-coupled DNA repair.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166660
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166672
Insulin action on glucose transporters through molecular switches, tracks and tethers
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158146
beta-catenin destruction complex: insights and questions from a structural perspective
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158105
Local Ca²+ entry via Orai1 regulates plasma membrane recruitment of TRPC1 and controls cytosolic Ca²+ signals required for specific cell functions
Zinc efflux and compartmentalization by the SLC30 family
Structures of active conformations of Gi alpha 1 and the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158119
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99578.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175550
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99248.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175549
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91588.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158154
Systematic analysis of myotubularins: heteromeric interactions, subcellular localisation and endosome related functions
SREBP1A/1C:ACACB gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C:NF-Y:SP1:FASN gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:NF-Y:FDPS gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:ELOVL6 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/2:MVD gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158088
CDS1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDIPT:Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PCYT1B dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CHPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ARF1/3:GTP:PI4KB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HADH octamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ARF1:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PCYT1A dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175421
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79990.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175420
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94919.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175419
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94453.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151346
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151345
Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of human aquaporin of collecting duct
PIK3C3:Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3C2A:Ca2+/Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIKFYVE:VAC14:FIG4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3CB:PIK3R1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3CB:PIK3R2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3CB:PIK3R3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3CD:PIK3R2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3R4:Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3C3:Mn2+:PIK3R4:Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163410
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33603.10
A novel pantothenate kinase gene (PANK2) is defective in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
CHKA:CHKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PHOSPHO1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CHKA:CHKA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CHKB:CHKB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/1C/2:NF-Y:TM7SF2 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLA2G12A:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151322
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151316
SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:PMVK gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:MVK gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151327
SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:IDI1 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Superoxide production and electron transport in mitochondrial oxidation of dihydroorotic acid.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151324
SREBP1A/1C:NF-Y:GPAM gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151323
SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:GGPS1 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151314
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30453.10
EPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PISD:Pyruvoyl (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLA2G3:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LPIN3:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CEPT1:Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151340
PCYT2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LPIN2:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LPIN1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151326
COQ7:Fe2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
COQ6:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PDSS1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PDSS1/2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Adenylate cyclase: G-protein alpha (s): GTP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3:Acetylcholine Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMPD4:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLA dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NAGLU mutations underlying Sanfilippo syndrome type B
SPTLC1:SPTLC3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SPTLC1:SPTLC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPK gamma2:AMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPK heterotrimer:AMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
palmitoylated, myristoylated eNOS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated AMPK heterotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eNOS:CaM:HSP90:p-AKT1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAPGEF3:cAMP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAPGEF4:cAMP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPK heterotrimer (inactive) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ADP/ATP translocase 1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HPGD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PTGES trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACSL1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP4K2B:PIP4K2B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP4K2A:PIP4K2B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP4K2A:PIP4K2A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3C2B:Ca2+/Mg2+/Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIK3CD:PIK3R3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
multiphospho-CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ceramide:CERT (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GPX1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ceramide:CERT:PPM1L:VAPA/B trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPM1L:VAPA/B dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LTA4H:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GGT1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Isolation and characterization of a human thiamine pyrophosphokinase cDNA
Live-cell imaging reveals a stable cohesin-chromatin interaction after but not before DNA replication
Expression and characterization of the human 3 beta-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases (SULT2B1a and SULT2B1b)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155570
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134025.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153910
Molecular cloning of human thiamin pyrophosphokinase
ERIS, an endoplasmic reticulum IFN stimulator, activates innate immune signaling through dimerization
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106:8653-8
A novel human Cl(-) channel family related to Drosophila flightless locus
Central spindle assembly and cytokinesis require a kinesin-like protein/RhoGAP complex with microtubule bundling activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155024
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110713.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153940
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88667.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175254
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77620.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175253
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80537.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175548
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89666.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153942
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134080.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153935
Human glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase. Two molecular forms interconvertible by purine ribonucleotides and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153930
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141208.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147672.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151875
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-interacting protein 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161602
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138908.5
Structure-function analysis of Friedreich's ataxia mutants reveals determinants of frataxin binding and activation of the Fe-S assembly complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161606
Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen III synthase from human erythrocytes
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161610
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161612
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161620
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase gamma subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161624
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132443.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151873
Phosphorylated JNKs: MAPK8, MAPK9, MAPK10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151811
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
Gain-of-function RAF1 mutations cause Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151817
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151784
Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88
Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase isozymes catalyze the synthesis of 3-phosphate-containing phosphatidylinositol signaling molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151785
ATP-dependent RNA helicase A (Nuclear DNA helicase II) (NDH II) (DEAD-box protein 9)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151778
Presentation of cytosolic antigens via MHC class II molecules
Interferon-gamma: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151847
Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases in noncanonical Wnt signaling: their implications in developmental morphogenesis and human diseases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151834
Role of cysteine-82 in the catalytic mechanism of human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
Groucho is required for Drosophila neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination and interacts directly with hairy-related bHLH proteins
Structural basis of mitochondrial tethering by mitofusin complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151830
Neural cell adhesion molecule L1: signaling pathways and growth cone motility
Mutations in TMEM76* cause mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC (Sanfilippo C syndrome)
Loading of the human 9-1-1 checkpoint complex onto DNA by the checkpoint clamp loader hRad17-replication factor C complex in vitro
Mini-review: Specificity and expression of CIITA, the master regulator of MHC class II genes
A human mitochondrial transcription factor is related to RNA adenine methyltransferases and binds S-adenosylmethionine
Three-dimensional structure of human tryptophan hydroxylase and its implications for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin
Functional characterization and localization of AQP3 in the human colon
The ins and outs of IgE-dependent mast-cell exocytosis
Rocks: multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour
Protein kinase G mediates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced Raf-1 activation and proliferation in human endothelial cells
The role of non-P450 enzymes in drug oxidation
XPC:HR23B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ku:DNA double-strand break ends (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ku70:Ku80 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAD51:resected ends of DNA double-strand break (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAD50:MRE11 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The polo-like kinase Plx1 is required for activation of the phosphatase Cdc25C and cyclin B-Cdc2 in Xenopus oocytes
ERCC1:XPF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mitotic phosphorylation of Golgi reassembly stacking protein 55 by mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2
RPA heterotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pre-incision complex with open DNA bubble (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
XPC:HR23B:damaged DNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A new biochemical subtype of the Sanfilippo syndrome: characterization of the storage material in cultured fibroblasts of Sanfilippo C patients
pre-incision complex in GG-NER (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A novel quality control compartment derived from the endoplasmic reticulum
hNTH1 glycosylase: foramidopyrimidine complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hNTH1 glycosylase:dihydrouracil complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hNTH1 glycosylase:cytosine glycol complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA containing an hSMUG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA containing a hNTH1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hNTH1 glycosylase:thymine glycol complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA containing a TDG-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
APE1:DNA ligase I complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA containing an APE1-bound AP site (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
APE1-bound DNA strand break containing an incision 5' to an AP site (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Specificity of WNT-receptor interactions
FEN1:PCNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
APE1:FEN1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
REV1:lesioned DNA template with misinserted bases (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
REV1:damaged DNA template complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Synbindin, A novel syndecan-2-binding protein in neuronal dendritic spines
Pol eta:damaged DNA template complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol eta:lesioned DNA template inserted with correct base complement (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol zeta complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol zeta:damaged DNA template complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
dimeric ATM kinase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
dimeric phospho-ATM complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Solution structure of the focal adhesion adaptor PINCH LIM1 domain and characterization of its interaction with the integrin-linked kinase ankyrin repeat domain
SMAD2/3:SMAD4:FOXO3:FoxO3a-binding Element (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Frataxin and mitochondrial FeS cluster biogenesis
MCC:APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPARG:RXRA Heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPARG:RXRA:Corepressor Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GLUT4 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mediator Complex (consensus) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPARG:Fatty Acid Ligand (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated PPARG:RXRA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPARG:Fatty Acid:RXRA:Mediator:Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated anaphase promoting complex (APC/C) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors
hBUBR1:hBUB3:MAD2*:CDC20 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nek2A:MCC:APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TDG glycosylase:thymine complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TDG glycosylase:ethenocytosine complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hSMUG1glycosylase:uracil complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TDG glycosylase:uracil complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hOGG1 glycosylase:8-oxo guanine complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Multiubiquitinated Nek2A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA containing an hOGG1-bound apurinic/apyrimidinic site (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hOGG1 glycosylase: formamidopyrimidine complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1:FGFR1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1:NCAM1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Neurofascin:NrCAM:Ankyrin:spectrin based actin:Na+/K+ channel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Casein kinase II (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mutations in the transporter ABCA12 are associated with lamellar ichthyosis type 2
pPAK1:Rac1-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAK1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1-EGFR trans-heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Tyr phos L1:EPHB2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1:RanBPM (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pL1:CK-II (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CHL1:HSP7C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CHL1:Ankyrin-G (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Trans neurofascin dimer:ankyrin-G (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Neurofascin:Ankyrin-G complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NrCAM:SAP members (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NrCAM:Ankyrin-G (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) system: factors, mechanism, and relevance to cellular iron regulation
phospho p38:phospho MEF2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Myod:phospho-E heterodimers (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ChREBP:MLX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MyoD:phospho-E:phospho MEF2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1:AP-2 Clathrin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ERM:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pL1:Ezrin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Diverging substrate specificity of pure human thymidine kinases 1 and 2 against antiviral dideoxynucleosides
L1 trans-homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1:clathrin-coated vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Robo1:Slit2:Glypican-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164792
Abl:pRobo1:slit2:Glypican-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164789
spectrin based actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Spectrin heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Neurofascin:NrCAM:Ankyrin:spectrin based actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Neurofascin:NrCAM complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1 trans-homodimer:Ankyrin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pL1 (S1152):p90rsk:clathrin-dynamin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pL1 (S1204, 1248):ERK2:clathrin-dynamin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CRMP-2:NUMB:alpha adaptin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
L1:NUMB:CRMP-2:alpha-adaptin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164798
Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex
Dissecting the role of 5'-AMP for allosteric stimulation, activation, and deactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase
The Microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs
Three-dimensional structure of the anaphase-promoting complex
On the mechanism of preprotein import by the mitochondrial presequence translocase
Regulation of activin type I receptor function by phosphorylation of residues outside the GS domain
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162688
The crystal structure of TREX1 explains the 3' nucleotide specificity and reveals a polyproline II helix for protein partnering
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164762
Human liver estrogen sulfotransferase: identification by cDNA cloning and expression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162684
Abl:Robo1:Slit2:Glypican-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164776
Robo1:Slit2:SrGAP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Signal transduction pathways mediated by the interaction of CpG DNA with Toll-like receptor 9
CDC42:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIR domains, which are conserved among all TLRs. Recent accumulating
CDC42-GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164775
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132350.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162690
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137482.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162689
Protein ligands to HuR modulate its interaction with target mRNAs in vivo
Specific activation of LIM kinase 2 via phosphorylation of threonine 505 by ROCK, a Rho-dependent protein kinase
Trafficking and processing of endosomal TLR
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164682
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164686
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164688
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164746
Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like proteins and their splice variants
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164752
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143211.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151758
CLIF, a novel cycle-like factor, regulates the circadian oscillation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression
A multifactor complex of eukaryotic initiation factors, eIF1, eIF2, eIF3, eIF5, and initiator tRNA(Met) is an important translation initiation intermediate in vivo.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164664
Calcium-transporting ATP-ase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum type
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164668
N-glycosylase/DNA lyase (Includes: 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-); DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase (EC 4.2.99.18) (AP lyase))
DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
G/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.-)
SVM-based prediction of caspase substrate cleavage sites
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164663
Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2A (MAD2-like 1) (HsMAD2)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151768
Different phosphorylated forms of RNA polymerase II and associated mRNA processing factors during transcription.
Active Nercc1 protein kinase concentrates at centrosomes early in mitosis and is necessary for proper spindle assembly
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164678
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126218.5
Dephosphorylation of human p34cdc2 kinase on both Thr-14 and Tyr-15 by human cdc25B phosphatase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164653
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146189.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151766
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency: structure of the gene and characterization of two novel disease-causing mutations
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145321
Endonuclease III-like protein 1 (EC 4.2.99.18)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175512
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142106.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175513
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134007.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130472.5
CD147 and its interacting proteins in cellular functions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164659
DNA repair protein REV1 ecNumber2.7.7.-/ecNumber
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153912
Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2B
Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2B (MAD2-like 2) (hREV7)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132637.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153915
Identification and characterization of human mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145402
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (hRAD51) (HsRAD51)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145347
Serine-protein kinase ATM (EC 2.7.1.37) (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) (A-T, mutated)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145346
6-O- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145375
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.63) (6-O- methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145312
ATP-dependent DNA helicase II, 80 kDa subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145335
ATP-dependent DNA helicase II, 70 kDa subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145398
xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C
Xeroderma pigmentosum group C complementing protein
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-C cells (Xeroderma pigmentosum group C complementing protein) (P125)
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-C cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145433
Induction of CHOP expression by amino acid limitation requires both ATF4 expression and ATF2 phosphorylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145421
UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B
XP-C repair complementing complex 58 kDa protein
UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog B (HHR23B) (XP-C repair complementing complex 58 kDa protein) (P58)
A mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in the activation of platelet integrin alpha IIbbeta3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145426
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-G cells (Xeroderma pigmentosum group G complementing protein) (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-5)
Xeroderma pigmentosum group G complementing protein
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-G cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145428
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145389
Xeroderma pigmentosum group E complementing protein
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-A cells
xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A
Xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-A cells (Xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein)
DNA Replication factor A protein A1 (70kD)
Replication protein A 70 kDa DNA-binding subunit
Identification of a binding region for human origin recognition complex proteins 1 and 2 that coincides with an origin of DNA replication.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145440
DNA Replication factor A protein 2 (32kD)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92916.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175047
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6313.11
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145451
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109013.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145452
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-F cell
DNA-repair protein complementing XP-F cell (Xeroderma pigmentosum group F complementing protein) (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-4)
Xeroderma pigmentosum group F complementing protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145449
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86695.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151754
Ornithine delta-aminotransferase mutations in gyrate atrophy. Allelic heterogeneity and functional consequences.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=114549
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4514.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153987
Human liver mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: characterization of its cDNA and chromosomal localization and partial analysis of the gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151743
A tyrosine-phosphorylated carboxy-terminal peptide of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (Flg) is a binding site for the SH2 domain of phospholipase C-gamma 1
The Ste20-like kinase Mst2 activates the human large tumor suppressor kinase Lats1
p-5Y-EGFRvIII mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGFRvIII mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimers of ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants:HSP90:CDC37
EGFRvIII mutant:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants:HSP90:CDC37
Resistant ligand-responsive EGFR mutants
p-EGFR mutants:p-Y349,350-SHC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-EGFR mutants:SHC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-EGFR mutants:p-Y472,771,783,1254-PLCG1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-EGFR mutants:PLCG1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants:p-Y371-CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants:CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HSP90:Benzoquinoid ansamycins (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive Ub-p-6Y-EGFR mutants:p-Y371-CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phospho-EGFRvIIImut:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Assembly and iron-binding properties of human frataxin, the protein deficient in Friedreich ataxia
Glucuronidation and the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in health and disease
Activated overexpressed FGFR1 homodimers
FGFR1b homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Resistant ligand-responsive EGFR mutants:Covalent EGFR TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimers of ligand-responsive EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimers of EGF:Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active dimers of ligand-responsive EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs
Sensitive ligand-responsive EGFR mutants:Non-covalent EGFR TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimers of EGF:Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimers of ligand-responsive EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylation of FANCD2 on two novel sites is required for mitomycin C resistance
CUX1-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TRIM24-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ZMYM2-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1OP2-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BCR-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated overexpressed FGFR1b homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated overexpressed FGFR1c homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Overexpressed FGFR1:TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pY177-BCR-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR1 fusion mutants:PLC-gamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CUX1-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1 fusion mutant dimers:TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR1 fusion mutants:p-PLCgamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimers:PIK3R1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Triggering and amplifying pathways of regulation of insulin secretion by glucose
ZMYM2-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TRIM24-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1OP2-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BCR-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
cDNA cloning of human R-type pyruvate kinase and identification of a single amino acid substitution (Thr384----Met) affecting enzymatic stability in a pyruvate kinase variant (PK Tokyo) associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91625.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164840
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32318.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126294.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175228
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78636.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1008228
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25634.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164851
Characterization of bovine endothelial nitric oxide synthase as a homodimer with down-regulated uncoupled NADPH oxidase activity: tetrahydrobiopterin binding kinetics and role of haem in dimerization
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175463
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102759.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150437
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100700.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150439
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=190019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164864
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11839.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164866
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79426.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77940.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164871
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144785.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164909
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110941.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164905
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153820.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=190071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164911
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_12248.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143324.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164875
IKKA:IKKB:NEMO (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ub-FANCD- and ub-FANCI-bound chromatin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Structural determinants of water permeation through aquaporin-1
mono-ubiquitinated FANCI (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mono-ubiquitinated FANCD2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active Pol II complex with repaired DNA template:mRNA hybrid (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Stalled Pol II in TC-NER (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Transcription-coupled (TC) repair complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175134
Active Pol II transcription complex with damaged DNA hybrid (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84489.9
Incision complex with 3'-incised damaged DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175135
incision complex for GG-NER (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164886
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89452.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164890
Activated IKK Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1:K6-poly-Ub oligo-TRAF6:Activated TAK1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in human lymphocytes. Simultaneous increase in activities of glutamine-utilizing carbamyl phosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamylase in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes and their enzyme co-purification
hp-IRAK1:K6 poly-Ub oligo-TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1:K6-polyUb TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TAK1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pUb-TRAF6:TAB1:TAB2/TAB3:free polyubiquitin chain : phospho-TAK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-IRAK2:K63-linked pUb oligo-TRAF6:free K63-linked pUb:p-TAK1complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-IRAK2:K63-linked pUb oligo-TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IkBs:NFkB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33936.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164898
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31061.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164897
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85146.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164891
NFkB Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DHX9:CpG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175129
p38 MAPK:MAPKAPK2/3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DHX9:CpG:MyD88 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-p38 MAPK : phospho MAPKAPK2 or phospho MaPKAPK3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-cJUN:p-2S,2T-cFOS (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-p38 MAPK: MAPKAPK2/3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-p38 MAPK:p-MAPKAPK2/3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
cholesterol:STAR (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HSD3B2 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
V-ATPase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V0 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V0E (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase
HSD3B1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Isoform-specific and exercise intensity-dependent activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle
ATP6V0A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V0D (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V0C hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants:HSP90:CDC37
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149546
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93200.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175438
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96905.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79935.9
EGF:Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants:HSP90:CDC37
Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimers of EGF:Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active dimers of ligand-responsive EGFR mutants
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutant dimers
Biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Purification and characterization of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase from human liver
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98631.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175446
Regulation of LIM-kinase 1 and cofilin in thrombin-stimulated platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147520
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147513
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164817
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151678
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164814
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78709.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30235.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175443
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164769
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140400.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164801
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14065.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194351
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13988.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194377
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14441.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130272.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164835
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132858.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164837
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104280.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164836
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83278.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151656
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149206
Axin-mediated CKI phosphorylation of beta-catenin at Ser 45: a molecular switch for the Wnt pathway
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128692.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164845
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3998.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149140
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4430.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149136
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136930.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151654
Structure-function analysis of LIV-1, the breast cancer-associated protein that belongs to a new subfamily of zinc transporters
The human Rhesus-associated RhAG protein and a kidney homologue promote ammonium transport in yeast
Activated NOTCH1 Transmits Signal to the Nucleus
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A lyase (HL). Cloning of human and chicken liver HL cDNAs and characterization of a mutation causing human HL deficiency.
Human dUTP pyrophosphatase: uracil recognition by a beta hairpin and active sites formed by three separate subunits
FGFR mutants:p-FRS2alpha:GRB2:SOS1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p21 RAS:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR mutants:p-FRS2alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR mutants:FRS2alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR4 mutant dimers with enhanced kinase activity:PD173074 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
activated FGFR4 V550E mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
activated FGFR4 N535K mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR4 V550E mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Allelic variation in GAD1 (GAD67) is associated with schizophrenia and influences cortical function and gene expression
FGFR4 N535K mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Spatial expression patterns and biochemical properties distinguish a second myo-inositol monophosphatase IMPA2 from IMPA1
Activated FGFR3 K650M mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 K650E mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 G382D mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 G380R mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3b G967C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 K650T mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 K650Q mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 K650N mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3c P250R mutant dimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
FGFR3 (4;14) translocation mutant dimers
phosphorylated FGFR3c P250R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 795fs*139STOP mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 t(4;14) translocation mutants
FGFR4 Y367C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 mutant dimers:TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR4 Y367C mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
FGFR3c P250R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3c P250R mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rev-erbalpha, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways
Characterization of the proteins released from activated platelets leads to localization of novel platelet proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions
Isolation and chromosomal localization of a novel FMS-like tyrosine kinase gene
The GPIb thrombin-binding site is essential for thrombin-induced platelet procoagulant activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151630
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104880.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133438.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155244.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175439
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142371.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77132.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164566
FGFR1 N546K mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151632
phosphorylated FGFR1 K656E mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR1 mutant dimers with enhanced kinase activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164567
Activated FGFR2 S267C mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2 ligand-independent mutants
Activated FGFR2c W290G mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR1 N546K mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c W290G mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2 S267P mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164568
Folic acid: nutritional biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151636
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133690.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151643
Activated FGFR2b mutants with enhanced ligand binding (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151642
FGFR2b P253R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2b mutant dimers with enhanced ligand-binding
FGFR2b mutant dimers with enhanced ligand-binding bound to FGFs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-->4-isomerase type I
FGFR2c mutant dimers with enhanced ligand-binding
FGFR2c mutant dimers with enhanced ligand-binding bound to FGFs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2b mutant-binding FGFs:FP-1039 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2b S252W mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2b P253R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2b mutant dimers with enhanced ligand binding
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164638
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160048.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128600.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164560
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156780.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164558
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153002.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164634
FGFR1 P252X mutant dimers bound to FGFs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149131
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99887.9
phosphorylated FGFR1 P252S mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR1 P252X mutant dimers
Activated FGFR1 P252X mutants (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1 P252S mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1 K656E mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1 mutant dimers with enhanced kinase activity
phosphorylated FGFR1c P252R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR1 P252T mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 S371C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 Y373C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 R248C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3b S249C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 G370C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated overexpressed FGFR2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Overexpressed FGFR2:TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Overexpressed FGFR2 homodimers:GP369 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
Characterization of the mechanisms controlling Greatwall activity
FGFR3 K650E mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3b G697C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 G380R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 G382D mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 Y373C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3 point mutant dimers with enhanced kinase activity
Activated FGFR3 G370C mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 S371C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3 R248C mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR3b S249C mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2c S252W mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2c P253R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2c A315S mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2 mutant dimers with enhanced kinase activity
FGFR2 K660N mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c S252W mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c P253R mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c A315S mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2c mutants with enhanced ligand-binding (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phosphorylated FGFR2c mutant dimers with enhanced ligand-binding
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151970
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158938.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154006
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30730.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154007
phosphorylated FGFR2b C3 variant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2b C3 variant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2 N549K mutant dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Activated FGFR2 N549H mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2 point mutant dimers:TKIs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2 K660N mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2 N549K mutant (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151967
Cloned mammalian neutral sphingomyelinase: functions in sphingolipid signaling?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141614
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134469.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165128
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146230.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151947
Specificity in cytokine signal transduction: lessons learned from the IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor family
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151969
Activated FGFR mutants bound to PLC-gamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR mutants bound to activated PLC gamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAH tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCBL1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
lactate dehydrogenase B4 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B3GAT1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B3GAT2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151917
Role of LAT2/NTAL/LAB on calcium mobilization
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151920
GRB2:SOS1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151911
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor E746_A750del mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151910
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor G719S Mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151913
Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151912
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor L747_P753delinsS mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151915
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor L858R T790M mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151914
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor E746_A750del T790M mutant
phospho-Phospho-EGFR E746_A750del;T790M mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164549
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants resistant to non-covalent TKIs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164554
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor L858R mutant
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132383.5
Ligand-responsive EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151909
Tumour-specific expression of CYP2W1: its potential as a drug target in cancer therapy
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151902
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor V30_R297delinsG mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151901
phospho-Phospho-EGFR L747_P753delinsS mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151899
phospho-Phospho-EGFR E746_A750del mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164547
The small GTP-binding protein Cdc42 is required for nerve growth factor withdrawal-induced neuronal death
Ligand-responsive p-6Y-EGFR mutants sensitive to non-covalent TKIs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151941
Transforming growth factor-beta induced protein IG-H3 precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151936
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128136.5
Transaldolase deficiency: liver cirrhosis associated with a new inborn error in the pentose phosphate pathway.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151925
Two new proteases in the MHC class I processing pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151924
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130341.5
The stem-loop binding protein is required for efficient translation of histone mRNA in vivo and in vitro
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164515
The dynamic phagosomal proteome and the contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum
Lipid-independent secretion of a Drosophila Wnt protein
Cbl: many adaptations to regulate protein tyrosine kinases
Cdc6 is regulated by E2F and is essential for DNA replication in mammalian cells.
TRBP, a regulator of cellular PKR and HIV-1 virus expression, interacts with Dicer and functions in RNA silencing
A double-hexamer archaeal minichromosome maintenance protein is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase.
The subcellular localization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2
Phosphorylation of serine 256 suppresses transactivation by FKHR (FOXO1) by multiple mechanisms. Direct and indirect effects on nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling and DNA binding
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)
The molecular mechanism of lead inhibition of human porphobilinogen synthase
Molecular identification and characterization of novel human and mouse concentrative Na+-nucleoside cotransporter proteins (hCNT3 and mCNT3) broadly selective for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides (system cib)
Determinants of growth hormone receptor down-regulation
The H syndrome is caused by mutations in the nucleoside transporter hENT3
Mechanistic implications of mutations to the active site lysine of porphobilinogen synthase
26S proteasomes and immunoproteasomes produce mainly N-extended versions of an antigenic peptide
Nuclear export of the stress-activated protein kinase p38 mediated by its substrate MAPKAP kinase-2
A quantitative model of human DNA base excision repair. I. Mechanistic insights
Endogenous retroviral sequence is fused to FGFR1 kinase in the 8p12 stem-cell myeloproliferative disorder with t(8;19)(p12;q13.3)
Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-glutathione conjugate
Substrate specificity combined with stereopromiscuity in glutathione transferase A4-4-dependent metabolism of 4-hydroxynonenal
Aflatoxin exo-8,9-oxide glutathione conjugate
The processivity of multiubiquitination by the APC determines the order of substrate degradation
A third MRX family (MRX68) is the result of mutation in the long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4) gene: proposal of a rapid enzymatic assay for screening mentally retarded patients
Cloning and characterization of murine 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases and their regulation by PPARalpha in murine heart
Receptor internalization-independent activation of Smad2 in activin signaling
Primary structure, functional expression, and chromosomal localization of the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter in human colon
a-ketoisocaproate, a-keto b-methylvalerate, a-ketoisovalerate
isovaleryl-CoA, a-methylbutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA
Expression of heparan sulphate L-iduronyl 2-O-sulphotransferase in human kidney 293 cells results in increased D-glucuronyl 2-O-sulphation
Glycogen debranching enzyme: purification, antibody characterization, and immunoblot analyses of type III glycogen storage disease.
Both p16 and p21 families of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors block the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by the CDK-activating kinase
Hematopoietic cytokine receptor signaling
Transcriptional control of megakaryocyte development
RNA Polymerase I, RNA Polymerase III, and Mitochondrial Transcription
Specific association of the beta isoform of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase with the proto-oncogene c-cbl
Small is beautiful: insulin-like growth factors and their role in growth, development, and cancer
Phosphate transporters: a tale of two solute carrier families
Two cofactors and cytoplasmic chaperonin are required for the folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin
Ligand-induced, receptor-mediated dimerization and activation of EGF receptor
The path to perdition is paved with protons
Isozymes of human phosphofructokinase: identification and subunit structural characterization of a new system
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
The nucleotide transporter MRP4 (ABCC4) is highly expressed in human platelets and present in dense granules, indicating a role in mediator storage
Slo3, a novel pH-sensitive K+ channel from mammalian spermatocytes
Activation of purified human protein kinase C alpha and beta I isoenzymes in vitro by Ca2+, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Activation of the tumour suppressor kinase LKB1 by the STE20-like pseudokinase STRAD
Transcriptional induction of the human asparagine synthetase gene during the unfolded protein response does not require the ATF6 and IRE1/XBP1 arms of the pathway
Indirect recruitment of the signalling adaptor Shc to the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)
Purification and partial characterization of cellular retinol-binding protein, type two, from human small intestine
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (Morquio A disease): clinical review and current treatment
Cellular functions of TC10, a Rho family GTPase: regulation of morphology, signal transduction and cell growth
Proximal tubular handling of phosphate: A molecular perspective
Forearm blood flow during body temperature transients produced by leg exercise.
The SLC31 (Ctr) copper transporter family
Identification and characterization of a sphingolipid delta 4-desaturase family
Activation of phospholipase C-gamma by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
Regulation of B-cell development by BCAP and CD19 through their binding to phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
1,2-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-methylthiopentene (1-)
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, a diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked enzyme
Expression of Human CTP synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals phosphorylation by protein kinase A
Ammonium homeostasis and human Rhesus glycoproteins
Regulation of commissural axon pathfinding by slit and its Robo receptors
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target genes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81492.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145457
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146719
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146714
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104222.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146721
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30113.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146733
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90111.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175167
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30635.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=74722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146727
Identification and characterization of a novel monoamine transporter in the human brain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145351
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5598.2
Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. Characterization of frataxin as an iron donor for assembly of [2Fe-2S] clusters in ISU-type proteins
The juxtamembrane region of the EGF receptor functions as an activation domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145369
Biosynthesis of diphosphopyridine nucleotide. II. Enzymatic aspects.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145365
Notch activity influences the alphabeta versus gammadelta T cell lineage decision
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156131
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97911.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175318
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32181.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175319
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87931.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175490
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107474.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175581
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83638.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84630.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110452
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6634.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6629.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78310.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6639.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146670
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96731.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146674
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83934.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80065.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175128
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84637.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175048
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6260.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110468
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6405.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110528
Chromosomal replication initiates and terminates at random sequences but at regular intervals in the ribosomal DNA of Xenopus early embryos.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79893.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156114
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108246.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175489
Expression analysis of RSK gene family members: the RSK2 gene, mutated in Coffin-Lowry syndrome, is prominently expressed in brain structures essential for cognitive function and learning
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140767.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107153.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160335
Mcm10 regulates the stability and chromatin association of DNA polymerase-alpha
Essential role for Gab2 in the allergic response
Characterization of cytokine differential induction of STAT complexes in primary human T and NK cells
Structure and function of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Molecular basis of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia
The human glutathione transferase alpha locus: genomic organization of the gene cluster and functional characterization of the genetic polymorphism in the hGSTA1 promoter
Assembly of the ORC complex at the origin of replication
G-strand Chromosome end with two additional single strand repeats - Telomeric
NNNNNNNNNNNTTAGGGTTATTAGGGTTATTAGGGTTA - 3' (in human)
Calmodulin and son of sevenless dependent signaling pathways regulate midline crossing of axons in the Drosophila CNS
Completion of mammalian lagging strand DNA replication using purified proteins.
A novel sodium bicarbonate cotransporter-like gene in an ancient duplicated region: SLC4A9 at 5q31
A molecular determinant for submillisecond desensitization in glutamate receptors
Promoter clearance by RNA polymerase II is an extended, multistep process strongly affected by sequence.
Learning the language of cell-cell communication through connexin channels
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy reveal the cytoplasmic origination of loaded nuclear RISC in vivo in human cells
Structural analysis of the interactions between paxillin LD motifs and alpha-parvin
PKC412 inhibits the zinc finger 198-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 fusion tyrosine kinase and is active in treatment of stem cell myeloproliferative disorder
Mitofusin 2 tethers endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153025
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98315.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152935
Feedback regulation of EGFR signalling: decision making by early and delayed loops
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152940
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152964
A synopsis of the unconjugated acidic transamination metabolites of phenylalanine in phenylketonuria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152959
Regulation of protein kinase C zeta by PI 3-kinase and PDK-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152958
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and deficiency
Active site remodelling accompanies thioester bond formation in the SUMO E1
Anion inhibition of CO2 hydration catalyzed by human carbonic anhydrase II. Mechanistic implications
An electric lobe suppressor for a yeast choline transport mutation belongs to a new family of transporter-like proteins
Anti-apoptotic signaling by the interleukin-2 receptor reveals a function for cytoplasmic tyrosine residues within the common gamma (gamma c) receptor subunit
The cytoplasmic domain of NrCAM binds to PDZ domains of synapse-associated proteins SAP90/PSD95 and SAP97
Enzymes and reactions at the eukaryotic DNA replication fork.
A direct role for GRASP65 as a mitotically regulated Golgi stacking factor
Differential regulation of interleukin 1 receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling by MEKK3
Transition of galactosyltransferase 1 from trans-Golgi cisterna to the trans-Golgi network is signal mediated
Expression of cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors in pancreatic beta-cells
Molecular physiology of cation-coupled Cl- cotransport: the SLC12 family
SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21
Coregulation of GATA factors by the Friend of GATA (FOG) family of multitype zinc finger proteins
The CoA esters of 2-methyl-branched chain fatty acids and of the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycoprostanic acids are oxidized by one single peroxisomal branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase in human liver and kidney
Kinesin's light chains inhibit the head- and microtubule-binding activity of its tail
2xPNPO:2xFMN (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
4x(PC:Mn2+) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
4x(Btn-PC:Mn2+) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
6xMCCC1:6xMCCC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
6x(Btn-MCCC1:MCCC2) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular cloning and characterization of the human cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger cDNA
Dependence receptors: when apoptosis controls tumor progression
In vivo analysis of growth hormone receptor signaling domains and their associated transcripts
NUDT9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NME4 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ITPA dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
3xPPCDC:3xFMN (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xPDXK:2xZn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RFK:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xPPCS (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GSTO2 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xTPK1:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine [ChEBI:37646]
Humans possess two mitochondrial ferredoxins, Fdx1 and Fdx2, with distinct roles in steroidogenesis, heme, and Fe/S cluster biosynthesis
CDA tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NT5C3 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DPYD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ChEBI:37643 (25S)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
CTPS tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CTPS2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1A:5B heterohexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ChEBI:37642 (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
3-ureidopropionase-Zn complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ChEBI:37640 (24S)-7alpha,24-dihydroxycholesterol
AGXT2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AK5 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
deoxythymidylate kinase (thymidylate kinase) holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Human choline acetyltransferase (CHAT): partial gene sequence and potential control regions
NT5C2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DUT trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DCTD hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UMPS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
dihydroorotate dehydrogenase holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UCK2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UCK1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UPP1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CAD hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Guanine deaminase homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
adenylosuccinate synthetase holoenzyme dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
adenylosuccinate synthetase holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPD1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPD3 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPD2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NP trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ADAL:Zn (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
5'-nucleotidase, ecto (CD73) holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
APRT homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
adenosine kinase holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPAT dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ETF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ETF (reduced) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
adenylosuccinate synthetase like 1 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
adenylosuccinate synthetase like 1 holoenzyme dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase 1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATIC dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
adenylosuccinate lyase tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAICS octamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPAT tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Expression and regulation of GPAT isoforms in cultured human keratinocytes and rodent epidermis
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E2 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Succinyl-CoA synthetase heterodimer (GDP-forming) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
fumarate hydratase tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Succinate dehydrogenase Iron Sulphur (subunit B) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein (subunit A) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Succinate dehydrogenase complex (reduced) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The C-terminal appended domain of human cytosolic leucyl-tRNA synthetase is indispensable in its interaction with arginyl-tRNA synthetase in the multi-tRNA synthetase complex
Succinyl-CoA synthetase heterodimer (ADP-forming) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein (subunit A), oxidised (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Succinate dehydrogenase complex (oxidised) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MPC1:MPC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Citrate Synthase Holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IDH3 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E3 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E3 holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
lactate dehydrogenase A2B2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
lactate dehydrogenase A4 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
lactate dehydrogenase A3B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
lactate dehydrogenase AB3 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GCH1 decamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-SPR dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DHFR dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GCH1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-PTPS hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eNOS:Caveolin-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eNOS:Caveolin-1:NOSTRIN:dynamin-2:N-WASP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOSTRIN homotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP-dependent recognition of eukaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex.
eNOS:NOSIP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eNOS:Caveolin-1:NOSTRIN:Dynamin-2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel muscle adenylosuccinate synthetase, AdSSL1, from human bone marrow stromal cells
IRAK1 recruits IKK complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
Human mitochondrial transcription factor A and promoter spacing integrity are required for transcription initiation
Mammalian PIG-X and yeast Pbn1p are the essential components of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mannosyltransferase I
A novel adenylyl cyclase sequence cloned from the human erythroleukemia cell line
In vitro processing of the human alkyl-dihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase precursor
Sequential control of Toll-like receptor-dependent responses by IRAK1 and IRAK2
Purification of an inositol (1,3,4,5)-tetrakisphosphate 3-phosphatase activity from rat liver and the evaluation of its substrate specificity
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 is a molecular determinant of the cardiac pacemaker current I(f)
Purification of phosphate-dependent glutaminase from isolated mitochondria of Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells
myristoylated eNOS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
APT1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S1177-eNOS:CaM:HSP90:p-AKT1:BH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active Calmodulin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eNOS:CaM:HSP90 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S1177-eNOS:CaM:HSP90:p-AKT1:BH4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S1177-eNOS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S1177-eNOS:CaM:HSP90:p-AKT1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Regulation of Ca2+ signaling in mast cells by tyrosine-phosphorylated and unphosphorylated non-T cell activation linker
Expression of human aspartyl-tRNA synthetase in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of the N-terminal putative amphiphilic helix
2xUROD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xCPO (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ALAS2 homodimer (pyridoxal phosphate cofactor) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
8x(ALAD:Zn2+) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
8xALAD:Pb2+:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HMBS:DIPY (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ETHE1:2Zn++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-SUOX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ALAS1 homodimer (pyridoxal phosphate cofactor) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The mucopolysaccharidoses: inborn errors of glycosaminoglycan catabolism
Human adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Affinity purification, subunit structure, amino acid composition, and peptide mapping.
ASL tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ARG1 trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The p46 subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4F exchanges with eIF-4A.
ARG2 trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DDC dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TH:Fe2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ARD:Fe++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
E1:Mg++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
APIP:Zn++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MTAP trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAO-FAD complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TMLHE dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PCBD1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
QDPR dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TAT dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TDO2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ALDH4A1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ASS1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCBL2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HGD hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HPD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Three-step model for condensin activation during mitotic chromosome condensation
FAH dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GSTZ1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mapping residues of SUMO precursors essential in differential maturation by SUMO-specific protease, SENP1
AHCY:NAD+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
4x(AHCY:NAD+) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAT III homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CNDP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GCL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CTH tetramer:PXLP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CBS tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SQR:FAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CSAD dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDO1:Fe2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DBH tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TPH:Fe++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Serum galactosyl hydroxylysine as a biochemical marker of bone resorption
Cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization of a gene frequently deleted in human liver cancer (DLC-1) homologous to rat RhoGAP
DEHAL1:FMN (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
D-amino-acid oxidase:FAD complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DAO dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HAO1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Human liver glucokinase gene: cloning and sequence determination of two alternatively spliced cDNAs
AGXT dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Hydroxyacid oxidase 1:Flavin mononucleotide complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAT I/III (Mg, K cofactors) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAT I homotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MOCOS:PXLP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GPT dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GPT2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
OAT hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GPHN:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
3xGPHN:3xMg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xMOCS2A:2xMOCS2B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xNFS1:2xPXLP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MOCS3-S-S(1-):Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xMOCS2-CO-S(1-):2xMOCS2B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MOCS3:Zn2+ (ox.) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
holo-MOCS1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MOCS3:Zn2+ (red.) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
4xSHMT1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xMTHFR (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Assembly of the PINCH-ILK-CH-ILKBP complex precedes and is essential for localization of each component to cell-matrix adhesion sites
2xMTHFD1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xNAPRT1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
4xNADK:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NADSYN1 homohexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
4xNMNAT3:4xMg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
6xNMNAT1:6xZn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Btn-ACACB:2Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HSD17B10 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HIBADH tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Identification of an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of DOCK180-related proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange activity
HDC dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AASS tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ALDH7A1 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AADAT dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GCDH tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IVD tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase E1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACADSB tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AUH hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in bovine photoreceptor rod outer segments
PHGHD tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PSAT1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BCAT2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PSPH:Mg++ dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BCAT1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Lysosomal degradation of Asn-linked glycoproteins
Destabilization of mRNA by Butyrate Response Factor 1 (BRF1)
ASNS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
P5CS short isoform, dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
P5CS long isoform, dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase dimers
GLUD1 hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Interconversion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate
The Mos/MAP kinase pathway stabilizes c-Fos by phosphorylation and augments its transforming activity in NIH 3T3 cells
The role of GRASP55 in Golgi fragmentation and entry of cells into mitosis
ACACA:2Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ACACB:2Mn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Induction of ceruloplasmin synthesis by IFN-gamma in human monocytic cells
IL-7 Dependence in human B lymphopoiesis increases during progression of ontogeny from cord blood to bone marrow
Mammalian exocyst complex is required for the docking step of insulin vesicle exocytosis
G(1) to S transition: more than a cell cycle engine switch.
Genetic basis of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase deficiency
The quality control of MHC class I peptide loading
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel mammalian sphingosine kinase type 2 isoform
N-glycan alterations are associated with drug resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Morquio A syndrome: cloning, sequence, and structure of the human N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase (GALNS) gene
Self-assembly of a high molecular weight basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan into dimers and oligomers
Toward the full set of human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: characterization of AspRS and TyrRS
Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE
Signal transduction by the neurotrophin receptors
FUNCTION Signaling protein, which regulates, with both positive and negative signals, the differentiation of at least central and peripheral nervous system and eye, wing disk, oogenesis, segmental appendages such as antennae and legs, and muscles, through lateral inhibition or induction. Functions as a receptor for membrane-bound ligands Delta and Serrate to regulate cell-fate determination. Upon ligand activation, and releasing from the cell membrane, the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) forms a transcriptional activator complex with Su(H) (Suppressor of hairless) and activates genes of the E(spl) complex. Essential for proper differentiation of ectoderm. Fringe (fng) acts in the Golgi to determine the type of O-linked fucose on the EGF modules in N, altering the ability of N to bind with Delta (Dl). O-fut1 also has a role in modulating the interaction. Rumi acts in the endoplasmic reticulum to glucosylate the EGF modules in N, this is required for correct folding and cleavage of N.SUBUNIT Homomer. Interacts with Su(H) when activated. Interacts with Dx via its ANK repeats. Interacts with Dl via the EGF repeats and the Dl EGF repeats. Interacts with Nedd4 and Su(dx). Interacts with O-fut1; the interaction glycosylates N and transports N to early endosomes.DOMAIN Crystal structure of the ANK repeat domain shows that there are 7 repeats and the stabilizing C-terminal repeat enhances the protein stability by extending the ankyrin domain.PTM Upon binding its ligands such as Delta or Serrate, it is cleaved (S2 cleavage) in its extracellular domain, close to the transmembrane domain. S2 cleavage is probably mediated by Kuz. It is then cleaved (S3 cleavage) downstream of its transmembrane domain, releasing it from the cell membrane. S3 cleavage requires Psn.PTM O-glycosylated. O-fucosylated by O-fut1 in the EGF repeat doamin which inhibits both Serrate/Ser- and Delta/Dl-binding.PTM Ubiquitinated by Nedd4; which promotes ligand-independent endocytosis and proteasomal degradation. May also be ubiquitinated by Su(dx).SIMILARITY Belongs to the NOTCH family.SIMILARITY Contains 7 ANK repeats.SIMILARITY Contains 36 EGF-like domains.SIMILARITY Contains 3 LNR (Lin/Notch) repeats.
Diversification of Neu differentiation factor and epidermal growth factor signaling by combinatorial receptor interactions
Regulation of deoxyadenosine and nucleoside analog phosphorylation by human placental adenosine kinase
Activation of the transcription factor MEF2C by the MAP kinase p38 in inflammation
Cdc25A stability is controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during cell cycle progression and terminal differentiation
Molecular cloning of a human cDNA encoding beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase with 37% identity to mammalian UDP-Gal:GlcNAc beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
Tuberous sclerosis complex gene products, Tuberin and Hamartin, control mTOR signaling by acting as a GTPase-activating protein complex toward Rheb
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate polyglutamate
FACL4, encoding fatty acid-CoA ligase 4, is mutated in nonspecific X-linked mental retardation
Novel interleukin-2 receptor subunit detected by cross-linking under high-affinity conditions
Glycogenin: the primer for mammalian and yeast glycogen synthesis
3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate [ChEBI:37393]
1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-sn-glycerol 3'-phosphate
3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphates
3(3-Phosphatidyl-)L-glycerol 1-phosphate
3(3-sn-Phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate
3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate
Advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) receptor 1 is a negative regulator of the inflammatory response to AGE in mesangial cells
Roles of aquaporin-3 water channels in volume-regulatory water flow in a human epithelial cell line
Characterization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4)/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 and MKK3/p38 pathways regulated by MEK kinases 2 and 3. MEK kinase 3 activates MKK3 but does not cause activation of p38 kinase in vivo.
Cell-cycle-regulated phosphorylation of DNA replication factor A from human and yeast cells.
Genistein downregulates SREBP-1 regulated gene expression by inhibiting site-1 protease expression in HepG2 cells
DNA replication initiates at multiple sites on plasmid DNA in Xenopus egg extracts.
Effects of S1 cleavage on the structure, surface export, and signaling activity of human Notch1 and Notch2
AKT phosphorylates targets in the nucleus
Activation of adenylyl cyclases, regulation of insulin status, and cell survival by G(alpha)olf in pancreatic beta-cells
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282:R870-80
Regulation of Water Balance by Renal Aquaporins
Connections with connexins: the molecular basis of direct intercellular signaling
Differential expression and regulation of toll-like receptors (TLR) in human leukocytes: selective expression of TLR3 in dendritic cells
p110delta, a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit that associates with p85 and is expressed predominantly in leukocytes
Angiogenesis is regulated by a novel mechanism: pro- and antiangiogenic proteins are organized into separate platelet alpha granules and differentially released
Structure of human phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase at 2.3 A resolution.
Replication and transcription of mammalian mitochondrial DNA
Identification of a novel glucose transporter-like protein-GLUT-12
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E733-8
ribose 1-phosphate, deoxyribose 1-phosphate
Sequencing and expression of a cDNA for human glutathione synthetase
adenosine, deoxyadenosine, guanosine, inosine
Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
The unfolded protein response is an important regulator of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells
Cloning and functional expression of a human kidney Na+:HCO3- cotransporter
Mutational analysis of a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type VII, and identification of pseudogenes
miRNAs on the move: miRNA biogenesis and the RNAi machinery
The Notch intracellular domain is ubiquitinated and negatively regulated by the mammalian Sel-10 homolog
Transcriptional regulation of HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase genes by human ACBP
Wingless secretion requires endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of Wntless/Evi/Sprinter by the retromer complex
Wingless secretion promotes and requires retromer-dependent cycling of Wntless
(deoxy)cytidine, thymidine, (deoxy)uridine
PICK1 interacts with ABP/GRIP to regulate AMPA receptor trafficking
The two NF-kappaB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity
Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA
Identification and characterization of PS-GAP as a novel regulator of caspase-activated PAK-2
Cytochromes P450 with bisallylic hydroxylation activity on arachidonic and linoleic acids studied with human recombinant enzymes and with human and rat liver microsomes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156866
Potential role of protein kinase B in insulin-induced glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, and protein synthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390404
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158087.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145987
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17592.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390419
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17976.2
Activation of the WAVE complex by coincident signals controls actin assembly
Ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L targets activated Smad2/3 to limit TGF-beta signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145980
Novel 5 alpha-steroid reductase (SRD5A3, type-3) is overexpressed in hormone-refractory prostate cancer
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31288.10
Cellular circadian pacemaking and the role of cytosolic rhythms
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156779
The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 negatively regulates the innate immune response to intracellular double-stranded DNA
Dynamic, site-specific interaction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156801
Somatic mutations in p85alpha promote tumorigenesis through class IA PI3K activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156811
Identification of shc as the primary protein binding to the tyrosine-phosphorylated beta 3 subunit of alpha IIbbeta 3 during outside-in integrin platelet signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156835
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156829
Architecture of the human origin recognition complex.
NRAGE, a p75 neurotrophin receptor-interacting protein, induces caspase activation and cell death through a JNK-dependent mitochondrial pathway
The structure of importin-beta bound to SREBP-2: nuclear import of a transcription factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156841
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+
Intracellular retention, degradation, and signaling of glycosylation-deficient FGFR2 and craniosynostosis syndrome-associated FGFR2C278F
Highly conserved mouse and human brain sulfotransferases: molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization
Proximal signaling events in Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell activation
J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119:544-52; quiz 553-4
Members of the human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-related gene family map to dispersed chromosomal locations.
Human aquaporin adipose (AQPap) gene. Genomic structure, promoter analysis and functional mutation
Uninterrupted MCM2-7 function required for DNA replication fork progression.
Src-family kinases in B-cell development and signaling
Phosphoglucomutase 1: a gene with two promoters and a duplicated first exon
Molecular cloning of a human cDNA encoding a trifunctional enzyme of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase in de Novo pyrimidine synthesis
Mutations in antiquitin in individuals with pyridoxine-dependent seizures
DSIF, a novel transcription elongation factor that regulates RNA polymerase II processivity, is composed of human Spt4 and Spt5 homologs.
The cytochrome P450 superfamily: biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans
Mutations in INPP5E, encoding inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E, link phosphatidyl inositol signaling to the ciliopathies
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156721
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33517.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390248
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17869.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115434.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156731
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18221.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29111.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156771
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18126.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390440
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18226.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17375.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175600
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110355.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113602
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5821.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390241
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17480.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156720
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99256.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151367
Identification of a human decapping complex associated with hUpf proteins in nonsense-mediated decay
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86369.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151383
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79289.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9889.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151381
Deficiency of 3-methylglutaconyl-coenzyme A hydratase in two siblings with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151406
Potassium channels: newly found players in synaptic plasticity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151416
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9593.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151365
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84241.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151429
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9758.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191403
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105718.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191362
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32030.10
Somatic mutations of the protein kinase gene family in human lung cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151423
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101376.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191324
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9725.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151421
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9855.2
Regulation of secretory transport by protein kinase D-mediated phosphorylation of the ceramide transfer protein
Aurora-A and an interacting activator, the LIM protein Ajuba, are required for mitotic commitment in human cells
The phosphorylation state of the FIGQY tyrosine of neurofascin determines ankyrin-binding activity and patterns of cell segregation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79191.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191374
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9666.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191293
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9741.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28230.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151388
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9551.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151395
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111022.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191296
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9694.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151400
Activin A mediates growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest through Smads in human breast cancer cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156454
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86533.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389545
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17299.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156451
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80103.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175078
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106443.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156436
Sef is a spatial regulator for Ras/MAP kinase signaling
Identification of the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase as beta-glucosidase 2
Characterization of two novel subunits of the alpha-class glutathione S-transferases of human liver
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and lipoprotein metabolism
Molecular cloning and transient expression in COS7 cells of a novel human PDE4B cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, HSPDE4B3
Deficiency of the ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthase activity is associated with encephalomyopathy and mitochondrial DNA depletion
The PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway and T cell activation: pleiotropic pathways downstream of PIP3
Vav1: a key signal transducer downstream of the TCR
Inhibition of Mcm4,6,7 helicase activity by phosphorylation with cyclin A/Cdk2.
Binding of MET-TRNAf and GTP to homogeneous initiation factor MP.
A novel beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta3Gn-T8), which synthesizes poly-N-acetyllactosamine, is dramatically upregulated in colon cancer
Management of cellular energy by the AMP-activated protein kinase system
Mammalian G proteins and their cell type specific functions
Functional diversity among Notch1, Notch2, and Notch3 receptors
Genetics of mammalian meiosis: regulation, dynamics and impact on fertility
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389536
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17799.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389537
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17938.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17953.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156447
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156446
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17312.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390409
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17713.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109489.9
The heteromeric cyclic nucleotide-gated channel adopts a 3A:1B stoichiometry
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175077
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109809.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168198
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150079.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168203
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168206
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149772.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168233
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149749.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168232
Cellular localization of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in the mouse and human retina
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168228
Nuclear translocation of plk1 mediated by its bipartite nuclear localization signal
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149106.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168173
Stimulation of the human CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase gene by early growth response protein 1
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154316
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148824.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154340
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149293.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172339
A specific transcription factor that can bind either the 5S RNA gene or 5S RNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172336
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149470.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149051.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168242
STIM1 converts TRPC1 from a receptor-operated to a store-operated channel: moving TRPC1 in and out of lipid rafts
Novel variants in human Aquaporin-4 reduce cellular water permeability
Characterization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 overexpression in the human breast cancer cell line SUM-52PE
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10783.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194681
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10169.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194688
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10528.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194704
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10787.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10513.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194668
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153599.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151684
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151686
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10958.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10253.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175423
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153614.3
Comparative analysis of the human and mouse Hey1 promoter: Hey genes are new Notch target genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168153
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90460.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168152
Kinesin-5 regulates the growth of the axon by acting as a brake on its microtubule array
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168147
Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase: purification and kinetic characterization of the beta 2 beta 2, beta 2 beta 1, alpha beta 2, and beta 2 gamma 1 "Oriental" isoenzymes.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168149
The synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate. Characterization of human inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase
Inborn errors of ketogenesis and ketone body utilization
Molecular cloning and expression of human hepatocyte growth factor
Transmembrane transport of endo- and xenobiotics by mammalian ATP-binding cassette multidrug resistance proteins
Coupling of tandem Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor (Smurf) WW domains modulates target specificity
ELOVL1 production of C24 acyl-CoAs is linked to C24 sphingolipid synthesis
Interaction of plexin-B1 with PDZ domain-containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors
Characterization of the human fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene and identification of a missense mutation abolishing enzymatic activity.
A novel class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase predominantly expressed in the liver and its enhanced expression during liver regeneration
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192136
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10471.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151551
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80359.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10931.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151549
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10393.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151464
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151468
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168189
The SIRP family of receptors and immune regulation
Human Cdc7-related kinase complex. In vitro phosphorylation of MCM by concerted actions of Cdks and Cdc7 and that of a critical threonine residue of Cdc7 by Cdks.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168219
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149890.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149154.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168221
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10339.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152758.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175837
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149681.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175838
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149442.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192114
The hDcp2 protein is a mammalian mRNA decapping enzyme
Cbl-directed monoubiquitination of CIN85 is involved in regulation of ligand-induced degradation of EGF receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168248
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149095.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168169
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148957.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168214
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149982.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168186
Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: from genes to function
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149691.4
Cloning and identification of a new member of water channel (AQP10) as an aquaglyceroporin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168217
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149715.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168216
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149847.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168218
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149514.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168249
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149022.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168138
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149710.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152696
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168236
Defining the TRiC/CCT interactome links chaperonin function to stabilization of newly made proteins with complex topologies
SNX3 controls Wingless/Wnt secretion through regulating retromer-dependent recycling of Wntless
Sensing of viral infection and activation of innate immunity by toll-like receptor 3
Mutation in the 4a-carbinolamine dehydratase gene leads to mild hyperphenylalaninemia with defective cofactor metabolism.
Structure-Function analysis of the CTLA-4 interaction with PP2A
Identification and partial purification of PAPS translocase
Expression and regulation by interferon of a double-stranded-RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells: evidence for two forms of the deaminase.
Evaluation by mutagenesis of the importance of 3 arginines in alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of human NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase
The interaction between the ER membrane protein UNC93B and TLR3, 7, and 9 is crucial for TLR signaling
The FGFR4 Y367C mutant is a dominant oncogene in MDA-MB453 breast cancer cells
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins
Mutation of the fumarase gene in two siblings with progressive encephalopathy and fumarase deficiency
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10857.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193388
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108955.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151624
Processive synthesis on the lagging strand
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152649.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10198.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193422
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159497.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151619
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10685.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28117.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192342
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10191.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10828.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159432
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10657.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10195.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159435
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33370.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151623
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10890.1
Crystal structure of the catalytic portion of human HMG-CoA reductase: insights into regulation of activity and catalysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192339
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10827.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151622
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84012.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95150.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151509
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113482.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191980
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10258.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10957.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151545
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115178.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151507
Hydroxylation of HIF-1: oxygen sensing at the molecular level
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193442
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10853.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193429
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10532.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97244.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151538
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10934.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192316
Casein kinase I{gamma}2 down-regulates trafficking of ceramide in the synthesis of sphingomyelin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192308
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10443.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192030
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10392.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151552
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112971.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112786.8
The hippo signaling pathway in development and cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193479
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9794.1
The third activity for lysyl hydroxylase 3: galactosylation of hydroxylysyl residues in collagens in vitro
The cellular response to neuregulins is governed by complex interactions of the erbB receptor family
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151593
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11011.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151597
Stimulation of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate phosphatase activity by unsaturated fatty acids in rat heart
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9642.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193416
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10759.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192473
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9858.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192464
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10276.1
Replication and transcription of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA
A full-length cDNA of hREV3 is predicted to encode DNA polymerase zeta for damage-induced mutagenesis in humans.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9554.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192421
Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding
Cardiomyopathy and exercise intolerance in muscle glycogen storage disease 0
ArfGAP1 dynamics and its role in COPI coat assembly on Golgi membranes of living cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150703
Stat recruitment by tyrosine-phosphorylated cytokine receptors: an ordered reversible affinity-driven process
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150704
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIdelta and protein kinase D overexpression reinforce the histone deacetylase 5 redistribution in heart failure
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150706
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human leukocytes. Purification and properties
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170704
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162907.2
Mechanism of selectivity in aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170521
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154204.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169787
Structural basis of toll-like receptor 3 signaling with double-stranded RNA
Replication of UV-damaged DNA: new insights into links between DNA polymerases, mutagenesis and human disease.
SIMILARITY Contains 1 N-terminal Ras-GEF domain.SIMILARITY Contains 1 PDZ (DHR) domain.SIMILARITY Contains 1 Ras-GEF domain.
Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter
TGF-? signalling is mediated by two autonomously functioning T?RI:T?RII pairs
Metabolic characteristics and importance of the universal methionine salvage pathway recycling methionine from 5'-methylthioadenosine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148257
The Menkes protein (ATP7A; MNK) cycles via the plasma membrane both in basal and elevated extracellular copper using a C-terminal di-leucine endocytic signal
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148278
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148280
The gene encoding hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) is mutated in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type II
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175292
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159339.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148249
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153906.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120403.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148255
Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal mapping of human chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase, whose expression pattern in human tissues is different from that of chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148253
Multiple defects and perinatal death in mice deficient in follistatin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147924
FUNCTION Transcription factor involved in the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Consistently activates both the downstream target Thor\d4EBP and the feedback control target InR. Involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle, modulating cell growth and proliferation. In response to cellular stresses, such as nutrient deprivation or increased levels of reactive oxygen species, foxo is activated and inhibits growth through the action of target genes such as Thor. Foxo activated in the adult fat body can regulate lifespan in adults; an insulin peptide itself may function as one secondary messenger of insulin-regulated aging. Also regulates Lip4, homolog of human acid lipases, thereby acting as a key modulator of lipid metabolism by insulin signaling and integrates insulin responses to glucose and lipid homeostasis.SUBUNIT Interacts with melt.DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE Mutant foxo lacking Akt1 phosphorylation sites no longer responds to insulin inhibition, remains in the nucleus, and is constitutively active, inducing cell arrest.SIMILARITY Contains 1 fork-head DNA-binding domain.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147945
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154273.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148285
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152998.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147927
Acceptor substrate binding revealed by crystal structure of human glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147997
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162544.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175294
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152583.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148252
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158105.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148250
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120586.6
Family-wide characterization of the DENN domain Rab GDP-GTP exchange factors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147989
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161858.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163157.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170696
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147991
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_161961.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147990
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162489.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170693
7-Methylguanosine 5'-phosphate [ChEBI:2275]
Cloning of the sulphamidase gene and identification of mutations in Sanfilippo A syndrome
Role of the cAMP sensor Epac as a determinant of KATP channel ATP sensitivity in human pancreatic beta-cells and rat INS-1 cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175283
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120634.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147985
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120524.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175859
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158749.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165512
Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis
dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate [ChEBI:15809]
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154038.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169795
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159306.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150707
(GlcN)1 (Ino(acyl)-P)1 (Man)4 (EtN)3 (P)3
Regulation of small GTPases at epithelial cell-cell junctions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165556
Fatty acid elongases in mammals: their regulation and roles in metabolism
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88389.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175436
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88701.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88643.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175444
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97815.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151671
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112078.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193842
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10427.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193843
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10938.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151667
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114688.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10201.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151670
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113545.8
Structure and regulation of MAPK phosphatases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193830
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113694.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193829
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10380.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10863.1
Defective T cell differentiation in the absence of Jnk1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193835
HOS, a human homolog of Slimb, forms an SCF complex with Skp1 and Cullin1 and targets the phosphorylation-dependent degradation of IkappaB and beta-catenin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151668
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10821.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77900.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175430
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96665.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192194
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10771.1
Direct activation of protein kinases by unanchored polyubiquitin chains
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151660
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85691.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10221.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86099.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151664
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10726.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193793
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13314.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151663
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112477.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151665
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114529.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=213285
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10192.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112136.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10574.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114182.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193760
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10353.1
Signaling mechanisms utilized by antigen receptors and integrins: common intermediates, different outcomes?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193707
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10715.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193724
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10645.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151666
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28467.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193745
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10249.1
The lipoxin receptor ALX: potent ligand-specific and stereoselective actions in vivo
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192189
Functionally defective high-density lipoprotein: a new therapeutic target at the crossroads of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and atherosclerosis
Phosphorylation of the CARMA1 linker controls NF-kappaB activation
Activation of p75NTR by proBDNF facilitates hippocampal long-term depression
A novel and evolutionarily conserved PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-binding domain is necessary for DOCK180 signalling
DNA double strand break repair, chromosome synapsis and transcriptional silencing in meiosis
The multiple actions of GLP-1 on the process of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
The asymmetry of chloride transport at 38 degrees C in human red blood cell membranes
Regulation of the insulin gene by glucose and fatty acids
Mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype analyses in Cowden disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, two hamartoma syndromes with germline PTEN mutation
Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters
Transcriptional regulation and the role of diverse coactivators in animal cells
Genetic disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.
Transformation and Stat activation by derivatives of FGFR1, FGFR3, and FGFR4
Peroxisomal straight-chain Acyl-CoA oxidase and D-bifunctional protein are essential for the retroconversion step in docosahexaenoic acid synthesis
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107301.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175427
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109115.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151611
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160065.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11015.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192060
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11002.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151542
Biosynthesis of the linkage region of glycosaminoglycans: cloning and activity of galactosyltransferase II, the sixth member of the beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase family (beta 3GalT6)
The family of glycogen phosphorylases: structure and function
The TMEM16 protein family: a new class of chloride channels?
Mitotic inhibition of GRASP65 organelle tethering involves Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) phosphorylation proximate to an internal PDZ ligand
Genetic basis of hemolytic anemia caused by pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency
Electron Transport from NADPH to Ferredoxin
Sororin, a substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex, is required for sister chromatid cohesion in vertebrates
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121989.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167911
Mind bomb is a ubiquitin ligase that is essential for efficient activation of Notch signaling by Delta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167738
Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways
Function and biogenesis of iron-sulphur proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167767
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142664.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123209.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123203.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175080
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137510.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500594
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138685.5
Prostaglandin and leukotriene omega-hydroxylases
Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 68:345-62
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167473
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125604.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524021
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125305.1
Perifosine, a novel alkylphospholipid, inhibits protein kinase B activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175823
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132690.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147661.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122495.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498751
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20211.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428686
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126844.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136660.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124200.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167488
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143563.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167487
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127990.5
Serine 228 is essential for catalytic activities of 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2
Constitutive activating mutation of the FGFR3b in oral squamous cell carcinomas
cDNA cloning and chromosome mapping of human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme associated with 5-fluorouracil toxicity and congenital thymine uraciluria
Biochemical purification of a mammalian slit protein as a positive regulator of sensory axon elongation and branching
Slit proteins bind Robo receptors and have an evolutionarily conserved role in repulsive axon guidance
ABCG5 and ABCG8 are obligate heterodimers for protein trafficking and biliary cholesterol excretion
In vivo uptake of chylomicron [3H]retinyl ester by rat liver: evidence for retinol transfer from parenchymal to nonparenchymal cells
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:7326-30
Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor
Glycogenin protein and mRNA expression in response to changing glycogen concentration in exercise and recovery
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:E1815-22
Formation of a rate-limiting intermediate in 5S RNA gene transcription
Nitric oxide, tetrahydrobiopterin, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension
Elongation factor Tu, a GTPase triggered by codon recognition on the ribosome: mechanism and GTP consumption
Two erbA homologs encoding proteins with different T3 binding capacities are transcribed from opposite DNA strands of the same genetic locus
cDNA cloning, expression and characterization of human prostaglandin F synthase
Targeting the oncogene and kinome chaperone CDC37
CD28/CTLA-4 and CD80/CD86 families: signaling and function
Simultaneous blockade of NFkappaB, JNK, and p38 MAPK by a kinase-inactive mutant of the protein kinase TAK1 sensitizes cells to apoptosis and affects a distinct spectrum of tumor necrosis factor [corrected] target genes
Arkadia activates Smad3/Smad4-dependent transcription by triggering signal-induced SnoN degradation
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167608
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2351.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106036.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175433
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147149.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167610
Leber congenital amaurosis: clinical correlations with genotypes, gene therapy trials update, and future directions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167496
A family of mammalian Fringe genes implicated in boundary determination and the Notch pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125018.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167503
SLBP independent Processing of Histone Pre-mRNAs
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19536.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426925
A mutation in the human ortholog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALG6 gene causes carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type-Ic
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139916.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167726
Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
Keratan sulfate: structure, biosynthesis, and function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167728
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135876.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524083
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124336.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500644
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123472.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167573
SUMOylation and deSUMOylation at a glance
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167553
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123902.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167559
Mechanisms of Cables 1 gene inactivation in human ovarian cancer development
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167806
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127693.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500581
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124951.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500595
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122641.1
Identification of novel phosphorylation sites required for activation of MAPKAP kinase-2
Protein kinase C theta is expressed in mast cells and is functionally involved in Fcepsilon receptor I signaling
The complete amino acid sequence of human skeletal-muscle fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-specific proteases: profiling the specificities and activities of human SENPs
Structural basis for inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor by cetuximab
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule DSCAM mediates homophilic intercellular adhesion
Mechanisms of monocyte recruitment in vascular repair after injury
SIRP-alpha-CD47 system functions as an intercellular signal in the renal glomerulus
MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome
Expression and characterization of recombinant human and rat liver 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase. Modified cysteine residues inhibit the enzyme activity
Perilipin A is essential for the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase during lipolytic activation
Role of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase in the degradation of p21Cip1 in S phase
Molecular basis of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
Mutations in the liver glycogen synthase gene in children with hypoglycemia due to glycogen storage disease type 0
A "slow" homotetrameric kinesin-related motor protein purified from Drosophila embryos
Interactions of active-site residues and catalytic activity of human carbonic anhydrase III
BRCA1 affects lipid synthesis through its interaction with acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167626
Characterization of AMP-activated protein kinase gamma-subunit isoforms and their role in AMP binding
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167635
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140108.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=217314
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14559.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167661
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139553.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167823
TRAF6 and MEKK1 play a pivotal role in the RIG-I-like helicase antiviral pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167777
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139066.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124825.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167669
The PI3K-PDK1 connection: more than just a road to PKB
Purification, cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of human phosphomannose isomerase
Binding of inositol phosphate to DNA-PK and stimulation of double-strand break repair.
Involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 isoform switching in mammary oncogenesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167687
Cloning of a human type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase reveals a novel lipid kinase family
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175822
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133114.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131052.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524023
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124601.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167906
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119366.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1467290
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121433.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=173594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498729
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158000.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122811.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170268
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144616.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167490
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143817.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119558.2
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel (Na+,K+)/H+ exchanger localized to the trans-Golgi network
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5807.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1602375
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121710.1
CHIR-258, a novel, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the potential treatment of t(4;14) multiple myeloma
Glucosylated and fucosylated neurogenic locus Notch protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167429
Glucosylated and fucosylated NOTCH1 receptor precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167461
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167462
Band 3 Memphis variant II. Altered stilbene disulfonate binding and the Diego (Dia) blood group antigen are associated with the human erythrocyte band 3 mutation Pro854-->Leu
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167537
GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167536
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134229.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167535
Lectin-deficient calreticulin retains full functionality as a chaperone for class I histocompatibility molecules
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123106.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1498738
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127936.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175826
Prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 activates oxygen-dependent protein aggregation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128620.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167817
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122049.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500661
Cloning, Golgi localization, and enzyme activity of the full-length heparin/heparan sulfate-glucuronic acid C5-epimerase
Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167815
Homologues of 12xFucT-11xGlcS-6xFucS-NOTCH4(24-1336)
Bartter's syndrome, hypokalaemic alkalosis with hypercalciuria, is caused by mutations in the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2
FRINGE glycosylated NOTCH receptor precursors
FRINGE-glycosylated NOTCH1 receptor precursor
Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase lunatic fringe
O-fucosylpeptide 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
Galactosylated FRINGE-modified pre-NOTCH
Galactosylated FRINGE-modified NOTCH1 receptor precursor
Sialylated FRINGE-modified NOTCH receptor precursor
Sialylated FRINGE-modified NOTCH1 receptor precursor
FRINGE-modified NOTCH1 Extracellular Fragment (NECD1)
Homologues of 12xFucT-8xGlcS-6xFucS-NOTCH4(24-1336)
The fourth immunoglobulin-like domain of NCAM contains a carbohydrate recognition domain for oligomannosidic glycans implicated in association with L1 and neurite outgrowth
Identification of the nuclear factor HMG2 as an activator for DFF nuclease activity
Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein 2
FGFR3 as a therapeutic target of the small molecule inhibitor PKC412 in hematopoietic malignancies
Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA
ChEBI:27403 3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
PIG-B, a membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum with a large lumenal domain, is involved in transferring the third mannose of the GPI anchor
An activin mutant with disrupted ALK4 binding blocks signaling via type II receptors
Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human spermine synthase
Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 16
Diseases associated with visual transduction
Functional dissection of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F: the 4A subunit and the central domain of the 4G subunit are sufficient to mediate internal entry of 43S preinitiation complexes.
Graded activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 by mutations causing achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157299.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170272
Role for NudC, a dynein-associated nuclear movement protein, in mitosis and cytokinesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170363
Interaction of the Ski oncoprotein with Smad3 regulates TGF-beta signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148033
Expression of the HsOrc1 gene, a human ORC1 homolog, is regulated by cell proliferation via the E2F transcription factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170378
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159914.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147998
Substrate binding is the rate-limiting step in thromboxane synthase catalysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170373
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159984.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170278
Identification of a 3'-->5'-exonuclease that removes cytosine arabinoside monophosphate from 3' termini of DNA
Heregulin-dependent delay in mitotic progression requires HER4 and BRCA1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170304
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154045.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170302
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152825.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2032242
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119926.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2032747
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119835.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2032746
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118725.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2032745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175867
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_160023.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170292
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170288
From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170345
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170346
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170343
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130434.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175829
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1524071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170297
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170339
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123890.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119296.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2032727
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120328.1
Functional requirements for the lysosomal thiol reductase GILT in MHC class II-restricted antigen processing
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167710
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126197.5
Synergy between Ca2+ and protein kinase C is the major factor in determining the level of secretion from human platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170393
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155850.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170387
Myotubularin phosphatases: policing 3-phosphoinositides
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148035
Mammalian cells express two VPS4 proteins both of which are involved in intracellular protein trafficking
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170390
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159215.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170389
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170379
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120456.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120528.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175869
Claspin, a regulator of Chk1 in DNA replication stress pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148245
Sequential autophosphorylation steps in the interleukin-1 Receptor-associated Kinase-1 Regulate its Availability as an Adapter in Interleukin-1 Signaling
Recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
Overview of retinoid metabolism and function
Structural basis for the specificity, catalysis, and regulation of human uridine-cytidine kinase
Activation of human liver glycogen phosphorylase by alteration of the secondary structure and packing of the catalytic core
Polyamines are oxidized to amines, aldehydes and H2O2 by PAOs
The C terminus of sprouty is important for modulation of cellular migration and proliferation
Identification of OCT6 as a novel organic cation transporter preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells and leukemias
Regulation of human cystathionine beta-synthase by S-adenosyl-L-methionine: evidence for two catalytically active conformations involving an autoinhibitory domain in the C-terminal region
Class B basic helix-loop-helix protein 33
Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-like protein
Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1
Hairy and enhancer of split-related protein 1
Class B basic helix-loop-helix protein 31
Cardiovascular helix-loop-helix factor 2
Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2
Hairy and enhancer of split-related protein 2
Class B basic helix-loop-helix protein 32
Cardiovascular helix-loop-helix factor 1
FRINGE-modified NOTCH2 Extracellular Fragment (NECD2)
A role for the P-body component GW182 in microRNA function
Regulation of Notch signalling by non-visual beta-arrestin
Asparagine-proline sequence within membrane-spanning segment of SREBP triggers intramembrane cleavage by site-2 protease
Concerted action of poly(A) nucleases and decapping enzyme in mammalian mRNA turnover
Localization of human Cdc25C is regulated both by nuclear export and 14-3-3 protein binding.
Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases are downstream targets of activated polypeptide growth factor receptors
Molecular genetics of 3beta-hydroxy-Delta5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase deficiency in 16 patients with loss of bile acid synthesis and liver disease
G(z) signaling: emerging divergence from G(i) signaling
p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases regulate the myogenic program at multiple steps
RGS-containing RhoGEFs: the missing link between transforming G proteins and Rho?
Abortive initiation by RNA polymerase II in vitro at the adenovirus 2 major late promoter.
Human serotonin 1D receptor is encoded by a subfamily of two distinct genes: 5-HT1D alpha and 5-HT1D beta
cDNA cloning of the human retinal rod Na-Ca + K exchanger: comparison with a revised bovine sequence
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206647
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124142.1
The appended C-domain of human methionyl-tRNA synthetase has a tRNA-sequestering function
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123977.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=205885
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124737.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206245
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121532.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122242.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=207038
Mechanisms of inhibition of insulin release
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125144.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206545
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119365.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125276.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206280
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123447.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206204
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123161.1
Structural basis for phosphodependent substrate selection and orientation by the SCFCdc4 ubiquitin ligase
Functional identification of a vesicular acetylcholine transporter and its expression from a "cholinergic" gene locus
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121606.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124797.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221563
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125640.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221564
ABCG4: a novel human white family ABC-transporter expressed in the brain and eye
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122630.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221560
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122163.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221566
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221559
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125047.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121508.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221561
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121826.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124467.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221562
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125155.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221569
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152973.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170691
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159795.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1221567
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124218.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170690
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148039
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156380.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170688
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157854.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147917
Cloning, expression, and characterization of a human 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase with broad substrate specificity
Fyn associates with Cbl and phosphorylates tyrosine 731 in Cbl, a binding site for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113521
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2525.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113548
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7747.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159450
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3290.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5781.2
Why do cells need an assembly machine for RNA-protein complexes?
Tyrosine phosphorylation of Sprouty2 enhances its interaction with c-Cbl and is crucial for its function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160429
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139947.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174988
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3508.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94689.9
Regulation of intracellular localization and transcriptional activity of FOXO4 by protein kinase B through phosphorylation at the motif sites conserved among the FOXO family
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124313.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206587
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124031.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209226
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120866.1
S-adenosylmethionine: nothing goes to waste
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206148
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122253.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=206062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148041
Biochemical properties of human pantothenate kinase 2 isoforms and mutations linked to pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147923
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2728.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143148
Phosphorylation and inactivation of the mitotic inhibitor Wee1 by the nim1/cdr1 kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143145
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85089.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147933
Kinetic mechanism of AKT/PKB enzyme family
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147941
Normal T-cell development and immune functions in TRIM-deficient mice
Cross-presentation: avoiding trafficking chaos?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147860
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158748.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148048
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3708.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147942
Occurrence of surface IgM, IgD, and free light chains of human lymphocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147861
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7651.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=177092
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7239.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=177090
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_861.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170308
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156478.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120176.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071841
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154655.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119341.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071845
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120058.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071837
Characterization of rhoGAP. A GTPase-activating protein for rho-related small GTPases.
S-adenosylmethionine synthesis: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170708
Metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid in humans
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 75:161-8
Structural basis for signal transduction by the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154123
Identification of galectin-3 as a high-affinity binding protein for advanced glycation end products (AGE): a new member of the AGE-receptor complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154122
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112875.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352036
Function of eukaryotic initiation factor 5 in the formation of an 80 S ribosomal polypeptide chain initiation complex.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14522.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14416.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351980
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14453.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=74126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4653.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29404
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4309.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19844.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427997
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19595.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=70106
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20379.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3923.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4941.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20291.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13894.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=74113
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4155.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351626
DAI/ZBP1 recruits RIP1 and RIP3 through RIP homotypic interaction motifs to activate NF-kappaB
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428027
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20284.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427953
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20042.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13119.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=210382
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2842.2
Role of glutamine 148 of human 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in catalytic oxidation of prostaglandin E2
XTRPC1-dependent chemotropic guidance of neuronal growth cones
Mutations in the glucose-6-phosphatase-alpha (G6PC) gene that cause type Ia glycogen storage disease
MicroRNA-206 targets notch3, activates apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell migration and focus formation
Altered aquaporin 9 expression and localization in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939203
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24649.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939214
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24747.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939213
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24504.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939230
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24537.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071849
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120027.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071847
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118672.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119826.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071846
Myotubularin regulates the function of the late endosome through the gram domain-phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate interaction
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24666.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939184
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24153.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939239
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24496.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939191
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24675.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24411.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939165
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24885.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113595
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24312.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939164
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24844.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939192
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24880.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939258
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24765.2
Skp2-mediated degradation of p27 regulates progression into mitosis
Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a human brain-specific Na(+)-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter
MCD4 encodes a conserved endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein essential for glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis in yeast
Cooperation of translocase complexes in mitochondrial protein import
The cytoplasmic 'linker region' in Toll-like receptor 3 controls receptor localization and signaling
Molecular cloning, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of a novel human gene (GTF3A) that is highly homologous to Xenopus transcription factor IIIA
The novel Notch homologue mouse Notch 3 lacks specific epidermal growth factor-repeats and is expressed in proliferating neuroepithelium
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170710
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158775.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170399
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158463.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175282
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120582.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154257
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113183.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173047
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3316.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071859
Diverse cell signaling events modulated by perlecan
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119803.1
Four Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms are distributed to Golgi and post-Golgi compartments and are involved in organelle pH regulation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071857
Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170709
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145265.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119996.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071858
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118854.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2076704
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118976.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170312
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144629.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170310
Enzymatic characterization of the pancreatic islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase-related protein (IGRP)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2076706
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118731.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170513
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170516
Signal transduction induced by opioids in immune cells: a review
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172996
Silencing of TGF-beta signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173000
Profound ligand-independent kinase activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 by the activation loop mutation responsible for a lethal skeletal dysplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia type II
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IB
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IA
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6
YAP1- and WWTR1 (TAZ)-stimulated gene expression
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) -1-mediated NF-kappaB activation requires cytosolic and nuclear activity
Hepatitis C virus induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary human hepatocytes
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II
Nephrin--a unique structural and signaling protein of the kidney filter
RED2, a brain-specific member of the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase family.
Direct proteasome-independent cross-presentation of viral antigen by plasmacytoid dendritic cells on major histocompatibility complex class I
Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier family
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase OCRL-1
Human claspin is a ring-shaped DNA-binding protein with high affinity to branched DNA structures
Mutation of BSND causes Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness and kidney failure
ChEBI:16618 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
Mitochondrial PPA2 (pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to yield two molecules of orthophosphate. The enzyme requires Mg++ for activity (Curbo et al. 2006). The enzyme is inferred to be a homodimer by analogy to its cytosolic isoform.
Many biosynthetic reactions are coupled to the cleavage of ATP to yield AMP and pyrophosphate. These reactions are typically freely reversible when carried out with purified substrates and enzymes in vitro. In vivo, however, the pyrophosphate is rapdily and essentially irreversibly hydrolyzed by a ubiquitous inorganic pyrophosphatase. This hydrolysis has the effect of pulling the first reaction strongly in the direction of biosynthesis, at the expense of two high-energy phosphate bonds. Studies of human cells have identified two forms of the enzyme, one localized to the cytosol and the other to the mitochondrial matrix (Raja et al. 1981).
There are two classes of glutamate transporters; the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) which depend on an electrochemical gradient of Na+ ions and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) which don't. Together, these transporters uptake and release glutamate to mediate this neurotransmitter's excitatory signal and are part of the glutamate-gluatamine cycle. The SLC1 gene family includes five high-affinity glutamate transporters encoded by SLC1, 2, 3, 6 and 7. These transporters can mediate transport of L-Glutamate, L-Aspartate and D-Aspartate with cotransport of 3 Na+ ions and H+ and antiport of a K+ ion. This mechanism allows glutamate into cells against a concentration gradient. This is a crucial factor in the protection of neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity in the CNS. SLC1A1 encodes an excitatory amino-acid carrier 1 (EAAC1, also called EAAT3) (Shashidharan P et al, 1994; Arriza JL et al, 1994) and is abundant particularly in brain but also in liver, muscle, ovary, testis and in retinoblastoma cell lines. In the kidney, EAAC1 is present at apical membranes of proximal tubes. Defects in SLC1A1 may be a cause of dicarboxylicamino aciduria (glutamate-aspartate transport defect in the kidney and intestine). SLC1A2 encodes the glial-type high affinity glutamate transporter (GLT1, EAAT2) (Arriza JL et al, 1994). GLT1 is expressed mainly in the brain and is essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. SLC1A3 encodes a sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 1 (GLAST1, EAAT1). It is particularly abundant in the cerebellum and, like GLT1, plays a role in terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate (Arriza JL et al, 1994). Defects in SLC1A3 are the cause of episodic ataxia type 6 (EA6), characterized by episodic ataxia, seizures, migraine and alternating hemiplegia (Jen JC et al, 2005). SLC1A6 encodes an excitatory amino-acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) (Fairman WA et al, 1995) and is predominantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. SLC1A7 encodes an excitatory amino acid transporter 5 (EAAT5, retinal glutamate transporter) (Arriza JL et al, 1997) which is highly expressed in the retina.
The prototypical transporters of the SLC15 gene family are PEPT1 and PEPT2, which mediate the uptake of every possible di- and tri-peptide. PEPT1 (PTR1) is expressed mainly in the intestine (Liang R et al, 1995; Saito H et al, 1997) while PEPT2 (PTR2) is expressed in the kidney (Liu W et al, 1995).
The human SLC15 gene family encode four proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters; PEPT1 (SLC15A1), PEPT2 (SLC15A2), PHT2 (SLC15A3) and PHT1 (SLC15A4). These cotransporters are part of the Proton-coupled Oligopeptide Transporter (POT) superfamily (also called Peptide Transporter (PTR) family) (Daniel H and Kottra G, 2004).
There are two classes of glutamate transporters; the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) which depend on an electrochemical gradient of Na+ ions and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) which don't. Together, these transporters uptake and release glutamate to mediate this neurotransmitter's excitatory signal and are part of the glutamate-gluatamine cycle. Three members of the SLC17A gene family (7, 6 and 8) encode VGLUTs 1-3 respectively (Ni B et al, 1996; Takamori S et al, 2001; Takamori S et al, 2002 respectively). VGLUT1 (brain-specific Na+-dependent phopshate transporter, BNPI) and VGLUT2 (differentiation-associated Na+-dependent phosphate transporter, DNPI) were identified first and originally characterized as phosphate transporters. However, they are localized to synaptic vesicles, not the plasma membrane (like EAATs) and transport the organic anion glutamate into synaptic vesicles. This uptake is thought to be coupled to the proton electrochemical gradient generated by a vacuolar type H+-ATPase. They are all expressed in the CNS in neuron-rich areas but VGLUT3 is also expressed on astrocytes and in liver and kidney.
Sulfate leaves the mitochondrion with the help of the dicarboxylate carrier, via antiport with malate (Crompton et al. 1974, Fiemont et al. 1999)
Molecular mechanisms of the decision between life and death: regulation of apoptosis by apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
SLC25A10, the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the reversible exchange of mitochondrial malate for cytosolic phosphate (Fiermonte et al. 1999).
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_162244.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170692
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154259
Cytosolic PPA1 (pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to yield two molecules of orthophosphate. The enzyme, a homodimer, requires Mg++ for activity (Fisher et al. 1974; Pynes and Younathan 1967; Thuiller et al. 1978).
A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis
Glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 transport dehydroascorbic acid
Cloning, tissue distribution, and intrarenal localization of ClC chloride channels in human kidney
(R,R)-3,3'-thiobis-(2-aminopropanoic acid)
(R,R)-2,6-diamino-4-thiaheptanedioic acid
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human 5-HT1B serotonin receptor: a homologue of the rat 5-HT1B receptor with 5-HT1D-like pharmacological specificity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151974
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92645.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151710
Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151704
Neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule interacts with neurons and astroglia via different binding mechanisms
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151696
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151697
Cloning and functional characterization of the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters hSVCT1 and hSVCT2
The Cdc23 (Mcm10) protein is required for the phosphorylation of minichromosome maintenance complex by the Dfp1-Hsk1 kinase
Syndecans in wound healing, inflammation and vascular biology
Structure of human adenosine kinase at 1.5 A resolution.
The vitelliform macular dystrophy protein defines a new family of chloride channels
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:4008-13
Identification of the substrate binding region of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) using iodoaminoflisopolol as a novel photoprobe
Hormone-sensitive lipase: control of intracellular tri-(di-)acylglycerol and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152003
Biological consequences of overexpressing or eliminating N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-TIII in the mouse
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151999
Atomic structure of GTP cyclohydrolase I
Identification of the cis-acting endoplasmic reticulum stress response element responsible for transcriptional induction of mammalian glucose-regulated proteins. Involvement of basic leucine zipper transcription factors
Translesion synthesis by DNA polymerases bypassing lesion on DNA template
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152094
Human Mcm proteins at a replication origin during the G1 to S phase transition.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152110
Generation of second messenger molecules
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152011
Mice with a homozygous deletion of the Mgat2 gene encoding UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-6-D-mannoside beta1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II: a model for congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIa
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152028
Physical association between the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase: a fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152047
Which DNA polymerases are used for DNA-repair in eukaryotes?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152057
Human TRBP and PACT directly interact with each other and associate with dicer to facilitate the production of small interfering RNA
Deficient T cell fate specification in mice with an induced inactivation of Notch1
Cellular glutathione peroxidase as a predominant scavenger of hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids in rabbit alveolar macrophages
Human Na+-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (hSVCT1): primary structure, functional characteristics and evidence for a non-functional splice variant
Activation of APC/C and APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins
Two distinct pathways remove mammalian cohesin from chromosome arms in prophase and from centromeres in anaphase
Functional complexes between YAP2 and ZO-2 are PDZ domain-dependent, and regulate YAP2 nuclear localization and signalling
CD28-mediated co-stimulation: a quantitative support for TCR signalling
Novel D761Y and common secondary T790M mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant lung adenocarcinomas with acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors
Editing of glutamate receptor B subunit ion channel RNAs by four alternatively spliced DRADA2 double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminases.
WAVE, a novel WASP-family protein involved in actin reorganization induced by Rac
A mutation in the Glut2 glucose transporter gene of a diabetic patient abolishes transport activity
Modification of epidermal growth factor-like repeats with O-fucose. Molecular cloning and expression of a novel GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase
Mapping of the alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8, to human chromosome 14q24.3
The t(8;22) in chronic myeloid leukemia fuses BCR to FGFR1: transforming activity and specific inhibition of FGFR1 fusion proteins
SRP keeps polypeptides translocation-competent by slowing translation to match limiting ER-targeting sites
Targeting exocytosis: ins and outs of the modulation of quantal dopamine release
Regulation of calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE1): review
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152140
Cori Cycle (interconversion of glucose and lactate)
Notch 1 activation in the molecular pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Molecular cloning and characterization of UDP-GlcNAc:lactosylceramide beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta 3Gn-T5), an essential enzyme for the expression of HNK-1 and Lewis X epitopes on glycolipids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152117
Half-site reactivity in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152128
Cellular uptake of sepiapterin and push-pull accumulation of tetrahydrobiopterin
Mechanisms of glycerophospholipid homeostasis in mammalian cells
Expression of CD83 is regulated by HuR via a novel cis-active coding region RNA element
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151727
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151728
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151724
The mode of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor oligomerization determines different BMP-2 signaling pathways
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151734
Characterization of p87PIKAP, a novel regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma that is highly expressed in heart and interacts with PDE3B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152194
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90207.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152189
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152191
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30412.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151719
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151720
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151717
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151714
Essential and mutually compensatory roles of {alpha}-mannosidase II and {alpha}-mannosidase IIx in N-glycan processing in vivo in mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167314
A WW domain protein TAZ is a critical coactivator for TBX5, a transcription factor implicated in Holt-Oram syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167292
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150019.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167322
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175815
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148913.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175422
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85685.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175291
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154437.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148843.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167321
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148069.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167319
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149078.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148928.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2255331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174468
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174446
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174488
Purification, sequencing, and molecular identification of a mammalian PP-InsP5 kinase that is activated when cells are exposed to hyperosmotic stress
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167825.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175928
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167767.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174469
Close encounters: regulation of vertebrate skeletal myogenesis by cell-cell contact
Openers of SKCa and IKCa channels enhance agonist-evoked endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and arteriolar vasodilation
Regulation of apoptosis: the ubiquitous way
Association of Fyn and Lyn with the proline-rich domain of glycoprotein VI regulates intracellular signaling
Active site residues of cyclophilin A are crucial for its signaling activity via CD147
Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of APC/C required for the onset of anaphase by mitotic spindle checkpoint components
Crystal structure of human homogentisate dioxygenase.
Distinct roles of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and STAT5 pathways in IL-7-mediated development of human thymocyte precursors
Specificity of the myotubularin family of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatase is determined by the PH/GRAM domain
Characterization of human liver thermostable phenol sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) allozymes with 3,3',5-triiodothyronine as the substrate
Structural basis for protein-protein interactions in the 14-3-3 protein family
Ancillary subunits associated with voltage-dependent K+ channels
Molecular background of leak K+ currents: two-pore domain potassium channels
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107777.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153192
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103736.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175449
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82220.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153203
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148877
N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate [ChEBI:7125]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148871
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106186.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148881
Lipid packing sensed by ArfGAP1 couples COPI coat disassembly to membrane bilayer curvature
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5133.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=38117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110435
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6492.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110434
The 3-D structure of microsomal glutathione transferase 1 at 6 A resolution as determined by electron crystallography of p22(1)2(1) crystals
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6477.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6284.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110446
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6672.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148841
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6223.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148861
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85436.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110429
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6499.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175125
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78477.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153222
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77960.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153227
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6670.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110442
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6249.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153513
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79148.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175043
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96843.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164696
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6329.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164707
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6401.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164698
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6366.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110431
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6485.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110433
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6627.1
Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cytokine production by muramyl dipeptide
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110420
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6423.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110421
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6575.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110422
Isolation and characterization of fibronectin-binding proteoglycan carrying both heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains from human placenta
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6376.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110427
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6425.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153282
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153277
The visual cycle of the cone photoreceptors of the retina
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110437
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6290.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6614.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110423
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6587.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110440
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6189.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110426
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6476.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153417
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93557.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153287
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6470.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164704
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6424.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164725
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6483.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164726
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6468.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6387.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164721
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6442.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164735
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6692.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164712
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6448.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164729
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6449.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6597.2
Functions of replication factor C and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen: functional similarity of DNA polymerase accessory proteins from human cells and bacteriophage T4.
Differences between the interaction of beta-catenin with non-phosphorylated and single-mimicked phosphorylated 20-amino acid residue repeats of the APC protein
Differential processing of human and rat E1 alpha precursors of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex caused by an N-terminal proline in the rat sequence
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139797.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163446
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152612.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163451
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917716
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27417.2
The Rad50 zinc-hook is a structure joining Mre11 complexes in DNA recombination and repair.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163366
Excision of an intact intron as a novel lariat structure during pre-mRNA splicing in vitro.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163368
Rip1 mediates the Trif-dependent toll-like receptor 3- and 4-induced NF-{kappa}B activation but does not contribute to interferon regulatory factor 3 activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163364
Characterization of human RhCG and mouse Rhcg as novel nonerythroid Rh glycoprotein homologues predominantly expressed in kidney and testis
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine
Identification of a novel gene, FGFR1OP2, fused to FGFR1 in 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163425
Nodal signaling: developmental roles and regulation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163387
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163389
Q/R site editing controls kainate receptor inhibition by membrane fatty acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163357
Characterisation of Cdc25B localisation and nuclear export during the cell cycle and in response to stress
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163378
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142954.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163355
Metal transporters in intestine and brain: their involvement in metal-associated neurotoxicities
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163346
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1996291
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119681.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175741
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136560.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163406
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146111.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163404
Subunit stoichiometry of the CNG channel of rod photoreceptors.
Rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channels have a stoichiometry of three CNGA1 subunits and one CNGB1 subunit.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=917725
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27521.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163390
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87280.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172712
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140647.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150463
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79322.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175491
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89855.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172713
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139193.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150467
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141388.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149401
PTEN loss in the continuum of common cancers, rare syndromes and mouse models
The control of male fertility by spermatozoan ion channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150471
Identification of the receptor component of the IkappaBalpha-ubiquitin ligase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150468
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153304
The role of calmodulin recruitment in Ca2+ stimulation of adenylyl cyclase type 8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90137.9
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153292
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153288
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172888
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145958.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172884
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145342.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153016
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84812.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175321
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95425.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172891
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139003.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143435.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172897
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144952.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172893
Membrane-bound enzymes of cholesterol synthesis from lanosterol
Cholesterol, hydroxycholesterols, and bile acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153021
Functional properties of four splice variants of a human pancreatic tandem-pore K+ channel, TALK-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153023
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83248.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152953
Dimerization of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 via the helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper domain is a prerequisite for its nuclear localization mediated by importin beta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175357
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138555.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175348
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146965.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150474
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141603.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172762
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130939.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149746
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128888.5
cAMP sensor Epac as a determinant of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity in human pancreatic beta cells and rat INS-1 cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149748
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94789.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172764
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135707.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172883
Lysosomes in iron metabolism, ageing and apoptosis
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147384.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148965
CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148957
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112545.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170254
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6624.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110511
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96190.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175322
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110750.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148977
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78450.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175323
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6571.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140522.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175349
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82948.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1463452
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_119248.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148915
Human cataract lens membrane at subnanometer resolution
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110518
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6227.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110517
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6647.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110512
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6539.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175320
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30972.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170255
Antigen processing and presentation by the class I major histocompatibility complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170256
Oncogenic forms of NOTCH1 lacking either the primary binding site for RBP-Jkappa or nuclear localization sequences retain the ability to associate with RBP-Jkappa and activate transcription
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170258
Mapping iron binding sites on human frataxin: implications for cluster assembly on the ISU Fe-S cluster scaffold protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148885
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103291.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148887
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89434.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110414
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6523.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166954
The proline-rich region of Vav binds to Grb2 and Grb3-3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165123
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6546.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166963
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6560.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166961
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6656.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148890
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6224.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173065
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149670.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1996292
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148493.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148901
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90458.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148910
Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding human P5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148904
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6564.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110505
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6367.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148921
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6236.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110506
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6693.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110497
Prefoldin mediated transfer of substrate to CCT/TriC
Ghost homologue of Galactosyl-hydroxylysyl collagen propeptides
Trans-synaptic transmission of vesicular Wnt signals through Evi/Wntless
Ghost homologue of Lysyl hydroxylated collagen propeptides
Ghost homologue of Lysyl hydroxylase procollagen substrates
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163632
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129717.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142849.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163630
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135847.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163594
Ghost homologue of Golgi-associated Vesicle Cargo
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131898.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166029
F-actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166011
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166027
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133441.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110147.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166005
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129030.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175797
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87950.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175470
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130748.5
An insight into the mechanism of human cysteine dioxygenase. Key roles of the thioether-bonded tyrosine-cysteine cofactor
The microsomal cardiolipin remodeling enzyme acyl-CoA lysocardiolipin acyltransferase is an acyltransferase of multiple anionic lysophospholipids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165985
Ghost homologue of Glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysyl collagen propeptides
The regulation of AP-1 activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases
Platelet releasate (inferred) cytosolic proteins
Core glycosylation of collagen is initiated by two beta(1-O)galactosyltransferases
PTEN Phosphatase Domain Missense Mutants
NOTCH1 HD domain mutant fragments/Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD domain mutant fragments
NOTCH1 HD domain mutants/Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD domain mutants
NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments/Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutant Fragments
NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants/Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
Phosphodiesterases, cyclic GMP-selective
Novel molecular defects of the delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase gene in a patient with inherited acute hepatic porphyria
Specific phosphorylation and activation of ERK1c by MEK1b: a unique route in the ERK cascade
Ghost homologue of Golgi-associated Vesicle Destined Cargo
Coatomer:Arf1-GDP:GAP Lattice (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Coatomer:ARFGAP1 lattice (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Coatomer:GAP Lattice (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid
Coatomer:Arf1-GTP:GAP Lattice (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
microtubule (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Site-specific Lys-63-linked tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 auto-ubiquitination is a critical determinant of I kappa B kinase activation
Kinetic analysis of Smad nucleocytoplasmic shuttling reveals a mechanism for transforming growth factor beta-dependent nuclear accumulation of Smads
C-terminal EH domain containing proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164719
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6412.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6530.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6622.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164705
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164708
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6363.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164703
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6479.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164710
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126489.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165961
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84313.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143287.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175145
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_6457.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164716
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131299.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175746
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144191.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175747
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131529.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165964
Multiple phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent steps in activation of protein kinase B
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139068.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166015
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133375.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163628
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125743.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163613
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137998.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163625
The isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding phospholipid-specific inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase
Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142826
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3473.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142844
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142842
Characterization and tRNA recognition of mammalian mitochondrial seryl-tRNA synthetase
Truncated activin type I receptor Alk4 isoforms are dominant negative receptors inhibiting activin signaling
GABAA receptors: properties and trafficking
Cloning and characterization of a 72-kDa inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase localized to the Golgi network
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143174
Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143173
The narrow substrate specificity of human tyrosine aminotransferase--the enzyme deficient in tyrosinemia type II
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143180
G protein betagamma subunits: central mediators of G protein-coupled receptor signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143184
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155419.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30014
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3740.1
The Ca2+ Sensor STIM1 is Necessary and Sufficient for the Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry Function of TRPCs in Endothelial Cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141997
Mastermind recruits CycC:CDK8 to phosphorylate the Notch ICD and coordinate activation with turnover
Phosphorylation inhibits guanine nucleotide exchange on eukaryotic initiation factor 2.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142006
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84532.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142011
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75970
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4977.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29578
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141821
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141825
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3912.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142867
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29122.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141991
Structure and transcription of a human gene for H1 RNA, the RNA component of human RNase P
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3116.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141993
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83395.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29800
HGSNAT oligomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141986
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113461.8
Piccolo, a Ca2+ sensor in pancreatic beta-cells. Involvement of cAMP-GEFII.Rim2.Piccolo complex in cAMP-dependent exocytosis
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88146.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3406.2
K48-polyubiquitinated partially digested Ag
Mechanisms of p75-mediated death of hippocampal neurons. Role of caspases
Ghost homologue of E3 ligases in proteasomal degradation
Cloning of cDNAs encoding the human gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha 6 subunit and characterization of the pharmacology of alpha 6-containing receptors
Probable phospholipid-transporting ATPases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151119
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100693.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151122
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78756.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151230
Newly administered [3H]retinol is transferred from hepatocytes to stellate cells in liver for storage
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151221
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106400.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175415
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79608.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175416
Molecular cloning of two new human paralogs of 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2
Synthesis and recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial function and vascular disease
Ca2+ entry, efflux and release in smooth muscle
Genetic heterogeneity and clinical variability in the Sanfilippo syndrome (types A, B, and C)
Characterization of Stat5a and Stat5b homodimers and heterodimers and their association with the glucocortiocoid receptor in mammary cells
Nerve growth factor activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to stimulate CREB serine 133 phosphorylation
Mechanisms regulating tissue-specific polarity of monocarboxylate transporters and their chaperone CD147 in kidney and retinal epithelia
The Netrin family of guidance factors: emphasis on Netrin-1 signalling
Potassium voltage-gated channels (beta cell, open)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157938.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151349
Ten years on: mediation of cell death by the common neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151357
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155733.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151356
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153656.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151282
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102824.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151299
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108224.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175143
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31423.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165981
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136586.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165976
Initiating DNA synthesis: from recruiting to activating the MCM complex.
Structural basis of the interaction between integrin alpha6beta4 and plectin at the hemidesmosomes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81138.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165967
Human CDC45 protein binds to minichromosome maintenance 7 protein and the p70 subunit of DNA polymerase alpha.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165965
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144435.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175412
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110644.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151141
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96580.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175418
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96718.9
The DNA damage response: sensing and signaling
Characterization of human 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4-isomerase gene and its expression in mammalian cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151139
5S,6R,15S-trihydroxy-7E,9E,11Z,13E-Eicosatetraenoic acid
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151288
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151274
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151297
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112582.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107312.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165966
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129394.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151278
Uses for JNK: the many and varied substrates of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151103
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103898.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151307
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78031.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151109
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104419.9
Nucleotide binding to nucleoside diphosphate kinases: X-ray structure of human NDPK-A in complex with ADP and comparison to protein kinases
Cloning of a human gene, PIG-F, a component of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis, by a novel expression cloning strategy
The late endosomal ClC-6 mediates proton/chloride countertransport in heterologous plasma membrane expression
Fragmentation and dispersal of the pericentriolar Golgi complex is required for entry into mitosis in mammalian cells
Fringe glycosyltransferases differentially modulate Notch1 proteolysis induced by Delta1 and Jagged1
A novel mechanism of JNK1 activation. Nuclear translocation and activation of JNK1 during ischemia and reperfusion.
NCAM-induced intracellular signaling revisited
phosphorylated nuclear Cyclin B1:Cdc2 substrates
(APC/C:Cdh1)-targeted cell cycle proteins
Ghost homologue of phospho-Emi1:Cdc20/Cdh1 complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165585
DFF40 homooligomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase
RNA primer-DNA primer:origin duplex with DNA damage
RNA primer:origin duplex with DNA damage
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175794
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144143.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165885
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136762.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165882
The intermediate-conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel (KCa3.1) in vascular disease
Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 7:1-11
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175159
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118415.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151690
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151691
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151695
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141840.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175795
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145763.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165844
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138888.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170684
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134958.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143337.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165864
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141385.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165853
A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165852
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165858
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146975.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165850
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 ecNumber1.1.1.-/ecNumber
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149297
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165878
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131454.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161663
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147057.5
Notch4/int-3, a mammary proto-oncogene, is an endothelial cell-specific mammalian Notch gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165872
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144574.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165868
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134170.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165871
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128901.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111294
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5692.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175410
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87259.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87784.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151313
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29356
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3683.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151071
Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=190915
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9834.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175137
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89866.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151212
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107258.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151118
poly(deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic) acid
Rod outer segment membrane guanylate cyclase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151111
Rod outer segment membrane guanylate cyclase 2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151112
Ghost homologue of p-T342,T345,S346-IRAK4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151115
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90417.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175413
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92496.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175414
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89767.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151195
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151197
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151179
DNA replication control through interaction of E2F-RB and the origin recognition complex.
Cyclic nucleotide gated channel, photoreceptor
Rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel alpha subunit
Cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation channel 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151102
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30268.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151097
The cell-cycle regulatory protein Cks1 is required for SCF(Skp2)-mediated ubiquitinylation of p27
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151095
Congenital disorders of glycosylation type Ig is defined by a deficiency in dolichyl-P-mannose:Man7GlcNAc2-PP-dolichyl mannosyltransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151096
Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151092
Ghost homologue of viral plus strand DNA with sticky 3' end
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175411
Ghost homologue of viral minus strand DNA with sticky 3' end
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96553.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151089
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29211.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141953
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80976.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150617
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93940.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141955
Triggering of TLR7 and TLR8 expressed by human lung cancer cells induces cell survival and chemoresistance
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141956
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98920.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150531
Crystal structure of human AUH protein, a single-stranded RNA binding homolog of enoyl-CoA hydratase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150565
Neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 2
Cloning and characterization of a pH-sensing regulatory factor that modulates transport activity of the human H+/peptide cotransporter, PEPT1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189219
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9838.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189246
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2878.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142370.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141881
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9596.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=70113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141859
The Cl-/H+ antiporter ClC-7 is the primary chloride permeation pathway in lysosomes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126566.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160438
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129239.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141885
Leukocyte chemotactic factor 2: A novel renal amyloid protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141942
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146499.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3817.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160436
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134172.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150923
Distinct functions of Nijmegen breakage syndrome in ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent responses to DNA damage.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150917
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5180.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150937
Regulation of human separase by securin binding and autocleavage
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96607.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9760.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150929
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81522.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175402
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3779.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29590
SHP2 associates directly with tyrosine phosphorylated p90 (SNT) protein in FGF-stimulated cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150945
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131399.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150939
TAK1, but not TAB1 or TAB2, plays an essential role in multiple signaling pathways in vivo
Differential recognition by CD28 of its cognate counter receptors CD80 (B7.1) and B70 (B7.2): analysis by site directed mutagenesis
Surprising versatility of Na+-glucose cotransporters: SLC5
Removal of DNA patch containing abasic residue
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C5
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7
Platelets and the injured vessel wall-- "rolling into action": focus on glycoprotein Ib/V/IX and the platelet cytoskeleton
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex chain Z
Proteasome subunit beta type 7 precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150493
Proteasome regulatory particle subunit p44S10
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150633
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81328.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150636
Activator of multicatalytic protease subunit 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150504
Glycoprotein folding and the role of EDEM1, EDEM2 and EDEM3 in degradation of folding-defective glycoproteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150502
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150500
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112669.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150494
Protein phosphatase 2Cepsilon is an endoplasmic reticulum integral membrane protein that dephosphorylates the ceramide transport protein CERT to enhance its association with organelle membranes
Characterization of ceramide synthase 2: tissue distribution, substrate specificity, and inhibition by sphingosine 1-phosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150553
Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1- interacting protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150554
Nuclear access and action of notch in vivo
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150520
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150522
Homologues of p-T175,S177,S179,S181,T194-ACVR1C
Human alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 lowers asymmetric dimethylarginine and protects from inhibition of nitric oxide production
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152764
Heparan sulfate/heparin (HS-GAG) metabolism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131911.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149812.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143172
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2510.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152750
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156341.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172963
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114282.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175484
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77285.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152751
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4937.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172964
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149665.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175468
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175469
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99691.9
Neuronal voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels function in macromolecular complexes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113642.8
The human arginases and arginase deficiency
Structural changes in the calcium pump accompanying the dissociation of calcium
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96740.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150599
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34463.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141692
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98117.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142015
A molecular perspective of CTLA-4 function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150608
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150610
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150611
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95838.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141695
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174886
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168672.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174903
Comprehending the complex connection between PKCbeta, TAK1, and IKK in BCR signaling
Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174892
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167565.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174956
Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in human skin fibroblasts involves peroxisomal retroconversion of tetracosahexaenoic acid
Structural and kinetic features of amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis
Tuberculosis: what we don't know can, and does, hurt us
The WRPW motif of the hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix repressor proteins acts as a 4-amino-acid transcription repression and protein-protein interaction domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113551
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3382.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143207
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94861.9
Homophilic NCAM interactions interfere with L1 stimulated neurite outgrowth
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149481
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3165.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113519
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5283.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149487
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149488
Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149486
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128621.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113782
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135739.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175345
ATP hydrolysis in Eg5 kinesin involves a catalytic two-water mechanism
Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149472
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128323.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141974
Characterization of the proteins of isolated human platelet alpha-granules. Evidence for a separate alpha-granule-pool of the glycoproteins IIb and IIIa.
Enzymatic properties of human CYP2W1 expressed in Escherichia coli
Physical exercise-induced hypoglycemia caused by failed silencing of monocarboxylate transporter 1 in pancreatic beta cells
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20698.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433111
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21161.1
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex epsilon chain
Proteasome subunit beta type 5 precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152793
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20884.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152794
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C7-I
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152796
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80461.9
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152799
RFC Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:G-strand extended telomere end duplex:PCNA homotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152802
active caspase-6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA primer-DNA primer:G-strand extended telomere:PCNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DFF45:DFF40 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DFF:associated with the importin-alpha:importin-beta complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
importin-alpha:importin-beta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
importin-alpha:importin-beta complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DFF40 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159508
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96427.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159507
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113717.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433124
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex beta chain
Proteasome subunit beta type 4 precursor
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20685.1
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152817
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2769.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77447.9
Activator of multicatalytic protease subunit 2
DFF40 associated with chromatin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152758
Histone H1 bound chromatin DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97892.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175483
UNC5A:NRAGE (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAK-2p34:RHG10 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Synaptojanin 1: localization on coated endocytic intermediates in nerve terminals and interaction of its 170 kDa isoform with Eps15
DFF cleaved DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HMGB1/HMGB2- bound chromatin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159485
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86473.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152719
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159487
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158195.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159488
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159489
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex iota chain
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95748.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152496
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96999.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152723
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152742
Probable 26S protease regulatory subunit 8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152725
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114835.8
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 5
Molecular mechanisms of conduction and selectivity in aquaporin water channels
A human homolog of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad9+ checkpoint control gene
The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis
Construction and expression of human aldolase A and B expression plasmids in Escherichia coli host
Analysis of a shortened form of human carbonic anhydrase VII expressed in vitro compared to the full-length enzyme
Molecular characterization of the human peroxisomal branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase: cDNA cloning, chromosomal assignment, tissue distribution, and evidence for the absence of the protein in Zellweger syndrome
Early mitotic degradation of Nek2A depends on Cdc20-independent interaction with the APC/C
Buffer enhancement of proton transfer in catalysis by human carbonic anhydrase III
Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
TAN-1, the human homolog of the Drosophila notch gene, is broken by chromosomal translocations in T lymphoblastic neoplasms
Identification of HsORC4, a member of the human origin of replication recognition complex.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29390
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3649.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91078.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155198.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154567
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112785.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155212
Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154564
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15707.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=372511
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15703.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=264788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154562
Promoter escape by RNA polymerase II. Formation of an escape-competent transcriptional intermediate is a prerequisite for exit of polymerase from the promoter.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154571
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_16087.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=264643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154563
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31186.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154573
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2732.2
Structure of human cytidine deaminase bound to a potent inhibitor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76183
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2630.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154577
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103252.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154579
Pyrimidine nucleotidases from human erythrocyte possess phosphotransferase activities specific for pyrimidine nucleotides
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15646.2
SEMA3A-Plexin repulsion signaling by inhibiting Integrin adhesion
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=264618
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15210.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=264638
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101658.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175560
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110783.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174972
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159433.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154143
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145057.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154153
From birth to death: the complex lives of eukaryotic mRNAs
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_12709.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=210509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154135
Lessons from photoreceptors: turning off G-protein signaling in living cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154195
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114619.8
Isolation of a candidate gene for Menkes disease and evidence that it encodes a copper-transporting ATPase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142241
Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142248
Isolation of a candidate gene for Menkes disease that encodes a potential heavy metal binding protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142231
Determination of the organisation of coding sequences within the iduronate sulphate sulphatase (IDS) gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142223
Biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173216
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77423.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152539
Metabolism of carotenoids and retinoids related to vision
Rod and cone visual pigments and phototransduction through pharmacological, genetic, and physiological approaches
The phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a critical mediator of transformation induced by the oncogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148832
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155320
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174288
Tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor associated protein 2
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174333
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173345
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173346
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167149.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173343
Biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters in mammalian cells: new insights and relevance to human disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148825
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84970.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173337
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167729.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173270
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113508.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152528
Structure of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 suggests a bifunctional switch that couples kinase activation with nuclear export
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152480
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29217.10
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex chain 7
Proteasome subunit beta type 9 precursor
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174291
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167397.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149488.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165878.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174292
A novel role for human Nfs1 in the cytoplasm: Nfs1 acts as a sulfur donor for MOCS3, a protein involved in molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C13
Proteasome subunit beta type 8 precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175925
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166337.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175908
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166299.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79905.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152567
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148895
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167992.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152558
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165809.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174332
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174331
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex zeta chain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174330
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174290
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152557
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_148893.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159502
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex delta chain
Proteasome subunit beta type 6 precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152474
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85984.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159505
Molecular mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha -p300 interaction. A leucine-rich interface regulated by a single cysteine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152475
Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit MECl-1
Proteasome subunit beta type 10 precursor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159471
Activator of multicatalytic protease subunit 1
Interferon gamma up-regulated I-5111 protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159477
The Akt kinase signals directly to endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152472
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149733.4
Messenger RNA capping enzymes from eukaryotic cells.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152484
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19653.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152481
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155671.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150074.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175873
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168917.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159499
The interleukin 2 receptor. Functional consequences of its bimolecular structure
I kappa B epsilon, a novel member of the I kappa B family, controls RelA and cRel NF-kappa B activity
Distinct regions of the interleukin-7 receptor regulate different Bcl2 family members
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha-12 subunit
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175139
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77142.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150908
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_12989.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152455
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9619.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152456
Homologues of N4GlycoAsn-O-palmitoleyl-L-serine-WNT6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152457
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152458
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) alpha subunit
Adenylate cyclase-stimulating G alpha protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152459
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G alpha (o)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152466
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152471
Identification of a novel domain in two mammalian inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatases that mediates membrane ruffle localization. The inositol 5-phosphatase skip localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and translocates to membrane ruffles following epidermal growth factor stimulation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152468
Purification and characterization of homogeneous initiation factor M2A from rabbit reticulocytes.
Cdc20:Phospho-APC/C mediated degradation of Cyclin A
Making heads or tails of phospholipids in mitochondria
Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair.
Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling
Differential expression of aquaporin 8 in human colonic epithelial cells and colorectal tumors
Activation of the MAPK signal cascade by the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 requires L1 internalization
The crystal structure of human phosphoglucose isomerase at 1.6 A resolution: implications for catalytic mechanism, cytokine activity and haemolytic anaemia
Activation of Rac GTPase by p75 is necessary for c-jun N-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis
Activin signaling and its role in regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis
Ectodomain cleavage of ErbB-4: characterization of the cleavage site and m80 fragment
Getting to the end: telomerase access in yeast and humans
Disruption of ClC-3, a chloride channel expressed on synaptic vesicles, leads to a loss of the hippocampus
Structural and functional properties of two mutants of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (T123I and N228K)
CREB is a regulatory target for the protein kinase Akt/PKB
The Orc4p and Orc5p subunits of the Xenopus and human origin recognition complex are related to Orc1p and Cdc6p.
Bidirectional water fluxes and specificity for small hydrophilic molecules in aquaporins 0-5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144980.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175690
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126429.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175735
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132527.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29362
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2390.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113536
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2775.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4970.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113526
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142816.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163322
Overexpression of human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase in Escherichia coli: renaturation from guanidine-HCl and affinity for pyridoxal phosphate co-factor
Activation of HER4 by heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor stimulates chemotaxis but not proliferation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=380598
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29495.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5847.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113529
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17970.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428571
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20338.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159939
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14355.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162924
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130954.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156097.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163455
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144055.5
Recognition of bacterial products by toll-like receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175689
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144139.5
Identification of 14 novel GLB1 mutations, including five deletions, in 19 patients with GM1 gangliosidosis from South America
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159943
Crystal structure of human ABAD/HSD10 with a bound inhibitor: implications for design of Alzheimer's disease therapeutics
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880046
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24442.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24360.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3871.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=916850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113594
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106857.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175671
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90810.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159494
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14908.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=373863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162891
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2373.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162895
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141930.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162892
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81711.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175171
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101978.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175124
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85806.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175136
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33317.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162908
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136011.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162900
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127663.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162901
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101920.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146731
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102944.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146771
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9907.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=188986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150874
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9724.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=191103
PP2A- 56 kDa regulatory subunit, alpha isoform
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9562.1
Eukaryotic mRNA cap binding protein: purification by affinity chromatography on sepharose-coupled m7GDP.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175168
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157767.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147321
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153936.3
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159514
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156397.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146755
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101750.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189075
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112500.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175672
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114096.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159513
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79430.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146777
PP2A -56 kDa regulatory subunit B epsilon isoform
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89933.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29708
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4026.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29666
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5653.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433685
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20906.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433686
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20996.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_21125.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146786
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31678.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146782
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90859.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146772
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110554.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20889.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429750
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19859.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=433678
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20830.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146701
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114967.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175230
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114443.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9840.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150934
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113601.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146710
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4078.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=188995
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157274.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88763.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175225
A DNA damage-regulated BRCT-containing protein, TopBP1, is required for cell survival.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=70115
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9895.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=188973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28755.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79894.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151358
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94074.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9799.1
Purification and kinetic properties of human erythrocyte Mg2+-dependent inorganic pyrophosphatase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189108
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88136.9
Homologues of N4GlycoAsn-O-palmitoleyl-L-serine-WNT10A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175224
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9826.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85576.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146751
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157409.3
Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution.
Structural basis of transcription: RNA polymerase II at 2.8 angstrom resolution.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146745
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155018.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150895
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90967.9
Homologues of N4GlycoAsn-O-palmitoleyl-L-serine-WNT10B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175123
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_149448.4
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144604.5
Cloning and characterization of two distinct human extracellular signal-regulated kinase activator kinases, MEK1 and MEK2.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154064
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158890.3
Human RFT1 deficiency leads to a disorder of N-linked glycosylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150878
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159455.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150876
p-IRAK2:K63-linked pUb oligo-TRAF6:free K63 pUb:TAK1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
viral dsRNA :TLR3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TLR7 or TLR8:recognized ligand (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141587
TRAF6:p-IRAK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-IRAK2:oligo-TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141583
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100925.9
Bicarbonate transport in cell physiology and disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141577
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89203.9
MyD88 oligomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IRAK2:p-S,2T-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR 7/8 or9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MYD88 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
oligo-MyD88:activated TLR7-9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S,2T-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR7/8 or 9 receptor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-IRAK2:p-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR 7/8 or9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141593
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141786.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4394.1
The glucose-lactic acid cycle and gluconeogenesis
MyD88 complexed with the activated TLR receptor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
C-ter TLR9 dimer:unmethylated CpG DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=69172
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4386.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68452
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78985.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174931
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108196.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174930
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108877.9
TRAF6:hp-IRAK1/or p-IRAK2:p-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR7/8 or 9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-Pellino:hp-IRAK1:TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
K63-linked poly-Ub-p-3S,3T-IRAK1:TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-IRAK1:p-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR7/8 or 9 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pp-IRAK1:p-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR 7/8 or 9 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-3S,3T-IRAK1:p-S,2T-IRAK4:oligo-MyD88:activated TLR7/8 or 9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1 or p-IRAK2 bound to the pIRAK4:MyD88:activated TLR7/8 or 9 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IRAK1:p-S,2T-IRAK4 :oligo-MyD88:activated TLR 7/8 or 9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145363.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174934
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76929.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174933
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84140.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174921
N-ter TLR9 dimer:unmethylated CpG DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Adipocyte-specific transcription factor ARF6 is a heterodimeric complex of two nuclear hormone receptors, PPAR gamma and RXR alpha
EEA1:EEA1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
fl-TLR9:unmethylated CpG DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Type I receptors specify growth-inhibitory and transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor beta and activin
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=169515
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7812.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=169509
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7610.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141552
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86509.9
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174928
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83310.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150373
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112208.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150378
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34547.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175340
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104629.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150387
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150388
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135601.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141560
Molecular machinery for non-vesicular trafficking of ceramide
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141566
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141567
ISGylated 4EHP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-5Y-PKC-theta:DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAC1/CDC42:p-S144,T423-PAK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF4F:mRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ISG15:UBCH8:ISG15 E3 ligase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Metabolism of vitamin D by human microsomal CYP2R1
ISG15:UBCH8 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1:oligo-TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ISGylated 4EHP:mRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1:TRAF6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1: p-Pellino-1,2,(3) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hp-IRAK1: Pellino-1,2,3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF beta-TrCP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Poly-K6-Ub-hp-IRAK1:IKK complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF betaTrCP complex:p-NFKB p105 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STAT5 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p(Y700,731,774)-CBL:CRK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p(Y700,731,774)-CBL:CRK:RAPGEF1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ubiquitinated Phospho-Cdc25A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Aberrant receptor internalization and enhanced FRS2-dependent signaling contribute to the transforming activity of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 IIIb C3 isoform
Site-directed mutagenesis of diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase, a dual specificity NUDT enzyme that attacks diadenosine polyphosphates and diphosphoinositol polyphosphates
Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption
Mechanism of two classes of cancer mutations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit
Complement factor I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
activated TLR9:PI3K class III (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PI3K class III (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DDX41:DDX41 ligand (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Regulation of cell migration by the C2 domain of the tumor suppressor PTEN
AGE adducts:Peptide:AGER-1,2,3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SUGT1:HSP90 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HsRPC6:HsRPC3:HsRPC7 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HsRPC4:HsRPC5 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Role of lipid rafts in the interaction between hTRPC1, Orai1 and STIM1
dsDNA:LRR FLII-interacting protein 1dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HsRPC8:HsRPC9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
dsDNA:LRRFIP1:beta-catenin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LRR FLII-interacting protein 1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DHX36:CpG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DHX36:CpG:MyD88 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TREX1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TREX1:viral DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Subunit structures and stoichiometries of human DNA fragmentation factor proteins before and after induction of apoptosis
viral DNA with 3' sticky ends (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDC42-GTP:WASP/N-WASP:WIP:SH3 proteins (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDC42-GTP:WASP/N-WASP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-WRC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-WRC:IRSp53/58:RAC1-GTP:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
WRC:IRSp53/58:RAC1-GTP:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
WAVE Regulatory Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HDL as a target in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
CDC42-GTP:p-WASP/p-N-WASP:WIP:SH3 proteins (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mother filament:branching complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular mechanism of an oncogenic mutation that alters membrane targeting: Glu17Lys modifies the PIP lipid specificity of the AKT1 PH domain
Activated WAVE2 and WASP/N-WASP:ARP2/3 complex:G-actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mother filament:ARP2/3:actin:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAC1/CDC42:PAK dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Actin:ADP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ARP2/3 complex (ATP bound) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine [ChEBI:29017]
ARP2:ATP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ARP3:ATP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147087
Recombinant enzymes overexpressed in bacteria show broad catalytic specificity of human cytochrome P450 2W1 and limited activity of human cytochrome P450 2S1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147089
Alternative splicing and tissue-specific transcription of human and rodent ubiquitous 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1) genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147077
(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-propanal [ChEBI:29052]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147083
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (p115-RhoGEF)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147074
Sprouty proteins are targeted to membrane ruffles upon growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activation. Identification of a novel translocation domain
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153215.3
Elimination of cholesterol as cholestenoic acid in human lung by sterol 27-hydroxylase: evidence that most of this steroid in the circulation is of pulmonary origin
NIPBL, encoding a homolog of fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins and fly Nipped-B, is mutated in Cornelia de Lange syndrome
ChEBI:29089 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Requirement for the kinase activity of human DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in DNA strand break rejoining.
ZNF198-FGFR1 transforming activity depends on a novel proline-rich ZNF198 oligomerization domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147238
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147236
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105679.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141520
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78748.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141544
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141546
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107351.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141548
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80442.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141550
Structure of the synthetase domain of human CTP synthetase, a target for anticancer therapy
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 62:613-7
High affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141539
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94870.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141538
Specific inhibition of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria and human erythrocytes by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28407.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175223
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157472.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175232
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28592.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158885.3
Control of mitosis by changes in the subcellular location of cyclin-B1-Cdk1 and Cdc25C
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147040
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145891.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147134
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137029.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147048
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta 1
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta 2
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta 3
1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta 4
Protein Kinase C, unconventional isoforms
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147276
Sn1-specific diacylglycerol lipase alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147277
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32489.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147254
Myc/Max heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E:Phosho-Cdk2 (Thr 160) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DP-1:E2F1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E2:Cdk2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Adjacent asparagines in the NR2-subunit of the NMDA receptor channel control the voltage-dependent block by extracellular Mg2+
Cyclin E2:phospho-Cdk2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'Ca2+ [cytosol]' positively regulates 'TTYH2/3 transport cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region'
'GSH [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'gamma-glutamylcysteine combines with glycine to form glutathione'
Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'Homologues of ANKLE2 [endoplasmic reticulum membrane]' positively regulates 'PP2A dephosphorylates BANF1'
ORC:origin:cyclin B:cdk1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'Ca2+ [cytosol]' positively regulates 'ANOs transport cytosolic Cl- to extracellular region'
Cyclin A:Cdk2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'Ca2+ [extracellular region]' negatively regulates 'UNC79:UNC80:NALCN transports cytosolic Na+ to extracellular region'
'Cys [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Excess cysteine yields lanthionine and H2S'
'HCYS [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Excess homocysteine yields homolanthionine and H2S'
'Pb2+ [mitochondrial matrix]' negatively regulates 'FECH binds Fe2+ to PRIN9 to form heme'
'heme [mitochondrial matrix]' negatively regulates 'ALAS condenses SUCC-CoA and Gly to form dALA'
'ADP [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates 'glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1]'
Peptide binding and antigen presentation by class II histocompatibility glycoproteins
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal Arm (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Chromosomal Arm (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2(Tyr 15) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:Cdk2:phosphorylated substrate complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'GTP [mitochondrial matrix]' negatively regulates 'alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1]'
'GTP [mitochondrial matrix]' negatively regulates 'glutamate + NAD(P)+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ [GLUD1]'
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2(Thr160):E2F1/E2F3 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'Mg2+ [cytosol]' is required for 'A phosphoribosyl group is added to nicotinate to form nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN)'
'ADP [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates 'alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + NAD(P)H + H+ <=> glutamate + NAD(P)+ [GLUD1]'
Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Centromere (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'FAD [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'SLC52A3 transports extracellular RIB to cytosol'
Ac-Cohesin:PDS5:WAPAL:Centromere (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'FMN [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'SLC52A3 transports extracellular RIB to cytosol'
'Mg2+ [cytosol]' is required for 'ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP'
'Mg2+ [cytosol]' is required for 'ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP'
'Mg2+ [cytosol]' is required for 'ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP'
'ADS [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS]'
The plasma membrane of erythrocytes plays a fundamental role in the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide and in the maintenance of the reduced state of the heme iron
HDAC1:RBL2:E2F4/5:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL1:Cyclin E/A:CDK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL1:E2F4:DP1/2:Cyclin E/A:CDK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL2:Cyclin E/A:CDK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL2:E2F4/5:DP1/2:Cyclin E/A:CDK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PP2A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF(Skp2) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T401,S672,1035-RBL2:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'XPO1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Translocation of Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 to the cytoplasm'
'Association of HMGB1/HMGB2 with chromatin' positively regulates 'Cleavage of DNA by DFF40'
'phospho-p-S177-OPTN [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates PLK1'
Molecular and clinical heterogeneity in CLCN7-dependent osteopetrosis: report of 20 novel mutations
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173204
Ub-p-T401,S672,1035-RBL2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:phospho-p27/p21 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E:Cdk2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E:phospho-Cdk2 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'APC/C:Cdh1-mediated degradation of Skp2' negatively regulates 'Association of Cks1 with SCF(Skp2) complex'
'dE2F1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Replication initiation regulation by E2F1/Rbf1'
Cyclin E1:Cdk2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin E/A:Cdk2:multiubiquitinated phospho-p27/p21:SCF(Skp2):Cks1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'HDAC1:RBL2:E2F4/5:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Transcription of E2F targets under negative control by p107 (RBL1) and p130 (RBL2) in complex with HDAC1'
26S proteasome (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'HDAC1:RBL1:E2F4:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Transcription of E2F targets under negative control by p107 (RBL1) and p130 (RBL2) in complex with HDAC1'
Cyclin E1:phospho-Cdk2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'H+ [endosome lumen]' positively regulates 'TLR processing at low pH'
'PKA/PKG phosphorylate Rap1GAP2' negatively regulates '14-3-3 proteins beta and zeta bind and inhibit Rap1Gap2'
'DREAM complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Transcription of E2F targets under negative control by DREAM complex'
'ZFYVE20(2-784) [endosome membrane]' is required for 'Rab5-mediated recruitment of class III PI3K to TLR9'
'EEA1:EEA1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [endosome membrane]' positively regulates 'Engulfed CpG DNA binds to endosomal C-ter TLR9'
'EEA1:EEA1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [endosome membrane]' positively regulates 'Engulfed CpG DNA binds to endosomal N-ter TLR9 dimer'
RPA complexed to ssDNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'PRKACA [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Closing of Potassium voltage-gated channels by PKA'
Rad17-RFC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'SREBP1A/1C/2:NF-Y:TM7SF2 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of TM7SF2'
Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 bound to DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'RAPGEF3:cAMP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' positively regulates 'Exchange of GDP for GTP by Rap1A'
Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'RAPGEF4:cAMP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [plasma membrane]' positively regulates 'Exchange of GDP for GTP by Rap1A'
The molecular basis of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake: signalling, trafficking and potential drug targets
Cyclin B:Cdc2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:IDI1 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase 1 (IDI1)'
Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161, Thr 14, Tyr 15) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'SREBP1A/1C:NF-Y:GPAM gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAM, GPAT)'
Rad17-RFC complex bound to DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:PMVK gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Phosphomevalonate Kinase (PMVK)'
Cyclin B:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 14) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:MVK gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Mevalonate Kinase (MVK)'
Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 (Thr 14, Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-Cdc25C:14-3-3 protein complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
'cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity of PRKACA [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Phosphorylation of ChREBP at Thr(666) by PKA'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158166.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175871
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152908.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175872
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156270.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173262
'SREBP1A/2:NF-Y:SP1:GGPS1 gene (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPS1)'
HDAC1:RBL1:E2F4:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL1:E2F4:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DREAM complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL2:E2F4/5:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-MuvB complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MuvB complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAD2*CDC20 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Kinetochore:Mad1:MAD2 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Recruitment of a ROC1-CUL1 ubiquitin ligase by Skp1 and HOS to catalyze the ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha
Mad1:kinetochore complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cdc45:CDK:DDK:Mcm10:claspin:pre-replicative complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173271
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167928.1
'Formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramer' negatively regulates '5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate'
'PRPP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Dissociation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramer'
'XMP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2]'
'Dissociation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramer' positively regulates '5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate'
'GDP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS]'
'D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS]'
'GMP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS]'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170745
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156975.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1981137
'IMP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramer'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121832.1
'GMP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramer'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170746
'AMP [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase tetramer'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170747
'L-Phe [cytosol]' positively regulates 'GCH1 reduces GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate'
'BH4 [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'GCH1 reduces GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate'
'AMP [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'Phosphorylation of ChREBP at Serine 568 by AMPK'
'Fatty acids [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Phosphorylation of ChREBP at Serine 568 by AMPK'
'Zn2+ [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates '(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + FAD => 2-oxoglutarate + FADH2'
'Mn2+ [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates '(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + FAD => 2-oxoglutarate + FADH2'
'Co2+ [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates '(R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + FAD => 2-oxoglutarate + FADH2'
'ADP [mitochondrial matrix]' positively regulates 'isocitrate + NAD+ => alpha-ketoglutarate + CO2 + NADH + H+ [IDH3]'
Three mammalian lipins act as phosphatidate phosphatases with distinct tissue expression patterns
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153520.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170759
'cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity of PRKACA [cytosol]' negatively regulates 'Phosphorylation of pChREBP (Thr 666) at Ser(196) by PKA'
'XY5P [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Activation of PP2A by Xylulose-5-phosphate'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156434.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155542
The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17552.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=372509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=374935
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159129.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209789
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15723.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17455.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155537
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154127
Roles of AUF1 isoforms, HuR and BRF1 in ARE-dependent mRNA turnover studied by RNA interference
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154179
Phosphorylated Myosin Phosphatase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cdh1:phospho-APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4410.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91757.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175578
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107033.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113552
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3412.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4423.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113561
multiubiquitinated Cyclin B:Cdc2:Cdc20:phospho-APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cdc20:phospho-APC/C:Cyclin B:Cdc2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF-associated multiubiquitinated Emi1complexes (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF-beta-TrCP:phospho-Emi1 complexes (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-Cdh1:phospho-APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2(Thr 160):phospho-Cdh1:phospho-APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk(Thr 160):Cdh1:phosho-APC/C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-APC/C:Cdh1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
cell cycle proteins:phospho-APC/C:Cdh1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
multiubiquitinated cell cycle protein:APC/C:Cdh1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209914
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115505.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142414.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156095
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_16006.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=380585
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17509.4
RNA primer-DNA primer:G-strand extended telomere (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA primer:G-strand extended telomere end:DNA polymerase alpha:primase complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RFC Heteropentamer:RNA primer-DNA primer:G-strand extended telomere end (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
multiubiquitinated Cdh1 associated with APC/C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
multiubiquitinated Skp2:phospho-APC/C:Cdh1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA polymerase epsilon:G-strand extended telomere end (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DNA polymerase alpha:primase:DNA polymerase alpha:G-strand extended telomere end (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 ( Thr 14) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 14) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-Cdc2(Thr 14):Cyclin A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:Cdc2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2(Thr160):phospho-E2F1/E2F2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161, Thr 14, Tyr 15) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin A:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 14, Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-cyclin B1(CRS):phosph-Cdc2(Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142221
RAB8A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
nuclear Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2 ( Thr 14) complexes (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
(2-trans,4-cis)-deca-2,4-dienoyl-CoA [ChEBI:29119]
Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-Cyclin B1:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin B2:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 14, Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
OPTN:RAB8A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cyclin B2:phospho-Cdc2(Thr 161) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7; Short=5-HT-7; Short=5HT7; AltName: Full=5-HT-X; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 7; GN Name=HTR7; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6; Short=5-HT-6; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 6; GN Name=HTR6; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4; Short=5-HT-4; Short=5-HT4; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 4; GN Name=HTR4; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=Melanopsin; AltName: Full=Opsin-4; GN Name=OPN4; Synonyms=MOP; OS Homo sapiens
Comparison of human B cell antigen receptor complexes: membrane-expressed forms of immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgD, and IgG are associated with structurally related heterodimers
Groups II and III Metabotropic glutamate receptors
DNA topology and a minimal set of basal factors for transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Nedd4 mediates ErbB4 JM-a/CYT-1 ICD ubiquitination and degradation in MDCK II cells
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A
Dual 3',5'-cyclic-AMP and -GMP phosphodiesterase 11A
Vilse, a conserved Rac/Cdc42 GAP mediating Robo repulsion in tracheal cells and axons
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147807
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95624.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175277
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105871.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144218
Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA
Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351601
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15820.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28457.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159362
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7869.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175278
Spatial and temporal regulation of Condensins I and II in mitotic chromosome assembly in human cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155223
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30401.10
Neuregulin-3 (NRG3): a novel neural tissue-enriched protein that binds and activates ErbB4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155218
Autocatalytic processing of site-1 protease removes propeptide and permits cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170730
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170728
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170722
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124814.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170717
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123080.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1650769
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3979.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1981115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113534
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91794.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174998
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86562.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170715
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124012.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1650779
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4717.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175106
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113102.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103510.9
RecName: Full=Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor; AltName: Full=Alpha-2A adrenoreceptor; AltName: Full=Alpha-2A adrenoceptor; Short=Alpha-2AAR; AltName: Full=Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C10; GN Name=ADRA2A; Synonyms=ADRA2R, ADRAR; OS Homo sapiens
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174917
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101505.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174914
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106731.9
Notch-1 signalling requires ligand-induced proteolytic release of intracellular domain
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174916
RecName: Full=Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2; GN Name=CHRM2; OS Homo sapiens
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29802.10
RecName: Full=Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4; GN Name=CHRM4; OS Homo sapiens
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174926
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98372.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174997
Human diseases: clues to cracking the connexin code?
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A; Short=5-HT-1A; Short=5-HT1A; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 1A; AltName: Full=G-21; GN Name=HTR1A; Synonyms=ADRB2RL1, ADRBRL1; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B; AltName: Full=5-HT-1D-beta; Short=5-HT-1B; Short=5-HT1B; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 1B; AltName: Full=Serotonin 1D beta receptor; AltName: Full=S12; GN Name=HTR1B; Synonyms=HTR1DB; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor; AltName: Full=Alpha-2C adrenoreceptor; AltName: Full=Alpha-2C adrenoceptor; AltName: Full=Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtype C4; GN Name=ADRA2C; Synonyms=ADRA2L2, ADRA2RL2; OS Homo sapiens
Stem-loop binding protein facilitates 3'-end formation by stabilizing U7 snRNP binding to histone pre-mRNA.
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F; Short=5-HT-1F; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 1F; GN Name=HTR1F; Synonyms=HTR1EL; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E; Short=5-HT-1E; Short=5-HT1E; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 1E; AltName: Full=S31; GN Name=HTR1E; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D; Short=5-HT-1D; AltName: Full=5-HT-1D-alpha; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 1D; GN Name=HTR1D; Synonyms=HTR1DA, HTRL; OS Homo sapiens
AT-AC pre-mRNA splicing mechanisms and conservation of minor introns in voltage-gated ion channel genes.
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C; Short=5-HTR2C; Short=5-HT-2C; Short=5-HT2C; AltName: Full=5HT-1C; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 2C; GN Name=HTR2C; Synonyms=HTR1C; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A; Short=5-HT-2A; Short=5-HT-2; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 2A; GN Name=HTR2A; Synonyms=HTR2; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B; Short=5-HT-2B; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 2B; GN Name=HTR2B; OS Homo sapiens
RecName: Full=5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A; Short=5-HT-5A; Short=5-HT-5; AltName: Full=Serotonin receptor 5A; GN Name=HTR5A; OS Homo sapiens
Plexins: axon guidance and signal transduction
Stimulation of cloned human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor expressed in HEK 293 cells induces cAMP-dependent activation of calcium-induced calcium release
Interaction of rat hormone-sensitive lipase with adipocyte lipid-binding protein
Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds
Structural basis for a direct interaction between FGFR1 and NCAM and evidence for a regulatory role of ATP
Formation and activation by phosphorylation of activin receptor complexes
A role for TFIIH in controlling the activity of early RNA polymerase II elongation complexes.
Prophase destruction of Emi1 by the SCF(betaTrCP/Slimb) ubiquitin ligase activates the anaphase promoting complex to allow progression beyond prometaphase
Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs
Sanfilippo syndrome type C: mutation spectrum in the heparan sulfate acetyl-CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) gene
Chondroitin sulfate synthase-3. Molecular cloning and characterization
Structure-function analysis of the bestrophin family of anion channels
Evidence for protein-tyrosine-phosphatase catalysis proceeding via a cysteine-phosphate intermediate
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141124
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83433.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141147
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106091.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141512
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115095.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141185
Docosahexaenoic Acid Induces Proteasome-dependent Degradation of {beta}-catenin, Down-regulation of Survivin and Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells not expressing COX-2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141157
Identification of a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho GTPase
Cytosolic and membrane-associated proteins involved in the recruitment of AP-1 adaptors onto the trans-Golgi network
Kid, a novel kinesin-like DNA binding protein, is localized to chromosomes and the mitotic spindle
Interactions between Src homology (SH) 2/SH3 adapter proteins and the guanylnucleotide exchange factor SOS are differentially regulated by insulin and epidermal growth factor.
Constitutive activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 by the transmembrane domain point mutation found in achondroplasia
Insights into COPI coat assembly and function in living cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141030
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104083.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141023
Sulfotransferases in the bioactivation of xenobiotics
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141008
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115431.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150389
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141187
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85587.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141188
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84780.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141069
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96094.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94473.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77472.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174919
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108833.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174918
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110064.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141038
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109935.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141042
acylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol [ChEBI:52572]
Gamma linolenic acid: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid
Assignment of the human and mouse prion protein genes to homologous chromosomes
cAMP-dependent mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores by activation of ryanodine receptors in pancreatic beta-cells. A Ca2+ signaling system stimulated by the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-37)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141183
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95886.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141132
Human liver pi-alcohol dehydrogenase: kinetic and molecular properties.
Regulation of gene expression in endocrine-committed (NEUROG3+) progenitor cells
Chromokinesins: multitalented players in mitosis
Identification of two tyrosine phosphoproteins, pp70 and pp68, which interact with phospholipase Cgamma, Grb2, and Vav after B cell antigen receptor activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174927
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101935.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141508
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79323.9
Structural models of amyloid-like fibrils
The Role of Gbetagamma Subunits in the Organization, Assembly, and Function of GPCR Signaling Complexes
Expression cloning of a human cDNA encoding folylpoly(gamma-glutamate) synthetase and determination of its primary structure
Translocation of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) into the nucleus
Molecular mechanisms of megakaryocyte differentiation
Consistent fusion of ZNF198 to the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in the t(8;13)(p11;q12) myeloproliferative syndrome
Substrate specificity of the form of cytochrome P-450 catalyzing the 4-hydroxylation of debrisoquine in man
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141108
Temporal differences in the activation of three classes of non-transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases following B-cell antigen receptor surface engagement
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141109
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141182
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94055.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174910
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89455.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174911
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32026.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79481.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141097
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98987.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29604
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5621.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2531.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30187
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2773.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108640.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30185
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5885.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91186.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68422
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3288.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4670.1
Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5: target of sildenafil
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141211
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81715.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141230
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141244
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109431.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174920
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97560.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141208
Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the human Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE2
ClC-7 is a slowly voltage-gated 2Cl(-)/1H(+)-exchanger and requires Ostm1 for transport activity
SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription
Cleavage preferences of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease) on naked DNA and chromatin substrates
The role of CDP-diacylglycerol synthetase and phosphatidylinositol synthase activity levels in the regulation of cellular phosphatidylinositol content
Helical model of nucleation and propagation to account for the growth of type I collagen fibrils from symmetrical pointed tips: a special example of self-assembly of rod-like monomers
53BP1 and NFBD1/MDC1-Nbs1 function in parallel interacting pathways activating ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in response to DNA damage.
GTPase signaling: bridging the GAP between ARF and Rho
Presenilin-dependent ErbB4 nuclear signaling regulates the timing of astrogenesis in the developing brain
Red cell membrane CO2 permeability in normal human blood and in blood deficient in various blood groups, and effect of DIDS
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade
SKIP, a CBF1-associated protein, interacts with the ankyrin repeat domain of NotchIC To facilitate NotchIC function
A tissue-specific coactivator of steroid receptors, identified in a functional genetic screen
Nomenclature of the GLUT/SLC2A family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E974-6
Dystroglycan loss disrupts polarity and beta-casein induction in mammary epithelial cells by perturbing laminin anchoring
Replication protein A stimulates proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent repair of abasic sites in DNA by human cell extracts.
ABCA6, a novel a subclass ABC transporter
Persistent initiation of DNA replication and chromatin-bound MCM proteins during the cell cycle in cdc6 mutants.
Cooperative inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein signaling by Smurf1 and inhibitory Smads
p27(Kip1) ubiquitination and degradation is regulated by the SCF(Skp2) complex through phosphorylated Thr187 in p27
Mutations of OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter, lead to deficient cellular carnitine uptake in primary carnitine deficiency
Mutations in the gene for the IL-7 receptor result in T(-)B(+)NK(+) severe combined immunodeficiency disease
T cell antigen-receptor signal transduction
The WASP-WAVE protein network: connecting the membrane to the cytoskeleton
Association of TriC/CCT with target proteins during biosynthesis
MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II
RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine [ChEBI:52603]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141002
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29566.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174908
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86555.9
Properties of an affinity-column-purified human deoxycytidylate deaminase
Crystal structure of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: NAD+/NADH binding and the structural basis of disease-causing mutations
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3087.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140967
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168292.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175918
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168305.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175919
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165798.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173921
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168841.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140963
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30500.10
The Mammalian synaptonemal complex: a scaffold and beyond
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140995
Target selection of heparan sulfate hexuronic acid 2-O-sulfotransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141001
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29937.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83258.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140979
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103863.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4140988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164121
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2883.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174436
The Sec6/8 complex in mammalian cells: characterization of mammalian Sec3, subunit interactions, and expression of subunits in polarized cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173918
The structure of alpha-parvin CH2-paxillin LD1 complex reveals a novel modular recognition for focal adhesion assembly
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174506
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167927.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175932
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166026.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175929
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165875.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175930
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168560.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174509
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167542.1
Elucidation of human choline kinase crystal structures in complex with the products ADP or phosphocholine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175933
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165981.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174508
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167707.1
Not all perlecans are created equal: interactions with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 and FGF receptors
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168570.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174420
GLUT8, a novel member of the sugar transport facilitator family with glucose transport activity
Pancreatic islet GLUT2 glucose transporter mRNA and protein expression in humans with and without NIDDM
DNA damage recognition during nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells.
Evidence that the coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity of rat liver is situated in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
AZD2171 shows potent antitumor activity against gastric cancer over-expressing fibroblast growth factor receptor 2/keratinocyte growth factor receptor
The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing
Human sprouty 4, a new ras antagonist on 5q31, interacts with the dual specificity kinase TESK1
Substrate specificity of phospholipase B from guinea pig intestine. A glycerol ester lipase with broad specificity
Development of free-energy-based models for chaperonin containing TCP-1 mediated folding of actin
The intracellular interactions of the L1 family of cell adhesion molecules
Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA
Efflux and compartmentalization of zinc by members of the SLC30 family of solute carriers
The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5
The SLC39 family of metal ion transporters
Cloning and functional expression of the human GlcNAc-1-P transferase, the enzyme for the committed step of the dolichol cycle, by heterologous complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The human homologue of yeast ArgRIII protein is an inositol phosphate multikinase with predominantly nuclear localization
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 5 generates both an antithrombin-binding site and an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus, type 1
Identification of threonine 66 as a functionally critical residue of the
Phosphorylation of carbovir enantiomers by cellular enzymes determines the stereoselectivity of antiviral activity
Sulfation and sulfotransferases 1: Sulfotransferase molecular biology: cDNAs and genes
Resistance to thromboembolism in PI3Kgamma-deficient mice
Biochemical characterization of Wnt-frizzled interactions using a soluble, biologically active vertebrate Wnt protein
Cloning and expression of two human lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase cDNAs that enhance cytokine-induced signaling responses in cells
Ghost homologue of CF I - 72 kDa subunit
The single minichromosome maintenance protein of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum DeltaH contains DNA helicase activity.
Mature intronless transcript derived mRNA
Mature intronless transcript derived Histone mRNA
Molecular characterization of human Argonaute-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes and their bound target mRNAs
The P2Y1 receptor mediates ADP-induced p38 kinase-activating factor generation in human platelets
mRNA with premature termination codon preceding exon junction
mRNA with premature termination codon not preceding exon junction
mature miRNA (double-stranded), 21-24 nucleotides
Proton magnetic resonance studies of carbonic anhydrase. II. Group controlling catalytic activity
mature mRNA (eukaryotic, capped and polyadenylated)
mature mRNA (eukaryotic, capped and partially deadenylated)
mature mRNA (eukaryotic, capped and deadenylated)
oligoribonucleotide with a 5'-diphosphate
Ghost homologue of CF I - 68 kDa subunit
Nascent pre-mRNA with 5'-GMP associated with CE
Nascent pre-mRNA with 5'-GMP dissociated from CE
Immunocytochemical localization of the Menkes copper transport protein (ATP7A) to the trans-Golgi network
Dissection of the mitochondrial import and assembly pathway for human Tom40
Switching of origins to a post-replicative state
Functions and mechanisms of RNA editing.
RNA inexactly complementary to guide RNA
Cleaved RNA with 5' Phosphate and 3' Hydroxyl
siRNA (single-stranded) 21-24 nucleotides
siRNA (double-stranded) 21-24 nucleotides
mature miRNA (single-stranded), 21-24 nucleotides
(24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoA [ChEBI:52050]
Identification and characterization of SMPD1 mutations causing Niemann-Pick types A and B in Spanish patients
Colocalization of the homophilic binding site and the neuritogenic activity of the cell adhesion molecule L1 to its second Ig-like domain
Transcriptional networks controlling pancreatic development and beta cell function
mRNA Transcript Targeted by HuR Phosphorylated on Ser158 and Ser318.
mRNA Transcript Targeted by HuR Phosphorylated on Ser221 and Ser318
mRNA Transcript Targeted by HuR with Unknown Phosphorylation
Active cyclin B1-Cdk1 first appears on centrosomes in prophase
nascent polypeptide with signal sequence
RNA-binding protein in RNP (ribonucleoprotein) complexes
(ethanolamineP) mannose (a1-4) glucosaminyl-acyl-PI
Signal transduction via platelet-derived growth factor receptors
Bleeding due to disruption of a cargo-specific ER-to-Golgi transport complex
Adrenodoxin: structure, stability, and electron transfer properties
Fabry disease: identification of 50 novel alpha-galactosidase A mutations causing the classic phenotype and three-dimensional structural analysis of 29 missense mutations
Traffic control: regulation of kinesin motors
SMG-8 and SMG-9, two novel subunits of the SMG-1 complex, regulate remodeling of the mRNA surveillance complex during nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Wnt proteins are lipid-modified and can act as stem cell growth factors
beta4GalT-II is a key regulator of glycosylation of the proteins involved in neuronal development
Proteins Imported to the Matrix by TIMM23 PAM
Precursors Imported to the Matrix by TIMM23 PAM
Proteins Inserted into Inner Membrane by TIMM22
Ghost homologue of Precursor Cargo of TIMM23 SORT
Subtype-specific stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by recombinant alpha2-adrenoceptors
Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane
Proteins Inserted into Mitochondrial Outer Membrane by SAM50 Complex
Functional structure and composition of the extracellular matrix
Glycoprotein with bifurcating GlcNAc in position 3
Glycoprotein with fucosyl alpha-1,6-GlcNAc
Cell surface expression of CD147/EMMPRIN is regulated by cyclophilin 60
Ghost homologue of Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers
Ghost homologue of Phosphorylated ERBB2:ERBB3 heterodimers
Preclinical studies of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma
Identification of a cDNA encoding an isoform of human CTP synthetase
Proteasome and peptidase function in MHC-class-I-mediated antigen presentation
Human deoxythymidine kinase. I. Purification and general properties of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia
Analysis of cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with ion trap MS
The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery
Receptor-interacting protein homotypic interaction motif-dependent control of NF-kappa B activation via the DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors
Class II MHC peptide loading by the professionals
Pancreatic-duodenal homeobox 1 regulates expression of liver receptor homolog 1 during pancreas development
Insig-mediated degradation of HMG CoA reductase stimulated by lanosterol, an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol
The ERBB4/HER4 intracellular domain 4ICD is a BH3-only protein promoting apoptosis of breast cancer cells
Mechanism of GTP hydrolysis by G-protein alpha subunits
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156744
Characterization of human platelet GTPase activating protein for the Ral GTP-binding protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390287
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17648.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156740
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86950.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=353123
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17437.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156738
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85427.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152817.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390260
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17913.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390394
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17364.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17584.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390274
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156762
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158822.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192314
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10735.1
Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase
The carboxy terminus of the beta amyloid protein is critical for the seeding of amyloid formation: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390290
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17091.1
Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for the light subunit of human liver gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and relative mRNA levels for heavy and light subunits in human normal tissues
Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of human bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase and its functional domains
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390294
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18121.1
Phosphorylation of Nephrin Triggers Ca2+ Signaling by Recruitment and Activation of Phospholipase C-{gamma}1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10138.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193514
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17174.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10230.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156719
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85352.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390271
Phosphodiesterases, dual (cAMP, cGMP) activity
Phosphodiesterases, cyclic AMP-selective
High-throughput immunoblotting. Ubiquitiin-like protein ISG15 modifies key regulators of signal transduction
Distinct missense mutations of the FGFR3 lys650 codon modulate receptor kinase activation and the severity of the skeletal dysplasia phenotype
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10257.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=192305
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18106.1
Acidosis, acid-sensing ion channels, and neuronal cell death
Single-Stranded Oligodeoxyribonucleotide (12 to 34 nucleotides)
damaged DNA substrate with misinserted bases
DNA strand break containing an incision 5' to an AP site
damaged DNA substrate inserted with correct base complement
Elongated DNA template with bypassed lesion
Double-strand DNA containing a thymine glycol
Double-strand DNA containing a dihydrouracil
The putative tumor suppressors EXT1 and EXT2 form a stable complex that accumulates in the Golgi apparatus and catalyzes the synthesis of heparan sulfate
Double-strand DNA containing a formamidopyrimidine
Double-strand DNA containing an 8-oxo guanine opposite to a cytosine
Double-strand DNA containing an ethenocytosine
DNA containing an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site
Double-strand DNA containing an uracil opposite to a guanine
Double-strand DNA containing a thymine opposite to a guanine
Double-strand DNA containing a cytosine glycol
single-stranded DNA containing an uracil
NifS-directed assembly of a transient [2Fe-2S] cluster within the NifU protein
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:599-604
Enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds in lysosomes: characterization of a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT)
Phospholipase C-gamma: diverse roles in receptor-mediated calcium signaling
Heteroduplex DNA with D-loop structure with extended pairing between invading strand and complementary heteroduplex strand and containing newly synthesized ends
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling
Biochemical analysis of pathogenic ligand-dependent FGFR2 mutations suggests distinct pathophysiological mechanisms for craniofacial and limb abnormalities
The notch ligands Dll4 and Jagged1 have opposing effects on angiogenesis
Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes
Mammalian CARMIL inhibits actin filament capping by capping protein
TRB3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/PKB activation by insulin in liver
Human brain-specific L-proline transporter: molecular cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene in human and mouse genomes
Krüppel-like transcription factor KLF5 is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation
AMP-activated protein kinase: ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism
Human BAMBI cooperates with Smad7 to inhibit transforming growth factor-beta signaling
Functional characterization of human duodenal cytochrome b (Cybrd1): Redox properties in relation to iron and ascorbate metabolism
TAK1 activates NFkB by phosphorylation and activation of IKKs complex
Identification of TIFA as an adapter protein that links tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) in IL-1 receptor signaling
Membrane transport: retromer to the rescue
Biochemical properties of mammalian neutral sphingomyelinase 2 and its role in sphingolipid metabolism
FVT-1 is a mammalian 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase with an active site that faces the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
Diversity of the mammalian sodium/proton exchanger SLC9 gene family
Secretory protein trafficking and organelle dynamics in living cells
Cloning and recombinant expression of a structurally novel human secreted phospholipase A2
The role of mitochondria in cellular iron-sulfur protein biogenesis and iron metabolism
Human argininosuccinate lyase: a structural basis for intragenic complementation
Interferon-gamma can stimulate post-proteasomal trimming of the N terminus of an antigenic peptide by inducing leucine aminopeptidase
The role of cytoplasmic serine residues of the cell adhesion molecule L1 in neurite outgrowth, endocytosis, and cell migration
repaired DNA template:nascent mRNA hybrid
K63polyUb (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid with dual incisions
damaged DNA substrate:nascent mRNA hybrid with 3' incision
Regulation of mouse steroidogenesis by WHISTLE and JMJD1C through histone methylation balance
Irreversible anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Covalent EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Reversible anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Non-covalent EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Localized amyloid fibril main peptide chains
Systemic amyloid fibril main peptide chains
Transthyretin fibril (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Beta amyloid fibril (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Kerato-epithelin amyloid fibril (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Variant lysozyme C fibril (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Variant apolipoprotein AII fibril (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ABri/ADan amyloid fibril (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ghost homologue of Phosphorylated Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1b
Diseases caused by defects in the visual cycle: retinoids as potential therapeutic agents
Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47:469-512
FGFR1 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
FGFR2b mutants with enhanced ligand binding
FGFR2 mutants with enhanced kinase activity
FGFR2c mutants with enhanced ligand binding
FGFR3 point mutants with enhanced kinase activity
Extracellular sequestration and release of fibroblast growth factor: a regulatory mechanism?
Expression, purification and characterization of human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) allosteric regulatory mutations
FUNCTION Plays a role in mediating Ca(2+) influx following depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores.SIMILARITY Contains 1 EF-hand domain.SIMILARITY Contains 1 SAM (sterile alpha motif) domain.
A module of negative feedback regulators defines growth factor signaling
Subcellular localization of 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in bovine kidney
The molecular dissection of Fc gamma receptor mediated phagocytosis
Sequence differences between human muscle and liver cDNAs for UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and kinetic properties of the recombinant enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144720.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141327
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124587.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161194
Conformational transition associated with E1-E2 interaction in small ubiquitin-like modifications
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124629.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161175
Synergy between the ESCRT-III complex and Deltex defines a ligand-independent Notch signal
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122307.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161176
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138330.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141344
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124205.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162075
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123917.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138589.5
Interleukin-2 stimulation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of p120-Cbl and CrkL and formation of multimolecular signaling complexes in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167371
Preferential alternative splicing in cancer generates a K-sam messenger RNA with higher transforming activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175890
ChEBI:28540 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,26-triol
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138910.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175891
2-Deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate [ChEBI:28542]
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132970.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162091
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_123712.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172656
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132452.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167377
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142955.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167378
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133416.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167375
Cellular signalling mechanisms of neural cell adhesion molecules
Mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 cause the most common genetic form of dwarfism, achondroplasia
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141316
ChEBI:28533 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
The ARE-dependent mRNA-destabilizing activity of BRF1 is regulated by protein kinase B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141302
The human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha-6-D-mannoside-beta-1,2- N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II gene (MGAT2). Cloning of genomic DNA, localization to chromosome 14q21, expression in insect cells and purification of the recombinant protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141361
Components and dynamics of DNA replication complexes in S. cerevisiae: redistribution of MCM proteins and Cdc45p during S phase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141488
D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate [ChEBI:28602]
Molecular cloning of a novel member of the eukaryotic polypeptide chain-releasing factors (eRF). Its identification as eRF3 interacting with eRF1.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165629
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132936.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175790
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134810.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2161185
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121861.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142828.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162043
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_121916.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165757
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136273.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167424
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134082.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175791
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139046.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175792
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156551.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165712
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158311.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141399
Dermatan sulphate-rich proteoglycan associates with rat tail-tendon collagen at the d band in the gap region
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167332
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142273.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172574
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128590.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2162081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172652
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122621.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153864.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167323
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144301.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167325
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152257
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114257.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141458
Aquaporins in the hepatobiliary tract. Which, where and what they do in health and disease
Resolution of AP sites via the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway
Structural relationships and the classification of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Cross GTPase-activating protein (CrossGAP)/Vilse links the Roundabout receptor to Rac to regulate midline repulsion
Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance
Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression studies of the human breast cancer cell glutaminase
Octameric structure of the human bifunctional enzyme PAICS in purine biosynthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149968
Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid and the regulation of heme formation by immature erythroid cells in man
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149966
Many cuts to ruin: a comprehensive update of caspase substrates
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152252
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88235.9
Reviews in molecular biology and biotechnology: transmembrane signaling by G protein-coupled receptors
Glucose-sensing mechanisms in pancreatic beta-cells
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360:2211-25
Nodal enhances the activity of FoxO3a and its synergistic interaction with Smads to regulate cyclin G2 transcription in ovarian cancer cells
Gitelman's variant of Bartter's syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148731
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148730
Argonaute proteins: mediators of RNA silencing
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165686
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165680
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174846
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166622.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174821
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168357.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174884
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168450.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155549.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165711
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168338.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165709
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152215
Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR3
Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19959.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158417
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5883.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165647
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148734
Profiling of promoter occupancy by PPAR{alpha} in human hepatoma cells via ChIP-chip analysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152246
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81693.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98708.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152266
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78431.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152222
Abortive initiation is increased only for the weakest members of a set of down mutants of the adenovirus 2 major late promoter.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148728
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152221
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167423
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130549.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149977
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88742.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101170.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152237
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158503.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165714
Enzymatic, metabolic and secretory patterns in human islets of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167370
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95437.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152260
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92934.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152251
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105345.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158211
Ras effectors and their role in mitogenesis and oncogenesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158213
Structure and sequence of the human sulphamidase gene
Lipid digestion, mobilization, and transport
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237009
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157153.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=425425
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_124282.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151393.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1362383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175809
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157386.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158952.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175907
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153994.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2395504
Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166753
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150885.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166752
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152181.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2395501
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156408.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173244
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159285.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174809
MicroRNA miR-34 inhibits human pancreatic cancer tumor-initiating cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174807
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 157:193-7
NOTCH2 Activation and Transmission of Signal to the Nucleus
Homo-oligomer formation by basigin, an immunoglobulin superfamily member, via its N-terminal immunoglobulin domain
Release and trafficking of lipid-linked morphogens
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of CXXC1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of DCTN1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ATP6VOD1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of CTDSP2'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of DNAJB9'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of EXTL3'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of DDX11'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of DNAJB11'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ACADVL'
An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme
Identification of Smad7, a TGFbeta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling
Naphth[2,3-b]oxirene-2,7-dione, 1a,7a-dihydro-1a-methyl-7a-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-Phylloquinone oxide
1,4-Naphthoquinone, 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-Epoxyphylloquinone
A critical role for beta cell M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating insulin release and blood glucose homeostasis in vivo
Phosphoinositides in cell regulation and membrane dynamics
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ARFGAP1 (GAP)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of LMNA'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PDIA5'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PDIA6 (Protein disulfide-isomerase A6)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PPP2R5B'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of GSK3A'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of HDGF'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of HYOU1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of KLHDC3'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of GFPT1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of GOSR2'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Talin-1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Sec12'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of TSPYL2'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SULT1A3'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SYVN1 (HRD1)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SRPRB (SRP Receptor subunit beta)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SSR1 (Trap alpha)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SHC1'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SRPR (SRP Receptor subunit alpha)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SERP1 (RAMP4)'
Viral evasion and subversion of pattern-recognition receptor signalling
Characterization of a subset of the basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS superfamily that interacts with components of the dioxin signaling pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174817
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165982.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174879
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167965.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174881
trans,cis-Lauro-2,6-dienoyl-CoA [ChEBI:28387]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174866
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174861
'Homologues of CDK4(2-303) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of FABP4 (aP2)'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174852
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165845.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174850
'CEBPD [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of EBF1'
'PPARG:Fatty Acid:RXRA:Mediator:Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of FABP4 (aP2)'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166668.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174849
'NEUROG3 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NEUROG3-dependent synthesis of INSM1'
'ChREBP:MLX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Transcriptional activation of pyruvate kinase gene by ChREBP:MLX'
Functional variant of CYP4A11 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthase is associated with essential hypertension
'NEUROG3 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NEUROG3-dependent synthesis of PAX4 protein'
'NEUROG3 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NEUROG3-dependent synthesis of NKX2-2'
'CEBPB [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of KLF5'
'CEBPB [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of EBF1'
'Homologues of EGR2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of CEBPB'
'CEBPD [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of KLF5'
Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization of a third alpha-class hypoxia inducible factor subunit, HIF3alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174838
'ChREBP:MLX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Transcriptional activation of Citrate lyase monomer gene by ChREBP:MLX'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174819
'PPARG:Fatty Acid:RXRA:Mediator:Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PEPCK-C)'
'PPARG:Fatty Acid:RXRA:Mediator:Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)'
'PPARG:Fatty Acid:RXRA:Mediator:Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of CEBPA'
'EBF1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of CEBPA'
'WNT1,WNT10B [extracellular region]' negatively regulates 'Expression of CEBPA'
'PPARG:RXRA:Corepressor Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of GLUT4'
'CEBPA [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of GLUT4'
'E2F1/2/3 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'CDC6 protein is synthesized under the control of E2F transcription factors'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174844
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168354.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174836
The porphobilinogen synthase catalyzed reaction mechanism
Effects of cyclic GMP on smooth muscle relaxation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168447.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174826
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_167351.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174761
Molecular cloning and characterization of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from human heart
'phospho-p-S52-EIF2S1(2-315) [cytosol]' positively regulates 'Translation and translocation of ATF4 '
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of DNAJC3 (p58IPK)'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of YIF1A'
'Homologues of XBP1-2 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of WFS1'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174767
'RBPJ [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'RBPJ- and NOTCH1-dependent synthesis of HES1 protein during morphogenesis'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174768
'Homologues of ATF4 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of HERPUD'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174763
'Homologues of ATF4 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of Asparagine Synthetase'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174765
'Homologues of ATF4 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of ATF3'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_164849.1
'NOTCH1 Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'RBPJ- and NOTCH1-dependent synthesis of HES1 protein during morphogenesis'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3238096
'NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'RBPJ- and NOTCH1-dependent synthesis of HES1 protein during morphogenesis'
TBP, a universal eukaryotic transcription factor?
'NICD1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'RBPJ- and NOTCH1-dependent synthesis of HES1 protein during morphogenesis'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174760
'NOTCH1 Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NOTCH1 stimulates MYC transcription'
'NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NOTCH1 stimulates MYC transcription'
'NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NOTCH1 stimulates HEY transcription'
'NOTCH1 Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'NOTCH1 stimulates HEY transcription'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174754
'ROR-alpha:Coactivator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of BMAL1 (ARNTL).'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174756
'NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of BMAL1 (ARNTL).'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174758
'ROR-alpha:Coactivator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of NPAS2'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174759
'NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of CLOCK'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174751
'NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of NPAS2'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174752
'p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PERIOD-2'
'p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PERIOD-1'
'BMAL2:CLOCK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PAI-1'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174748
'p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PAI-1'
'p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of NOCTURNIN'
'p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of DBP'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137449.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175154
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28040.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175624
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81368.9
'NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of ELOVL3'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174744
'ROR-alpha:Coactivator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of NR1D1 (REV-ERBA)'
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133868.5
'NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of NR1D1 (REV-ERBA)'
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175155
'p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of NR1D1 (REV-ERBA)'
'HIF1A [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of RORA (ROR-alpha)'
'p-PPARGC1A [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha)'
'ROR-alpha:Coactivator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of CPT1A'
'ROR-alpha:Coactivator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of SREBF1 (SREBP1)'
'NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'Expression of PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha)'
'MEF2C/D:PPARGC1A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens) [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha)'
'phospho-p-S133-CREB1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'Expression of PPARGC1A (PGC-1alpha)'
'ONECUT1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'HNF6-dependent synthesis of NEUROG3 protein during morphogenesis'
'ONECUT1 [nucleoplasm]' positively regulates 'HNF6-dependent synthesis of ONECUT3 protein during early pancreas specification'
'Homologues of HES1 [nucleoplasm]' negatively regulates 'HNF6-dependent synthesis of NEUROG3 protein during morphogenesis'
The t(6;8)(q27;p11) translocation in a stem cell myeloproliferative disorder fuses a novel gene, FOP, to fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
Purification and properties of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase from rat liver
p38-dependent phosphorylation of the mRNA decay-promoting factor KSRP controls the stability of select myogenic transcripts
Molecular cloning of a third member of the potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger gene family, NCKX3
Expression of human alpha-l-fucosyltransferase gene homologs in monkey kidney COS cells and modification of potential fucosyltransferase acceptor substrates by an endogenous glycosidase
Aldo-keto reductases from the AKR1B subfamily: retinoid specificity and control of cellular retinoic acid levels
Identification of tyrosine residues in constitutively activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 involved in mitogenesis, Stat activation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation
Anomalous megakaryocytopoiesis in mice with mutations in the c-Myb gene
Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase
Kuzbanian controls proteolytic processing of Notch and mediates lateral inhibition during Drosophila and vertebrate neurogenesis
Intracellular cleavage of Notch leads to a heterodimeric receptor on the plasma membrane
Cloning of the NCX2 isoform of the plasma membrane Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger
Active Wnt proteins are secreted on exosomes
DNA primase from KB cells. Characterization of a primase activity tightly associated with immunoaffinity-purified DNA polymerase-alpha.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175234
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96239.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147132
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89237.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175222
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32504.10
ChEBI:28477 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150401
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137643.5
MicroRNA-34a inhibits glioblastoma growth by targeting multiple oncogenes
Cloning and identification of amino acid residues of human phospholipase C delta 1 essential for catalysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149461
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34777.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87892.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147284
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84461.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175226
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30626.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175220
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98277.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147029
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85866.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175324
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83403.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175221
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79509.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150391
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99045.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149468
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78239.9
Characterization of a human lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase that is encoded by a gene located in the class III region of the human major histocompatibility complex
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97129.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104211.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149465
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80878.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157097
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29492.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157107
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157734
Heterotrimeric G protein activation by G-protein-coupled receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157737
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154756.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157095
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98776.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175478
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33477.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147028
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85514.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175252
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94226.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157108
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114113.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157640
5'-Phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylate [ChEBI:28413]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152486
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81392.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175251
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96132.9
An obligatory role of mind bomb-1 in notch signaling of mammalian development
15-Keto-prostaglandin F2alpha [ChEBI:760]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157744
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94512.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153322
Purification and properties of carnitine acetyltransferase from human liver
Formation of a pool of free 40S subunits
TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing
Epidermal growth factor receptors harboring kinase domain mutations associate with the heat shock protein 90 chaperone and are destabilized following exposure to geldanamycins
Purification and some properties of inorganic pyrophosphatase from human erythrocytes
Membrane topology of system xc- light subunit reveals a re-entrant loop with substrate-restricted accessibility
Transforming growth factor-beta induces nuclear import of Smad3 in an importin-beta1 and Ran-dependent manner
A DNA helicase activity is associated with an MCM4, -6, and -7 protein complex.
Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/APC complex reveals a critical role for APC phosphorylation in APC function
Mechanism of phosphorylation-dependent binding of APC to beta-catenin and its role in beta-catenin degradation
Dynamic assembly of TRPC1-STIM1-Orai1 ternary complex is involved in store-operated calcium influx. Evidence for similarities in store-operated and calcium release-activated calcium channel components
TAB2 and TAB3 activate the NF-kappaB pathway through binding to polyubiquitin chains
The MRN complex: coordinating and mediating the response to broken chromosomes.
The quaternary structure of bovine brain kinesin
ATF6 activated by proteolysis binds in the presence of NF-Y (CBF) directly to the cis-acting element responsible for the mammalian unfolded protein response
Lysophospholipid acyltransferases and arachidonate recycling in human neutrophils
Molecular cloning and functional expression of the human Golgi UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter
Binding of Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2 to Notch2 rapidly induces cleavage, nuclear translocation, and hyperphosphorylation of Notch2
Species-specific detection of the antiviral small-molecule compound CMA by STING
Identification, retinoid binding, and x-ray analysis of a human retinol-binding protein
Akt phosphorylates and regulates the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
Cell biology of IL-7, a key lymphotrophin
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
IRAK-4 kinase activity is required for interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor- and toll-like receptor 7-mediated signaling and gene expression
Recognition of siRNA Asymmetry by TAR RNA Binding Protein
Complete amino acid sequence of the neurone-specific gamma isozyme of enolase (NSE) from human brain and comparison with the non-neuronal alpha form (NNE)
Cloning of a human cDNA for CTP-phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase by complementation in vivo of a yeast mutant
TAZ controls Smad nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and regulates human embryonic stem-cell self-renewal
Rate-equilibria relationships in intramolecular proton transfer in human carbonic anhydrase III
Clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic correlations in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Phosphoproteomics reveals new ERK MAP kinase targets and links ERK to nucleoporin-mediated nuclear transport
TEAD transcription factors mediate the function of TAZ in cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
TEADs mediate nuclear retention of TAZ to promote oncogenic transformation
[Receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin]
Signal transduction by fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR-4). Comparison with FGFR-1
Regulation of mRNA Stability by Proteins that Bind AU-rich Elements
Platelet alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin
Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency in human
The role of semaphorins and their receptors in gliomas
Signal transduction via the stem cell factor receptor/c-Kit
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membrane
The human sef-a isoform utilizes different mechanisms to regulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways and subsequent cell fate
Human geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase: isolation of the cDNA, chromosomal mapping and tissue expression
The Sec61 complex is located in both the ER and the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
Functional expression and characterisation of a new human phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase PI4K230
Human PHOSPHO1 exhibits high specific phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine phosphatase activities
Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors
Molecular characterization of human UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transporter, a novel nucleotide sugar transporter with dual substrate specificity
ATP bound to the origin recognition complex is important for preRC formation.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155870
The architecture of the human Rad54-DNA complex provides evidence for protein translocation along DNA.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155864
Protein kinase B kinases that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent activation of protein kinase B
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155883
Glutamate accelerates RPE cell proliferation through ERK1/2 activation via distinct receptor-specific mechanisms
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155798
Mechanisms for the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial function and vascular disease
Characterization of the COQ5 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evidence for a C-methyltransferase in ubiquinone biosynthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172844
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172782
A novel mechanism for GABA synthesis and packaging into synaptic vesicles
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149750
Formation of tubulin folding intermediates by CCT/TriC
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146400
A novel interleukin-17 receptor-like protein identified in human umbilical vein endothelial cells antagonizes basic fibroblast growth factor-induced signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148456
Electrostatics of aquaporin and aquaglyceroporin channels correlates with their transport selectivity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148485
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXV: calcium-activated chloride channels
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148398
Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration
RGS17, an overexpressed gene in human lung and prostate cancer, induces tumor cell proliferation through the cyclic AMP-PKA-CREB pathway
The mitochondrial ornithine transporter. Bacterial expression, reconstitution, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of two human isoforms
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30190.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163743
Low levels of glucose transporters and K+ATP channels in human pancreatic beta cells early in development
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155154
CpG-DNA-specific activation of antigen-presenting cells requires stress kinase activity and is preceded by non-specific endocytosis and endosomal maturation
Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis requires CDC42 and Rac1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153977
3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol [ChEBI:28790]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175881
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138000.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155143
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145128.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155167
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156307
Expression of the SNT-1/FRS2 phosphotyrosine binding domain inhibits activation of MAP kinase and PI3-kinase pathways and antiestrogen resistant growth induced by FGF-1 in human breast carcinoma cells
Characterization of the D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase involved in the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate
Stop codon FGFR3 mutations in thanatophoric dwarfism type 1
The ratio between tetrahydrobiopterin and oxidized tetrahydrobiopterin analogues controls superoxide release from endothelial nitric oxide synthase: an EPR spin trapping study
Molecular cloning of human Syk. A B cell protein-tyrosine kinase associated with the surface immunoglobulin M-B cell receptor complex
cDNA cloning and expression of a new form of human aryl sulfotransferase
Glycosaminoglycans. A biochemical and clinical review
Specificity, promiscuity and localization of ARF protein interactions with NCS-1 and phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase-III beta
Regulation of Smurf2 ubiquitin ligase activity by anchoring the E2 to the HECT domain
Identification of mutations associated with peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase in primary hyperoxaluria type 1
cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148354
The crystal structure of yeast thiamin pyrophosphokinase
Identification, characterization, and crystal structure of the Omega class glutathione transferases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172177
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130430.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172316
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138290.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172083
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138694.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=72620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144294
2'-Deoxyinosine 5'-phosphate [ChEBI:28806]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169596
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155624.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172070
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127254.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172051
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146559.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172068
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130901.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153672
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143986.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172180
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146385.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172088
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138669.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163559
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172074
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126949.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147284.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172086
Isolation and sequence of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase cDNA. Coordinate regulation of the mRNAs for farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase by phorbol ester
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153718
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131900.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160669
Genomic screening of fibroblast growth-factor receptor 2 reveals a wide spectrum of mutations in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156067
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143767.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156021
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138679.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156072
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142262.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156082
TRAF6 distinctively mediates MyD88- and IRAK-1-induced activation of NF-kappaB
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156015
5'-Phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole [ChEBI:28843]
Human pancreatic islets express mRNA species encoding two distinct catalytically active isoforms of group VI phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) that arise from an exon-skipping mechanism of alternative splicing of the transcript from the iPLA2 gene on chromosome 22q13.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172043
Molecular identification of microsomal acyl-CoA:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, a key enzyme in de novo triacylglycerol synthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172039
D-myo-Inositol 3,4-bisphosphate [ChEBI:4277]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145051.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159328
The human purH gene product, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155916
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145018.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156060
Chromosomal localization of the gene for human glucosamine-6-sulphatase to 12q14
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156089
Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of novel human SULT1C sulfotransferases that catalyze the sulfonation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172054
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146502.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172011
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166527
A role for dystrophin-associated glycoproteins and utrophin in agrin-induced AChR clustering
Dystroglycan-alpha, a dystrophin-associated glycoprotein, is a functional agrin receptor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147278
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141499
The in vitro replication of DNA containing the SV40 origin.
Human cytoplasmic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase: expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant wild-type and Cys129 mutant enzymes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141506
Thematic Review Series: Proteomics. An integrated omics analysis of eicosanoid biology
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82742.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175451
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79268.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152258
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81971.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172058
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172053
ATP binding/hydrolysis by and phosphorylation of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette proteins PMP70 (ABCD3) and adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ABCD1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172006
Large-scale proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome.
WW domain-containing protein YAP associates with ErbB-4 and acts as a co-transcriptional activator for the carboxyl-terminal fragment of ErbB-4 that translocates to the nucleus
Human mitochondrial transcription factor B1 methylates ribosomal RNA at a conserved stem-loop
FUNCTION NCD is required for normal chromosomal segregation in meiosis, in females, and in early mitotic divisions of the embryo. The NCD motor activity is directed toward the microtubule's minus end.SIMILARITY Belongs to the kinesin-like protein family. NCD subfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 1 kinesin-motor domain.
Dual modes of Munc18-1/SNARE interactions are coupled by functionally critical binding to syntaxin-1 N terminus
Human follistatin-related protein: a structural homologue of follistatin with nuclear localization
Na+/Ca2+-K+ exchangers (NCKX): functional properties and physiological roles
activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation
Cytoplasmic chaperonin containing TCP-1: structural and functional characterization
The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is critical for its tumor supressor function
Cloning and analysis of unique human glutaminase isoforms generated by tissue-specific alternative splicing
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162950
Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141263
The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153789
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163919
4-[(1R)-1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol [ChEBI:1942]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141385
1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol [ChEBI:28914]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164145
Subcellular localization and physiological role of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141367
N (epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine protein adduct is a major immunological epitope in proteins modified with advanced glycation end products of the Maillard reaction
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141373
Monocarboxylate transporters: past, present, and future
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164132
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141389
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine [ChEBI:28936]
Mitochondrial and peroxisomal targeting of 2-methylacyl-CoA racemase in humans
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141442
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141446
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160213
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160163
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160244
Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition
Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110439
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146732
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=165126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148940
The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily
Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase
Structure, function, and control of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C
A novel skeletal dysplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans is caused by a Lys650Met mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene
Molecular enzymology of carnitine transfer and transport
Extracellular Protein Interactions Mediated by the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM: Heterophilic Interactions Between NCAM and Cell Adhesion Molecules, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, and Viruses
Aquaporin-11: a channel protein lacking apparent transport function expressed in brain
D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate
1D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate [ChEBI:809]
ChEBI:16152 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphates
ChEBI:16152 ChEBI:16152 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphates
The human AQP4 gene: definition of the locus encoding two water channel polypeptides in brain
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate [ChEBI:16174]
7alpha,12alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one [ChEBI:2288]
7alpha-Hydroxy-5beta-cholestan-3-one [ChEBI:2290]
A protein interaction framework for human mRNA degradation
Identification of a human heme exporter that is essential for erythropoiesis
A cellular function for the RNA-interference enzyme Dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal RNA
SAC1-like domains of yeast SAC1, INP52, and INP53 and of human synaptojanin encode polyphosphoinositide phosphatases
Protein kinase C alpha-dependent phosphorylation of the mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR: implications for posttranscriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145436
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151658
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151679
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149540
Mutations in the gene encoding the 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152673
C-terminal truncations in human 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1 cause autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152585
Large conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa) and arteriolar myogenic signaling
Differential stimulation of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in cells expressing individual nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150446
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166678
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166640
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170686
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165830
1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [ChEBI:16110]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150475
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate [ChEBI:16108]
Molecular cloning and identification of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147522
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=208911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2071856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170371
Coupling of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor to the inhibitory G-protein Gi and adenylate cyclase in HT29 cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172895
Close homolog of L1 is an enhancer of integrin-mediated cell migration
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170269
Cloning, distribution and functional expression of the human mGlu6 metabotropic glutamate receptor
The MIA system for protein import into the mitochondrial intermembrane space
Modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in pathogenesis, autophagy and control of metabolism
Differential mechanism of G-protein activation induced by endogenous mu-opioid peptides, endomorphin and beta-endorphin
Purification, properties, and sequencing of aminoisobutyrate aminotransferases from rat liver
Human Wapl is a cohesin-binding protein that promotes sister-chromatid resolution in mitotic prophase
Structure of D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase/D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase bifunctional protein
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [ChEBI:16264]
Cathepsin S required for normal MHC class II peptide loading and germinal center development
Molecular cloning and expression of human chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase: the key enzyme for chain initiation and elongation of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate on the protein linkage region tetrasaccharide shared by heparin/heparan sulfate
Structure of human nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. Basis for the dual substrate specificity and activation of the oncolytic agent tiazofurin.
The Cdc6 nucleotide-binding site regulates its activity in DNA replication in human cells.
The general transcription factors of RNA polymerase II.
Mastermind critically regulates Notch-mediated lymphoid cell fate decisions
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia
Acyl-coenzyme A synthetases in metabolic control
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173596
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164096
Regulation of the mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase genes.
Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 64:295-341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174361
Cloning and characterization of a mammalian lithium-sensitive bisphosphate 3'-nucleotidase inhibited by inositol 1,4-bisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148685
Demonstration of a specific mitochondrial isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in fibroblasts from patients with isovaleric acidemia.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172050
CDG-IL: an infant with a novel mutation in the ALG9 gene and additional phenotypic features
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157766
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155435
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160088
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162203
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163092
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165518
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157742
Identification and characterization of a major liver lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase
Biochemistry, physiology, and genetics of GPAT, AGPAT, and lipin enzymes in triglyceride synthesis
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296:E1195-209
Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway mutations cause neuromuscular transmission defect
Cancer progression and tumor cell motility are associated with the FGFR4 Arg(388) allele
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146961
Phosphoglycerate mutase isozyme marker for tissue differentiation in man
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146907
Functional characterization of NBC4: a new electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146892
Germ-layer specification and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase
Cloning and characterization a novel human 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene AGPAT7
Trk receptors: roles in neuronal signal transduction
The RNA polymerase II elongation complex.
Distinct transcriptional control and action of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in differentiating skeletal muscle cells
Diacylglycerol metabolism and arachidonic acid release in human fetal membranes and decidua vera
Purification and subunit structure studies of human placental threonyl-tRNA synthetase
The oxidation of pyruvate in pigeon breast muscle
Mammalian TOR complex 2 controls the actin cytoskeleton and is rapamycin insensitive
Characterization of protein synthesis factors from rabbit reticulocytes
Elongation factor 1 beta of artemia: localization of functional sites and homology to elongation factor 1 delta
Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq7 mutants by mitochondrial targeting of the Escherichia coli UbiF polypeptide: two functions of yeast Coq7 polypeptide in coenzyme Q biosynthesis
An allosteric mechanism for activation of the kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor
Phosphorylation of the protein kinase C-theta activation loop and hydrophobic motif regulates its kinase activity, but only activation loop phosphorylation is critical to in vivo nuclear-factor-kappaB induction
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145047
A unified nomenclature for protein subunits of mediator complexes linking transcriptional regulators to RNA polymerase II
Cloning and characterization of a functional human gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter, human GAT-2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154659
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149989
Cathepsins are required for Toll-like receptor 9 responses
Activin signals via SMAD2/3 between germ and somatic cells in the human fetal ovary and regulates kit ligand expression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149443
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165796
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156710
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172171
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169784
Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171274
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170994
Monoamine metabolism and behavioral responses to ethanol in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase knockout mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172558
Variant apolipoprotein AI as a major constituent of a human hereditary amyloid
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175599
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34237.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156712
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109317.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149204
Sequence, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of mRNA encoding a human glucose transporter-like protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146821
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156656
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160531
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34756.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175594
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107029.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156637
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160509
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28320.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154086
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152318
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29326.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156711
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165387
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156978
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156976
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156644
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106927.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175596
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31856.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175610
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106470.9
Translation initiation complex formation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156979
Molecular cloning of a human, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94136.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156873
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94344.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175595
Syndecan signaling: when, where and why?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156972
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86026.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156685
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34125.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156658
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86869.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156645
Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92207.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156652
Immunolocalization of AQP9 in liver, epididymis, testis, spleen, and brain
Cyclic AMP raises intracellular Ca(2+) in human megakaryocytes independent of protein kinase A
FRS2 family docking proteins with overlapping roles in activation of MAP kinase have distinct spatial-temporal patterns of expression of their transcripts
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156713
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156476.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156675
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156676
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156715
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156672
The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor: linking its structure to cell signaling and its role in disease
Determinants of function and substrate specificity in human UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141626
Intracellular signaling by the neural cell adhesion molecule
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173580
Human Scc4 is required for cohesin binding to chromatin, sister-chromatid cohesion, and mitotic progression
cDNA cloning and tissue-specific expression of a novel basic helix-loop-helix/PAS protein (BMAL1) and identification of alternatively spliced variants with alternative translation initiation site usage
A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD
The nonsense-mediated decay RNA surveillance pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171706
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164021
Molecular cloning of AMP deaminase isoform L. Sequence and bacterial expression of human AMPD2 cDNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172368
TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168746
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163724
1D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate
1D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate [ChEBI:811]
D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate
ChEBI:60125 N-epsilon-(1-(1-carboxy)ethyl)lysine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2029264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165199
Independent functions of Slit-Robo repulsion and Netrin-Frazzled attraction regulate axon crossing at the midline in Drosophila
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153511
adenosine 5'-monophosphate [ChEBI:16027]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164510
3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate [ChEBI:16001]
Cloning, expression and characterization of the pig liver GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase. Evidence that GDP-mannose and GDP-Glc pyrophosphorylases are different proteins
Isolation and initial characterization of the single polypeptide that synthesizes uridine 5'-monophosphate from orotate in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Purification by tandem affinity chromatography of uridine-5'-monophosphate synthase
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85481.9
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156683
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156684
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156682
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156714
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114810.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158774.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156678
Replication factors required for SV40 DNA replication in vitro. II. Switching of DNA polymerase alpha and delta during initiation of leading and lagging strand synthesis.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95319.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156677
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164825
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3830.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=164804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=156540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159835
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5533.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175598
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108982.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175597
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85464.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161114
Vertebrate shugoshin links sister centromere cohesion and kinetochore microtubule stability in mitosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145534
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93887.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174299
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3716.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162880
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173279
WW domain-containing proteins, WWOX and YAP, compete for interaction with ErbB-4 and modulate its transcriptional function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=204635
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13241.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113315.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158957
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5381.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153952
Inactivation of menin, a Smad3-interacting protein, blocks transforming growth factor type beta signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147585
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157607
NaPO(4) cotransport type III (PiT1) expression in human embryonic kidney cells and regulation by PTH
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=434801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=204628
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_12734.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168674
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5115.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168752
Retinaldehyde is a substrate for human aldo-keto reductases of the 1C subfamily
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150741
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5251.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149902
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153965
Interactions between UPF1, eRFs, PABP and the exon junction complex suggest an integrated model for mammalian NMD pathways
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29368
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95120.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170674
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77204.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170622
AIP4/Itch regulates Notch receptor degradation in the absence of ligand
A new human hereditary amyloidosis: the result of a stop-codon mutation in the apolipoprotein AII gene
Identification of an endocytosis motif in an intracellular loop of Wntless protein, essential for its recycling and the control of Wnt protein signaling
Pathways of DNA double-strand break repair during the mammalian cell cycle.
Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade
Signal transduction, cell cycle regulatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways regulated by IL-3 in hematopoietic cells: possible sites for intervention with anti-neoplastic drugs
Studies on the metabolic fate of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
TWIK-releated acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163707
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163694
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162740
Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161660
Mammalian thymidine kinase 2. Direct photoaffinity labeling with [32P]dTTP of the enzyme from spleen, liver, heart and brain
Unc93B1 biases Toll-like receptor responses to nucleic acid in dendritic cells toward DNA- but against RNA-sensing
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174278
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174325
Glutathione-S-transferase P1 is a critical regulator of Cdk5 kinase activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153483
Pellino 1 is required for interleukin-1 (IL-1)-mediated signaling through its interaction with the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4)-IRAK-tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex
Rad51 recombinase and recombination mediators.
Epac-selective cAMP analog 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP as a stimulus for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and exocytosis in pancreatic beta-cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158286
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158443
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149357
Affixin interacts with alpha-actinin and mediates integrin signaling for reorganization of F-actin induced by initial cell-substrate interaction
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146643
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141513
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159517
NUDT16 is a (deoxy)inosine diphosphatase, and its deficiency induces accumulation of single-strand breaks in nuclear DNA and growth arrest
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159511
HIF prolyl-hydroxylase 2 is the key oxygen sensor setting low steady-state levels of HIF-1alpha in normoxia
Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization
Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex
Human alpha-L-iduronidase: cDNA isolation and expression
Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex by TRAF6 requires a dimeric ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex and a unique polyubiquitin chain
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha recruits the transcriptional co-activator p300 on the GLUT2 gene promoter
Hepatic and neuromuscular forms of glycogen storage disease type IV caused by mutations in the same glycogen-branching enzyme gene.
Purification and partial amino acid sequence of human aconitase
Crystal structure of an Hsp90-geldanamycin complex: targeting of a protein chaperone by an antitumor agent
Cloning and characterization of a mammalian fatty acyl-CoA elongase as a lipogenic enzyme regulated by SREBPs
Sprouty2 association with B-Raf is regulated by phosphorylation and kinase conformation
Structural analysis and detection of biological inositol pyrophosphates reveal that the family of VIP/diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases are 1/3-kinases
Movement of tRNA but not the nascent peptide during peptide bond formation on ribosomes
Synthesis of prostaglandin F ethanolamide by prostaglandin F synthase and identification of Bimatoprost as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme: new enzyme assay method using LC/ESI/MS
GRASP55 and GRASP65 play complementary and essential roles in Golgi cisternal stacking
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165713
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165710
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172651
Structural basis for tumor pyruvate kinase M2 allosteric regulation and catalysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173487
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2529016
Calreticulin functions as a molecular chaperone in the biosynthesis of myeloperoxidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4172729
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174588
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4173503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167344
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156375
Overexpression and characterization of the human peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase in insect cells
An evolutionarily conserved function of the Drosophila insulin receptor and insulin-like peptides in growth control.
Dependence of site-2 protease cleavage of ATF6 on prior site-1 protease digestion is determined by the size of the luminal domain of ATF6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150325
Intact {alpha}-1,2-endomannosidase is a typical type II membrane protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150363
A conserved cyclin-binding domain determines functional interplay between anaphase-promoting complex-Cdh1 and cyclin A-Cdk2 during cell cycle progression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150070
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165789
Human interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 is essential for Toll-like receptor-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150244
Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways
The collagen fibril: the almost crystalline structure
Gly-X-Y tripeptide frequencies in collagen: a context for host-guest triple-helical peptides
Assessing the function of human UNC-93B in Toll-like receptor signaling and major histocompatibility complex II response
Base excision repair initiation revealed by crystal structures and binding kinetics of human uracil-DNA glycosylase with DNA
IL-1beta induces stabilization of IL-8 mRNA in malignant breast cancer cells via the 3' untranslated region: Involvement of divergent RNA-binding factors HuR, KSRP and TIAR
Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex
Mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pancreas
Polo-like kinase is required for the fragmentation of pericentriolar Golgi stacks during mitosis
Critical role for the docking-protein FRS2 alpha in FGF receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways
Phospholipases and phagocytosis: the role of phospholipid-derived second messengers in phagocytosis
Lysyl hydroxylase-2b directs collagen cross-linking pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells
Human alpha-galactosidase A: nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the mature enzyme
The third 20 amino acid repeat is the tightest binding site of APC for beta-catenin
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 t(7;9)(NOTCH1:M1580_K2555) Translocation Mutant
Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins
The Molecular Chaperone gp96/GRP94 Interacts With Toll-Like Receptors And Integrins Via Its C-Terminal Hydrophobic Domain
The LKB1 tumor suppressor kinase in human disease
A human Na+/H+ antiporter sharing evolutionary origins with bacterial NhaA may be a candidate gene for essential hypertension
The SLC40 basolateral iron transporter family (IREG1/ferroportin/MTP1)
Why calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases?
Mechanisms involved in the intestinal digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A
The three members of the pocket proteins family share the ability to repress E2F activity through recruitment of a histone deacetylase
Phosphorylation of CAP-G is required for its chromosomal DNA localization during mitosis
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 377:1007-11
The Bcl10-Malt1 complex segregates Fc epsilon RI-mediated nuclear factor kappa B activation and cytokine production from mast cell degranulation
Dscam-mediated cell recognition regulates neural circuit formation
clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle membrane
clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle lumen
clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle
The control of mammalian DNA replication: a brief history of space and timing.
CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation
Insulin-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of a regulator of 5'-cap function.
Signaling by target of rapamycin proteins in cell growth control
A UAF1-containing multisubunit protein complex regulates the Fanconi anemia pathway
Molecular identity and cellular distribution of advanced glycation endproduct receptors: relationship of p60 to OST-48 and p90 to 80K-H membrane proteins
Architecture of the yeast origin recognition complex bound to origins of DNA replication.
Formation and stability of the 5 S RNA transcription complex
Discovery of a lysophospholipid acyltransferase family essential for membrane asymmetry and diversity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=947996
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26503.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26455.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163872
Sensing of Lys 63-linked polyubiquitination by NEMO is a key event in NF-kappaB activation [corrected]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=948008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=948029
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26043.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163870
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163884
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163874
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165139
Ligand-regulated association of ErbB-4 to the transcriptional co-activator YAP65 controls transcription at the nuclear level
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175716
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146679.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175715
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127749.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165152
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126220.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175718
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145625.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153771
Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153770
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99149.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153766
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145442.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163886
Glypican-1:HSPG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Robo1/Robo2:Robo3A.1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153765
Slit2:Glypican-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIKE-L:UNC5B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pPLCgamma:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pEzrin:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Netrin-1:Neogenin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ezrin:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153723
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153728
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153727
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153768
UNC-5:Netrin-1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153729
NCAM1:T- and L-type VDCC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NCAM-1:ATP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NCAM1:FGFR-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Wapl controls the dynamic association of cohesin with chromatin
The substrate of Greatwall kinase, Arpp19, controls mitosis by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A
Greatwall phosphorylates an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A that is essential for mitosis
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152903.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169879
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169878
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151822.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629740
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1): structural and functional homology with the Drosophila DSTPK61 kinase.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153995.3
Stimulator of IFN gene is critical for induction of IFN-beta during Chlamydia muridarum infection
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629765
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150662.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169838
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157964.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169873
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629755
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152125.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629736
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151437.1
Glypican-6 component recommendedName: Secreted glypican-6 /component
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023943
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152024.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150700.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169847
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155019.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500648
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151505.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169840
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein
Folding of Toll-like receptors by the HSP90 paralogue gp96 requires a substrate-specific cochaperone
On the structure of human serum low density lipoprotein
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155105.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150541.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023929
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150776.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153108.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169854
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157583.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175864
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153711.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=994141
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25926.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629770
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151222.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169871
Glypican-2 component recommendedName: Secreted glypican-2 /component
The control of mRNA decapping and P-body formation
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169889
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 3B1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169887
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169885
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151071.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023891
High Km soluble 5'-nucleotidase from human placenta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169958
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151123.1
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153867.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023892
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159493.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150774.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023901
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168463
Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168461
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168546
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154544.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175865
Studies on the activator 1 protein complex, an accessory factor for proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent DNA polymerase delta.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150528.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169915
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158764.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169916
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159695.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169919
UBE2D1,2,3:Ubiquitin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ub-hydroxyPro-HIF-alpha:VHL:EloB/C:CUL2:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ub-hydroxyPro-HIF-alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hydroxyPro-HIF-alpha:VHL:EloB/C:CUL2:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
VHL:EloB/C:CUL2:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
VBC Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Localization and trafficking of aquaporin 2 in the kidney
Regulation of innate immune responses by DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) and other DNA-sensing molecules
Amyloid Oligomer Structures and Toxicity
ub-HIF-alpha:VHL:EloB/C:CUL2:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HIF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ub-HIF-alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pCofilin: Active LIMK-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pLIMK dimer:HSP-90 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active LIMK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP5K1gamma:Talin-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FARP2:PIP5KIgamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HIF:CBP:p300 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAC1-GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NCAM1:NCAM1 trans-homotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NCAM1 cis-homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SEMA6A:PLXNA2,PLXNA4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SEMA5A:PLXNB3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CNG channel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Guanylate cyclase activating proteins:Ca2+
GUCA1A:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GUCA1B:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GUCA1C:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GCAP2:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GCAP1:Ca2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme:Corepressor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NR1D1 (REV-ERBA):heme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ROR-alpha:Coactivator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Beta-TrCP1:PER (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MEF2C/D:PPARGC1A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-BMAL1:p-CLOCK/NPAS2:DNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMAL2:CLOCK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SPO11 Covalently Attached to Oligonucleotide (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MRN:CtIP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SPO11 Dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SPO11 Covalently Attached to Double-strand Break (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MRE11:RAD50:NBS1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPARs: therapeutic targets for metabolic disease
RBX1-CUL2-EloB/C-VHL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1022114
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26950.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1022112
Activin AB/B:ACVR2A/B:ACVR1C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activin AB/B:ACVR2A/B:p-ACVR1C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activin A/AB/B:ACVR2A/B:p-ACVR1B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
INHBA:INHBB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
INHBA dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27046.1
Activin A/AB/B:ACVR2A/B:ACVR1B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1022117
INHBB dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26937.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1022111
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25760.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1022115
Integrin alpha IIb beta 3:p(Y530)-SRC:CSK:Talin:RIAM complex:p(Y317)-SHC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26201.1
Endotoxin recognition and signal transduction by the TLR4/MD2-complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162020
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26630.1
cGMP:CNG channel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBP1:atROL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162026
RBP2:atRAL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162025
BCMO1:Fe2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136974.5
RBP2:atROL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162028
Activin A/AB/B:FST (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26718.2
Activin A/AB/B:FSTL3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162024
Genomic organization of the human phosphomannose isomerase (MPI) gene and mutation analysis in patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation type Ib (CDG-Ib)
p-LATS1:p-MOB1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK4/N dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
YWHAB dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-LATS2:p-MOB1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
YWHAE dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-YAP1:YWHAB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK3/N:p-SAV1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-LATS:p-MOB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK4/N:p-SAV1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK3/N dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Integrin alpha2b beta3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Integrin alphaIIb beta3:p(Y530)-SRC:CSK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Integrin alphaIIb beta3:p(Y530)-SRC:CSK:Talin:RIAM complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Integrin alphaIIb beta 3:p(Y530)-SRC:CSK:Talin:RIAM complex:SHC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Inactive SRC (pY530):CSK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-WWTR1:YWHAE (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Talin:RIAM complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rap1-GTP:PIP2:RIAM (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rap1-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rap1-GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Role of the CCAAT enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) in adipocyte differentiation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161772
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24049.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113780
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4154.2
The anaphase-promoting complex: a key factor in the regulation of cell cycle
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161783
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131792.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161767
Coexpression of glucose transporters and glucokinase in Xenopus oocytes indicates that both glucose transport and phosphorylation determine glucose utilization
The way Wnt works: Components and mechanism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532679
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24084.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140203.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161791
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161803
Barttin modulates trafficking and function of ClC-K channels
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103:11411-6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162957
B55alpha PP2A holoenzymes modulate the phosphorylation status of the retinoblastoma-related protein p107 and its activation
Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt
Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162036
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140624.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162032
Molecular modeling-based analysis of interactions in the RFC-dependent clamp-loading process
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26691.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1018377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162018
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138579.5
The 7 TM G-protein-coupled receptor target family
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162019
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24355.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912288
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912294
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26647.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912281
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26257.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162949
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146839.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26886.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162945
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162955
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144548.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912298
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132818.5
A human, ATP-independent, RISC assembly machine fueled by pre-miRNA
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25434.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912290
Nitric Oxide as a Unique Bioactive Signaling Messenger in Physiology and Pathophysiology
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25962.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912286
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140399.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912292
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162953
Regulation of PAK-2p34 activity by PS-GAP/RHG10
Refined crystal structure of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase at 2.5-A resolution
PINCH2 is a new five LIM domain protein, homologous to PINCHand localized to focal adhesions
Conserved initiator proteins in eukaryotes.
Actopaxin interacts with TESK1 to regulate cell spreading on fibronectin
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_122663.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500596
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152026.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023856
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158222.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169933
Structural basis for featuring of steroid isomerase activity in alpha class glutathione transferases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169930
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158609.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168545
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25711.2
Understanding RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end products
Notch2 integrates signaling by the transcription factors RBP-J and CREB1 to promote T cell cytotoxicity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=994170
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26626.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=994123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169898
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156940.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169922
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157802.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169925
STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling
TMEM16A confers receptor-activated calcium-dependent chloride conductance
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1500625
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117549.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169921
EDEM3, a soluble EDEM homolog, enhances glycoprotein endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and mannose trimming
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110644
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5673.1
ATP-dependent positive supercoiling of DNA by 13S condensin: a biochemical implication for chromosome condensation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142790
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103258.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174955
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90926.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150448
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108490.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109386
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3275.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2628.2
Structural and mechanistic insights into cooperative assembly of dimeric Notch transcription complexes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144642
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146988
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93559.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144651
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104125.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144653
Loading of an Mcm protein onto DNA replication origins is regulated by Cdc6p and CDKs.
The Cbl family of ubiquitin ligases: critical negative regulators of tyrosine kinase signaling in the immune system
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023883
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150976.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175016
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83850.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174946
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106046.9
Molecular cloning, cDNA sequence, and bacterial expression of human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase
Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 2
Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1
SLC24A5, a putative cation exchanger, affects pigmentation in zebrafish and humans
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29878
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86446.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148773
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96933.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142812
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2886.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95184.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142815
Mitotic Golgi partitioning is driven by the membrane-fissioning protein CtBP3/BARS
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84066.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148785
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95588.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97584.9
Folding mechanism of the triple helix in type-III collagen and type-III pN-collagen. Role of disulfide bridges and peptide bond isomerization
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142785
Multimeric structure of ClC-1 chloride channel revealed by mutations in dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen)
A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex
Kinetics of B cell receptor signaling in human B cell subsets mapped by phosphospecific flow cytometry
Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young
Cytochrome P450 2D6: overview and update on pharmacology, genetics, biochemistry
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 369:23-37
Tripeptidyl peptidase II is the major peptidase needed to trim long antigenic precursors, but is not required for most MHC class I antigen presentation
Methylation pharmacogenetics: catechol O-methyltransferase, thiopurine methyltransferase, and histamine N-methyltransferase
dlk acts as a negative regulator of Notch1 activation through interactions with specific EGF-like repeats
The mechanism of regulation of hexokinase: new insights from the crystal structure of recombinant human brain hexokinase complexed with glucose and glucose-6-phosphate
NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Fringe-modified NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL1:NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL4:NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG1:NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG2:NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:MTMR4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-SMAD3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD3:STUB1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD7:SMURF1:XPO1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD7:SMURF1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMP2:BMP type II receptor:Phospho-BMP type I receptor:I-SMAD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMP:p-BMPR:Endofin:p-2S-SMAD1/5/8 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD7:SMURF2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD7:NEDD4L (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD2:SMURF2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-SMAD2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding human cardiolipin synthase (hCLS1)
p-4S-BMPRI dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMP:BMPRII:p-4S-BMPRI (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMP:BMPRII:BMPRI (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dimeric BMP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMPRII:BMPRI (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMPRI dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMPRII dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RhoGTPase:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMP:p-BMPR:I-SMAD:SMURF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BMP:p-BMPR:Endofin:SMAD1/5/8 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
I-SMAD:SMURF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=205683
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22654.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164117
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143601.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1028779
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127336.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26726.1
Expression cloning of a cDNA for human ceramide glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the first glycosylation step of glycosphingolipid synthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=205689
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26298.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165158
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144995.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164105
DTX:ITCH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164107
Ub-DTX:ITCH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164102
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26713.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975815
Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and signal transduction
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164115
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25511.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164111
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158014.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975822
NOTCH1:DTX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ADAM10/17:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 fragment:DLL/JAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH1 fragment (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29790
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3046.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142778
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase contributes to the transformation of hematopoietic cells by the D816V c-Kit mutant
Interleukin-2 receptor signaling in regulatory T cell development and homeostasis
Mutations in HYAL1, a member of a tandemly distributed multigene family encoding disparate hyaluronidase activities, cause a newly described lysosomal disorder, mucopolysaccharidosis IX
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:6296-300
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100824.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152791
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102631.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97561.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3483.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142771
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82331.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141851
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83159.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142765
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2623.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141842
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84187.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141846
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141847
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103750.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4982.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=31467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142800
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4009.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142806
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of mammalian glycoproteins involves sugar chain trimming to Man6-5GlcNAc2
Structure of human salivary alpha-amylase at 1.6 A resolution: implications for its role in the oral cavity.
Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 52:435-46
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5523.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29882
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73578
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4214.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142798
N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine [ChEBI:16927]
sn-Glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine [ChEBI:10647]
D-Glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate [ChEBI:16938]
Critical role of novel Thr-219 autophosphorylation for the cellular function of PKCtheta in T lymphocytes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34103.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100157.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174953
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5240.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141829
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141815
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137430.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141839
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141840
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5012.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141833
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141835
ChEBI:16975 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29452
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3933.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141800
Human cationic amino acid transporter hCAT-3 is preferentially expressed in peripheral tissues
The human 5-ht5A receptor couples to Gi/Go proteins and inhibits adenylate cyclase in HEK 293 cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141814
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101082.9
Characterization of a family of nucleolar SUMO-specific proteases with preference for SUMO-2 or SUMO-3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145162.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164168
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25989.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26232.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975819
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130708.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163926
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137699.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=981613
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26388.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137894.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975910
The RSK family of kinases: emerging roles in cellular signalling
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26828.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=914003
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26764.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=205687
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26724.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163924
Plk1 docking to GRASP65 phosphorylated by Cdk1 suggests a mechanism for Golgi checkpoint signalling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163930
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26078.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159419.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25606.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964828
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158817.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163931
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157589.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175752
Up-regulation and co-expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors in human gastric cancer
ERBB4s80:STAT5A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The Src homology 2 domain containing inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP2 is recruited to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in EGF-stimulated COS-7 cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964831
TAB2:NCOR1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163914
ERBB4s80:WWOX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156124.3
ERBB4s80:YAP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163912
ERBB4jmAcyt2s80 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163910
ERBB4s80:TAB2:NCOR1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163906
STAT5A homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Inactivated RhoGTPase:GDP:GDI complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RhoGTPase:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Netrin-1 and its receptors in tumorigenesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163904
ERBB4jmAcyt1s80:NEDD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163900
Ub-ERBB4jmAcyt1s80:NEDD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ERBB4/m80/s80:WWP1/ITCH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163902
Ub-ERBB4:WWP1/ITCH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163903
ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26785.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163896
Ub-ERBB3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-RNF41 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-RNF41:p-USP8 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NRG1/2:p-10Y-ERBB3:p-ERBB2:RNF41 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NRG1/2:Ub-p-10Y-ERBB3:p-ERBB2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ERBB2:ERBB2IP:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HSP90 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate [ChEBI:16905]
CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-ERBB2:ERBB2IP:Ub-HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-ERBB2:ERBB2IP:HSP90:CDC37 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ERBB4jmAcyt1m80 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ERBB4jmAcyt2m80 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ERBB4jmA membrane-bound cleavage product of 80 kDa
gamma-secretase complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PSEN2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T41,S45-beta-catenin:Axin:GSK3:CK1alpha:APC:PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pS45-beta-catenin:Axin:GSK3:CK1alpha:APC:PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Axin:GSK3:CK1alpha:APC:PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
WLS:retromer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
beta-catenin:Axin:GSK3:CK1alpha:APC:PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25556.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964744
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_25680.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964746
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26330.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964754
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30162.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163918
Dephosphorylation and activation of a p34cdc2/cyclin B complex in vitro by human CDC25 protein
p-S33,S37,T41,S45-beta-catenin:Axin:GSK3:CK1alpha:APC:PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S33,S37,T41,S45-beta-catenin:Axin:CK1alpha:GSK3B:phospho-APC (20 aa repeat region):PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF-beta-TrCP1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SCF-beta-TrCP1 complex associated with phosphorylated beta-catenin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S37,T41,S45-beta-catenin:Axin,GSK3:CK1alpha:APC:PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Protein Kinase C, alpha type: DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G alpha-olf:GDP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G alpha-olf:GDP:Adenylate cyclase (active) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G alpha-olf:GTP:Adenylate cyclase (active) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G alpha-olf:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated PLC beta 1/4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I: characterization of novel mutations affecting alpha-L-iduronidase activity
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26142.2
Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=964740
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142068.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163920
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24671.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=915149
Functional interaction of monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and BRCA2/FANCD1 in chromatin
VPS35:VPS29:VPS26 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
WLS:WNT (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B56-containing PP2A dephosphorylate ERK and their activity is controlled by the early gene IEX-1 and ERK
p-STK4 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK4:p-SAV1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LATS:p-MOB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KIBRA:LATS (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
STK3:SAV1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Axin:CK1alpha:GSK3B:phospho-APC (20 aa repeat region):PP2A:FAM123B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ubiquitinated phospho-beta-catenin:SCF:beta-TrCP1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
STK3 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The K-Cl cotransporter KCC3 is mutant in a severe peripheral neuropathy associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum
SAV1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK3:p-SAV1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
STK4:SAV1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
STK4 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-SAV1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-STK3 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153798
Distinct pharmacological properties and distribution in neurons and endocrine cells of two isoforms of the human vesicular monoamine transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153800
Structural and kinetic study of the extended active site for proton transfer in human carbonic anhydrase II
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153817
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153821
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153819
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153801
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153823
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153802
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153805
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153825
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153827
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153829
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153830
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97676.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175506
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89635.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175507
Reactions specific to the complex N-glycan synthesis pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161139
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142887
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142886
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142885
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142883
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142879
1D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [ChEBI:808]
D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143032
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138719.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161145
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143033
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147002.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142899
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153334.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142933
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142937
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142936
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158372.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142973
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142969
Two conformations in the human kinesin power stroke defined by X-ray crystallography and EPR spectroscopy
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142977
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142958
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142963
The Akt activation inhibitor TCN-P inhibits Akt phosphorylation by binding to the PH domain of Akt and blocking its recruitment to the plasma membrane
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142967
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95658.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174960
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143176.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=31221
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30754.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174945
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152754.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3892.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142982
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143047
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155268.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161147
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159157.3
TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157534.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161140
The human renal sodium sulfate cotransporter (SLC13A1; hNaSi-1) cDNA and gene: organization, chromosomal localization, and functional characterization
3beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [ChEBI:16814]
A role for the endoplasmic reticulum protein retrotranslocation machinery during crosspresentation by dendritic cells
Multistep regulation of DNA replication by Cdk phosphorylation of HsCdc6.
sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine [ChEBI:10646]
Expression cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel membrane protein required for the formation of O-acetylated ganglioside: a putative acetyl-CoA transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161138
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97862.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143021
The calcium-binding aspartate/glutamate carriers, citrin and aralar1, are new substrates for the DDP1/TIMM8a-TIMM13 complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143020
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate [ChEBI:16851]
Nonhomologous end joining: repair of DNA double strand breaks after ionizing radiation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153733
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153787
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153740
A novel microtubule-based motor protein (KIF4) for organelle transports, whose expression is regulated developmentally
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153735
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153785
Origin, Recognition, Signaling and Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Mammalian Cells
Damage Surveillance and Repair (Keith Caldecott, editor)1-40
SARA, a FYVE domain protein that recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptor
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase of human erythrocytes. Purification and properties.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153779
Ub-NOTCH1:NUMB:ITCH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1:NUMB:ITCH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153791
Ub-NOTCH1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125964.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153790
Oxygen-dependent Proline Hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140030.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153763
FBXW7:SKP1:CUL1:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153759
NOTCH1 Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NICD1 PEST domain mutants:RBPJ:SNW1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH1 Coactivator Complex:CDK8:CCNC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
The Golgi mitotic checkpoint is controlled by BARS-dependent fission of the Golgi ribbon into separate stacks in G2
NICD1:RBPJ:SNW1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL1:NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153755
Fringe-modified NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153751
NICD1:HIF1A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153757
Ub-p-NICD1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153745
p-NICD1:FBXW7:SKP1:CUL1:RBX1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153749
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153742
Ub-DLL/JAG:NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL4:NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG2:NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
JAG1:NOTCH2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Vesicle pools, docking, priming, and release
Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleotide formed by tissue particles
M2/M4:acetylcholine (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
M1/M3/M5:acetylcholine (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor:Catecholamine (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH2 fragment:DLL/JAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ADAM10:Zn++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL/JAG:NOTCH3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH3 fragment:DLL/JAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DLL/JAG:NOTCH4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NOTCH4 fragment:DLL/JAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (s):GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (s):GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Gs-activated adenylate cyclase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
5-HT2 receptor:Serotonin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
5-HT4/6/7 receptor:serotonin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DRD2, 3, 4:dopamine (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
5-HT1A-F/5 receptor:serotonin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Frizzled receptors:Wnts (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Metabotropic glutamate receptors:L-Glutamate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Melanospin:photon (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Patched:Smoothened (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RhoA,B,C:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
VAV1 Rho/Rac effectors:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
VAV1 Rho/Rac effectors:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Protein kinase C, novel isoforms:DAG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (q/11):GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (13):GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G13-activated p115-RhoGEF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (q/11): GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (q):GRK5 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (q/11):Trio family RhoGEFs (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PLC beta:G alpha (q/11) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G protein alpha:GTP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PDK1:AKT:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (13):GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (12):GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (12/13):LARG (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (12/13):LARG:Plexin B1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein alpha (12):GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RhoA/B/C:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated ROCK:RhoA/B/C:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160178
A role for dystroglycan in basement membrane assembly
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126151.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127888.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175696
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5335.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449221
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22689.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2815.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110094
High incidence of translocations t(11;14)(q13;q32) and t(4;14)(p16;q32) in patients with plasma cell malignancies
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449299
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22548.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31887.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175302
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85734.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175303
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102581.9
Stimulation of the cell death response by PAK-2p34
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4577.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148502
Developmental control of a G1-S transcriptional program in Drosophila
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148500
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87562.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160408
Complement regulators and inhibitory proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160404
UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine [ChEBI:9820]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160384
FGFR1c homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR1c homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2c long homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3b homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated FGFR2c short homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c long homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c long homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c short homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR2c short homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160388
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22935.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29512
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2663.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449701
FGFR3b homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160378
p-S-AKT:PDPK1:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PTEN:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AKT:PIP3:THEM4/TRIB3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CBL:SPRY1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PHLPP (Mn2+ cofactor) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2
PDPK1:PIP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TORC2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-S-AKT:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PDPK1:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AKT:PIP3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-p-Y53/55-SPRY1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-Y371-CBL:CIN85:Endophilin:Epsin:Eps15R:Eps15 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose transporter
UDP-galactose transporter-related protein 8
CIN85:Endophilin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Eps15:HGS:STAM (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-Y371-CBL:Ub-CIN85:Endophilin:Epsin:Eps15R:Eps15 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CIN85 ubiquitinated:Endophilin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:p-Y371-CBL:CIN85:SPRY1/2:Endophilin:Epsin:Eps15R:Eps15 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR1c homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:CBL:p-Y53/55-SPRY1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EGF:p-6Y-EGFR:CBL:Ub-p-Y53/55-SPRY1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 2
Adenosine 3'-phospho 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1
Activated RAF1 complex:MEK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated RAF1 complex:MEK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAS:RAF:14-3-3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR4 N535K mutant
Activated RAF1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR4 N535K mutant
RAS:RAF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p21 RAS:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-Raf1(S259,S621):14-3-3 protein beta/alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
active Cam-PDE 1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR4 Y367C mutant
Cam-PDE 1C homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR4 Y367C mutant
Cam-PDE 1B homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cam-PDE 1A homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Endocytosis, recycling, and regulated exocytosis of glucose transporter 4
phospho-ERK-2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phospho-IRS1/2:PI3K(p85:p110) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PI3K (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MEK2:ERK-2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-ERK-2:MEK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dynamics and function of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid during phagocytosis
phospho-ERK-1 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phenylalanine hydroxylase apoprotein monomer
MEK1:ERK-1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR4 V550E mutant
Activated RAF1 complex:MEK2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR4 V550E mutant
phospho-ERK-1:MEK1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM23 PAM:Cargo (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM23 PAM:Precursor Cargo (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mitochondrial processing peptidase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97223.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162704
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5055.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148496
TIMM9:TIMM10:FXC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148498
SAM50 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148499
TIMM9:TIMM10:Protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM9:TIMM10:FXC1:TIM22:Protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAM Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM23 SORT:Cargo (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM23 SORT:Precursor Cargo (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM23 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
cAMP:PKA regulatory subunit (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PKA tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-CREB dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular cloning of a cyclin-like protein associated with cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk 3) in vivo
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162684
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148492
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83630.9
Exocyst Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148455
NF-Y (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148457
IRE1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5330.2
IRE1 homodimer (phosphorylated) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
IRE1 homodimer (phosphorylated):ADP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PERK Homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Adenylate cyclase (Mg2+ cofactor) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAN2A1:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Identification and characterization of choline transporter-like protein 2, an inner ear glycoprotein of 68 and 72 kDa that is the target of antibody-induced hearing loss
Sec13p:Sec31p Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sar1b:Sec23p:Sec24p:Sec13p:Sec31p Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sec23p:Sec24p Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sar1b:GTP:Sec23p:Sec24p:Sec13p:Sec31p Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sar1b:GTP:Sec23p:Sec24p (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sar1b:GTP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM9:TIMM10 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM8:TIMM13:Protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TIMM8B:TIMM13 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B4GALT3 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B4GALT4 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B4GALT5 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B4GALT6 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MAN2A2:Zn2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B4GALT1 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B4GALT2 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Polymeric chains of SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 are conjugated to protein substrates by SAE1/SAE2 and Ubc9
Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism
Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of the human Class Ia phosphoinositide 3-kinase isoforms
Developmental regulation and cellular distribution of human cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH1)
Polyamine and polyamine analog regulation of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in MALME-3M human melanoma cells
The integrin effector PINCH regulates JNK activity and epithelial migration in concert with Ras suppressor 1
The structure of a human p110alpha/p85alpha complex elucidates the effects of oncogenic PI3Kalpha mutations
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4019.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166744
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166747
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166745
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166767
ChEBI:16723 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate (1-)
ChEBI:16728 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148446
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157123.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148449
Hypoxia signalling in cancer and approaches to enforce tumour regression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148451
Aflatoxin B1exo-8,9-epoxide-GSH [ChEBI:2505]
8,9-Dihydro-8-(S-glutathionyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
Topology of acyltransferase motifs and substrate specificity and accessibility in 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148440
Molecular cloning, genomic organization, and functional expression of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 5 (NHE5) from human brain
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol [ChEBI:16749]
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4805.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162848
Transcriptional regulatory elements in the human genome
New initiation factor activity required for globin mRNA translation.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2861.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162839
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5076.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29416
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110573.9
GP369, an FGFR2-IIIb-specific antibody, exhibits potent antitumor activity against human cancers driven by activated FGFR2 signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148380
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148374
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148378
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148362
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2982.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148366
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80453.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148484
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88191.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4171.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162768
Neurotransmitter uptake and Metabolism In Glial Cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162856
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4602.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148465
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136659.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148471
Activating E17K mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase AKT1 in a subset of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3849.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162872
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162681
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5855.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162793
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3693.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148461
Nuclear Events (kinase and transcription factor activation)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148428
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162803
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3657.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162777
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2701.2
Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2468.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148424
PRDM4:Histone deacetylase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ubiquitinated phospho-IkB (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAC1:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RAC1:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2c S252W mutant
insulin receptor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A-FABP, a candidate progression marker of human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, is differentially regulated by PPAR in urothelial cancer cells
ATP6V1A trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V1B trimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V1G dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATP6V1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RALA-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
B-Raf complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rap1-GTP:B-Raf complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RhoA (Mg cofactor):GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ras-GTP:RalGDS complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RALA-GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2c A315S mutant
RNA editing: complexity and complications.
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2c A315S mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2c P253R mutant
NF-kB complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2c P253R mutant
RhoA (Mg cofactor):GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2c S252W mutant
Active N-SMase:Mg2+ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AP-2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Structural insight into Slit-Robo signalling
beta-NGF homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Clathrin-coated vesicle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-KIT (S741,746):PKC alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SHC1:Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2 N549K mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2 N549H mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2 N549H mutant
Regulation of gene expression in beta cells
Activated TrkA receptor complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated TrkA receptor complex:Clathrin-coated vesicle:Endophilin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2 K660N mutant
PIP3:RhoA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2 K660N mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2 N549K mutant
ERBB3:RNF41 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-Y349,350-SHC1:Phosphorylated ERBB2 heterodimers (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2b C3 variant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2b C3 variant
S111/S120 p-SPRY2:B-RAF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-(Y55/Y227)p-SPRY2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3b S249C mutant
PP2A(A:C):S112/S121-pSPRY2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Y55/Y227-pSPRY2:CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub:Y55/Y227-pSPRY2:CBL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PP2A(A:C):SPRY2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PP2A(A:C):Y55/Y227-pSPRY2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PP2A (A:C) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPA2A(A:C):SPRY2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SPRY2:B-RAF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 G370C mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 G370C mutant
PIP3:AKT2 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3b S249C mutant
p60:Dp110:Phospho-Chico:Activated DINR complex
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3b S249C mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 R248C mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 R248C mutant
Opposing roles for ATF6alpha and ATF6beta in endoplasmic reticulum stress response gene induction
p-AMPK heterotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AMPK heterotrimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LKB1:STRAD:MO25 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF4E:4E-BP1-P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 S371C mutant
TSC1:TSC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 S371C mutant
TSC1:Inhibited TSC2-1-P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rheb:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Activated mTORC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dealing with methionine/homocysteine sulfur: cysteine metabolism to taurine and inorganic sulfur
Mutation of a putative mitochondrial iron transporter gene (ABC7) in X-linked sideroblastic anemia and ataxia (XLSA/A)
Crk:SOS:IRS-P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Crk:IRS-P (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Crk:SOS (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-AMPK heterotrimer:AMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TSC1:p-S1387-TSC2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Rheb:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIP3:PDK1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PKB:PKB Regulator (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149624
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149609
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28841.10
Activated FGFR:p-SHC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175355
Activated FGFR:SHC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 Y373C mutant
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115520.8
Activated FGFR bound to activated PLC gamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 Y373C mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175354
Activated FGFR bound to PLC gamma (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113715.8
Activated FGFR:p-FRS2:p-SHP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149639
Activated FGFR:p-FRS2:SHP2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149637
Activated FGFR:p-FRS2beta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149636
Activated FGFR:pThr-FRS2alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PPA2A (A:C):S112/S115 p-SPRY2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Regulation of growth factor signaling by FRS2 family docking/scaffold adaptor proteins
Tumor suppressor LATS1 is a negative regulator of oncogene YAP
Activated FGFR:FRS2beta (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149633
Activated FGFR:FRS2alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149635
Activated FGFR:p-FRS2alpha (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149634
FGFR4 homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149629
Activated FGFR3c homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149628
Activated FGFR4 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149631
FGFR4 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149630
Activated FGFR3b homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FGFR3c homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149627
FGFR3c homodimer bound to FGF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149626
The Wnt/Ca2+ pathway: a new vertebrate Wnt signaling pathway takes shape
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 G382D mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 K650E mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 K650E mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 K650M mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 K650M mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 K650N mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 K650N mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 G380R mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 G382D mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 G380R mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3c P250R mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149597
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3c P250R mutant
A third proteolytic cleavage releases NICD
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149599
3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type I is caused by mutations in AUH.
Identification and characterization of the gene encoding the human phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase and dephospho-CoA kinase bifunctional enzyme (CoA synthase)
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 K650T mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3b G697C mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 K650T mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154589
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154590
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3 K650Q mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR3 K650Q mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33410.10
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR3b G697C mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175539
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83971.9
Analysis of GPIIb/IIIa receptor number by quantification of 7E3 binding to human platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175514
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30897.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99954.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3428.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162339
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2418.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162756
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3203.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4739.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31587.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175300
Localization, regulation and function of type II phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinases
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2602.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148395
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148389
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=110096
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [ChEBI:16618]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148563
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78377.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148562
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89244.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148545
Regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription by sequence-specific DNA binding factors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148558
MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148551
ISG15 modification of the eIF4E cognate 4EHP enhances cap structure-binding activity of 4EHP
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148552
Novel human cDNAs homologous to Drosophila Orct and mammalian carnitine transporters
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145564.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148561
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4843.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163580
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5517.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163414
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2265.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148560
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154106.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163579
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159828.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148556
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155501.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4160.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3402.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5661.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=163586
AGO2:duplex miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO1:duplex miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO4:duplex miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO3:duplex miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO1:miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO3:miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO2:miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ran:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Dicer:TRBP:duplex miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO4:duplex siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO3:duplex siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO2:duplex siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO1:duplex siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO3:siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO1:siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
AGO2:siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cardiolipin hydrolysis by human phospholipases A2. The multiple enzymatic activities of human cytosolic phospholipase A2
DICER:TRBP:duplex siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FUNCTION Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel subunit which mediates Ca(2+) influx following depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Regulates transcription factor NFAT nuclear import.MISCELLANEOUS In Greek mythology, the 'Orai' are the keepers of the gates of heaven: Eunomia (order or harmony), Dike (justice) and Eirene (peace).SIMILARITY Belongs to the Orai family.
AGO4:miRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Core Exon Junction Complex (Core EJC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Exon Junction:UPF2:UPF3 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMG1:Phosphorylated UPF1:EJC:Translated mRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GDP bound eRF3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Translated mRNA Complex with Premature Termination Codon Preceding Exon Junction (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA Complex with a Premature Termination Codon Preceding an Exon Junction (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
80S ribosome (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Decapped mRNA:LSM1-7 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DCP1-DCP2 Decapping Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMG1:UPF1:EJC:Translated mRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMG1:SMG8:SMG9 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ran:GTP:Exportin-5 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pre-miRNA:Ran:GTP:Exportin-5 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ran-GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
MicroProcessor Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
UPF1:eRF3 Complex on Translated mRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA Complex with a Premature Termination Codon Not Preceding an Exon Junction (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Translated mRNA Complex with Premature Termination Codon Not Preceding Exon Junction (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA Cleaved by SMG6 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylated UPF1:SMG5:SMG7:SMG6:PP2A:Translated mRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PP2A (Aalpha:B55alpha:Calpha) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23301.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532677
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138049.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175695
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_31351.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449651
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22474.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160158
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126711.5
AGO4:siRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160156
Nonendonucleolytic RISC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
BRF1:mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylated BRF1 (Ser92, Ser203):mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RISC:Target RNA (inexact match) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RISC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nonendonucleolytic RISC:Target RNA (exact match) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22653.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449638
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126348.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449649
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23273.1
A human testis-specific mRNA for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase that initiates from a non-AUG codon
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145667.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160258
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22642.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532542
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131831.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23069.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247917
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22967.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76217.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160255
Arp2/3 ATP hydrolysis: to branch or to debranch?
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_75984.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165788
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140617.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165790
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449365
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22683.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76377.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76476.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150069
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160147
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150068
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22524.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160152
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82957.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160149
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134553.5
3'-polyadenylated, capped mRNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
post exon ligation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150065
ChEBI:16496 5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141920.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150063
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23080.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165787
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139730.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150059
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449311
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22890.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165783
RanBPM is an L1-interacting protein that regulates L1-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160143
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22944.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449332
Hypoxia-inducible factors and the response to hypoxic stress
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449298
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22784.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134534.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449243
CARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KARS homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160421
DARS homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23260.1
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128169.5
FARS A2B2 tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150223
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160236
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141199.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176048
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7578.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150209
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150211
Purification and properties of short chain acyl-CoA, medium chain acyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases from human liver.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150219
SARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
YARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DARS2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
WARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22812.1
KARS dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449737
YARS2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22649.2
SARS2 dimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Translatable mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Notch signalling: a simple pathway becomes complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160234
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7568.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449283
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125796.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160230
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7523.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7627.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7683.1
Transport of lamivudine [(-)-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine] and high-affinity interaction of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with human organic cation transporters 1, 2, and 3
Partially Deadenylated mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAN2-PAN3 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Exosome Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Exosome Ring Hexamer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Lsm1-7 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Deadenylated mRNA:Lsm1-7 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nup107 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nup62 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Magoh-Y14 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cap Binding Complex (CBC) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Export Receptor bound mature mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TAP:3'-polyadenylated, capped mRNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2917.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76396
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7023.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176065
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=38987
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2461.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=156523
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2940.1
Mature intronless transcript derived Histone mRNA:SLBP:TAP:Aly/Ref complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature mRNP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nucleoplasmic mature intronless derived mRNA:TAP:Aly/Ref complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature intronless derived mRNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature intronless derived mRNA:TAP:Aly/Ref complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature Intronless Transcript Derived Histone mRNA:TAP:Aly/Ref complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature intronless transcript derived Histone mRNA:SLBP:eIF4E Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature SLBP independent Histone mRNA:eIF4E complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98722.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175372
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145817.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247913
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76051.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247943
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76393.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156541.3
Mature Intronless Transcript Derived mRNA:eIF4E Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ADAR2 homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Editosome (ADAR2) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A to I edited RNA:Editosome (ADAR2) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176496
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7915.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150349
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7862.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152686.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154732.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150327
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7834.2
SCFbeta-TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175390
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88494.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175298
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33593.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150348
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150346
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7796.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_8735.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150367
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158094.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176665
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7122.2
Kerato-epithelin mutations in four 5q31-linked corneal dystrophies
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150326
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7780.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176575
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154705.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150366
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7232.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176501
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157463.3
Molecular aspects of the adenine nucleotide carrier from mitochondria
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154728
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7756.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176478
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7360.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154613.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169870
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159685.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=171149
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153483.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175860
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154100.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165778
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165782
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107578.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247942
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_75968.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629756
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152705.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169960
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150575.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629731
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152414.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169867
Basigin (CD147) is the target for organomercurial inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4: the ancillary protein for the insensitive MCT2 is EMBIGIN (gp70)
Pellino3 is a novel upstream regulator of p38 MAPK and activates CREB in a p38-dependent manner
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169914
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159432.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27390.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=870330
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158889.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169816
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629746
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152117.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154845
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154847
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154841
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154843
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154839
Neurofascin induces neurites by heterophilic interactions with axonal NrCAM while NrCAM requires F11 on the axonal surface to extend neurites
Human SMG-1, a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase, associates with components of the mRNA surveillance complex and is involved in the regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
Determination of nitric oxide synthase cofactors: heme, FAD, FMN, and tetrahydrobiopterin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154837
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154833
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7089.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14189.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=171095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=216762
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93019.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136907.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175544
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134323.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265479
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13936.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265495
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13861.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154741
Loss of human Greatwall results in G2 arrest and multiple mitotic defects due to deregulation of the cyclin B-Cdc2/PP2A balance
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107:12564-9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265525
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13916.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154737
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154739
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=265546
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13826.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137357.5
p60 is an adaptor for the Drosophila phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Dp110.
The crystallographic structure of a human dihydropteridine reductase NADH binary complex expressed in Escherichia coli by a cDNA constructed from its rat homologue
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7527.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154585
Comprehensive enzymatic characterization of glycosyltransferases with a beta3GT or beta4GT motif
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194236
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14615.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=171076
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78437.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154851
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14183.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=194276
myo-Inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
D-myo-Inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate [ChEBI:4273]
D-myo-Inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
ChEBI:16500 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154849
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154850
UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes
2xGNPNAT1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIG-F:GPI7 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xUAP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
2xUAP1-2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GPI-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DOHH:Fe++ (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PIG-F:PIG-O complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GPI mannosyltransferase I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
beta tubulin:GTP: Cofactor D:alpha tubulin:GTP:Cofactor E (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
beta-tubulin:GTP:Cofactor D:alpha-tubulin:GTP:Cofactor E : Cofactor C (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
deoxyhypusine synthase tetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160223
unfolded protein:(Glc)2 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1:malectin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160222
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23138.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449293
unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)8a (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)8c (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)8b (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
(un)folded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(Glc)1 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1:chaperone:ERp57 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CALR:CANX (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(Glc)1 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1:chaperone (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(Glc)1 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(Glc)3 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(Glc)2 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (Asn)1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Identification of novel mutations in patients with Leber congenital amaurosis and juvenile RP by genome-wide homozygosity mapping with SNP microarrays
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160164
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142235.5
unfolded protein:(Glc)1 (GlcNAc)2 (Man)9 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Sar1b:GDP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
LMAN1:MCFD2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)7aa (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular identification of the corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal catecholamine transporter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160262
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2350.3
Cyclin B2 suppresses mitotic failure and DNA re-replication in human somatic cells knocked down for both cyclins B1 and B2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=162860
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128559.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160192
Pathways for degradation of connexins and gap junctions
Indirubin-3'-monoxime inhibits autophosphorylation of FGFR1 and stimulates ERK1/2 activity via p38 MAPK
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160191
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142177.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532531
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22559.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161758
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23267.2
The DNA replication fork in eukaryotic cells.
Molecular identification of the CRAC channel by altered ion selectivity in a mutant of Orai
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175694
D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate
1D-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate [ChEBI:807]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22684.2
ChEBI:16320 (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91986.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150102
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104813.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150096
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160249
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7730.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150108
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79897.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175698
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150116
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3006.3
17beta-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one [ChEBI:793]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532214
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23358.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175697
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137432.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131863.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135834.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=532204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150154
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22827.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=449703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150146
Characterization of the execution phase of apoptosis in vitro using extracts from condemned-phase cells
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128352.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150144
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150118
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation
Phosphorylated BRF1 (Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175693
KSRP:mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147409.5
Phosphorylated KSRP (Ser193):14-3-3zeta Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylated BRF1 (Ser92, Ser203):mRNA:14-3-3 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylated BRF1 (Ser54, Ser92, Ser203):mRNA:14-3-3 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HuR with Unknown Phosphorylation: mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
40S:eIF3:eIF1A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HuR with phosphoserine221 and phosphoserine158:mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HuR with phosphoserine221 and phosphoserine318:mRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160209
eIF4E:4E-BP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160214
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140186.5
Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt)
Functional characterization of novel human and mouse equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENT3 and mENT3) located in intracellular membranes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150170
eIF4F:mRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA:eIF4F:eIF4B:eIF4H (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
48S complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
40S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160205
eIF2:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:eIF5B:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF5B:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF5B:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160135
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150162
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23093.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29494
Identification of mRNA binding proteins that regulate the stability of LDL receptor mRNA through AU-rich elements
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3409.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150166
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130328.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150158
eIF2B subunits complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ribosome:mRNA:polypeptide+signal (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eIF2:GDP: eIF2B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150198
TRAP Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Translocon:TRAP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SRP receptor:SRP:ribosome:polypeptide+signal (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SRP receptor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SRP:polypeptide+signal:ribosome (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Signal Recognition Particle (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
cleaved polypeptide:Translocon (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
membrane-bound ribosome:mRNA:cleaved polypeptide (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
polypeptide+signal:Translocon (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
membrane-bound ribosome:mRNA:polypeptide+signal (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150189
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150188
Pathogen recognition and innate immunity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150185
80S:Met-tRNAi:mRNA:aminoacyl-tRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF1A:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF1A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Signal Peptidase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
80S:aminoacyl tRNA:mRNA:eEF1A:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF1A:GTP:aminoacyl-tRNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF2:GTP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF2:GDP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF1B complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eEF1B:GDP exchange complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
80S Ribosome:mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA with elongating peptide (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150179
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150180
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166746
eRF3-GDP:eRF1:80S Ribosome:mRNA:tRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eRF3-GDP:eRF1:80S Ribosome:mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
eRF3-GTP:eRF1:80S Ribosome:mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GTP bound eRF3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
m7G capped snRNA:CBC:PHAX complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
m7G capped Spliceosomal snRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Prefoldin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCT/TriC(ADP)-associated non-native tubulin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCT/TriC(ATP):unfolded tubulin complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Prefoldin-associated actin/tubulin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78106.9
CCT/TriC(ADP) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1362385
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151452.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166774
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166776
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153668.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174952
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102710.9
CCT/TriC (ADP) associated actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
tubulin-GTP folding intermediate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCT/TriC(ATP) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCT/TriC(ATP)-associated actin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CCT/TriC(ADP):Sphingosine kinase 1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GTP:beta-tubulin folding intermediate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
cofactor A:GTP:beta-tubulin folding intermediate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cofactor D:GTP:beta tubulin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
GTP-alpha-tubulin folding intermediate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cofactor B:GTP-alpha tubulin (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cofactor E:GTP-alpha tubulin folding (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150203
The generation and the manipulation of human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150200
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97782.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174951
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89910.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150227
Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 2
Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176067
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7588.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159245
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7022.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7816.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98524.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150245
Ubiquitin chain editing revealed by polyubiquitin linkage-specific antibodies
Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives
Trex1 prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176056
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7909.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7170.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159247
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7652.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=177721
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176070
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7380.1
Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function
Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 3
Molecular physiology of bestrophins: multifunctional membrane proteins linked to best disease and other retinopathies
Human mucopolysaccharidosis IIID: clinical, biochemical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics
Live cell imaging and electron microscopy reveal dynamic processes of BAF-directed nuclear envelope assembly
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156818.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171656
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159568.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169845
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151108.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023968
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151204.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629766
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157209.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169881
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152401.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155110.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4171655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151197.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152042.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2023974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169826
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169830
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169831
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169896
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159981.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2024008
Differential hydrolysis of phospholipid molecular species during activation of human platelets with thrombin and collagen
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175863
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156028.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2024016
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150490.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2024002
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151424.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169820
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629739
A critical role of RICK/RIP2 polyubiquitination in Nod-induced NF-kappaB activation
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_150507.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169850
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155420.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154494.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175862
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154686.3
Participation of the microsomal CDP-diglycerides in the mitochondrial biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169956
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152369.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152909.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2024018
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_151651.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169833
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152017.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2024012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2564836
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152284.1
Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease
DNA polymerase switching: II. Replication factor C abrogates primer synthesis by DNA polymerase alpha at a critical length.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1629753
DNA polymerase switching: I. Replication factor C displaces DNA polymerase alpha prior to PCNA loading.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_152225.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169906
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169954
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153442.3
DARPP-32: an integrator of neurotransmission
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169950
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169814
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169811
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169810
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169812
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169806
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169807
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169808
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169805
ERM proteins and merlin: integrators at the cell cortex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169801
The anaphase-promoting complex: it's not just for mitosis any more.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20018.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169910
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154974.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169908
The circadian E-box: when perfect is not good enough
Dynamics of mitochondria in living cells: shape changes, dislocations, fusion, and fission of mitochondria
SOX2 is an amplified lineage-survival oncogene in lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
B-cell antigen receptor stimulation activates the human Bruton's tyrosine kinase, which is deficient in X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Na+/Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30203
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4353.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29510
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3097.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143096
Interaction of Munc-18-2 with syntaxin 3 controls the association of apical SNAREs in epithelial cells
Carbon dioxide transport and carbonic anhydrase in blood and muscle
Cloning, heterologous expression, and chromosomal localization of human inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175519
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132348.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=216620
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84128.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154519
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14524.1
Barttin activates ClC-K channel function by modulating gating
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133236.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175090
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156249.3
Internalization of Large Double-Membrane Intercellular Vesicles by a Clathrin-dependent Endocytic Process
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=215062
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14208.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=215064
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14063.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156771.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154531
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14302.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=215058
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13928.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113253.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175259
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28677.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175260
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115065.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175535
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159047.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175089
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90274.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154527
Human amidophosphoribosyltransferase. An oxygen-sensitive iron-sulfur protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154522
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14082.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=216598
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14165.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=216547
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5386.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=143501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175431
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78893.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=39703
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5848.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76455
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97497.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175407
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80664.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175406
Recruitment and regulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase type 1 gamma by the FERM domain of talin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150956
Type I gamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase targets and regulates focal adhesions
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81350.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=215100
Mechanism of activation of the GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 family of receptors
Mitochondrial targeting signals and mature peptides of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175088
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157948.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=215087
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14332.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=211952
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14465.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154521
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154557.3
TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14596.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=211993
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157073.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146318
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2414.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4146313
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143099
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143097
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113532
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2336.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143104
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153861.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143101
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143140
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4732.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30317.10
Kir3 heterotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Involvement of prolyl 4-hydroxylase in the assembly of trimeric minicollagen XII. Study in a baculovirus expression system
Kir2.1:Kirx.x heterotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
G-protein beta-gamma subunits (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143154
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80622.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174986
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95892.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33687.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174987
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149755
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4445.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158601
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79025.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2142871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149758
Zinc influx into cells by the SLC39 gene family
Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho GTPases: turning on the switch
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CAK (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIH (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA polymerase III:TFIIIB:TFIIIC:TFIIIA:Type 1 Open Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase I promoter escape complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Phosphorylated UBF-1:rDNA promoter (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Acetylayed SL1:PhosUBF-1:rDNA promoter (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SL1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Acetylated SL1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation in B lymphocytes upon complexing of membrane immunoglobulin
Ub-SMAD4:USP9X (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:NEDDL4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-p-T-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Active RNA Polymerase I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase I Holoenzyme (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:PPM1A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
PAR-SMAD2/3:PAR-SMAD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:PARP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:TGIF:HDAC1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-p-T-2S-SMAD2/3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:SMURF2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Transformation of prostaglandin D2 to 9 alpha, 11 beta-(15S)-trihydroxyprosta-(5Z,13E)-dien-1-oic acid (9 alpha, 11 beta-prostaglandin F2): a unique biologically active prostaglandin produced enzymatically in vivo in humans
TFIIIC:TFIIIA:Type I Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIB:TFIIIC:TFIIIA:Type 1 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIB:TFIIIC:Type 2 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase III:TFIIIB:TFIIIC:Type 2 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase III:TFIIIB:SNAPc:Type 3 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIC:Type 2 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SNAPc:Oct-1:Staf:Type 3 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIB:SNAPc:Oct-1:Staf:Type 3 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIA:Type 1 Promoter complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Paused RNA Polymerase III Transcription Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Nercc1, a mammalian NIMA-family kinase, binds the Ran GTPase and regulates mitotic progression
Toward a molecular explanation for cross-presentation of antigens to the immune system
TFIIIC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIB-Type 3 Promoter Selective Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
KARAP/DAP12/TYROBP: three names and a multiplicity of biological functions
RNA Polymerase III:TFIIIB:SNAPc:Type 3 Open Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase III:TFIIIB:TFIIIC:Type 2 Open Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIIB-Type 1 and 2 Promoter Selective Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA polymerase III:TFIIIB:TFIIIC:TFIIIA:Type 1 Promoter Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Elongating RNA Polymerase III Transcription Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SNAPc (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TASK1/3 heterodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Octamer of Voltage gated K+ channels (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
kir2x heteroteramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TASK 1 homomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TALK 2 homomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TRESK homodimer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
NR-MED1 Coactivator Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TEAD:WWTR1(TAZ) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TALK1 homomer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HCN channel Homomer of subunit HCN3 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HCN channel Homomer of subunit HCN1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Small conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Kir4.2:Kir5.1 heterotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Kir4.1:Kir5.1 heterotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Potassium transport channels (Kir 1.1 and Kir 4.1/5.1)
KIR 1.1 homotetramer (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HCN channel Homomer of subunt HCN2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HCN channel bound to cAMP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
HCN channel Homomer of subunit HCN4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RBL1:E2F4/5:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-SMAD7 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:RBL1:E2F4/5:DP1/2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:SP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:MEN1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:SKI/SKIL:NCOR (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:SKI/SKIL:NCOR:RNF111/SMURF2 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-SKI/Ub-SKIL (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-SMAD2/3:SMAD4:TRIM33 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ub-SMAD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Molecular cloning and expression of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase that transfers sulfate to terminal and non-terminal beta 1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine
RUNX2:WWTR1(TAZ) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TEAD:YAP1 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CDK8:CCNC (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
p-T,2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
WWTR1:p-2S-SMAD2/3:SMAD4 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SMAD7:RNF111 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
P-TEFb complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Comparative mechanistic and substrate specificity study of inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase Schizosaccharomyces pombe Synaptojanin and SHIP2
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway promotes skeletal muscle differentiation. Participation of the Mef2c transcription factor
Multiple isoforms of heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase. Isolation, characterization, and expression of human cDNAs and identification of distinct genomic loci
FBW7 ubiquitin ligase: a tumour suppressor at the crossroads of cell division, growth and differentiation
TFAM:mitochondrial promoter complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II transcription complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIID (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II (unphosphorylated):TFIIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (unphosphorylated) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
TFIIE (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II transcription complex containing 4-9 nucleotide long transcript (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol II Promoter Escape Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
In vivo expression and functional characterization of the zinc transporter ZnT8 in glucose-induced insulin secretion
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150313
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150309
Autosomal recessive HEM/Greenberg skeletal dysplasia is caused by 3 beta-hydroxysterol delta 14-reductase deficiency due to mutations in the lamin B receptor gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150306
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150305
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150307
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156737.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148344
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7366.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7453.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150298
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7619.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148334
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157433.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159352
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7067.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158850
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7664.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158858
Expression of alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in human islets of Langerhans
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159223.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7891.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158847
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2321.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156660.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148327
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cells: mechanistic insights, functions beyond quality control and the double-life of NMD factors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148325
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7056.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88063.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174950
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90051.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158469
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7178.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=158472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174949
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95534.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174384
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7695.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_164979.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3499326
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_164570.1
Protein kinase B is regulated in platelets by the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI
pol II promoter:TFIID:TFIIA:TFIIB:Pol II:TFIIF:TFIIE complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II transcription complex containing 3 Nucleotide long transcript (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol II Initiation complex with phosphodiester-PPi intermediate (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymearse II:NTP:TFIIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol II initiation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150350
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7595.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150356
pol II closed pre-initiation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II promoter:TFIID:TFIIA:TFIIB:Pol II:TFIIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Aborted elongation complex after arrest (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II open pre-initiation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II promoter:TFIID:TFIIA:TFIIB complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II promoter:TFIID complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Pol II (hypophosphorylated):capped pre-mRNA complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Pol II (hypophosphorylated) complex bound to DSIF protein (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (hypophosphorylated):TFIIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94928.9
NELF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Elongin Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Paused processive elongation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (hyperphosphorylated):TFIIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (hyperphosphorylated) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Demonstration of (Ca(2+)-Mg2+)-ATPase activity of the neural cell adhesion molecule
Processive elongation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DSIF:NELF:early elongation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
FACT complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Elongin B:C complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
DSIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Angiomotin is a novel Hippo pathway component that inhibits YAP oncoprotein
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7831.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150333
Mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2 coordinately regulate mitochondrial fusion and are essential for embryonic development
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150336
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7805.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150342
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101593.9
Serum levels of beta 2-microglobulin as a new form of amyloid protein in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150319
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157739.3
Expression and intracellular transport of microvillus membrane hydrolases in human intestinal epithelial cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150322
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7334.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176667
Claspin, a Chk1-regulatory protein, monitors DNA replication on chromatin independently of RPA, ATR, and Rad17
TRAF6 mediated induction of TAK1 complex
U11 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U12 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATAC A Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U6 ATAC snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATAC C Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
ATAC B Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U4 ATAC snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U4 ATAC snRNP:U6 ATAC snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U4 ATAC:U5:U6 ATAC Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Exon Junction Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
A unified model for apical caspase activation
Spliceosomal active C complex with lariat containing, 5'-end cleaved pre-mRNP:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
hnRNP proteins (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
lariat containing 5'-end cleaved mRNA:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U1 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Spliceosomal E Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Spliceosomal Intermediate C Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Spliceosomal B Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U2 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SF3A (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
SF3B (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Oxygen-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor requires nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein
Capping complex (with freed 5'- GMP) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Spliceosomal A Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U5 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
snRNP Sm core complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U6 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U4 snRNP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U4 snRNP:U6 snRNP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U4:U5:U6 trisnRNP complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA (N6-adenosine)-methyltransferase (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
capped, methylated pre-mRNA:CBC Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA capping factors (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
intronless pre-mRNA cleavage complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature intronless transcript derived Histone pre-mRNA:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Roles of Tom70 in import of presequence-containing mitochondrial proteins
CstF:CPSF:capped intronless pre-mRNA:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CPSF:capped intronless pre-mRNA:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
capped intronless pre-mRNA:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
upstream mRNA fragment:CPSF:PAP:PABPN1 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capping complex (initial) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capping complex (hydrolyzed) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capping complex (intermediate) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Covalent CE:GMP intermediate complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capping complex (GpppN..) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
3' end cleaved, ligated exon containing complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pre-EJC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Bile salt and organic anion SLC transporters
A novel function of the human CLS1 in phosphatidylglycerol synthesis and remodeling
U7 snRNP:ZNF473 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
U7 snRNP-specific Sm core complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
mRNA 3'-end cleavage factor (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capped Intronless Histone pre-mRNA:CBP80:CBP20:SLBP:ZFP100 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Mature Intronless transcript derived Histone mRNA:SLBP:CBP80:CBP20 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capped Intronless Histone pre-mRNA:CBC:ZFP100 Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capped Intronless Histone pre-mRNA:CBP80:CBP20:SLBP (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Capped Intronless Histone pre-mRNA:CBC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Elongation complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Early elongation complex with hyperphosphorylated Pol II CTD (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Elongation complex with separated and uncleaved transcript (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Elongation complex prior to separation (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CF I (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CPSF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CstF (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
EJC complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Ligated exon containing complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Cleavage and Polyadenylation Complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CF II (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol II transcription complex with (ser5) phosphorylated CTD containing extruded transcript to +30 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Pol II transcription complex containing extruded transcript to +30 (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Transcription-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking is required for the function of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein
pol II transcription complex containing 11 nucleotide long transcript (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II transcription complex containing 9 nucleotide long transcript (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
pol II transcription complex containing 4 nucleotide long transcript (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
capped pre-mRNA:CBC:RNA Pol II (phosphorylated) complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II (phosphorylated):TFIIF:capped pre-mRNA (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Pol II with phosphorylated CTD: CE complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
CE:Pol II CTD:Spt5 complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA polymerase II (phosphorylated):TFIIF complex (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (phosphorylated) (name copied from entity in Homo sapiens)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151020
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151021
Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105074.9
Biosynthesis and enzymatic characterization of human SKI-1/S1P and the processing of its inhibitory prosegment
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175835
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132911.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175374
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109448.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174966
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86268.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9638.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151012
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in human metabolism and diseases
Human Sulfotransferases and Their Role in Chemical Metabolism
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189464
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9816.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9717.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93998.9
Recognition of double-stranded RNA by human toll-like receptor 3 and downstream receptor signaling requires multimerization and an acidic pH
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151007
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95615.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9617.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=190173
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9737.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151051
Closing the folding chamber of the eukaryotic chaperonin requires the transition state of ATP hydrolysis
Cryptochrome and Period Proteins Are Regulated by the CLOCK/BMAL1 Gene: Crosstalk between the PPARs/RXRalpha-Regulated and CLOCK/BMAL1-Regulated Systems
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150973
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9601.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150970
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150972
The E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP1 selectively targets HER4 and its proteolytically derived signaling isoforms for degradation
Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes
Characterization of distinct nuclear and mitochondrial forms of human deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase
The noncatalytic portion of human UDP-glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase I confers UDP-glucose binding and transferase function to the catalytic domain
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR1 N546K mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR1 N546K mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR1 K656E mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR1 K656E mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655445
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116950.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168087
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168045
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141924.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168090
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2 S267P mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168088
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2 S267P mutant
Homologues of phosphorylated FGFR2c W290G mutant
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136794.5
Homologues of p-Y770,780-FGFR2b S252W mutant
phospho-phosphorylated FGFR2c W290G mutant
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168024
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117647.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132649.5
Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136532.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168013
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117652.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168014
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133009.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117648.1
Intrinsic activity and stability of bifunctional human UMP synthase and its two separate catalytic domains, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175834
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138166.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130682.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168002
PC and PE synthesis: mixed micellar analysis of the cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase activities of human choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168000
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116583.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116473.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614549
Direct observation of single kinesin molecules moving along microtubules
Molecular characterization of a membrane transporter for lactate, pyruvate, and other monocarboxylates: implications for the Cori cycle
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614617
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129674.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168029
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117098.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168025
Molecular cloning of the human UMP synthase gene and characterization of point mutations in two hereditary orotic aciduria families
Disruption of aquaporin-11 produces polycystic kidneys following vacuolization of the proximal tubule
Homologues of pY177-BCR-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant
Homologues of TRIM24-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant
Homologues of ZMYM2-p-FGFR1 fusion mutant
Role of the TAB2-related protein TAB3 in IL-1 and TNF signaling
CARMA1 coiled-coil domain is involved in the oligomerization and subcellular localization of CARMA1 and is required for T cell receptor-induced NF-kappaB activation
Cloning of human Stat5B. Reconstitution of interleukin-2-induced Stat5A and Stat5B DNA binding activity in COS-7 cells
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B
The p75 receptor acts as a displacement factor that releases Rho from Rho-GDI
Homologues of TRIM24-FGFR1 fusion mutant
Expression and purification of human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide I [ChEBI:30614]
(+/-)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide, anti-
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189396
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22969.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88314.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189385
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22859.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174580
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_168645.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175409
Tuberous sclerosis gene product-1 homolog
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2995348
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_164643.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_165517.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_166034.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174572
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=391232
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17066.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=2995328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151032
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86430.9
Structural biology of NCAM homophilic binding and activation of FGFR
Effects of phosphorylation by CAK on cyclin binding by CDC2 and CDK2.
Deficient HCO3- transport in an AE1 mutant with normal Cl- transport can be rescued by carbonic anhydrase II presented on an adjacent AE1 protomer
Identification of a novel amidase motif in neutral ceramidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151000
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105291.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189455
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9699.3
Association of licensing factors with the pre-replicative complex
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109292.9
Chk1/Chk2(Cds1) mediated inactivation of Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175665
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92152.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175426
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98416.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98895.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189447
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9774.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150974
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150976
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114679.8
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9722.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189407
Furin cleavage is not a requirement for Drosophila Notch function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151037
Molecular cloning and expression of CYP2J2, a human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase highly expressed in heart
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150991
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9839.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9814.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189408
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_86631.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150993
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9665.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189487
Carbohydrate response element binding protein directly promotes lipogenic enzyme gene transcription
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109488.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150983
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150981
Complex regulation of the human gene for the Z-DNA binding protein DLM-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150987
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9585.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189463
NGF controls dendrite development in hippocampal neurons by binding to p75NTR and modulating the cellular targets of Notch
The anaphase-promoting complex: proteolysis in mitosis and beyond
Nephrin is specifically located at the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9897.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9886.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189478
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9640.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189480
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9751.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150980
The occurrence of three isoforms of heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase having different specificities for hexuronic acid adjacent to the targeted N-sulfoglucosamine
Blockade of epidermal growth factor- or heregulin-dependent ErbB2 activation with the anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody 2C4 has divergent downstream signaling and growth effects
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=190157
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9818.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=190128
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9880.2
Ran-independent nuclear import of cyclin B1-Cdc2 by importin beta
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_9648.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189461
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77233.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4151053
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189411
Regulation of G protein-linked guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho, PDZ-RhoGEF, and LARG by tyrosine phosphorylation: evidence of a role for focal adhesion kinase
How MHC class II molecules acquire peptide cargo: biosynthesis and trafficking through the endocytic pathway
Oxidoreductases in lipoxin A4 metabolic inactivation: a novel role for 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-reductase/leukotriene B4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase in inflammation
MTABC3, a novel mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette protein involved in iron homeostasis
Circadian Repression of Expression by REV-ERBA
Proteolytic processing of human lactase-phlorizin hydrolase is a two-step event: identification of the cleavage sites
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=189386
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22822.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91796.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150960
Activation parameters for the carbonic anhydrase II-catalyzed hydration of CO2
Broad substrate specificity of human cytochrome P450 46A1 which initiates cholesterol degradation in the brain
Subcellular localization and properties of alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Mutations in the catalytic subunit of class IA PI3K confer leukemogenic potential to hematopoietic cells
Localization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters, hENT1 and hENT2, in renal epithelial cells
Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution
The semaphorins: versatile regulators of tumour progression and tumour angiogenesis
Distribution of the AQP4 water channel in normal human tissues: protein and tissue microarrays reveal expression in several new anatomical locations, including the prostate gland and seminal vesicles
Novel mutant-selective EGFR kinase inhibitors against EGFR T790M
Deleterious mutation in the mitochondrial arginyl-transfer RNA synthetase gene is associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia
ZNF198-FGFR1 transforms Ba/F3 cells to growth factor independence and results in high level tyrosine phosphorylation of STATS 1 and 5
Cloning of three human multifunctional de novo purine biosynthetic genes by functional complementation of yeast mutations
PPARalpha controls the intracellular coenzyme A concentration via regulation of PANK1alpha gene expression
The metabotropic glutamate receptors: structure and functions
Gamma-glutamyl compounds: substrate specificity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 mutations in Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351639
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85001.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351627
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17109.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154100
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154102
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32682.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154099
Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate metabolism
Evidence for a family of human glucose transporter-like proteins. Sequence and gene localization of a protein expressed in fetal skeletal muscle and other tissues
A SNX3-dependent retromer pathway mediates retrograde transport of the Wnt sorting receptor Wntless and is required for Wnt secretion
Isolation and complete sequence of a functional human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154418
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_134745.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=211242
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14049.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147104
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147102
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154401
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154365
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154404.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154407
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148570
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118132.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157020
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91872.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154405
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154347
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175562
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98600.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155268
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103130.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175493
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29292.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156508
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_10649.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389843
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17198.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389678
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17634.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156519
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114219.8
Platelets in thrombotic and non-thrombotic disorders.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156515
The second messenger system of mouse epidermis. IV. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156479
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18000.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389680
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17481.2
Phosphoinositide signalling in cancer: beyond PI3K and PTEN
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=904849
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26088.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156492
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89791.9
Neurotrophin signaling: many exciting surprises!
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156488
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136450.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351628
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15692.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15574.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15764.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209818
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154108
Activin and inhibin have antagonistic effects on ligand-dependent heteromerization of the type I and type II activin receptors and human erythroid differentiation
Oligomerization of STIM1 couples ER calcium depletion to CRAC channel activation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154110
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95378.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154116
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15624.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175520
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93539.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28294.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154078
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17814.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154077
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32557.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154095
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89753.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=193446
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108847.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175516
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30358.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175517
The catalytic center of glucose-6-phosphatase. HIS176 is the nucleophile forming the phosphohistidine-enzyme intermediate during catalysis
Functional characterization of a human aquaporin 0 mutation that leads to a congenital dominant lens cataract
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143011
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143009
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_157037.3
Human liver type pyruvate kinase: complete amino acid sequence and the expression in mammalian cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143054
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154420
Amyloid fibrils in human insulinoma and islets of Langerhans of the diabetic cat are derived from a neuropeptide-like protein also present in normal islet cells
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156156.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142876
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142875
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147114
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147115
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147118
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147112
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142871
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142873
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92967.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154475
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93343.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175528
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156267.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143061
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143059
Antigenic analysis of the major human phosphoglucomutase isozymes: PGM1, PGM2, PGM3 and PGM4
Predominant expression and activation-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 2 in B lymphocytes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143041
Impaired expression and function of the bile salt export pump due to three novel ABCB11 mutations in intrahepatic cholestasis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161134
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161133
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143063
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143066
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158910.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174948
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109803.9
The collagen receptor subfamily of the integrins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141767
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141762
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141760
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141761
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141758
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141759
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141757
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141782
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141783
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141773
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141775
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141769
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156523
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17366.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389822
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142988
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142990
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142986
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142994
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142991
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142992
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156526.3
The ubiquitin ligase Drosophila Mind bomb promotes Notch signaling by regulating the localization and activity of Serrate and Delta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141786
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143000
Molecular interactions of Polo-like-kinase 1 with the mitotic kinesin-like protein CHO1/MKLP-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157340
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157339
(S)-3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA [ChEBI:28259]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155522
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30494.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175534
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79201.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154514
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88882.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154513
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147017
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158228.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147023
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175530
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30641.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175570
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158314.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175533
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156513.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155527
GAPs galore! A survey of putative Ras superfamily GTPase activating proteins in man and Drosophila
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79236.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175611
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91871.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175612
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101520.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148805
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81642.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175311
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81021.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155083
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175529
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103110.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155084
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147563
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144812.5
The role of the tethering proteins p115 and GM130 in transport through the Golgi apparatus in vivo
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175532
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33702.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154512
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87715.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157624
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175531
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32899.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142918
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98493.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142904
JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155074
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157636
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148803
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33747.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157638
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155097
Ablation of Smurf2 reveals an inhibition in TGF-? signalling through multiple mono-ubiquitination of Smad3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155098
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155099
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85794.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155095
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155096
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88928.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154488
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154487
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147123
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147129
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147125
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147127
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157616
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154501
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_81157.9
Diverse mechanisms and machineries for import of mitochondrial proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389864
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=389819
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18181.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154177.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156541
Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156543
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17855.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156540
Fast turnover of L1 adhesions in neuronal growth cones involving both surface diffusion and exo/endocytosis of L1 molecules
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158431.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150051
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106613.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150046
The kinesin-13 proteins Kif2a, Kif2b, and Kif2c/MCAK have distinct roles during mitosis in human cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156538
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89652.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156534
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158360
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147572
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28636.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158361
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157109
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97105.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147024
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147570
Rheb is a direct target of the tuberous sclerosis tumour suppressor proteins.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614519
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117631.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168043
Human chromobox homolog 5 (CBX5) in complex with H3K9(me)3 peptide
Glycosyltransferase activity of Fringe modulates Notch-Delta interactions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150012
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96699.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1247904
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76013.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165768
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165770
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165774
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140446.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165771
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165772
The human Myt1 kinase preferentially phosphorylates Cdc2 on threonine 14 and localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex.
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116358.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614532
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145802.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168033
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146033.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168016
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168011
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168010
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27614.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=936714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150005
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150009
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7046.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174393
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129240.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175833
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146628.5
Purification and characterization of human microsomal dipeptidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174369
Fringe is a glycosyltransferase that modifies Notch
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7731.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150078
A missense mutation in SLC33A1, which encodes the acetyl-CoA transporter, causes autosomal-dominant spastic paraplegia (SPG42)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132106.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5336.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167992
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_116259.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144228.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167995
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614518
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102024.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4150080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174944
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101103.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142019
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_153368.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93092.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148793
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141702
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148792
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156615.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426026
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19601.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=426030
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20152.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141710
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141712
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_77782.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29548
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5634.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141706
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94442.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158363
Mcm10 and Cdc45 cooperate in origin activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158457
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142023
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_34422.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142866
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83352.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142037
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_112690.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142044
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88105.9
Modularity in the Hippo signaling pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=76108
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3539.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142029
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142028
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175651
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82680.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98169.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155225
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=372364
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14919.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155229
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32426.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155227
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the membrane-bound human isozyme IV with anions
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94365.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141687
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155196
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100083.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142051
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_93012.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142865
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29474.10
The tumor suppressor LKB1 kinase directly activates AMP-activated kinase and regulates apoptosis in response to energy stress
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29654
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4667.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154329
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147525
Negative regulation of condensin I by CK2-mediated phosphorylation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147524
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157652
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78862.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147528
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175541
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78339.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175540
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101834.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154327
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92831.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154311
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154330
The phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase SHIP1 associates with the dok1 phosphoprotein in bcr-Abl transformed cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154305
Identification of initiation sites for heavy-strand and light-strand transcription in human mitochondrial DNA
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147521
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32496.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157354
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33674.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154317
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154321
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154325
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29264.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154341
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141277.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141738
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141740
Novel lipogenic enzyme ELOVL7 is involved in prostate cancer growth through saturated long-chain fatty acid metabolism
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141742
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141741
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90031.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141744
Changes in serotonin metabolism during treatment with the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors disulfiram and cyanamide
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141748
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141750
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141756
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141754
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154641
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158546
Urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides as an index of collagen degradation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141720
Identification of the gene encoding the enzyme deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC (Sanfilippo disease type C)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107629.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141714
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154660
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154658
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154656
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154653
Purification and characterization of recombinant human liver glycolate oxidase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141722
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30328.10
Nephrin promotes cell-cell adhesion through homophilic interactions
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157644
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101988.9
Mechanistic studies of human molybdopterin synthase reaction and characterization of mutants identified in group B patients of molybdenum cofactor deficiency
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157654
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_108363.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141732
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136501.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141728
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154665
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141725
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141724
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154667
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154661
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154662
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4141734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154663
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157649
Coiled bodies contain U7 small nuclear RNA and associate with specific DNA sequences in interphase human cells.
Ded1p, a DEAD-box protein required for translation initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is an RNA helicase.
The TGF-beta family mediator Smad1 is phosphorylated directly and activated functionally by the BMP receptor kinase
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
NEDD4-2 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-2) negatively regulates TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) signalling by inducing ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Smad2 and TGF-beta type I receptor
ErbB-3 and ErbB-4 function as the respective low and high affinity receptors of all Neu differentiation factor/heregulin isoforms
Common origin and evolution of glycosyltransferases using Dol-P-monosaccharides as donor substrate
Selective active site inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenases A4, B4, and C4
Mutations in the segment polarity genes wingless and porcupine impair secretion of the wingless protein
Signalling functions and biochemical properties of pertussis toxin-resistant G-proteins
Transcription of class III genes: formation of preinitiation complexes
Disorders of tetrahydrobiopterin and related biogenic amines
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed (Book): 1725-1776
Cloning and characterization of the human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha-1,3-D-mannoside beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV-homologue (hGnT-IV-H) gene
A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene
Catalysis and function of the p38 alpha.MK2a signaling complex
Cloning and expression of the human and rat m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142852
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142853
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142851
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142860
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142859
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142858
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142856
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142855
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142854
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter from human kidney
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142861
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142862
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142863
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143067
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142048
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91956.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5622.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29492
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143072
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143068
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96316.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145707.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143076
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143075
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143081
The developmental role of warthog, the notch modifier encoding Drab6
Cloning of the human brain GABA transporter
Employment of the epidermal growth factor receptor in growth factor-independent signaling pathways
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143082
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143080
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143079
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4174961
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104018.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2572.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113587
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4060.2
Genes for human catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes
Human type II receptor for bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs): extension of the two-kinase receptor model to the BMPs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142061
Association with HSP90 inhibits Cbl-mediated down-regulation of mutant epidermal growth factor receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142062
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142057
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142059
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5253.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142066
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113559
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_88979.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142065
3alpha,7alpha-Dihydroxy-5beta-cholestane [ChEBI:1708]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142063
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4600.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113527
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3612.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29582
A novel family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148282
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158686.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148284
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152534
Human p55(CDC)/Cdc20 associates with cyclin A and is phosphorylated by the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152535
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147068.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152538
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3839.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156882
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144807.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156900
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156899
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142189
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156877
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142253
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131034.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32675.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156879
10-formyltetrahydrofolyl polyglutamate macromolecule [ChEBI:28010]
10-formyltetrahydrofolyl polyglutamate macromolecule
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156878
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156881
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156880
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82144.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156888
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=400049
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17571.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=390625
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135286.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156886
Cell- and receptor isotype-specific phosphorylation of SNT1 by fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19090.1
cis,cis-3,6-Dodecadienoyl-CoA [ChEBI:28002]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142170
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79228.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4142152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148274
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148275
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158009.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148267
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15186.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=372533
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156896
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78520.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175284
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120472.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156906
Beta-galactosidase deficiency (beta-galactosidosis): GM1 gangliosidosis and Morquio B disease
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed (Book): 3775-3809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=380873
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15849.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156908
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109618.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175608
Activation of Raf as a result of recruitment to the plasma membrane
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156904
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156905
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156893
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156891
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156892
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175606
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103902.9
The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed (Book)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156895
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92955.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156889
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156890
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156929
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156926
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156922
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156923
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156919
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156912
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5252.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82320.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=114523
C-terminal binding domain of Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor directs N-terminal inhibitory peptide to GTPases
Missense mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod transducin in the Nougaret form of congenital stationary night blindness
Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis- and G1/S-regulatory genes
Crystal structure of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, the first enzyme of heme biosynthesis, and its link to XLSA in humans
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156931
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156935
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156933
The mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1p functions as a homodimer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156939
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79696.9
A mutational analysis of the yeast proliferating cell nuclear antigen indicates distinct roles in DNA replication and DNA repair.
Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in cancer
Human acid sphingomyelinase. Isolation, nucleotide sequence and expression of the full-length and alternatively spliced cDNAs
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76320.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165747
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83997.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237165
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147590
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102085.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76171.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237107
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144819.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165755
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165753
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165752
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165751
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141342
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99855.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147597
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5062.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3636.2
Sprinter: a novel transmembrane protein required for Wg secretion and signaling
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141328
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4470.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=141324
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3742.2
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76120.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165726
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165727
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142510.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165729
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_135182.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=69599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=209849
Global gene expression profiling and histochemical analysis of the developing human fetal pancreas
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128785.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175262
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131074.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175793
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76654.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165722
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2474.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237175
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33056.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165718
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165720
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133732.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166611
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138856.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237176
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76332.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1237155
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_76704.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139801.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165734
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165736
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165733
Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells
Axonal growth inhibition (RHOA activation)
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17724.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351602
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_16084.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351597
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18027.3
Bora and the kinase Aurora a cooperatively activate the kinase Plk1 and control mitotic entry
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351603
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_16032.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351593
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351595
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17839.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15571.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351599
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15654.3
The endoribonuclease activity of mammalian IRE1 autoregulates its mRNA and is required for the unfolded protein response
Genetic and biochemical characterization of dTOR, the Drosophila homolog of the target of rapamycin.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154093
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154092
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110490.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154071
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154070
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_17358.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154115
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_99387.9
Molecular cloning and characterization of PLC-eta2
SREBP transcription factors: master regulators of lipid homeostasis
A CDK-independent function of mammalian Cks1: targeting of SCF(Skp2) to the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1
Phytanic acid and pristanic acid are oxidized by sequential peroxisomal and mitochondrial reactions in cultured fibroblasts
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156952
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156948
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140437.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156943
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156944
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156941
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156966
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156968
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156967
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96879.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156956
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156957
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157776
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157772
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175609
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92104.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=419777
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_18935.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175604
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85003.9
An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157792
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157796
Regulation of Hedgehog signaling: a complex story
Mechanistic and mutational studies of Escherichia coli molybdopterin synthase clarify the final step of molybdopterin biosynthesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157788
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157780
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160115
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84493.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175605
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98333.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175641
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_104321.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157799
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160116
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160120
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160121
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140225.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153407
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110181.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153415
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4153409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155264
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_107051.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175492
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144340.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165515
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_125904.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175781
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158409
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158411
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158413
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158412
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165549
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147272.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143053.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165562
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138541.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165578
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136873.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15019.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155616
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5017.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165560
The molecular mechanisms that control thrombopoiesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375791
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138312.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15247.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165558
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165559
Identification of genetic variants in the human thromboxane synthase gene (CYP5A1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375794
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165505
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14929.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165517
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155638
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78882.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155615
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155606
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165490
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155608
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161108
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155612
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375800
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165582
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165553
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_128533.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165555
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165554
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_92375.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158369
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158371
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15050.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158373
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=376188
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127415.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15039.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=376201
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15034.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=376186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=376193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165480
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15181.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15249.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158377
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158379
Molecular determinants of regulated exocytosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155624
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165538
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_82027.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=376189
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165581
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139774.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165513
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165526
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155620
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_139158.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158385
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158391
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158387
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158389
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155564
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140347.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155779
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155562
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4598.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155775
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3041.1
Identification and characterization of a novel inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_158972.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=159939
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155560
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165534
Proteolytic cleavage in an endolysosomal compartment is required for activation of Toll-like receptor 9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165537
FANCI phosphorylation functions as a molecular switch to turn on the Fanconi anemia pathway
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158395
Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158403
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158401
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158399
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158400
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158397
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155559
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_80898.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155557
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15265.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155553
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155693
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140822.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165511
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113671
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4221.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=376196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158407
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4226.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158405
Fibroblast growth factor signalling: from development to cancer
BLNK mediates Syk-dependent Btk activation
Crystal structure of the catalytic domains of adenylyl cyclase in a complex with Gsalpha.GTPgammaS
Transgenic mice as a model of pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease
Inactivation of APC/C via direct inhibition of the APC/C complex
Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase: effects of substrate composition upon enzyme activity
mRNA quality control: an ancient machinery recognizes and degrades mRNAs with nonsense codons
Roles of C-terminal processing, and involvement in transacylation reaction of human group IVC phospholipase A2 (cPLA2gamma)
Ligand-independent HER2/HER3/PI3K complex is disrupted by trastuzumab and is effectively inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941
XBP1 induces WFS1 through an endoplasmic reticulum stress response element-like motif in SH-SY5Y cells
Loss of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ligand-binding specificity in Apert syndrome
AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity
Purification and kinetic analysis of recombinant CA XII, a membrane carbonic anhydrase overexpressed in certain cancers
Purification of peroxisomal acyl-CoA: dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase from human placenta
A stable complex of a novel transcription factor IIB- related factor, human TFIIIB50, and associated proteins mediate selective transcription by RNA polymerase III of genes with upstream promoter elements
Live-cell imaging RNAi screen identifies PP2A-B55alpha and importin-beta1 as key mitotic exit regulators in human cells
BLNK: a central linker protein in B cell activation
Human liver steroid sulphotransferase sulphates bile acids
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165569
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91929.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155138
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155136
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155135
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14072.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158339
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13943.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158331
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=188972
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103081.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175647
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158327
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165579
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165500
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142908.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165572
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15161.1
Phosphorylation of Munc18 by protein kinase C regulates the kinetics of exocytosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=73590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165574
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14254.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352021
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165580
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375468
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165508
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14144.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_147211.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79187.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158302
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158299
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3353.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158297
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15206.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158295
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158293
Neuregulin-1 only induces trans-phosphorylation between ErbB receptor heterodimer partners
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114141.8
Chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent nuclear export of Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) is essential for negative regulation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by Smad7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155588
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15227.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375481
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_15160.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=375458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155580
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_101971.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155581
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158351
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158353
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158355
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155582
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144871.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3645998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3645997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158349
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158347
Triggering and augmentation mechanisms, granule pools, and biphasic insulin secretion
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158341
Molecular genetic defects in endometrial carcinomas: microsatellite instability, PTEN and beta-catenin (CTNNB1) genes mutations
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158345
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155633
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155632
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155630
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155629
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155598
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155600
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155602
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_106787.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3646011
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3646012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155634
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155635
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155637
The role of the Rho GTPases in neuronal development
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158284
Identification of holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) proteins in human placenta
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158285
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158287
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105262.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158288
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158290
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158291
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158292
FUNCTION Regulator of Notch signaling, a signaling pathway involved in cell-cell communications that regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate determinations. Mainly acts as a positive regulator of Notch, but it may also act as a negative regulator, depending on the developmental and cell context. Mediates the antineural activity of Notch. May function as an ubiquitin ligase protein in the Notch pathway.PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Homomultimer; the oligomerization is required for its function. Interacts with the ankyrin repeats of Notch.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous. Expressed at low levels throughout embryogenesis and in larvae.SIMILARITY Belongs to the Deltex family.SIMILARITY Contains 1 RING-type zinc finger.SIMILARITY Contains 2 WWE domains.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158282
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158281
Identification and characterization of a novel human phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158278
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158280
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145867
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145865
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145828
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145868
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145830
Structural basis for cooperativity in recruitment of MAML coactivators to Notch transcription complexes
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140357.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75156
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5086.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27694.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=912367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145824
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145863
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102994.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145846
Protein folding: versatility of the cytosolic chaperonin TRiC/CCT
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145844
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145842
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145850
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145848
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158265
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158271
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145834
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145836
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145832
Amino acid and oligopeptide SLC transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145838
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145840
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158275
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158274
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14264.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158239
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158240
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113011.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158235
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162998
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155130
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155131
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_120650.6
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155128
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156444.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4162996
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175626
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29934.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155139
PIG-M transfers the first mannose to glycosylphosphatidylinositol on the lumenal side of the ER
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14292.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158250
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14158.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158245
Functional organization of clathrin in coats: combining electron cryomicroscopy and X-ray crystallography
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4169601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155110
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155111
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166813
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155113
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166814
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140396.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130691.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166815
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4152913
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167336
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155106
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167337
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155105
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167338
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167339
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155103
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155109
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144704.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155108
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111643.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1467459
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_111877.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167333
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163017
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75165
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5340.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85981.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155124
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163012
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158230
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14325.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_94393.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155117
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155119
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155122
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155121
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167341
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167342
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167340
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131658.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175547
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167343
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167345
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163008
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163004
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163000
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14064.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352139
A human homologue of the checkpoint kinase Cds1 directly inhibits Cdc25 phosphatase
Phosphomevalonate kinase is a cytosolic protein in humans
Antibody-based targeting of FGFR3 in bladder carcinoma and t(4;14)-positive multiple myeloma in mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29434
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5838.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175737
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129829.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175738
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133840.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29406
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129871.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165507
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5182.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163090
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163091
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145854
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145852
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145869
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145857
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4145856
The distribution and function of phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes
Structure and activation of the visual pigment rhodopsin
Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex
Mitochondrial localization of human PANK2 and hypotheses of secondary iron accumulation in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 regulates its subcellular localization.
Regulation of Geminin and Cdt1 expression by E2F transcription factors
SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158651
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614584
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83766.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158655
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167267
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167273
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167276
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=198498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167274
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_117679.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127042.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1131652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113544
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11975.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174375
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4778.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7206.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167263
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155237
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167261
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167265
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_85673.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175655
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28501.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158631
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158629
Variants in a novel epidermal collagen gene (COL29A1) are associated with atopic dermatitis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167255
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167254
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19547.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167251
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19973.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428614
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428548
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158644
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158646
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158645
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158647
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158648
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158649
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352011
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100100.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19986.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=936479
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14047.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428592
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19837.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_24150.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428632
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19773.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158795
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158797
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158798
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158800
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87254.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155245
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155255
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142641.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155260
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113407.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155258
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4168003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144461
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159046
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159047
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159048
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159050
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159051
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159052
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159054
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146291.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144569
Condensins, chromosome condensation protein complexes containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila Barren protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144523
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144386
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144457
Identification of the ral and rac1 gene products, low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins from human platelets
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144402
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144519
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144370
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144371
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144486
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144487
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129706.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155290
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155298
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149578
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149579
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161091
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_138376.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175566
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28798.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175565
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_95102.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144398
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_115400.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155302
Expression of BIP (78 kDa Glucose-regulated protein, GRP78, HSPA5)
Pol II mediated transcription of microRNA genes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155352
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155304
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155306
Inhibition of the heterotetrameric K+ channel KCNQ1/KCNE1 by the AMP-activated protein kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149567
RNA helicase A interacts with RISC in human cells and functions in RISC loading
Evolutionarily conserved multisubunit RBL2/p130 and E2F4 protein complex represses human cell cycle-dependent genes in quiescence
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149564
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149566
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149561
Human Bub1 defines the persistent cohesion site along the mitotic chromosome by affecting Shugoshin localization
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_155225.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4161089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149178
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2741.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29370
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2812.1
A general map of iron metabolism and tissue-specific subnetworks
Phosphorylation and activation of 13S condensin by Cdc2 in vitro
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs): pharmacology and implication in pain
A control region in the center of the 5S RNA gene directs specific initiation of transcription: II. The 3' border of the region.
The isolation and characterisation of a platelet-specific beta-globulin (beta-thromboglobulin) and the detection of antiurokinase and antiplasmin released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets
Tandem AP-1-binding sites within the human beta-globin dominant control region function as an inducible enhancer in erythroid cells
Unresponsiveness of MyD88-deficient mice to endotoxin
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158918
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158919
Multiple pathways for sorting mitochondrial precursor proteins
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428802
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19505.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428819
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_136736.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158917
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158915
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20174.1
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 3 Promoter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30034
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3681.1
The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158961
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158962
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158963
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158964
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429148
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19915.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158960
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158920
Genomic identification and biochemical characterization of the mammalian polyamine oxidase involved in polyamine back-conversion
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19945.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429078
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=429056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158924
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145338.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158921
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158922
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19454.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158979
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158981
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158985
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158989
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158993
Altered neuronal expression of TASK1 and TASK3 potassium channels in rodent and human autoimmune CNS inflammation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158967
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143086.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175403
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137957.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158975
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159019
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159021
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20335.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159013
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159015
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159009
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147481
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2875.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159007
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159003
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158997
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158995
The human peroxisomal ABC half transporter ALDP functions as a homodimer and accepts acyl-CoA esters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147484
Defective platelet activation in G alpha(q)-deficient mice
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130893.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4149174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155660
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155672
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155671
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159044
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159043
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159035
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159038
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159037
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159039
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159042
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159034
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159033
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159032
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159027
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159025
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159029
EGF receptor activation by GPCRs: an universal pathway reveals different versions
Holocarboxylase synthetase: correlation of protein localisation with biological function
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157763
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155664
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157764
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155662
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_105487.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126276.5
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154293.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157765
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155674
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157768
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156897.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157193
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155666
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175553
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_91958.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158925
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158927
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158593
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_89864.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175654
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109553.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155659
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133623.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155272
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157187
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157189
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155657
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155658
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157191
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155276
Increased calvaria cell differentiation and bone matrix formation induced by fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 mutations in Apert syndrome
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155673
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157181
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155277
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133256.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175670
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155650
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157423
Crystal structure of human E1 enzyme and its complex with a substrate analog reveals the mechanism of its phosphatase/enolase activity
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_84768.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175621
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79776.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155655
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_87421.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155654
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155653
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155652
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157246
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155656
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158502
Platelet C1- inhibitor. A secreted alpha-granule protein.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158503
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158504
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158507
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158509
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158590
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157245
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126774.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157229
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159428
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157233
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_109243.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157241
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159434
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158589
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_33289.10
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154329.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175668
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157767
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30581.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175669
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158584
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175652
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_78646.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158587
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158588
Isolation and characterization of human nuclear and cytosolic multisynthetase complexes and the intracellular distribution of p43/EMAPII
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158586
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160303
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157454
Association of B cell antigen receptor with protein tyrosine kinase Lyn
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160310
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160308
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160309
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160307
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160305
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_114412.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157446
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143535.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159453
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159454
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_103599.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159438
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157428
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159440
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160293
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160291
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160297
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129643.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160296
A control region in the center of the 5S RNA gene directs specific initiation of transcription: I. The 5' border of the region.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160279
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160281
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160283
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160285
Molecular basis for target RNA recognition and cleavage by human RISC
Adenylate kinases in man: evidence for a third locus
Core protein machinery for mammalian phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate synthesis and turnover that regulates the progression of endosomal transport. Novel Sac phosphatase joins the ArPIKfyve-PIKfyve complex
ChEBI:27379 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
Loss of cables, a cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory protein, is associated with the development of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer
Genomic and expression analysis of the 8p11-12 amplicon in human breast cancer cell lines
Inflammasome adaptors and sensors: intracellular regulators of infection and inflammation
Human LAT1, a subunit of system L amino acid transporter: molecular cloning and transport function
ChEBI:27393 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA
Endotoxin signaling in human macrophages: signaling via an alternate mechanism
Post-Elongation Processing of Intron-Containing pre-mRNA
Purification and properties of human placental adenosine kinase
Structure/function of the human Ga1beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferase. Dimerization and functional activity are mediated by two crucial cysteine residues
Nuclear organization of DNA replication in primary mammalian cells
A chemical and enzymological comparison of the common major human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase II, its minor component, and a new genetic variant, CA II Melbourne (237 Pro leads to His)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158439
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158441
Activating transcription factor 4 is translationally regulated by hypoxic stress
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158442
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19508.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=425958
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19769.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158430
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158427
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158428
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_32407.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=425969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158419
Characterization of the recurrent 8p11-12 amplicon identifies PPAPDC1B, a phosphatase protein, as a new therapeutic target in breast cancer
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158415
3alpha,7alpha,24-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA [ChEBI:1701]
(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA [ChEBI:27402]
Sulfotransferase catalyzing sulfation of heterocyclic amines
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158494
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158493
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158496
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158498
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158497
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175785
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159464
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132006.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160295
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146611.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159466
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_145232.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175783
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133121.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175782
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133037.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158475
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158474
Inhibition of activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in endometrial cancer cells induces cell death despite PTEN abrogation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158487
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98355.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158491
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158489
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160320
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160319
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157251
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156885.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157740
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160275
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_144067.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160277
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175784
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157743
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157741
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160318
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175639
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160317
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154247.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_113205.8
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158467
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158463
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158470
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158472
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158471
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159447
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159445
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83321.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175640
GTP hydrolysis by eRF3 facilitates stop codon decoding during eukaryotic translation termination
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_96973.9
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_79590.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175552
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_90553.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175551
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4155777
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157169
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157168
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_110969.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175650
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28963.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158444
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158480
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160315
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160316
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160312
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160311
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_98250.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160314
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160313
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157173
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159449
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159452
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4159451
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157179
Platelet dense granule membranes contain both granulophysin and P-selectin (GMP-140)
Similar idiotypic specificity for the membrane IgD and IgM of human B lymphocytes
Molecular characterization of a third member of the guanylyl cyclase-activating protein subfamily
Molecular enzymology of mammalian Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Alternative splice donor utilization generates isoforms with different sensitivity to ornithine inhibition
A subset of ATM- and ATR-dependent phosphorylation events requires the BRCA1 protein.
Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells
Two distinct proteolytic processes in the generation of a major histocompatibility complex class I-presented peptide
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: lessons from mice and men
MicroRNAs: biogenesis, function and applications
Expression, purification, and characterization of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2
Human chromokinesin KIF4A functions in chromosome condensation and segregation
Transport of the SLBP independent Mature mRNA
Human small-intestinal beta-galactosidases. Separation and characterization of one lactase and one hetero beta-galactosidase
(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA [ChEBI:27466]
Mutations in SPTLC1, encoding serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit-1, cause hereditary sensory neuropathy type I
ChEBI:27458 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestanoyl-CoA
DNA double-strand breaks: signaling, repair and the cancer connection.
Inactivation of NPC1L1 causes multiple lipid transport defects and protects against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia
Structure-function analysis of a novel member of the LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters, ZIP14
When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases)?: Insights into the regulation of ceramide synthesis
A highly conserved eukaryotic protein family possessing properties of polypeptide chain release factor
Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades
Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins
GABAB-GIRK2-mediated signaling in Down syndrome
Cohesin acetyltransferase Esco2 is a cell viability factor and is required for cohesion in pericentric heterochromatin
ATR couples FANCD2 monoubiquitination to the DNA-damage response
GABAB receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of diversity
GABAB receptor coupling to G-proteins and ion channels
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-enoyl-CoA [ChEBI:1695]
Cloning of a human UDP-galactose:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 3beta-galactosyltransferase catalyzing the formation of type 1 chains
Cytokine-driven cell cycling is mediated through Cdc25A
Cloning and expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I, the medial Golgi transferase that initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation
Cytosolic high Km 5'-nucleotidase and 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase in substrate cycles involved in nucleotide metabolism
Enzymatic phosphorylation of nucleoside diphosphates
Prefoldin, a chaperone that delivers unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin
Acylation targets emdothelial nitric-oxide synthase to plasmalemmal caveolae
Stat5a and Stat5b proteins have essential and nonessential, or redundant, roles in cytokine responses
Molecular cloning and expression of the cDNAs encoding human and yeast mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER
Cell cycle-regulated nuclear import and export of Cdc47, a protein essential for initiation of DNA replication in budding yeast.
The solute carrier 26 family of proteins in epithelial ion transport
ATP-Binding cassette cholesterol transporters and cardiovascular disease
Identification of the human mitochondrial oxodicarboxylate carrier. Bacterial expression, reconstitution, functional characterization, tissue distribution, and chromosomal location
alpha-linolenic (omega3) and linoleic (omega6) acid metabolism
STING mediated induction of host immune responses
The proteasome and MHC class I antigen processing
The Hippo pathway regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
11-epi-Prostaglandin F2alpha [ChEBI:730]
Fcgamma receptor signaling in phagocytes
Molecular cloning of a member of the facilitative glucose transporter gene family GLUT11 (SLC2A11) and identification of transcription variants
Stimulation through the T cell receptor induces Cbl association with Crk proteins and the guanine nucleotide exchange protein C3G
The Rap-B-Raf signalling pathway is activated by glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 in human islet cells
Raf-1 kinase possesses distinct binding domains for phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid regulates the translocation of Raf-1 in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-stimulated Madin-Darby canine kidney cells
A role for the thiol isomerase protein ERP5 in platelet function
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET)
Multiple splice variants of the human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 and their effect on enzyme activity
Identification of novel phosphorylation sites in hormone-sensitive lipase that are phosphorylated in response to isoproterenol and govern activation properties in vitro
Three tRNA binding sites in rabbit liver ribosomes and role of the intrinsic ATPase in 80S ribosomes from higher eukaryotes
Tubulin subunits exist in an activated conformational state generated and maintained by protein cofactors
FUNCTION Ribosomal protein S27a is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.MISCELLANEOUS In Drosophila ubiquitin is encoded by 3 different genes. RpL40 and RpS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. Ubi-p63E gene codes for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats.MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.SIMILARITY In the C-terminal section; belongs to the ribosomal protein S27Ae family.SIMILARITY Contains 1 ubiquitin-like domain.
Molecular cloning of human mevalonate kinase and identification of a missense mutation in the genetic disease mevalonic aciduria
Both human ferredoxins 1 and 2 and ferredoxin reductase are important for iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
Xenopus Mcm10 binds to origins of DNA replication after Mcm2-7 and stimulates origin binding of Cdc45.
Functional implications for Kir4.1 channels in glial biology: from K+ buffering to cell differentiation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167246
Structural mechanism for inactivation and activation of CAD/DFF40 in the apoptotic pathway
GTP hydrolysis and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit
Chondroitin sulfate synthase-2. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human glycosyltransferase homologous to chondroitin sulfate glucuronyltransferase, which has dual enzymatic activities
Initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. II. The assembly of the initiation complex with purified initiation factors.
Initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. I. Purification and characterization of seven initiation factors.
CHIP controls the sensitivity of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by modulating the basal level of Smad3 through ubiquitin-mediated degradation
Polymerase switching on the C-strand of the telomere
Cloning and functional expression of human aquaporin8 cDNA and analysis of its gene
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167168
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167172
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167166
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158607
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158609
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158617
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158611
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158613
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158622
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158621
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158620
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158619
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167180
Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167182
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167178
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158627
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167184
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158623
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158624
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167216
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167208
Comparison of human B cell activation by TLR7 and TLR9 agonists
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167198
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167240
(S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA [ChEBI:27668]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167232
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167230
Selective function of PKC-theta in T cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167222
GLUT2 in pancreatic and extra-pancreatic gluco-detection (review)
The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review)
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29472
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2911.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29468
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5132.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29642
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20441.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428037
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3437.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29432
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20221.1
Hepatic ductular hypoplasia associated with characteristic facies, vertebral malformations, retarded physical, mental, and sexual development, and cardiac murmur
Claspin, a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19989.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427999
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427956
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19825.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428009
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14419.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=266029
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13949.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352002
ADP stimulates human endothelial cell migration via P2Y1 nucleotide receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2613.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113538
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14295.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351990
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3188.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29500
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29506
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7480.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4077.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29502
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29588
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3974.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30102
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3169.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174390
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14674.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351979
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_3962.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29612
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2473.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351966
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14110.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13924.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351991
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14554.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351964
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14427.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352001
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14336.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351970
NLRs join TLRs as innate sensors of pathogens
trans-Tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA [ChEBI:27721]
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14409.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=212615
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14096.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352016
Glutamate Binding, Activation of AMPA Receptors and Synaptic Plasticity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352030
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13893.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=351992
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13874.2
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14642.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167154
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14192.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4167150
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_13879.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352000
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=352033
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_14151.2
Structural basis of Wnt recognition by Frizzled
G proteins and opioid receptor-mediated signalling
Cloning of a new aquaporin (AQP10) abundantly expressed in duodenum and jejunum
Serine phosphorylation by casein kinase II controls endocytic L1 trafficking and axon growth
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428046
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19446.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=427981
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_19695.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20059.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=428026
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_20481.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2616.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29702
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_2965.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111707
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_5814.4
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=400144
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_7424.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=200736
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_11439.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29424
Assembly and export of MHC class I peptide ligands
Dock and Pak regulate olfactory axon pathfinding in Drosophila
Proteases involved in MHC class II antigen presentation
Tryptophan nutrition and metabolism: an overview
Involvement of enzymes other than CYPs in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2:895-921
The interferon regulatory factor, IRF5, is a central mediator of toll-like receptor 7 signaling
Protein composition of human prespliceosomes isolated by a tobramycin affinity-selection method.
Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: the crystal structure reveals a structural NADP(+) molecule and provides insights into enzyme deficiency
Expression of mammalian paralogues of HRAD9 and Mrad9 checkpoint control genes in normal and cancerous testicular tissue
Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants
Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid [ChEBI:27823]
Genomic structure and expression of the human heme A:farnesyltransferase (COX10) gene
Calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE1)
Ligand discrimination in signaling through an ErbB4 receptor homodimer
Human liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase: three-dimensional structure and the restoration of solubility and activity of chimeric forms
FUNCTION Microtubule plus-end tracking protein that promotes the stabilization of dynamic microtubules. Involved in the nucleation of noncentrosomal microtubules originating from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Required for the polarization of the cytoplasmic microtubule arrays in migrating cells towards the leading edge of the cell. May act at the cell cortex to enhance the frequency of rescue of depolymerizing microtubules by attaching their plus-ends to cortical platforms composed of ERC1 and PHLDB2. This cortical microtubule stabilizing activity is regulated at least in part by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. Also performs a similar stabilizing function at the kinetochore which is essential for the bipolar alignment of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CLASP family.SIMILARITY Contains 7 HEAT repeats.
Crystal structure of human branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase and the molecular basis of multienzyme complex deficiency in maple syrup urine disease.
A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage.
Interaction between PCNA and DNA ligase I is critical for joining of Okazaki fragments and long-patch base-excision repair.
Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial precursor
Participation of two members of the very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase family in bile acid synthesis and recycling
methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain
methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain
Focal adhesion kinase regulation of N-WASP subcellular localization and function
2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol [ChEBI:27923]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165956
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140019.5
A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166384
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166383
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166624
A new subunit of the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel in retinal rods
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166507
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130753.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166628
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166626
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166623
Nuclear import of hepatic glucokinase depends upon glucokinase regulatory protein, whereas export is due to a nuclear export signal sequence in glucokinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165942
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165948
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165949
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165953
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165954
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165920
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165934
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165932
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165940
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165938
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165936
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165924
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165914
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165915
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165916
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165928
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165930
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165926
Genome-wide meta-analyses identifies seven loci associated with platelet aggregation in response to agonists
The Drosophila tuberous sclerosis complex gene homologs restrict cell growth and cell proliferation.
Drosophila Tsc1 functions with Tsc2 to antagonize insulin signaling in regulating cell growth, cell proliferation, and organ size.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166465
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166464
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166462
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166460
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166458
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166476
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166469
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166474
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166475
Aquaporins in the kidney: from molecules to medicine
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166450
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166454
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166447
Primary hyperoxaluria: from gene defects to designer drugs?
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166449
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1:a003459
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166428
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166429
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166427
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166425
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166423
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166421
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166420
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166419
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166477
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166508
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166516
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166517
Putative inorganic polyphosphate/ATP-NAD kinase
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166376
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166377
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166368
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166372
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166402
Transcriptional control of adipocyte formation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166392
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166388
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166398
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166396
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166416
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166417
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166418
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166404
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166408
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166414
Structures of alternatively spliced isoforms of human ketohexokinase
Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 65:201-11
CATERPILLERs, pyrin and hereditary immunological disorders
Cell responses to FGFR3 signalling: growth, differentiation and apoptosis
branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide
dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2
branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, beta polypeptide
branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial, apoenzyme
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, monomer
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
Transcript-selective translational silencing by gamma interferon is directed by a novel structural element in the ceruloplasmin mRNA 3' untranslated region
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain specific
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain specific, mitochondrial precursor
2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short/branched chain specific, mitochondrial precursor (EC 1.3.99.-) (SBCAD) (2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) (2-MEBCAD) (2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) (2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase)
2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid beta-peptide binding protein
Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial precursor
Molecular cloning and expression of a novel human aquaporin from adipose tissue with glycerol permeability
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial precursor
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase long
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase short
Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1)/Ribosome-associated membrane protein 4 (RAMP4) stabilizes membrane proteins during stress and facilitates subsequent glycosylation
Inhibitory and stimulatory regulation of Rac and cell motility by the G12/13-Rho and Gi pathways integrated downstream of a single G protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor isoform
Biochemical characterization and membrane topology of Alg2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a bifunctional alpha1,3- and 1,6-mannosyltransferase involved in lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis
FGFR2 mutations are rare across histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer
Hypophosphorylation of residue Y1045 leads to defective downregulation of EGFRvIII
Molecular mechanism underlying glucagon-like peptide 1 induced calcium mobilization from internal stores in insulin-secreting beta TC3 cells
The identification and structural characterization of C7orf24 as gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase. An essential enzyme in the gamma-glutamyl cycle
Precise regulation of porcupine activity is required for physiological Wnt signaling
An atomic-level mechanism for activation of the kinesin molecular motors
Syndecan-4 deficiency leads to high mortality of lipopolysaccharide-injected mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166540
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166530
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166529
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166542
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166541
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166521
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166525
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166538
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166539
SIMILARITY Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Rheb family.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166526
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143472.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166528
Polo kinase regulates mitotic chromosome condensation by hyperactivation of condensin DNA supercoiling activity
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166532
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166533
The molecular basis of platelet and endothelial cell interaction with neutrophils and monocytes: role of P-selectin and the P-selectin ligand, PSGL-1
Regulation of gene expression in late stage (branching morphogenesis) pancreatic bud precursor cells
Long G tails at both ends of human chromosomes suggest a C strand degradation mechanism for telomere shortening
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166364
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166478
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113581
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4478.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166537
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_133193.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166481
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166479
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166480
Catalysis and inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase IV
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166482
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166483
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166484
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166485
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166487
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142131.5
Molecular cloning and expression of ribosome releasing factor
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175796
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_129211.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154708
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154716
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154689
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154681
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154693
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154712
Cables enhances cdk2 tyrosine 15 phosphorylation by Wee1, inhibits cell growth, and is lost in many human colon and squamous cancers
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154717
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154685
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154701
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154703
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154704
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154697
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154699
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156219
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156218
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146829.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175542
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140045.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4154718
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_163556.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175543
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156205
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156207
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156200
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156203
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_29024.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156147
An EF hand mutation in Stim1 causes premature platelet activation and bleeding in mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157894
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157895
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156217
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_102555.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156214
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156154
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_30205.10
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157902
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_100593.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156150
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4156149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4157900
deoxythymidylate kinase (thymidylate kinase)
Glomerular mesangiolipidosis in Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia)
non-metastatic cells 1, protein (NM23A) expressed in
Tumor metastatic process-associated protein
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial
non-metastatic cells 4, protein expressed in
Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 18
The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints
Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 3
Phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase
Disrupted function and axonal distribution of mutant tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy
alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-phosphopantetheinyl transferase
Notch signalling in vertebrate neural development
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166358
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166350
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166346
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127133.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166545
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166536
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166535
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166534
Biotin--protein ligase ecNumber6.3.4.-/ecNumber
Localization of the PINCH-ILK-PARVIN complex to focal adhesions
Human sphingosine kinase: purification, molecular cloning and characterization of the native and recombinant enzymes
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163185
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163186
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163183
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163192
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163194
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163188
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163190
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163197
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163195
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163196
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163244
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163249
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163250
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163251
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163253
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163255
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_159983.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163243
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163158
Human STX polysialyltransferase forms the embryonic form of the neural cell adhesion molecule. Tissue-specific expression, neurite outgrowth, and chromosomal localization in comparison with another polysialyltransferase, PST
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163240
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163242
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163236
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163238
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163233
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163234
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163231
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163157
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163153
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163148
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163149
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175508
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_137338.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175760
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_97528.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175509
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_28806.10
SEL-10 is an inhibitor of notch signaling that targets notch for ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175761
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126719.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164133
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_131437.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164126
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164128
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164131
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164130
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor-mediated autocrine signaling in non-small-cell lung cancer cells
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975925
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_27029.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=981615
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26541.1
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_154823.3
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164164
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164161
Common variations in ALG9 are not associated with bipolar I disorder: a family-based study
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164159
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164160
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164157
Collagens, modifying enzymes and their mutations in humans, flies and worms
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164158
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164155
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164156
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164152
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164151
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164154
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164153
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26909.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164150
Binding and release of radiolabeled eukaryotic initiation factors 2 and 3 during 80 S initiation complex formation.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=735682
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23172.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=981618
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170604
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170599
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170597
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170595
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170594
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170592
The role of calcium signaling in phagocytosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170606
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170608
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170605
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163289
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163287
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163290
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_156974.3
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_23253.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=735700
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163292
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163294
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163296
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163298
Emergence of a DNA-damage response network consisting of Fanconi anaemia and BRCA proteins
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127591.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163217
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163215
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163220
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163218
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163224
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163222
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163227
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163226
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163228
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163229
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_142127.5
The human chromokinesin Kid is a plus end-directed microtubule-based motor
pXBP1(U) encoded in XBP1 pre-mRNA negatively regulates unfolded protein response activator pXBP1(S) in mammalian ER stress response
Phosphoinositide-metabolizing enzymes at the interface between membrane traffic and cell signalling
Multiple roles of Rap1 in hematopoietic cells: complementary versus antagonistic functions
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport
Candidate cell and matrix interaction domains on the collagen fibril, the predominant protein of vertebrates
FUNCTION Serine/threonine kinase required for embryonic development. Inhibits apoptosis. Acts in the insulin receptor transduction pathway which regulates cell growth and organ size, by phosphorylating and activating Akt1 and S6k. May be involved in axonal pathfinding and synaptogenesis, and in spermatogenesis.CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Highly expressed in Malpighian tubule primordia from stage late 11 to 13. Expressed in hindgut at stage 13. After stage 14, ubiquitously expressed at low levels.DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE Death during the second instar stage.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PDPK1 subfamily.SIMILARITY Contains 1 protein kinase domain.
Murine homologs of deltex define a novel gene family involved in vertebrate Notch signaling and neurogenesis
Cloning and characterization of the human GABAA receptor alpha 4 subunit: identification of a unique diazepam-insensitive binding site
Expression and pharmacology of human GABAA receptors containing gamma 3 subunits
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface: versatile coordinators of cellular functions
Erythrocytosis-associated HIF-2alpha mutations demonstrate a critical role for residues C-terminal to the hydroxylacceptor proline
Partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase of human liver and a revision of the sequence of the bovine enzyme
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166591
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166592
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166583
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166600
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_83761.9
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175301
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175765
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_140643.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4175740
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_146094.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164366
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164367
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164368
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132682.5
Reactions specific to the hybrid N-glycan synthesis pathway
Human porphobilinogen deaminase mutations in the investigation of the mechanism of dipyrromethane cofactor assembly and tetrapyrrole formation
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164365
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164363
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164361
Regulation of sororin by Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation
Characterization of a heart-specific fatty acid transport protein
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164323
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164321
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22895.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727810
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_22966.2
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=727815
Direct role of ChREBP.Mlx in regulating hepatic glucose-responsive genes.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163213
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_127454.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163211
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163212
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163206
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163204
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163210
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163208
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163202
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163199
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163201
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163299
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163300
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163301
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132717.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163270
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163269
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163268
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163266
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164359
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164357
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164356
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164354
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163260
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164332
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164334
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164333
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_132716.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164335
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163259
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4163257
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164324
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164326
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164328
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164330
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166563
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166573
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_141898.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166603
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166602
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166564
The human kinesin Kif18A is a motile microtubule depolymerase essential for chromosome congression
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166566
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166553
Molecular properties of the SLC13 family of dicarboxylate and sulfate transporters
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148510
Molecular variation in relation to purine metabolism
J Clin Pathol Suppl (R Coll Pathol) 8:48-63
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166562
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4148515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166567
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166625
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170551
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_130078.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166569
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166568
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170554
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_126918.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170552
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4170553
Cloning and characterization of a novel human lysyl hydroxylase isoform highly expressed in pancreas and muscle
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165909
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165908
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165903
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165907
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165910
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165911
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165912
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165913
Activation of NIMA Kinases NEK9, NEK6, NEK7
Understanding the functions of kinesin-II
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165897
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165898
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166570
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166601
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4165896
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166571
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4166572
GDIs: central regulatory molecules in Rho GTPase activation
STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type
The IRAK-catalysed activation of the E3 ligase function of Pellino isoforms induces the Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of IRAK1
Mechanisms of disease: molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes
The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location
Glycoprotein folding, quality control and ER-associated degradation
Semaphorins in axon regeneration: developmental guidance molecules gone wrong?
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1499-511
Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361:1545-64
NADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial
Iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme ISCU, mitochondrial
Homologues of N-seryl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine-CA4
Pathogenic potential of human monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains: relationship of in vitro aggregation to in vivo organ deposition
Purification of the serine palmitoyltransferase complex responsible for sphingoid base synthesis by using affinity peptide chromatography techniques
Human cytosolic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase: cDNA sequence, functional expression in Escherichia coli and characterization as human autoantigen
Islet amyloid polypeptide: pinpointing amino acid residues linked to amyloid fibril formation
Glutamate binding and conformational flexibility of ligand-binding domains are critical early determinants of efficient kainate receptor biogenesis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143146
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4160431
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158630
Cloning and expression of the human gene for transaldolase. A novel highly repetitive element constitutes an integral part of the coding sequence
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4158642
IFNbeta responses induced by intracellular bacteria or cytosolic DNA in different human cells do not require ZBP1 (DLM-1/DAI)
Opening of an RNA polymerase II promoter occurs in two distinct steps and requires the basal transcription factors IIE and IIH.
Activation of Na-permeable Kainate Receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144170
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144166
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_4829.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144177
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144174
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144176
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144175
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144162
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144161
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144159
Screening genes of the retinoid metabolism: novel LRAT mutation in leber congenital amaurosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143993
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143992
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143988
Association of mammalian sterile twenty kinases, Mst1 and Mst2, with hSalvador via C-terminal coiled-coil domains, leads to its stabilization and phosphorylation
Chloride channel ClCN7 mutations are responsible for severe recessive, dominant, and intermediate osteopetrosis
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143942
Recent developments in the investigation of inherited metabolic disorders using cultured human cells.
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144068
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144077
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144014
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143946
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143947
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144072
Crystal structure of human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II: insights into allosteric regulation and substrate recognition
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144045
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144018
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144006
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144073
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144001
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144002
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144064
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144031
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144081
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143997
Cleavage of Growing Transcript in the Termination Region
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143984
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144094
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144022
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143976
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 1 Promoter
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144049
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144032
NADPH-dependent diflavin oxidoreductase 1 ecNumber1.6.-.-/ecNumber
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144010
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144060
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144089
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143955
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143969
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143972
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143971
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143951
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144030
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143980
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143959
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144056
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144040
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144036
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144055
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144053
Functional and high level expression of human dopamine beta-hydroxylase in transgenic mice
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4143965
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144026
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144085
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144041
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144093
Regulation and physiological functions of G12/13-mediated signaling pathways
MMS19 nucleotide excision repair protein homolog
Mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex subunit MIP18
Probable cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly protein CIAO1
Heme oxygenase-1: unleashing the protective properties of heme
Cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor NARFL
TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPD subunit ecNumber3.6.4.12/ecNumber
A natural ErbB4 isoform that does not activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase mediates proliferation but not survival or chemotaxis
Regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 ecNumber3.6.4.12/ecNumber
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 7, mitochondrial
DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit ecNumber2.7.7.7/ecNumber
Cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor NUBP2
Cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly factor NUBP1
Functions and regulatory mechanisms of Gq-signaling pathways
Histidine-rich glycoprotein is present in human platelets and is released following thrombin stimulation
A novel cardiolipin-remodeling pathway revealed by a gene encoding an endoplasmic reticulum-associated acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase (ALCAT1) in mouse
Chromatin association of human origin recognition complex, cdc6, and minichromosome maintenance proteins during the cell cycle: assembly of prereplication complexes in late mitosis.
Monounsaturated fatty acid modification of Wnt protein: its role in Wnt secretion
BRCA2-dependent and independent formation of RAD51 nuclear foci.
Interleukin-7 induces T cell proliferation in the absence of Erk/MAP kinase activity
Cloning and recombinant expression of a novel human low molecular weight Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A2
Functional characterization of the mammalian mRNA decapping enzyme hDcp2
Mechanism of TGFbeta receptor inhibition by FKBP12
c-Kit--a hematopoietic cell essential receptor tyrosine kinase
Glutathione S-transferase theta-2B ecNumber2.5.1.18/ecNumber
G protein-independent activation of an inward Na(+) current by muscarinic receptors in mouse pancreatic beta-cells
Crystal structure of human group X secreted phospholipase A2. Electrostatically neutral interfacial surface targets zwitterionic membranes
Adrenoleukodystrophy gene: unexpected homology to a protein involved in peroxisome biogenesis
ESCRTing proteins in the endocytic pathway
Structural model of a malonyl-CoA-binding site of carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: mutational analysis of a malonyl-CoA affinity domain
all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate [ChEBI:61011]
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144510
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144512
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144514
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144515
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144535
Molecular characterization of methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144465
The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144414
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144358
TAB1: an activator of the TAK1 MAPKKK in TGF-beta signal transduction
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144362
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144576
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144539
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144456
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144574
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144546
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144550
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144573
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144544
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144473
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144428
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144426
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144424
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144422
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144432
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144375
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144565
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144501
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144499
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144433
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144531
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144441
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144443
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144445
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144505
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144506
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144382
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144381
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144379
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144437
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144448
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144447
Coassociation of Rap1A and Ha-Ras with Raf-1 N-terminal region interferes with ras-dependent activation of Raf-1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144390
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144557
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144495
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144554
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144556
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144575
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144491
Multimerization of the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-4 is required for its ability to activate protein kinase C
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144410
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144406
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144527
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144394
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147803
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147804
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=72393
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144577
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144561
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147809
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4147808
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_118470.7
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164144
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_143250.5
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164146
The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5
Glutathione S-transferase theta-1 ecNumber2.5.1.18/ecNumber
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164140
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164141
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164142
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164143
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164137
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4164139
Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=REACT_26694.1
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=981616
Dock4 is regulated by RhoG and promotes Rac-dependent cell migration
6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, an enzyme with a novel type of active site involving both zinc binding and an intersubunit catalytic triad motif; site-directed mutagenesis of the proposed active center, characterization of the metal binding site and modelling of substrate binding
An oligomeric signaling platform formed by the Toll-like receptor signal transducers MyD88 and IRAK-4
DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation
Role of alpha-Asp181, beta-Asp192, and gamma-Asp190 in the distinctive subunits of human NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase
TISSUE SPECIFICITY Broadly expressed at a low level throughout the embryo, except the yolk. Expressed at a moderate level in the embryonic midgut. Larval expression is restricted to ten cells of the ventral nerve cord - in four pairs of centrally located cells in the most posterior abdominal segments and in one pair of dorsally located cells in the A1 or A2 segments.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed in the embryo and larva.SIMILARITY Belongs to the insulin family.
Replication factor C disengages from proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) upon sliding clamp formation, and PCNA itself tethers DNA polymerase delta to DNA.
Targeting and trafficking of the human thiamine transporter-2 in epithelial cells
Degradation of endocytosed epidermal growth factor and virally ubiquitinated major histocompatibility complex class I is independent of mammalian ESCRTII
The Kir channel immunoglobulin domain is essential for Kir1.1 (ROMK) thermodynamic stability, trafficking and gating
Calcium signalling: past, present and future
Rich tapestry of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and regulatory mechanisms
Signal transduction in hypoxic cells: inducible nuclear translocation and recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivator by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha
A novel context for the 'MutT' module, a guardian of cell integrity, in a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase
Voltage-dependent and -independent titration of specific residues accounts for complex gating of a ClC chloride channel by extracellular protons
Three transitions in the RNA polymerase II transcription complex during initiation.
Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle
Phosphorylation of Nup98 by multiple kinases is crucial for NPC disassembly during mitotic entry
Targeting of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases to MEF2 transcription factors
The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune response
The role of Dicer protein partners in the processing of microRNA precursors
Gamma-secretase-mediated proteolysis in cell-surface-receptor signalling
Mucin-type O-glycosylation and its potential use in drug and vaccine development
alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide
alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi polypeptide
Alcohol dehydrogenase class II pi chain precursor
alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (class IV), mu or sigma polypeptide
Alcohol dehydrogenase class IV mu/sigma chain
Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic
Cytoplasmic localization of human cdc25C during interphase requires an intact 14-3-3 binding site.
Delta-like 4 is the essential, nonredundant ligand for Notch1 during thymic T cell lineage commitment
Delta-like 4 is indispensable in thymic environment specific for T cell development
Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog
Protoheme IX farnesyltransferase, mitochondrial ecNumber2.5.1.-/ecNumber
Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, mitochondrial
Identification of the enzyme required for activation of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV A: molecular cloning of the human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase gene (GALNS) and analysis of the 5'-flanking region
A human promyelocyte mRNA transiently induced by TPA is homologous to yeast IPP isomerase
TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed at a low level in the larval gut.SIMILARITY Belongs to the insulin family.
5-aminolevulinate synthase, non-specific (pyridoxal phosphate cofactor)
5-aminolevulinate synthase, non-specific, mitochondrial
5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid (pyridoxal phosphate cofactor)
5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial precursor
Intermolecular interactions of Sprouty proteins and their implications in development and disease
TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed at a high level in the embryonic mesoderm, with expression continuing after gastrulation and reducing from stage 12 onwards. Highly expressed in the embryonic anterior midgut rudiment and larval midgut.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed in the embryo (beginning at the blastoderm stage), and in the larva.SIMILARITY Belongs to the insulin family.
TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed at a high level in seven cells of each larval brain hemisphere that may correspond to neurosecretory cells.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed in the larva, but not in the embryo.SIMILARITY Belongs to the insulin family.
FUNCTION Plays a role in regulating body size by increasing cell size and cell number of individual organs. Probably mediates its growth effects by acting as a ligand for the insulin receptor and transducing a signal via the Chico/PI3K/Akt(PKB) pathway.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Broadly expressed at a low level in the embryonic mesoderm, beginning at stage 12. Expressed at a high level in the embryonic anterior midgut, with expression diminishing at late stage 16. Expressed at a low level in larval imaginal disks. Expressed at a high level in larval salivary glands and in seven cells of each larval brain hemisphere that may correspond to neurosecretory cells.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expressed in the embryo and larva.MISCELLANEOUS Of the insulin-like peptides, Ilp2 is the closest homolog of human insulin.SIMILARITY Belongs to the insulin family.
SIMILARITY Belongs to the insulin family.
Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation
Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase
Discovery, regulation, and action of the major apoptotic nucleases DFF40/CAD and endonuclease G
Low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular risk assessment
SLC4 base (HCO3 -, CO3 2-) transporters: classification, function, structure, genetic diseases, and knockout models
Expression and characterization of human mitochondrial ferredoxin reductase in Escherichia coli
Sprouty2 acts at the Cbl/CIN85 interface to inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation
The lipid raft proteins flotillins/reggies interact with Galphaq and are involved in Gq-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation through tyrosine kinase
Both V(D)J recombination and radioresistance require DNA-PK kinase activity, though minimal levels suffice for V(D)J recombination.
The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch
Kinetics and equilibria of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase from human erythrocytes
Autophosphorylation of FGFR1 kinase is mediated by a sequential and precisely ordered reaction
SUMO-specific proteases: a twist in the tail
Human microRNAs are processed from capped, polyadenylated transcripts that can also function as mRNAs
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144247
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144248
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144252
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144254
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144256
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144264
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144262
Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=4144268
Oxidized LDL-induced endolysosomal phospholipidosis and enzymatically modified LDL-induced foam cell formation determine specific lipid species modulation in human macrophages